338:
description of the documents gain more importance in relation to the tasks of tracing and clarifying fates. Since these new activities are not part of its humanitarian mission, the ICRC withdrew from the management of the ITS in
December 2012. The Bonn Agreement was replaced on December 9, 2011, when the eleven member states of the International Commission signed two new agreements in Berlin on the future tasks and management of the ITS.
142:
36:
265:. ITS preserves the original documents and clarifies the fate of those persecuted by the Nazis. The archives have been accessible to researchers since 2007. In May 2019 the Center uploaded around 13 million documents and made it available online to the public. The archives are currently being digitised and transcribed through the crowdsourcing platform
603:, which included a call for the opening of various Holocaust-era archives. However, since the Declaration was made, there had been little practical change in the operations of the ITS, despite repeated negotiations between the ITS, ICRC, and various Jewish and Holocaust survivor advocacy groups. A critical press release from the
623:(AP) reporters who were given access to ITS files found a carton of documents related to an escapee program run by the Truman Administration. The AP reporters used these files and declassified US documents to describe how the United States asked the ITS to run background checks on escapees from Eastern Europe. The
607:
written in March 2006 charged that "In practice, however, the ITS and the ICRC have consistently refused to cooperate with the
International Commission board and have kept the archive closed." In early 2006, several newspaper articles also raised questions about the quality of the ITS' management and
510:
The
International Commission at its May 2007 meeting approved the US Holocaust Memorial Museum's proposal to permit advance distribution of the material, as it is digitized, to the designated repository institutions prior to the completion of the agreement ratification process officially opening the
497:
Making the inventory researchable for all historical issues is an urgent responsibilities after opening the archives. To date, the arrangement of the documents having been collected over a period of six decades was subject to the requirements of a tracing service, which brought families together and
400:
The director of the ITS is appointed by the
International Commission and is accountable directly to the commission. Since January 2016, Floriane Azoulay is the director. There are about 240 staff employed by the ITS. The institution is funded by the German Federal Government Commissioner for Culture
328:
of 1955 (which stated that no data that could harm the former Nazi victims or their families should be published) and their amendment protocols dating from 2006 provided the legal foundation of the
International Tracing Service. The daily operations were managed by a director appointed by the ICRC,
501:
This principle no longer is sufficient, since historians ask not only for names, but also for topics, events, locations or nationalities. The goal is to compile finding aids that can be accessed and published online and are based on international archival standards. The first series of inventories
423:
After the end of the Second World War the main task of the ITS was initially to conduct a search for the survivors of Nazi persecution and their family-members. Today, this accounts for no more than about three percent of its work. However, a large number of new obligations have been taken on over
414:
On
November 28, 2007, the ITS archives were made broadly available to the general public. The ITS records may be consulted in person, or by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail; addresses and contact numbers are available on the ITS website. Inquiries can be submitted to the ITS using the online form on
611:
In May 2006, the
International Commission for the ITS decided to open the archives and documents for researchers use, and to transfer, upon request, one copy of the ITS archives and documents to each one of its member states. This took place once all 11 countries ratified the new ITS Protocol. On
595:
The ITS had been criticized before 2008 for refusing to open its archives to the public. The ITS, backed by the German government, had cited German archival law to support their position. The laws mandate a 100-year gap between releasing records in order to protect privacy. However, their critics
488:
In addition to this there are smaller sections associated with the work of a tracing service: the alphabetical-phonetic
Central Name Index, the child search archives and the correspondence files. The Central Name Index represents the key to the documents. With 50 million references on the fate of
627:
reviewed their histories and then recruited some of them to return to their countries of origin, to spy for the United States. The program did not return very much useful intelligence, because these recruits, motivated to impress their handlers, supplied information that was not reliable, and
436:
More than 70 years after the end of World War II, the ITS receives more than 1,000 inquiries every month from all around the world. Most of them now come from younger generations who are seeking information about the fate of their family members. In 2015, the ITS received around 15,500 requests
440:
During the compensation phase of
Eastern European forced labourers through the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation between 2000 and 2007, around 950,000 enquiries were sent to the Tracing Service. As a result of this flood of enquiries, the ITS was tremendously over-extended.
337:
Tracing missing persons, clarifying people's fates, providing family members with information, also for compensation and pension matters, have been the principal tasks of the ITS since its beginning. Since the opening of the archives, new tasks such as research and education and the archival
427:
These include certification of the forms persecution took, confirmation for pension and compensation payments, allowing victims and their family members to inspect copies of the original documents and enabling the following generations to find out what happened to their forebears.
956:
502:
could be published on the
Internet (for the time being in the German language only). The documents were indexed according to their origin and content. In view of the volume of the documents to be described, this process will take some years.
458:. Work is under way to digitize the files, both for purposes of easier search and for preserving the historical record. Since 2015, the digitized material is gradually being published on the archive's Digital Collection Online platform.
612:
November 28, 2007, it was announced that Greece, as the last of the member countries, filed its ratification papers with the German Foreign Ministry. It was then announced that the documents in the archive were open to public access.
53:
333:
citizen. After some discussion, in 1990 the Federal Republic of Germany renewed its continuing commitment to funding the operations of the ITS. The documents in the ITS archives were opened to public access on November 28, 2007.
948:
345:. The service operates under the legal authority of the Berlin Agreements from December 2011 and is funded by the government of Germany. The German Federal Archives are the institutional partner for the ITS since January 2013.
1378:
596:
argued that the ITS as such is not subject to German law. One accusation raised against Germany and the ITS by critics was that the archive was kept closed out of a desire to repress information about the Holocaust.
441:
Consequently, this created a gigantic backlog, which temporarily did considerable damage to the standing of the institution. Especially enquiries, which had no direct bearing on the foundation, remained unprocessed.
1417:
876:
158:
461:
The inventory is split up into three main areas: incarceration, forced labour and displaced persons. The variety of documents is enormous. They include list material and individual documents, such as
511:
material. In August 2007, the USHMM received the first installment of records and in November 2007, received the Central Name Index. Materials will continue to be received as they are digitized.
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1401:
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100:
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One institution is designated for each of the 11 countries to receive a copy of the archive. The following locations have been designated by their respective countries.
72:
286:
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ITS was founded as an organization dedicated to finding missing persons, typically lost to family and friends as a result of war, persecution or forced labour during
1006:
454:
ITS's total inventory comprises 26,000 linear metres of original documents from the Nazi era and post-war period, 232,710 meters of microfilm and more than 106,870
79:
1302:
1251:
636:
A group of students participated from 2013 to 2014 in the project "DENK MAL – Erinnerung im öffentlichen Raum" at the school. The students, including the author
1477:
949:"Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections"
880:
305:, and finally to Bad Arolsen, which was considered a central location among the areas of Allied occupation and had an intact infrastructure unaffected by war.
397:. The Commission draws up the guidelines for the work to be carried out by the ITS and monitors these in the interests of the former victims of persecution.
86:
1458:
UC San Diego, Holocaust Living History Collection: Archiving Atrocity: The International Tracing Service and Holocaust Research – with Suzanne Brown-Fleming
1095:
1061:
981:
846:
68:
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clarified the fates of individuals. The Central Name Index was the key to the documents, while the documents were arranged according to victim groups.
321:
673:
604:
519:
708:
1398:
765:
93:
709:"Building the Largest Digital Memorial to the Victims of Nazism: The Arolsen Archives with Floriane Azoulay and Giora Zwilling, Arolsen"
600:
477:, health insurance and social insurance documents. Among the documents are also examples of prominent victims of Nazi persecution like
317:
309:
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245:, Germany, is an internationally governed centre for documentation, information and research on Nazi persecution, forced labour and
119:
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57:
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207:
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Archives on the fate of prisoners of war exist in Geneva at the ICRC, Central Tracing Agency. Inquiries are dealt with.
1117:"Suchanfragen beim Deutschen Roten Kreuz stellen. Munich: Missing persons of World War II. Hamburg: Persons resettled"
624:
489:
over 17.5 million people, it is based on an alphabetic-phonetic filing system that was developed especially for ITS.
1142:
599:
Critics cited the fact that all eleven governments sitting on the International Commission of the ITS endorsed the
640:, erected a plaque at the entrance of the school in remembrance of the murdered and prosecuted Jewish students in
46:
644:. A commemoration ceremony took place on November 10, 2014. The project received letters from German Chancellor
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325:
977:
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because by 1952, the Soviets had largely exposed these efforts. Many recruits disappeared, presumed dead.
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to set up a registration and tracing service for missing people. The organization was formalized under the
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Other archives deal with missing Germans on occasion of flight and expulsion and with missing German
474:
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regime. Kirchlicher Suchdienst has knowledge on population of former eastern regions of Germany.
302:
298:
278:
262:
17:
926:
620:
568:
141:
1405:
1354:"A new leaf has been turned over at the Tracing Service: Press release (April 30, 2008)"
312:
took over administration of the bureau, and on January 1, 1948, the name was changed to
1274:""Closed archive leads to Holocaust denial claim: Special reports", Guardian Unlimited"
572:
546:
390:
316:. In April 1951, administrative responsibilities for the service were placed under the
253:
Germany and its occupied regions. The archive contains about 30 million documents from
353:
The organization is governed by an International Commission with representatives from
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1038:
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congratulating them. The project was supported by the International Tracing Service.
649:
645:
394:
258:
246:
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regarding the fate of 21,909 persons from survivors, family members or researchers.
641:
342:
1379:"Cold War humanitarian program had covert side, AT&T News, December 28, 2008"
269:. As of September 2022, approximately 46% of the archives have been transcribed.
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482:
382:
330:
242:
193:
35:
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266:
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On May 21, 2019, millions of digitized documents were made available online.
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Sam Loewenberg in Berlin Julian Borger in Washington (21 February 2006).
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362:
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197:
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Luxembourg - Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Resistance
415:
the organization's website. The archives are also open for research.
386:
370:
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320:. When the status of occupation of Germany was repealed in 1954, the
294:
877:"Agreement on the International Tracing Service of December 9, 2011"
1434:
1420:
article of the International Tracing Service, 12th of November 2014
374:
1092:"Contacting the ICRC archives: Agency archives/Prisoners of war"
576:
547:
The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide
250:
217:
902:"Online application: Inquiries by survivors and family members"
293:
on February 15, 1944. After the war the bureau was moved from
29:
69:"Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution"
1062:"German Holocaust archive puts millions of documents online"
227:
Arolsen Archives – International Center on Nazi Persecution
1168:
847:"Arolsen Archives traces the victims of Nazi Persecution"
601:
Stockholm International Forum Declaration of January 2000
583:
has the archives of Wehrmacht soldiers killed in action.
1418:„Denk Mal“: Geschichtsprojekt von Münchener Jugendlichen
1295:"Tensions Rise In Long Feud Over Access To Nazi Archive"
542:
France - French National Archives (Archives Nationales)
146:
The main building of the International Tracing Service
27:
German centre for research on Nazis and the Holocaust
1219:"Museum | Press Room | Press Room Archive"
213:
203:
189:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1488:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
1141:Trion Visual Concepts GmbH München (2008-06-18).
608:the underlying reasons for the existing backlog.
818:"The International Tracing Service and the ICRC"
287:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces
758:"Arolsen Archives keep memory of Sho'ah alive"
1356:. Its-arolsen.org. 2014-05-28. Archived from
324:took over the administration of the ITS. The
8:
927:"Research application for research purposes"
1145:. Kirchlicher-suchdienst.de. Archived from
277:In 1943, the international section of the
140:
131:
1025:
1023:
703:
701:
699:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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822:International Committee of The Red Cross
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664:
1408:tz.de newsarticle, 28th of October 2014
1035:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
660:
605:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
587:has an online inventory of war graves.
520:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
174:51.37821746260278°N 9.019545509244857°E
851:King Baudouin Foundation United States
812:
810:
808:
539:Belgium - National Archives of Belgium
879:. Auswaertiges-amt.de. Archived from
7:
1478:Aftermath of World War II in Germany
853:. September 20, 2021. Archived from
575:except those who were prosecuted by
179:51.37821746260278; 9.019545509244857
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1324:"Nazi archives finally made public"
1031:"International Tracing Service FAQ"
1003:"Finding-aids: Inventory of themes"
239:Service International de Recherches
1442:Digital Collection Online Platform
978:"Archives - collection - overview"
318:Allied High Commission for Germany
310:International Refugee Organization
25:
1060:Kirschbaum, Erik (May 21, 2019).
1037:. October 1, 2008. Archived from
532:Institute of National Remembrance
283:Headquarters of the Allied Forces
1119:(in German). Drk-suchdienst.de.
34:
1305:from the original on 2015-04-19
1254:from the original on 2015-04-19
1200:from the original on 2018-10-06
1175:from the original on 2014-05-17
1123:from the original on 2015-04-06
1098:from the original on 2014-08-24
1009:from the original on 2019-05-20
984:from the original on 2019-05-20
959:from the original on 2020-06-11
908:from the original on 2017-07-06
764:. July 14, 2022. Archived from
45:needs additional citations for
1399:Note 1 für die Menschlichkeit!
1194:"Volksbund Gräbersuche online"
1169:"Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)"
1:
929:. Its-arolsen.org. 2007-11-28
680:. May 7, 2020. Archived from
314:International Tracing Service
231:International Tracing Service
218:https://arolsen-archives.org/
18:International Tracing Service
585:German War Graves Commission
581:Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)
1221:. Ushmm.org. Archived from
625:Central Intelligence Agency
424:the course of the decades.
405:Application for information
1514:
556:Other specialised archives
235:Internationaler Suchdienst
674:"Arolsen Archives Online"
648:and the German President
155:
151:
139:
1381:. My.att.net. 1985-01-01
1143:"Kirchlicher Suchdienst"
1094:. Icrc.org. 2014-01-31.
953:MIDA Archival Reflexicon
678:European Heritage Awards
1454:, accessed 21 May 2019.
1448:Archive Holdings Online
947:Joshi, Vandana (2019).
616:Covert role in Cold War
1330:. 2007. Archived from
715:. 2021. Archived from
291:Central Tracing Bureau
1498:Jewish German history
1041:on September 19, 2009
506:Copies made available
401:and the Media (BKM).
308:On July 1, 1947, the
1334:on November 30, 2007
1244:"A Holocaust Denial"
713:Fritz Ascher Society
571:searches for German
54:improve this article
1473:Archives in Germany
1360:on February 9, 2012
1299:The Washington Post
1248:The Washington Post
1167:Stephan Ihlenburg.
1005:. Its-arolsen.org.
980:. Its-arolsen.org.
904:. Its-arolsen.org.
857:on October 22, 2021
788:"Every Name Counts"
255:concentration camps
208:Memory of the World
170: /
1404:2015-04-02 at the
768:on August 13, 2022
762:Kingdom of Belgium
719:on October 2, 2022
473:, questionnaires,
463:registration cards
1452:Los Angeles Times
1446:Erik Kirschbaum,
1066:Los Angeles Times
545:United Kingdom -
471:records of deaths
410:Application forms
303:Frankfurt am Main
281:was asked by the
279:British Red Cross
263:displaced persons
233:(ITS), in German
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16:(Redirected from
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518:United States -
475:labour passports
329:who had to be a
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343:World War II
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47:verification
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591:Controversy
483:Elie Wiesel
456:microfiches
383:Netherlands
243:Bad Arolsen
204:Affiliation
194:Bad Arolsen
177: /
1467:Categories
1385:2014-07-17
1364:2014-07-17
1309:2014-07-17
1280:2014-07-17
1276:. Guardian
1258:2014-07-17
1229:2014-07-17
1204:2014-07-17
1179:2014-07-17
1153:2014-07-17
1127:2014-07-17
1102:2014-07-17
1013:2016-11-30
988:2016-11-30
963:2020-06-11
933:2016-11-30
912:2016-11-30
887:2014-07-17
861:October 1,
797:October 1,
792:Zooniverse
772:October 2,
723:October 1,
688:October 1,
656:References
567:soldiers.
526:Yad Vashem
479:Anne Frank
393:, and the
379:Luxembourg
301:, then to
299:Versailles
267:Zooniverse
162:51°22′42″N
80:newspapers
1483:Genealogy
565:Wehrmacht
530:Poland -
524:Israel -
450:Inventory
165:9°01′10″E
1402:Archived
1338:June 18,
1303:Archived
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1173:Archived
1121:Archived
1096:Archived
1076:June 18,
1045:June 18,
1007:Archived
982:Archived
957:Archived
906:Archived
828:June 19,
190:Location
110:May 2019
432:Answers
363:Germany
355:Belgium
273:History
214:Website
198:Germany
94:scholar
387:Poland
371:Israel
367:Greece
359:France
295:London
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375:Italy
331:Swiss
101:JSTOR
87:books
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725:2022
690:2022
577:Nazi
481:and
322:ICRC
251:Nazi
225:The
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1328:CNN
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