Incoterms - Knowledge (XXG)

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goods". Therefore, FOB contract requires a seller to deliver goods on board a vessel that is to be designated by the buyer in a manner customary at the particular port. In this case, the seller must also arrange for export clearance. On the other hand, the buyer pays cost of marine freight transportation, bill of lading fees, insurance, unloading and transportation cost from the arrival port to destination. Since Incoterms 1980 introduced the Incoterm FCA, FOB should only be used for non-containerized seafreight and inland waterway transport. However, FOB is commonly used incorrectly for all modes of transport despite the contractual risks that this can introduce. In some

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Underwriters (which is a change from Incoterms 2010 where the minimum was Institute Cargo Clauses (C)), or any similar set of clauses, unless specifically agreed by both parties. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract. The seller must also turn over documents necessary, to obtain the goods from the carrier or to assert claim against an insurer to the buyer. The documents include (as a minimum) the invoice, the insurance policy, and the

2159: 3459: 778:. The larger group of seven rules may be used regardless of the method of transport, with the smaller group of four being applicable only to sales that solely involve transportation by water where the condition of the goods can be verified at the point of loading on board ship. They are therefore not to be used for containerized freight, other combined transport methods, or for transport by road, air or rail. 1035:

port. The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination from the port (generally the buyer's facilities), or for buying insurance. If the buyer requires the seller to obtain insurance, the Incoterm CIF should be considered. CFR should only be used for non-containerized seafreight and inland waterway transport; for all other modes of transport it should be replaced with CPT.

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terms, the seller has agreed to bear not just cost, but also Risk and Title up to the arrival of the vessel at the named port. Costs for unloading the goods and any duties, taxes, etc. are for the Buyer. Until 2011, DES was a commonly used term in shipping bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, dry chemicals; and where the seller either owned or had chartered their own vessel.

44: 737: 3469: 1108:. These three documents represent the cost, insurance, and freight of CIF. The seller's obligation ends when the documents are handed over to the buyer. Then, the buyer has to pay at the agreed price. Another point to consider is that CIF should only be used for non-containerized sea freight; for all other modes of transport it should be replaced with CIP. 921:(which is a change from Incoterms 2010 where the minimum was Institute Cargo Clauses (C)), or any similar set of clauses, unless specifically agreed by both parties. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract, and should allow the buyer, the seller, and anyone else with an insurable interest in the goods to be able to make a claim. 1003:

from previous Incoterms versions that required the buyer to arrange for export clearance. However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term should be used only for non-containerized sea freight and inland waterway transport.

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corporation resident within the jurisdiction. If the buyer is based outside of the customs jurisdiction, they will be unable to clear the goods for export, meaning that the goods may be declared in the name of the seller by the buyer, even though the export formalities are the buyer's responsibility under the EXW term.

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international transportation and delivery of goods. Incoterms inform sales contracts defining respective obligations, costs, and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer, but they do not themselves conclude a contract, determine the price payable, currency or credit terms, govern

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collection of the freight from the designated location, and is responsible for clearing the goods through Customs. The buyer is also responsible for completing all the export documentation, although the seller does have an obligation to obtain information and documents at the buyer's request and cost.

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and insurance policy. The purchasers' intent to wait for satisfactory delivery and inspection was overruled. Shortly afterwards in 1915-16, the case of Arnhold Karberg & Co. v. Blythe, Green, Jourdain & Co. in the High Court and Court of Appeal showcased judicial debate about whether a c.i.f.

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The four rules defined by Incoterms 2020 for international trade where transportation is entirely conducted by water are as per the below. It is important to note that these terms are generally not suitable for shipments in shipping containers; the point at which risk and responsibility for the goods

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Incoterms 2010 defines DAP as 'Delivered at Place' – the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. Under DAP terms, the risk passes from seller to buyer from the point of destination

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The terminal can be a port, airport, or inland freight interchange, but must be a facility with the capability to receive the shipment. If the seller is not able to organize unloading, they should consider shipping under DAP terms instead. All charges after unloading (for example, import duty, taxes,

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The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named place of destination. However, the goods are considered to be delivered when the goods have been handed over to the first or main carrier, so that the risk transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to that carrier at the place of shipment

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This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named place of destination in the contract of sale. A transaction in international trade where the seller is responsible for making a safe delivery of goods to a named destination, paying all transportation and export and transit

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Parties adopting Incoterms should be wary about their intention and variations. The desire of the parties should be expressed clearly and casual adoption should be refrained. Also, making additions or variations to the meaning of a certain term should be carefully done as parties' failure to use any

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case referencing the Arnhold Karberg case and also Manbre Saccharine v Corn Products (1919), it was explained that "under a c. i. f. contract the obligation of the seller is to deliver documents rather than goods, to transfer symbols rather than physical property". In the Manbre Saccharine case the

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The term "cost, insurance, freight" or "c.i.f." predates the introduction of Incoterms. Craighall noted in a 1919 article that in "earlier times" the initials were usually written "C. F. & I.": he quotes the phrase "C. F. & I. by steamer to N.Y." used in a shipping contract addressed in the

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The seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the buyer's vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export, which is a reversal

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This term is broadly similar to the above CPT term, with the exception that the seller is required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit. CIP requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under Institute Cargo Clauses (A) of the Institute of London Underwriters

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Secondly, most jurisdictions require companies to provide proof of export for tax purposes. In an EXW shipment, the buyer is under no obligation to provide such proof to the seller, or indeed to even export the goods. In a customs jurisdiction such as the European Union, this would leave the seller

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If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, or at any other location that is under the seller's control, the seller is responsible for loading the goods on to the buyer's carrier. However, if delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is deemed to have delivered the goods once their transport

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processes and their use is encouraged by trade councils, courts and international lawyers. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common contractual sales practices, the Incoterms rules are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the global or

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Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made available for unloading to the buyer. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as they would under a CIF arrangement. Unlike CFR and CIF

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The most important consideration for DDP terms is that the seller is responsible for clearing the goods through customs in the buyer's country, including both paying the duties and taxes, and obtaining the necessary authorizations and registrations from the authorities in that country. Unless the

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Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. This term is often used in place of the non-Incoterm "Free In

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Some uncertainty has emerged since Incoterms 2020 were adopted as to the meaning of "unloaded" when goods are delivered in a container, usually by sea, as the removal of the container from the incoming vessel may suggest that it has been "unloaded", but the goods themselves are not yet "unloaded"

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There is no obligation for the seller to make a contract of carriage, but there is also no obligation for the buyer to arrange one either - the buyer may sell the goods on to their own customer for collection from the original seller's warehouse. However, in common practice the buyer arranges the

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The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named port of destination. Risk transfers to buyer when the goods have been loaded on board the ship in the country of Export. The seller is responsible for origin costs including export clearance and freight costs for carriage to the named

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to be provided under terms CIF and CIP has also changed, increasing from Institute Cargo Clauses(C) to Institute Cargo Clauses(A). Under the CIF Incoterms rule, which is reserved for use in maritime trade and is often used in commodity trading, the Institute Cargo Clauses (C) remains the default

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Once goods are ready for shipment, the necessary packing is carried out by the seller at their own cost, so that the goods reach their final destination safely. All necessary legal formalities in the exporting country are completed by the seller at their own cost and risk to clear the goods for

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EXW means that a buyer incurs the risks of bringing the goods to their final destination. Either the seller does not load the goods on collecting vehicles and does not clear them for export, or if the seller does load the goods, they do so at buyer's risk and cost. If the parties agree that the

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the duty is calculated against the FOB value of the goods. Because of this it is common for contracts for exports to these countries to use these Incoterms, even when they are not suitable for the chosen mode of transport. If this is the case then great care must be exercised to ensure that the

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Under FOB terms the seller bears all costs and risks up to the point the goods are loaded on board the vessel. The seller's responsibility does not end at that point unless the goods are "appropriated to the contract" that is, they are "clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract

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These documentary requirements may result in two principal issues. Firstly, the stipulation for the buyer to complete the export declaration can be an issue in certain jurisdictions (not least the European Union) where the customs regulations require the declarant to be either an individual or

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This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named terminal in the contract of sale, unloaded from the main carriage vehicle. The seller is responsible for making a safe delivery of goods to the named terminal, paying all transportation and export and transit customs

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This term can be used when the goods are transported by rail and road. The seller pays for transportation to the named place of delivery at the frontier. The buyer arranges for customs clearance and pays for transportation from the frontier to their factory. The passing of risk occurs at the

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This Incoterm requires that the seller delivers the goods, unloaded, at the named place of destination. The seller covers all the costs of transport (export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges) and assumes all risk until arrival at the

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The Incoterms rules are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. They are intended to reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising from the differing interpretations of the rules in

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As an Incoterm, CIF is broadly similar to the term CFR, with the exception that the seller is required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit. CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under Institute Cargo Clauses (A) of the Institute of London

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The seller makes the goods available at their premises, or at another named place. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used while making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included.

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The seller is responsible for origin costs including export clearance and freight costs for carriage to the named place of destination (either the final destination such as the buyer's facilities or a port of destination. This has to be agreed to by seller and buyer, however).

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In many respects this Incoterm has replaced FOB in modern usage, although the critical point at which the risk passes moves from loading aboard the vessel to the named place. The chosen place of delivery affects the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.

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level of coverage, giving parties the option to agree to a higher level of insurance cover. Taking into account feedback from global users, the CIP Incoterms® rule now requires a higher level of cover, compliant with the Institute Cargo Clauses (A) or similar clauses.

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clearance expenses. The seller bears the risks and costs associated with supplying the goods to the delivery terminal and unloading them, where the buyer becomes responsible for paying the duty and taxes, as well as any further carriage to a destination.

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The first work published by the ICC on international trade terms was issued in 1923, with the first edition known as Incoterms published in 1936. The Incoterms rules were amended in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010, with the ninth version —

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emphasised that this was because no insurance policy was tendered, only a letter confirming insurance, and also because the goods did not match the contracted description: had these matters been otherwise, the contract would have been enforced.

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liable to a sales tax bill as if the goods were sold to a domestic customer. It is therefore of utmost importance that these matters are discussed with the buyer before the contract is agreed. It may well be that another Incoterm, such as FCA

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After arrival of the goods in the country of destination, the customs clearance in the importing country needs to be completed by the buyer, e.g. import permit, documents required by customs, etc., including all customs duties and taxes.

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Store (FIS)". This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer. No risk or responsibility is transferred to the buyer until delivery of the goods at the named place of destination.

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The seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, at a named place (possibly including the seller's own premises). The goods can be delivered to a carrier nominated by the buyer, or to another party nominated by the buyer.

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Incoterms 2020 also formally defines delivery. Previously, the term had been defined informally but it is now defined as the point in the transaction where "the risk of loss or damage passes from the seller to the buyer".

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While these terms do not feature in the current version of Incoterms it is possible that they may be seen in sales order contracts. Care must be taken to ensure that both parties agree on their obligations in this case.

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seller should be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear the risk and all costs of such loading, this must be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

696:. Incoterms define the responsibilities of exporters and importers in the arrangement of shipments and the transfer of liability involved at various stages of the transaction. They are widely used in international 961:

Under DAP terms, all carriage expenses with any terminal expenses are paid by seller up to the agreed destination point. The necessary unloading cost at final destination has to be borne by buyer under DAP terms.

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customs clearance expenses. The seller bears the risks and costs associated with supplying the goods to the delivery location, where the buyer becomes responsible for paying the duty and taxes.

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The first English court case which referred to c.i.f. was Tregelles v. Sewell (1862), where the court established that under c.i.f. terms, risk passes to the buyer on shipment. In the case of

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rules and regulations in the buyer's country are very well understood, DDP terms can be a very big risk both in terms of delays and in unforeseen extra costs, and should be used with caution.

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Carrier: Any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes

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The risk and the cost is not always the same for Incoterms. In many cases, the risk and cost usually goes together but it is not always the case. The below represents the transfer of risk.

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passes is when the goods are loaded on board the ship, and if the goods are sealed into a shipping container it is impossible to verify the condition of the goods at this point.

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Also of note is that the point at which risk passes under these terms has shifted from previous editions of Incoterms, where the risk passed at the ship's rail.

759:. One rule of the 2010 version ("Delivered at Terminal"; DAT) was removed, and is replaced by a new rule ("Delivered at Place Unloaded"; DPU) in the 2020 rules. 2866: 876:, may be more suitable, since this puts the onus for declaring the goods for export onto the seller, which provides for more control over the export process. 483: 3394: 3179: 113: 3399: 2486: 1060:

v. Biddell Brothers, the UK House of Lords ruled in 1911 that "the sellers in a c.i.f. contract were entitled to payment of the price upon tender of the

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customs and on-carriage) are to be borne by buyer. However, any delay or demurrage charges at the terminal will generally be for the seller's account.

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With all Incoterms beginning with D there is no obligation to provide insurance, however the insurable risk is for the seller's account.

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To determine if a location qualifies for these four rules, please refer to 'United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (

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Delivery: The point in the transaction where the risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer

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has arrived at the named place; the buyer is responsible for both unloading the goods and loading them onto their own carrier.

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This is similar to DES, but the passing of risk does not occur until the goods have been unloaded at the port of discharge.

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CIP can be used for all modes of transport, whereas the Incoterm CIF should only be used for non-containerized sea-freight.

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CPT replaces the C&F (cost and freight) and CFR terms for all shipping modes outside of non-containerized sea freight.

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argued that "a c.i.f. contract is a contract for the sale of goods to be performed by the delivery of the documents". In a

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There are certain terms that have special meaning within Incoterms, and some of the more important ones are defined below:

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Terminal: Any place, whether covered or not, such as a dock, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal

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In some jurisdictions, the duty costs of the goods may be calculated against a specific Incoterm: for example in

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that it did not, because a c.i.f. sale is "not a sale of goods, but a sale of documents relating to goods". The

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These two terms were both included in Incoterms 1953, in each case specifying a named departure point.

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If the buyer requires the seller to obtain insurance, the Incoterm CIP should be considered instead.

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King's Bench Division, Arnhold Karberg & Co v Blythe, Green, Jourdain & Co. (1915) 2 KB 379

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In prior versions, the rules were divided into four categories, but the 11 pre-defined terms of

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Free: Seller has an obligation to deliver the goods to a named place for transfer to a carrier

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different countries. As such they are regularly incorporated into sales contracts worldwide.

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seller was unable to enforce the c.i.f. contract where the goods had been lost at sea, but

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Incoterms - Transfer of risk from the seller to the buyer (diagram created in 2011)

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To clear for export: To file Shipper’s Export Declaration and get export permit

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United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

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Arrival: The point named in the Incoterm to which carriage has been paid

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points at which costs and risks pass are clarified with the customer.

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is the ninth set of international contract terms published by the

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United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE)

2558:"Incoterms® rules 2010 - ICC - International Chamber of Commerce" 2447:

Mayer, Ray August; with revisions by Don; Bixby, Michael (2013).

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CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)

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Standardized contract terms regarding transportation and delivery

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Allocations of risks to buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2020

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Allocations of costs to buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2020

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CIF – Cost, Insurance & Freight (named port of destination)

2754:, UKHL 680, handed down 3 November 1911, accessed 2 March 2021 928:

DPU – Delivered At Place Unloaded (named place of destination)

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are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the

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International business law : text, cases, and readings

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Mee v. McNider, 46 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 345 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1886)

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DDU – Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination)

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Macondray & Co. v. WR Grace & Co., 30 F. 2d 647

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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,

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DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)

2451:(6th ed., international ed.). Harlow : Pearson. 2099:

DAF – Delivered at Frontier (named place of delivery)

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DAP – Delivered At Place (named place of destination)

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Manbre Saccharine Co. Ltd. v. Corn Products Co. Ltd.

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Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

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CPT – Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)

2667: 1030:CFR – Cost and Freight (named port of destination) 998:FAS – Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment) 842:trade term at all can produce unexpected results. 3253:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 3201:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia 3185:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 2735:Session 6 - Transfer of Risk: General Principles 2624:"UN/LOCODE Code List by Country - Trade - UNECE" 2126:DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay (named port of delivery) 755:defines 11 rules, the same number as defined by 1065:bill of lading could evidence a sale of goods, 728:— having been published on September 10, 2019. 2739:Transfer of risk in commercial sales contracts 2860: 1136:Loading on vessel/airplane in port of export 661: 8: 2471:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1683:Rules for sea and inland waterway transport 1007:FOB – Free on Board (named port of shipment) 880:FCA – Free Carrier (named place of delivery) 3180:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 2606:"Delivered Duty Paid - Incoterms Explained" 2049: 1715: 1625: 1257: 979:Rules for sea and inland waterway transport 3133: 2867: 2853: 2845: 2831:from the International Chamber of Commerce 2143:FOR - Free on rail and FOT - Free on truck 1987: 1830: 1685: 1533: 1115: 709:or define where title to goods transfers. 668: 654: 31: 2576:"Exporting FAQs - Expor.gov - export.gov" 2363:"From the introduction of Incoterms 2020" 3263:West African Economic and Monetary Union 1925: 1771: 1441: 1349: 851:EXW – Ex Works (named place of delivery) 2752:E. Clemens Horst Co. v. Biddell Brother 2280: 2278: 2209: 950:mentioned in the contract of delivery. 642:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 623: 524: 503: 403: 261: 100: 50: 34: 3175:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2995:UN Conference on Trade and Development 2674:(3. ed.). London : Butterworths. 2643:International Business Law 6th Edition 2464: 2226: 2224: 597:International Convention on Load Lines 2940:Import substitution industrialization 1743: 1303: 1139:Carriage (sea/air) to port of import 1133:Unloading of truck in port of export 7: 3468: 3194:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia 1894: 1211: 941:while they remain in the container. 3154:Central American Integration System 2521:. Strong & Herd. Archived from 2487:"Customs Information Paper (11) 89" 2233:Guide to international commerce law 1148:Loading on truck in port of import 786:Incoterms in government regulations 774:are subdivided into two categories 632:International Maritime Organization 587:Ballast Water Management Convention 553:International Convention on Salvage 434:The captain goes down with the ship 25: 3017:International Chamber of Commerce 2920:Export-oriented industrialization 1828:Rules for any modes of transport 1151:Carriage to place of destination 749:International Chamber of Commerce 690:International Chamber of Commerce 3467: 3458: 3457: 2696:Sales of Goods on C. I. F. Terms 2407:Directorate General of Valuation 2157: 1863: 1165: 776:based only on method of delivery 42: 2388:Incoterms® 2020 English Edition 2048: 2017: 1986: 1955: 1924: 1893: 1862: 1798: 1770: 1742: 1714: 1624: 1578: 1532: 1486: 1440: 1394: 1348: 1302: 1256: 1210: 1164: 1053:case of Mee v. McNider (1886). 846:Rules for any mode of transport 82:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 3258:Southern African Customs Union 2670:The law of international trade 2545:Showdown at the container yard 2257:"ICC Guide to Incoterms® 2010" 1087:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1077:upheld his decision, although 933:destination port or terminal. 686:International Commercial Terms 18:International commercial terms 1: 2789:, 1929, accessed 19 July 2023 637:Comité Maritime International 603:International Regulations for 559:United Nations Convention on 3415:Telecommunications equipment 3220:Middle East and North Africa 3211:European Union Customs Union 2235:. St. Paul, MN: West Group. 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1145:Unloading in port of import 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 716:"Incoterms" is a registered 694:international commercial law 605:Preventing Collisions at Sea 3144:Andean Community of Nations 3022:Bilateral investment treaty 2990:International Monetary Fund 2733:University of Southampton, 2715:, accessed 27 November 2022 2108:DAT – Delivered at Terminal 1130:Carriage to port of export 1127:Export customs declaration 740:National Incoterms chambers 624:International organizations 3515: 3010:International Trade Centre 2547:, accessed 28 January 2021 2398:Brief on Customs Valuation 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1010: 905:in the country of Export. 803:Defined terms in Incoterms 548:Maritime Labour Convention 3453: 3285:Aircraft & Spacecraft 2930:Foreign exchange reserves 2815:, accessed 17 August 2021 1858:Unloading at destination 1160:Unloading at destination 1154:Import customs clearance 525:International conventions 3005:World Trade Organization 2707:New York Supreme Court, 2231:Vishny, Paul H. (1981). 1157:Import duties and taxes 1024:United States of America 570:International piracy law 561:the Law of the Sea 3206:Eurasian Economic Union 3094:Repeal of the Corn Laws 2813:Delivered Ex Ship (DES) 2724:7 H & N 574, 158 ER 2193:Uniform Commercial Code 2188:International trade law 2117:DES – Delivered Ex Ship 1044:Use preceding Incoterms 698:commercial transactions 592:Anti-fouling Convention 3248:East African Community 3129:Regional organizations 2835:Export.gov: Incoterms® 2741:, accessed 21 May 2021 2610:incotermsexplained.com 2492:. HMRC. Archived from 2379:, accessed 27 May 2020 2365:. ICC. 26 August 2019. 2091: 837:Variation of Incoterms 741: 3089:The Wealth of Nations 3047:Special economic zone 2910:Comparative advantage 2666:Griffin, Day (2003). 2375:Incoterms Explained, 2339:. ICC. Archived from 2313:. ICC. Archived from 2259:. ICC. Archived from 2089: 739: 3109:Economic nationalism 3027:Economic integration 2543:Mantissa Elearning, 2519:"Evidence of export" 2403:5 March 2018 at the 1058:E. Clemens Horst Co. 1020:common law countries 517:Vice admiralty court 263:Contract of carriage 66:Corpus Juris Civilis 3365:Integrated circuits 3149:Caribbean Community 2945:Net capital outflow 2895:Balance of payments 2876:International trade 2811:CFI Education Inc., 2525:on 20 December 2016 2499:on 20 December 2016 2183:International trade 2178:Customs declaration 1117: 3277:Exports by product 3227:Arab Customs Union 2890:Absolute advantage 2694:Craighill, E. A., 2317:on 27 January 2020 2092: 2082:Previous Incoterms 1707:Unloading at Port 1124:Loading at origin 1116: 742: 692:(ICC) relating to 126:Maritime transport 3494:Freight transport 3481: 3480: 3271: 3270: 3241:Subsaharan Africa 3072:Political economy 2377:Freight Insurance 2337:"Incoterms® 2010" 2311:"Incoterms® 2020" 2286:"Incoterms® 1953" 2079: 2078: 1826: 1825: 1670: 1669: 874:seller's premises 824:Freight forwarder 678: 677: 616:Athens Convention 582:MARPOL Convention 533:Hague-Visby Rules 422:Freight forwarder 367:Proof of delivery 222:Maritime security 59:Code of Hammurabi 16:(Redirected from 3506: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3134: 3000:World Bank Group 2900:Balance of trade 2869: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2750:House of Lords, 2748: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2582:. Archived from 2572: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2462: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2428:on 26 April 2018 2424:. Archived from 2414: 2408: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2343:on 13 March 2014 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2228: 2219: 2214: 2167: 2165:Transport portal 2162: 2161: 2051: 2020: 1989: 1958: 1927: 1896: 1865: 1831: 1801: 1773: 1745: 1717: 1701:Loading at Port 1686: 1627: 1581: 1535: 1489: 1443: 1397: 1351: 1305: 1259: 1213: 1167: 1118: 670: 663: 656: 577:SOLAS Convention 564: 429:Captain (Master) 227:Letter of marque 184:Marine insurance 93:Hanseatic League 46: 32: 21: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3449: 3395:Pharmaceuticals 3267: 3236: 3215: 3189: 3163: 3123: 3119:Dedollarisation 3066: 3052:Trade agreement 3042:Free-trade zone 2983: 2981: 2974: 2915:Current account 2905:Capital account 2878: 2873: 2829:Incoterms rules 2825: 2820: 2819: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2774:Arnhold Karberg 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2586:on 2 March 2012 2574: 2573: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2405:Wayback Machine 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2263:on 8 March 2014 2255: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2084: 1678: 1114: 1101: 1099:Incoterms usage 1075:Court of Appeal 1046: 1041: 1032: 1015: 1009: 1000: 981: 968: 947: 930: 918: 899: 882: 853: 848: 839: 805: 788: 734: 674: 607: 604: 566: 562: 560: 543:Rotterdam Rules 512:Admiralty court 452:Freight company 443: 205:General average 186: 157:Merchant marine 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3465: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Aircraft parts 3287: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3102: 3097: 3076: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2970:Trading nation 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2823:External links 2821: 2818: 2817: 2804: 2791: 2778: 2765: 2756: 2743: 2726: 2717: 2713:Court Listener 2700: 2687: 2680: 2658: 2652:978-0132718974 2651: 2633: 2615: 2597: 2580:www.export.gov 2567: 2549: 2536: 2510: 2478: 2458:978-0273768616 2457: 2439: 2409: 2390: 2381: 2368: 2354: 2328: 2302: 2274: 2248: 2241: 2220: 2217:Incoterms 2020 2208: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2173:Commercial law 2169: 2168: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1834:Incoterm 2020 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689:Incoterm 2020 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121:Incoterm 2020 1113: 1110: 1106:bill of lading 1100: 1097: 1069:ruling in the 1062:bill of lading 1051:New York State 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1013:FOB (Shipping) 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 980: 977: 967: 964: 946: 943: 929: 926: 917: 914: 898: 895: 881: 878: 852: 849: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 827: 821: 818: 815: 812: 804: 801: 787: 784: 772:Incoterms 2020 757:Incoterms 2010 753:Incoterms 2020 745:Incoterms 2020 733: 732:Incoterms 2020 730: 726:Incoterms 2020 676: 675: 673: 672: 665: 658: 650: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 626: 625: 621: 620: 619: 618: 613: 611:SAR Convention 608: 601: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 573: 572: 557: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 527: 526: 522: 521: 520: 519: 514: 506: 505: 501: 500: 499: 498: 493: 492: 491: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 438: 437: 436: 426: 425: 424: 419: 406: 405: 401: 400: 399: 398: 393: 392: 391: 381: 380: 379: 369: 364: 359: 354: 353: 352: 342: 337: 336: 335: 328: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 291:Bill of lading 288: 283: 278: 270: 269: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 252:Wartime prizes 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 219: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 181: 180: 179: 174: 169: 167:Passenger ship 164: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 123: 122: 121: 116: 103: 102: 98: 97: 96: 95: 90: 85: 78: 77: 76: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3511: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3400:Photovoltaics 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:Protectionism 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057:Trade barrier 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2980:Organizations 2977: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960:Trade justice 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935:Globalization 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2628:www.unece.org 2625: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1832: 1829: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1424:Buyer/Seller 1423: 1421:Buyer/Seller 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378:Buyer/Seller 1377: 1375:Buyer/Seller 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222:Buyer/Seller 1221: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1119: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083:Warrington LJ 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1006: 1004: 997: 995: 992: 988: 986: 978: 976: 972: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 944: 942: 938: 934: 927: 925: 922: 915: 913: 910: 906: 902: 896: 894: 890: 886: 879: 877: 875: 869: 865: 861: 857: 850: 845: 843: 836: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 809: 808: 802: 800: 797: 793: 785: 783: 779: 777: 773: 768: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 738: 731: 729: 727: 721: 719: 714: 710: 708: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 652: 651: 649: 648: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 614: 612: 609: 606: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 571: 568: 567: 565: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 538:Hamburg Rules 536: 534: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 494: 490: 487: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 442: 439: 435: 432: 431: 430: 427: 423: 420: 418: 415: 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