International development - Knowledge (XXG)

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War-era terminology of "Third World" to the subsequent bifurcation of "developed" and "developing" countries. The phrases "Global North" and "Global South" are similarly imprecise (particularly from a geographical standpoint, as Australia, for instance, is considered part of the Global North). Other terms currently in use as synonyms for "Global South" include "majority world" and "low- and middle-income countries". The latter term allows for greater specificity, for instance in differentiating between lower-middle and upper-middle-income countries, but it has the downside of overemphasising the economic aspects of development at the expense of social, political and cultural rights and freedoms. These linguistic issues reflect conceptual tensions related to the framing of development.

509:, as people would want to be part of the new economic elite. Higher costs for education lead to a situation where only the people with enough money to pay for education can receive sufficient education to qualify for the better-paying jobs that mass-development brings about. This restricts poorer people to lesser-paying jobs but technological development makes some of these jobs obsolete (for example, by introducing electronic machines to take over a job, such as creating a series of machines such as lawn mowers to make people such as gardeners obsolete). This leads to a situation where poorer people cannot improve their lives as easily as they could have in a less developed society. That is partially why institutions such as the 1346:

nations. The low social stature of a woman inhibits her abilities to truly impact her community in astonishing ways. Noting the relationship between mother and offspring, Goals 1, 4 and 5 are ones to feel the wrath of poor social status. An unhealthy mother simply cannot bear a healthy child, let alone nurse a sickly one back to health, without access to adequate nutrition. A mother characteristically takes most of the care of a child, therefore must have the resources available to not only support herself but another human as well. Without these resources, if she has not already succumbed to birthing complications, a woman cannot survive the perils of poverty and hunger and support her child simultaneously.

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cooperation. The approach was later developed and utilized by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID). The approach is considered to be more comprehensive than previous theories and methodology of "conventional" development initiatives. The core concepts include: taking a holistic view, building on community and individual strengths, focusing on linking both macro and micro-level thinking, sustainability, and maintaining a dynamic and ever-evolving framework.

871: 674: 247:. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly 1350:

community steps closer to achieving universal primary education. Along with this education will come proper spread of knowledge regarding safe practices in disease avoidance. Women are increasingly falling victim to HIV/AIDS for reasons easily evaded. Increasing the availability of a proper education to women will be remarkably beneficial on a variety of fronts. To promote gender equality is to promote progress towards global development.

339: 110:"International development" is different from the simple concept of "development". Whereas the latter, at its most basic, denotes simply the idea of change through time, international development has come to refer to a distinct field of practice, industry, and research; the subject of university courses and professional categorisations. It remains closely related to the set of institutions—especially the 157:(SDGs) were created, with 169 indicators. UN resolution 70/1 adopted on September 25, 2015, was titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", solidifying 17 new goals that had been in motion since 2014. The goals came into force in January 2016, focusing on areas of climate change, economic inequality, democracy, poverty, and peacebuilding. 161:

new global development agenda places a greater emphasis on collective action, combining the efforts of multiple stakeholders to increase the sustainability of the goals. This emphasis on sustainability has also led to more cross-sector partnerships, and combined international efforts across areas of environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic development.

227:" is the strengthening of regional institutions necessary to support long-term economic, social, and political development. Education is another important aspect of international development. It is a good example of how the focus today is on sustainable development in these countries; education gives people the skills required to keep themselves out of poverty. 2525: 201:. No current organisation has the capacity to dissolve the enormous problems of the developing world alone – especially in cities, where an increasing number of poor people live – as demonstrated by the almost nonexistent progress on the goal of improving the lives of at least 100 Million slum dwellers. 1607:

and other American economists. The changes in the 'developed' world's approach to international development were further necessitated by the gradual collapse of Western Europe's empires over the next decades; now independent ex-colonies no longer received support in return for their subordinate role.

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We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. The old imperialism—exploitation for foreign profit—has no place in our plans. What we envisage is a program of development

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Accomplishing this goal could assist in the achievement of five of the other eight Millennium Development Goals. Goals 1–6 are in direct correlation with the status of women in the communities of problem countries such as The Democratic Republic of Congo, Sub-Saharan Africa and many of the developing

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The concept of livelihoods is directly drawn from the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to international development. The approach and subsequent practical framework is credited to Robert Chambers, who, writing from the mid-1980s and onward, was interested in fostering efficiency in development

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An interesting way of seeing development is through modernization. This includes electronification of households and increases in phone plans. This does not accurately convey social development although it is hard to precisely measure, and institutions differ greatly in their methods. This goes into

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For example, in a rural sub-Saharan community it may not be appropriate to provide a chlorinated and pumped water system because it cannot be maintained or controlled adequately – simple hand pumps may be better; while in a big city in the same country it would be inappropriate to provide water with

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The concept of participation is concerned with ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of development projects and programmes are themselves involved in the planning and execution of those projects and programmes. This is considered important as it empowers the recipients of development projects to

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International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society. Promoted projects are ones which involve problem solving that reflects the unique culture, politics, geography, and economy

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Although the SDGs were built on the foundation of the MDGs, there are some key differences in both processes. Before adoption, unlike the MDGs, the SDGs had been in discussion for months, involving civil society actors, NGOs, as well as an opening summit involving intergovernmental negotiations. The

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By the 1990s, there were some writers for whom development theory had reached an impasse and some academics were "imagining a postdevelopment era". The Cold War had ended, capitalism had become the dominant mode of social organization, and UN statistics showed that living standards around the world

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In a different spectrum of societal norms the Goals 2 and 6 are being threatened by an age old privilege. Historically females have been refused education in pardon of males, resulting in lesser opportunity to thrive economically. Giving women equal access to an adequate education brings the global

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The concept of poverty can apply to different circumstances depending on context. Poverty is the condition of lacking economic access to fundamental human needs such as food, shelter and safe drinking water. While some define poverty primarily in economic terms, others consider social and political

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International development and disaster relief are both often grouped into sectors, which correlate with the major themes of international development (and with the Millennium Development Goals – which are included in the descriptions below). There is no clearly defined list of sectors, but some of

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The concept of something being appropriate is concerned with ensuring that a development project or programme is of the correct scale and technical level, and is culturally and socially suitable for its beneficiaries. This should not be confused with ensuring something is low-technology, cheap or

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who must be trained in higher education institutions. However, donors are unwilling to provide support to higher education because their policies now target the MDG. The result is that students are not educated by qualified professionals and worse, when they graduate from primary school they are

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Reaching these goals is also a management challenge. Health services need to make the best use of limited resources while providing the same quality of care to every man, woman and child everywhere. Achieving this level of services requires innovation, quality improvement and expansion of public

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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) served a successful framework to guide international development efforts, having achieved progress on some of the 8 goals. For example, by 2015 the extreme poverty rate had already been cut into half. Other targets achieved include access to safe drinking

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Other scholars have sought to widen the notion of "developing" to encompass all countries, as even the wealthiest and most industrialised of countries face problems of social exclusion and inequality. This points to the widespread critiques of the language of development practice, from the Cold

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Migration has throughout history also led to significant international development. As people move, their culture, knowledge, skills and technologies move with them. Migrants' ties with their past homes and communities lead to international relationships and further flows of goods, capital and

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Because the MDGs were agreed as global targets to be achieved by the global community, they are independent of, but by no means unrelated to, individual national interests. The goals imply that every state has a set of obligations to the world community to meet and that other states, who have

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The first seven Millennium Development Goals present measurable goals, while the eighth lists a number of 'stepping stone' goals – ways in which progress towards the first seven goals could be made. Each goal uses indicators based on statistical series collected and maintained by respected

769:(or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy". The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by 1196:. A lack of access to education is one of the primary limits on human development, and is related closely to every one of the other sectors. Almost every development project includes an aspect of education as development by its very nature requires a change in the way people live. 1598:

was another important step in setting the agenda for international development, combining humanitarian goals with the creation of a political and economic bloc in Europe that was allied to the U.S. This agenda was given conceptual support during the 1950s in the form of

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and other factors. In development, it is concerned with providing housing of an appropriate quality and type to accommodate people in the long term. This is distinct from shelter in relief, which is concerned with providing sufficient shelter to maintain life.

72:, and for a field of practice and research that in various ways engages with international development processes. There are, however, many schools of thought and conventions regarding which are the exact features constituting the "development" of a country. 179:, which includes eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015. This represented the first time that a holistic strategy to meet the development needs of the world has been established, with measurable targets and defined indicators. 1071:

to the population in an efficient and consistent manner and according to their needs. The standard and level of provision that is acceptable or appropriate depends on many factors and is highly specific to country and location. For example, in a large

857:. The goal of the rights-based approach to development is to empower the rights-holders, or the group that does not exercise full rights, and strengthen the capacity of the duty-bearers, or the institution or government obligated to fill these rights. 142:

water, malaria, and gender equality in schooling. Yet, some scholars have argued that the MDGs lack the critical perspectives required to alleviate poverty and structures of inequality, reflected in the serious lags to achieving numerous other goals.

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International Development in its very meaning is geared towards colonies that gained independence. The governance of the newly independent states should be constructed so that the inhabitants enjoy freedom from poverty, hunger, and insecurity.

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have existed for thousands of years, it is only in the past century that international development theory emerged as a separate body of ideas. More specifically, it has been suggested that 'the theory and practice of development is inherently

114:—that arose after the Second World War with a focus on economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving living conditions in previously colonised countries. The international community has codified development aims in, for instance, the 1489:

period of political thought that existed in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War'. Throughout the 20th century, before the concept of international development became a common word, four aspects were used to describe the idea:

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can lead to, and, allegedly, have led to an economic divide between countries, sometimes called the north–south divide. Such organisations often make it a goal and to help reduce these divides by encouraging co-operation amongst the

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The critics have suggested that this integration has always been part of the underlying agenda of development. They argue that poverty can be equated with powerlessness and that the way to overcome poverty is through emancipatory

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that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining

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In a multi-country review of development progress, improved outcomes on these measures has generally been found to be driven by a combination of smart leadership, policies, institutions, and social networks, according to the

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and intentional industrial policy. Poverty reduction rejects this notion, consisting instead of direct budget support for social welfare programs that create macroeconomic stability leading to an increase in economic growth.

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Amit Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India, while the UN Millennium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report

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This is concerned with ensuring that all people are able to make a living for themselves and provide themselves with an adequate standard of living, without compromising their human rights and while maintaining dignity.

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by creating demand for more educated people in order to maintain corporate and industrial profitability. Thus the popular demand for education, which in turn drives the cost of education higher through the principle of

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the debate on whether economic growth causes social growth or vice versa. Indicators of social change can be used to complement economic factors as indicators of development and in formulating development policies.

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Several organisations and initiatives exist which are concerned with providing financial systems and frameworks which allow people to organise or purchase services, items or projects for their own development.

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There are a number of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social scientific disciplines and approaches, and include historical theories such as:

2391:; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1" 1725:. To date, however, there is limited evidence to support the notion that aid budgets are being used to counter Islamic fundamentalism in the same way that they were used 40 years ago to counter communism. 1341:

The third Millennium Development Goal was to "promote gender equality and empower women" by "eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015."

215:, are representative of a change of approach in the UK at least to start drawing together the huge capacity available to western governments, industry, academia and charity to develop such a partnership. 1615:

arose analysing the evolving relationship between the West and the Third World. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the modernists at the World Bank and IMF adopted the neoliberal ideas of economists such as

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because according to them, development is inherently unsustainable. Other commentators are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the problem is that

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The judging of how developed a country or a community is highly subjective, often highly controversial, and very important in judging what further development is necessary or desirable.

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the more established and universally accepted sectors are further explored here. The sectors are highly interlinked, illustrating the complexity of the problems they seek to deal with.

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Under the codification of international development law, capacity building is a "cross cutting modality of international intervention". It often overlaps or is part of interventions in

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The concept of right-financing has been developed to reflect the need for public and private financial support systems that foster and enable development, rather than hinder it.

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and founded the organization ITDG (Intermediate Technology Design Group), which develops and provides appropriate technologies for development (ITDG has now been renamed

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International development can also cause inequality between richer and poorer factions of one nation's society. For example, when economic growth boosts development and

2015:"Secretary-General's remarks at Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda [scroll down for French version] | United Nations Secretary-General" 2967: 3694: 643:

basic – a project is appropriate if it is acceptable to its recipients and owners, economically affordable and sustainable in the context in which it is executed.

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of a region. More recently, the focus in this field has been projects that aim towards empowering women, building local economies, and caring for the environment.

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Tören, Tolga (2018). "The Role of Modernization Theory in the Reconstruction of International Labour Movement in the Cold War Period: Lessons for Today".

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refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." There are some problems with the concept of sustainable development. Some scholars say it is an

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related to water. The World Water Assessment Programme, which produces the Report, has articulated how eight of the MDGs are linked to water resources.

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project is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise.

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In response, various parts of the UN system led a counter movement, which in the long run has proved to be successful. They were led initially by the

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Migrant workers are sending $ 100bn home every year in what has become the biggest source of foreign funds for developing countries, the IMF says

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Robert, Kates W.; Parris, Thomas M.; Leiserowitz, Anthony A. (2005). "What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice".

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that hurts the people of poor countries and endangers the environment to such an extent that they suggest rejection of development altogether.

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as the new approach to international development. Rights-based approach combines many different concepts of international development, such as

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Human rights covers a huge range of topics. Some of those more relevant to international development projects include rights associated with

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achieved those goals, have an obligation to help those who have not. As such they may represent an extension of the concept of human rights.

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The concept of dignity in development has been extensively explored by many, and related to all of the development sectors. For example, in

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Historically, development was largely synonymous with economic development, and especially its convenient but flawed quantification (see

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such as hospitals and transport systems and an education challenge as it requires qualified healthworkers and educated consumers.

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Modern poverty reduction and development programmes often have dignity as a central theme. Dignity is also a central theme of the

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The terms "developed" and "developing" (or "underdeveloped") have proven problematic in forming policy as they ignore issues of

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There are many different measures of human development, many of them related to the different sectors above. Some of them are:

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The second half of the 20th century has been called the 'era of development'. The origins of this era have been attributed to

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stated in 2006 that capacity development was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments,

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The provision of human rights is concerned with ensuring that all people everywhere receive the rights conferred on them by

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referred to this as a "defining moment in history" calling on states to "act in solidarity". Succeeding the MDG agenda, 17

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World Development Indicators have improved relative to the year 1990. 75% of poverty reduction happened because of China.

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Human Security Index Website with HSI data, and a Human Development Index covering 232 countries (archived 23 April 2017)

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of the developed nation's goods and services. Post-developmentalists, for example, see development as a form of Western

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Recent praise has been that it will be impossible to meet the first seven goals without meeting the eighth by forming a

170: 115: 76: 57: 31: 3654:. Global Future, Third Quarter 2003, Profit and Loss? Corporations and Development. London: World Vision International. 460: 2460:"Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review" 2113: 1755: 1695: 1584: 1202: 437: 2946: 2746:

Capacity Development Group Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme New York, January 2009

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The Global War on Terror and U.S. Development Assistance: USAID allocation by country, 1998–2005 – Working Paper 62

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had improved over the past 40 years. Nevertheless, a large portion of the world's population were still living in

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Sustainable business practices lead to economic growth and empowerment for farming communities in northern Uganda.

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Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C (2004). "The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development".

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organisations in each relevant field (usually the UN agency responsible but also the OECD, IMF and World Bank)

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with the apparent aim of integrating international development with the process of economic globalization.

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International development also aims to improve general government policies of these developing countries. "

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In response to the impasse, the rhetoric of development is now focusing on the issue of poverty, with the

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International Development Association (IDA). (n.d.). Retrieved from The World Bank: www.worldbank.org/ida

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works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of the

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Kothari, Ashish; Salleh, Ariel; Escobar, Arturo; Demaria, Federico; Acosta, Alberto (14 April 2018).

2878:"World Water Assessment Programme – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" 2721:, A World Bank Strategy, Public Sector Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Network 2613: 2504: 2424: 1897: 1770: 1600: 1575:

Before this date, however, the United States had already taken a leading role in the creation of the

1457: 1405: 703: 602:. It is widely considered to be one of the most important concepts in modern development theory. The 390: 380: 53: 3675: 3634: 2744:

UNDP Global Capacity Development Facility GOING FOR SCALE GOING FOR SUSTAINABILITY GOING FOR QUALITY

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sent home by migrants in modern times is much greater than the total in international aid given.

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Todaro, MP and Smith, SC. 2009. Economic Development, 10th Ed. Addison-Wesley, Essex, England.

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Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs, World Bank Group, United Nations Development Programme

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Asian Human Rights Commission & People's Vigilance Committee for Human Rights press release

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Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (Sphere Handbook 2004 Edition)

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facilities, a healthy environment) of sufficient quantity and quality to supply an acceptable

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panel and its recommendations, and the 2007 Brunel Lecture by the ICE's 2009–2010 president

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is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of

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The MDGs have catalysed a significant amount of action, including new initiatives such as

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Adventures in Aid Land – The Anthropology of Professionals in International Development

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Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart, Adjustment with a Human Face

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approach. At the same time, some development agencies are exploring opportunities for

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The provision of education is itself an education challenge, as it requires qualified

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The provision of access to healthcare is both an engineering challenge as it requires

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challenge, as well as a societal and political challenge as it includes education and

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on an international scale. It is the basis for international classifications such as

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health services and programs. The main goal is to make public health truly public.

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McCloskey, Stephen. "From MDGs to SDGs: We need a critical awakening to succeed".

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Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future

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Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future

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Solberg, Erna. "From MDGs to SDGs the political value of common global goals".

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is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while

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During recent decades, development thinking has shifted from modernization and

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inducted into a secondary school system that is not able to accommodate them.

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Promoting Development through Corporate Social Responsibility – Does it Work?

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reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe

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in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.

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influence and manage their own development – thereby removing any culture of

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elements and is closely connected with shelter, politics and human rights.

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anti-colonial take on cultural differences and national self-determination

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reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day

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The provision of appropriate shelter is concerned with providing suitable

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political and economic liberalism, and the significance of "free markets"

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community it may be more appropriate and practical to provide a visiting

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It has been argued that this era was launched on January 20, 1949, when

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of modernization being replaced by shorter-term vision embodied by the

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Water and Conflict: Incorporating Peacebuilding into Water Development

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advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in

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hand pumps, and the chlorinated system would be the correct response.

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Concept concerning the level of development on an international scale

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Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the third world

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policies between so-called 'developed' and 'underdeveloped' nations

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achieving significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million

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and the desire of the United States and its allies to prevent the

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for families and communities. It is highly specific to context of

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arrangements also to be intrinsic – often manifested in a lack of

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adopted a new agenda for development. Former UN Secretary General

3552:

The end of development? Modernity, Post-Modernity and Development

2310:"Participation, Power and Social Change research team – Overview" 620:

Local participants in development projects are often products of

535:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." 1073: 1032: 567: 3435:

Plans or People: What are our Priorities for Rural Development?

989:

In development, this is the provision of water and sanitation (

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defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how

732:

formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "

928: 890: 333: 3203:

Political Economy of Labour Income Distribution and Exclusion

2528:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

145:

As the MDG era came to an end, 2015 marked the year that the

2348:. UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security. 2417:

Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development

1721:

others have predicted a development revival as part of the

1184:

The provision of education often focuses on providing free

702:. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the 493:

and other practices and policies that can accomplish this.

2719:

Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening Governance

1516:

the need for reconstruction in the immediate aftermath of

1448:. Some theorists see development efforts as fundamentally 610:

one of the ends as well as one of the means of development

3566:

The Development Dictionary: a guide to knowledge as power

2815:"Mapping Progress:Evidence for a New Development Outlook" 2292:"India: Human dignity is the true measure of development" 1915: 1913: 1714:, not paternalistic aid programmes or corporate charity. 3589:

Beyond the impasse: new directions in development theory

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reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from

1080:

which can offer a full range of treatments; in a remote

916:

Human Security Index – see external link and mention on

615:

UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security

604:

UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security

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such as the UN promote the realisation of the fact that

1238:

Examples of organisations specialising in shelter are:

556:

Human dignity is the true measure of human development.

350: 258:

In context of human development it usually encompasses

235:

International development is related to the concept of

3689: 2530:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

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social evolution in extremely hierarchical environment

1972:

Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

3635:

Health, Dignity and Development: What Will It Take?

1931: 1929: 546:

Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take?

3472:How Do We Help? The Free Market In Development Aid 2922:"Frequently asked questions about gender equality" 1414:The 2006 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to 720:Sustainable development overlaps with the idea of 568:Humanizing Development Global Photography Campaign 2947:"Pluriverse: A Post-Development Dictionary, 2018" 2491:Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019). 2385:United Nations General Assembly (20 March 1987). 1148:Examples of organizations working in health are: 3632:Stockholm International Water Institute (2005). 2201:"Oxford Department of International Development" 1565:based on the concept of democratic fair dealing. 1422:, which he founded, for their work in providing 513:are searching for "pro-poor" economic policies. 3527:Moss, T., Roodman, D. and Standley, S. (2005). 1675:and concerns about the environmental impact of 1562: 1015:The seventh Millennium Development Goal was to 628:, which are accessible to non-literate people. 608: 554: 531:, the very first article of which starts with: 2908:"Unhchr.ch - unhchr Resources and Information" 2281:Stockholm International Water Institute (2005) 3420:Poverty and development into the 21st century 2244:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals" 1199:The second Millennium Development Goal is to 1168:Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization 1102:The fourth Millennium Development Goal is to 8: 2153: 2151: 1923:, 5th Edition (pp. 155–56). Wiley-Blackwell. 1651:(ILO), influenced by Paul Streeten, then by 1587:(IMF), both established in 1944, and in the 1560:made these remarks in his inaugural address 1368:The first Millennium Development Goal is to 1123:The sixth Millennium Development Goal is to 1113:The fifth Millennium Development Goal is to 1004:The provision of water and sanitation is an 552:released a statement in 2006 claiming that: 131:Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030) 2781:A Treatise on International Development Law 2649:Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers 2107:"Engineering Civilisation from the Shadows" 1132:halt and begin to reverse the incidence of 1088:on a periodic basis, possibly with a rural 801:to support national plans to implement the 472:International development institutions and 165:Millennium Development Goals (2000 to 2015) 2800: 2798: 2679:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1717:While some critics have been debating the 1500:Marxist critiques of class and imperialism 3438:. Rural Development News. (No.1) Agridea. 2863: 2861: 2586: 2569:"The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development" 2516: 2475: 2081:"Millennium Development Goals Indicators" 1751:International Development Research Centre 1299:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 793:to be achieved by 2030. For example, the 781:" in national and subnational plans. The 18:International cooperation for development 2362:United Nations General Assembly (1987) . 1624:, which were implemented in the form of 1125:halt and begin to reverse the spread of 459: 447: 436: 36: 3540:, Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York 2010 2851:from the original on 21 February 2007. 1866: 1092:serving several different communities. 1067:This is provision of access to quality 3310: 3299: 2672: 2328:"Participation & Civic Engagement" 2298:from the original on 17 February 2009. 2168:"From Humanitarian to Development Aid" 2083:. United Nations Statistics Division. 2039:"Sustainable Development Goals | UNDP" 1919:(2009). "Development". In D. Gregory, 1292:International human rights instruments 3073:, in Skelton, T. and Allen, T. (1999) 2757:"Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals" 2312:. Institute for Development Studies. 2060: 2058: 1671:, their governments were crippled by 1306:Convention on the Rights of the Child 529:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 484:and certain aspects of international 177:United Nations Millennium Declaration 7: 3584:. London, United Kingdom: Titan Inc. 2993:"Notes on a Southern urban practice" 2888:from the original on 28 October 2009 2825:from the original on 14 January 2012 1657:United Nations Development Programme 1045:which monitors progress towards the 835:Rights-based approach to development 830:Rights-based approach to development 783:United Nations Development Programme 468:by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017 456:by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021 30:For other forms of development, see 3581:The Third World; Country or People? 3501:The End of History and the Last Man 2845:"Migrant remittances 'top $ 100Bn'" 2732:CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: A UNDP PRIMER 1783:Broad measures of economic progress 748:itself is not consistently defined. 175:In 2000, United Nations signed the 3601:Skelton, T. and Allen, T. (1999). 3093:Poverty and the end of development 1991:"United Nations Official Document" 1941:Sustainable Development Goals Fund 302:and issues associated with these. 199:Global Partnership for Development 25: 3673:Catholic Relief Services (2009). 3660:The rough guide to a better world 3418:Allen, T. and Thomas, A. (2000). 3406:Moss, Roodman and Standley (2005) 2254:from the original on 6 March 2018 2211:from the original on 16 July 2016 1649:International Labour Organization 1163:Results for Development Institute 1043:UN World Water Development Report 815:and education in line sectors of 417:International economic inequality 3515:When corporations rule the world 2626:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x 2523: 2352:from the original on 2007-01-07. 2334:from the original on 2007-01-06. 2316:from the original on 2013-03-28. 1799:Gender-related Development Index 1766:List of development aid agencies 758:This section is an excerpt from 682:This section is an excerpt from 337: 3533:. Center for Global Development 2395:United Nations General Assembly 2294:(Press release). 27 July 2006. 2132:"Engineering Without Frontiers" 2087:from the original on 2008-01-03 1700:Corporate social responsibility 795:Sustainable Development Goal 17 779:social and economic development 587:Participation (decision making) 427:North–South divide in the World 147:United Nations General Assembly 3657:Wroe, M and Doney, M. (2005). 3517:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. 3292:Nations, United (2015-02-19). 3220:Ahiakpor, James C. W. (1985). 3167:. Princeton University Press. 3161:Lorenzini, Sara (2019-09-03). 3071:Culture and Development Theory 2926:United Nations Population Fund 2783:, 11 DePaul J. for Soc. Just. 2437:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444 1626:structural adjustment programs 945:Overseas Development Institute 775:non-governmental organizations 307:structural adjustment programs 206:Institution of Civil Engineers 87:(GDP), often viewed alongside 1: 3690:The Human Development Reports 3459:. New York University Press. 2477:10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531 1921:Dictionary of Human Geography 1898:Video with prof. Hans Rosling 1530:and the establishment of new 1444:and the lingering effects of 1115:reduce by three quarters the 985:Water, sanitation and hygiene 839:nongovernmental organizations 791:Sustainable Development Goals 693:is an approach to growth and 626:participatory rural appraisal 550:Asian Human Rights Commission 511:Center for Global Development 209:Engineering Without Frontiers 155:Sustainable Development Goals 137:Sustainable Development Goals 120:Sustainable Development Goals 3621:. London: Oxfam Publishing. 3294:"What is Human Development?" 2997:Environment and Urbanization 2067:Harvard International Review 1793:Green gross domestic product 1688:Millennium Development Goals 1485:, and remains rooted in the 1047:Millennium Development Goals 934:Number of doctors per capita 606:describes participation as: 171:Millennium Development Goals 116:Millennium Development Goals 77:parable of the broken window 32:Development (disambiguation) 2991:Bhan, Gautam (2019-10-01). 1756:International Monetary Fund 1696:public-private partnerships 1585:International Monetary Fund 1301:and its associated treaties 1203:universal primary education 474:international organisations 3732: 3226:International Organization 2847:. BBC News. 8 April 2005. 2130:Jowitt, Paul (July 2004). 1804:Genuine Progress Indicator 1698:and promoting the idea of 1433: 1399: 1357: 1283: 1177: 1056: 982: 954: 827: 757: 681: 635: 590: 584: 520: 430: 420: 368: 168: 134: 112:Bretton Woods Institutions 29: 3711:International development 3638:. UN Millennium Project. 3603:Culture and Global Change 3578:Salehi Nejad, A. (2011). 3499:Fukuyama, Francis (2006) 3475:Leuven University Press. 3238:10.1017/s0020818300019172 2542:"Sustainable Development" 2518:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 1820:Gross National Well-being 1261:Architecture for Humanity 1153:World Health Organization 1108:among children under five 1104:reduce by two thirds the 837:has been adopted by many 46:International development 3663:. UK: Rough Guides Ltd. 3443:Development With Dignity 3432:Barlett, Andrew (2007). 3017:10.1177/0956247818815792 2695:"Definition of CAPACITY" 2647:Berg, Christian (2020). 2605:The Geographical Journal 2567:Brown, James H. (2015). 2458:Mensah, Justice (2019). 1815:Gross National Happiness 1736:African Development Bank 1269:(relief and development) 1263:(relief and development) 1117:maternal mortality ratio 962:knowledge. The value of 951:Migration and remittance 654:championed the cause of 541:Development with Dignity 443:GDP (nominal) per capita 239:, but is distinct from, 3615:Sphere Project (2003). 3587:Schuurman, F.J. (1993) 3564:Sachs, W (ed.) (1992). 3457:Foreign aid in practice 3445:. National Book Trust. 3114:Donkor, Martha (2005). 3095:in Allen, Thomas (2000) 2699:www.merriam-webster.com 1826:Human Development Index 1526:or "colonization" into 1474:international relations 1360:Sustainable agriculture 1186:primary level education 907:Human Development Index 876:Human Development Index 738:sustainable development 691:Sustainable development 684:Sustainable development 669:Sustainable development 433:South-South cooperation 249:sustainable development 118:(2000 to 2015) and the 70:least developed country 3716:Economic globalization 3513:Korten, D. C. (1995). 3469:Develtere, P. (2012). 3441:Bhaduri, Amit (2005). 3309:Cite journal requires 2867:Sphere Project. (2004) 2779:Lempert, D. H. (2018) 2717:The World Bank (2000) 2497:Sustainability Science 2464:Cogent Social Sciences 2172:Humanitarian Coalition 1843:World Happiness Report 1838:Where-to-be-born Index 1832:OECD Better Life Index 1788:Green national product 1741:Asian Development Bank 1638:appropriate technology 1634:critical consciousness 1573: 1545:from drifting towards 925:Maternal survival rate 879: 678: 656:appropriate technology 638:Appropriate technology 618: 564: 469: 457: 445: 411:Postdevelopment theory 85:gross domestic product 42: 2588:10.1093/biosci/biv117 2371:31 March 2022 at the 2105:Jowitt, Paul (2006). 1761:International studies 1642:Rapid Rural Appraisal 1570:Harry S. Truman, 1949 1436:Development criticism 1017:ensure environmental 874:World map indicating 873: 853:, participation, and 824:Rights-based approach 809:public administration 676: 463: 451: 440: 284:disaster preparedness 105:subjective well-being 40: 3695:Human Security Index 3550:Parfitt, T. (2002). 3132:10.1353/at.2005.0054 2819:Development Progress 1771:Right to development 1601:modernization theory 1458:cultural imperialism 979:Water and sanitation 799:developing countries 391:World Systems Theory 381:Modernization Theory 3536:David Mosse (ed.): 3485:Escobar, A. (1995) 3051:toolkit.risc.org.uk 3009:2019EnUrb..31..639B 2618:2004GeogJ.170...99W 2509:2019SuSc...14..681P 2429:2005ESPSD..47c...8R 2069:. Fall 2015: 58–61. 1937:"From MDGs to SDGs" 1849:World Values Survey 1611:By the late 1960s, 1478:international trade 1442:wealth distribution 1063:Reproductive health 700:planetary integrity 482:rapid globalisation 423:Economic inequality 406:Capability approach 83:countries) such as 3648:Utting, P. (2003) 3455:Browne, S. (1990) 3354:Wroe, Doney (2005) 3164:Global Development 2651:. Abingdon, Oxon. 1903:2009-10-01 at the 1810:Global Peace Index 1719:end of development 1630:civil disobedience 1594:The launch of the 1508:After World War II 1389:2011-07-27 at the 1312:Geneva Conventions 1188:, but also covers 1158:Partners in Health 999:standard of living 880: 679: 573:2012-02-05 at the 500:, it can create a 478:economic practices 470: 458: 446: 441:Countries by 2019 371:Development theory 349:. You can help by 192:Millennium Promise 66:developing country 50:global development 43: 3546:978-0-85745-110-1 3481:978-90-5867-902-4 3272:978-1-4058-7424-3 3191:, in Sachs (1992) 3174:978-0-691-18015-1 2658:978-0-429-57873-1 2581:(10): 1027–1029. 1907:after 21 seconds. 1746:Human development 1692:Human Development 1613:dependency theory 1579:(now part of the 1537:the start of the 1522:the evolution of 1035:dwellers, by 2020 922:Per capita income 847:capacity building 767:Capacity building 760:Capacity building 753:Capacity building 726:normative concept 716:Brundtland Report 712:social well-being 695:human development 507:supply and demand 498:industrialisation 386:Dependency Theory 367: 366: 315:industrialization 311:poverty reduction 276:poverty reduction 237:international aid 91:measures such as 62:developed country 58:human development 16:(Redirected from 3723: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3364:Rorden Wilkinson 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3327:Schuurman (1993) 3325: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3043: 3037: 3036: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2761:The Global Goals 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2382: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2205:www.qeh.ox.ac.uk 2197: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2137:. 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