488:, but warned that "this is a political crisis which requires a peaceful, political solution." The resolution also answered India's concerns, as they have over 2,000 of the 7,000 troops in the country, over the UNMISS candidate by gaining the support of France, the U.S., Russia, Guatemala and Pakistan (the latter two of which are troop contributors). India's concerns entailed responsibility for protection of civilians as part of peacekeeping operations, with India suggesting the upsurge in violence could unleash a civil war which would "alter the terms of reference of the presence of UNMISS completely;" India also suggested the conflicts raison d'etre as being one of intertribal or ethnic conflict, which was reflected in the first paragraph of the resolution. Both sides thus needed to agree to dialogue to resolve their differences. India's other concern was that its troops were deployed to remote areas in small numbers and are thus at the front of the "brunt of the violence" and need to be augmented. The resolutions endorsement that UNMISS has the right to take action to protect its mandate "gives our peacekeepers the necessary flexibility to respond to the attacks against their positions." The UN reported that over 81,000 people were displaced by 25 December and up to 90,000, including 58,000 at UN facilities.
387:
tackles the question of whether South Sudan should have its sovereignty revoked and be established as a "trusteeship" run by international actors until the conflict subsides. While
African political thinkers like Mahmood Mamdani advocate for the establishment of an internationally-sanctioned and managed transitional government, Gettleman points out that the deep social cleavages of South Sudan make such an effort less feasible. Namely, he notes the tensions between the Dinka and the Nuer ethnic groups that have ordered the new rivalries at shortly after independence in 2011. However, other scholars beyond the scope of Gettleman's article have discussed the merits of either peacekeeping operations and internationally-sanctioned governing trusteeships.
392:
institutional strengthening. In contrast, however, Jeremy
Weinstein contends that armed military interventions precludes the fully development of institutionally functional states. Drawing on the work of Tilly, such armed campaigns prevent the process of bureaucracy-building that arises from war–namely, the state extracting rents and building an institutional capacity to collect taxes and mobilize a large army necessary for military campaigns. This should suggest that such a campaign, were it to occur in South Sudan, may be predisposed to being successful strictly in terms of maintaining peace, but not regarding building
332:
internationally trained and noted for their unity despite ethnic diversity. This was read as showing strains after decades of conflict with "a rebel-movement turned government that is riven by infighting between former warlords vying for a piece of this oil-rich new nation". Kiir's televised statement also controversially made reference to Machar as determined to "persistently pursue his actions of the past", in reference to a 1991 split that led to a massacre between the Dinka and Nuer minority. It was also suggested that the spark behind the revolt was rumours of arrests after "a series of publci [
235:
dark days of its past. Fighting to settle political scores or to destabilise the government must stop immediately. Inflammatory rhetoric and targeted violence must cease. All sides must listen to the wise counsel of their neighbours, commit to dialogue and take immediate steps to urge calm and support reconciliation. South Sudan's leaders must recognise that compromise with one's political enemy is difficult; but recovering from unchecked violence and unleashed hatred will prove much harder." He also condemned the coup. After the evacuation of some citizens from the country, in accordance with the
188:
223:- In the first days of the conflict, the U.S. embassy in the country reported that while it was aware of "security incidents and sporadic gunfire in multiple locations" it could not confirm "that gunfire and insecurity have fully ceased. The embassy recommends that all U.S. citizens exercise extra caution at all times. The U.S. Embassy will continue to closely monitor the security environment in South Sudan, with particular attention to Juba city and its immediate surroundings, and will advise US citizens further if the security situation changes." The embassy's
159:- India issued an advisory for all its nationals not to travel to South Sudan and has asked those residing there to leave. India also announced that it would send a team to conduct a on-ground assessment of the political and security situation in South Sudan. The team will review the arrangements for the Indian mission staff in Juba and the conditions of Indian residents in South Sudan as well as the 2,000 Indian soldiers who are part of the UN peacekeeping force.
437:
418:- On 27 December 2013, East African leaders gave the warring factions four days to lay down their arms, warning that IGAD will "take action" to stop the conflict in a communique issued in Nairobi. The IGAD leaders said they would not accept a violent overthrow of the country's democratically elected government, and said any change must come through the democratic process. In a statement released on 28 December, United Nations Secretary-General
170:
105:- After the fighting spread, South African government spokesman, Clayson Monyela, condemned the coup attempt stating "South Africa firmly believes that respect for democracy and human rights are essential to the governance of all African countries and that all violent means to overthrow legitimate governments must be rejected...It is therefore highly unfortunate that an attempt was allegedly made to undermine the stability of the country."
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307:, whom he fought over several decades. If the situation continues to run out of hand, the Nuer militia might take control over oilfields in their homelands, which would cut off the oil flow to Khartoum, endangering the stability of the economy and thereby putting the regime at risk of a popular uprising. Sudan’s main interest then is to protect the flow of oil to the north. In one scenario,
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contingent to neighbouring Uganda in order to protect U.S. citizens and facilities in South Sudan and to prepare for possible further evacuations. This was in addition to the nearly 100 U.S. troops in South Sudan, including the reinforcement of security at the U.S. embassy. Further, about roughly 150
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then called for an end to the fighting amid warning of being at the "precipice" of civil war. This followed his 18 December statement that he had deployed 45 troops to the country to protect U.S. personnel and interests while warning that "recent fighting threatens to plunge South Sudan back into the
58:
dispatched a military aircraft that took off from an airbase on Friday morning in Egypt carrying humanitarian aid to South Sudan which was described by Loza as "a small contribution to help overcome the emergency humanitarian crisis the people of South Sudan are going through". The shipment contained
449:
issued a statement that read UNMISS was "deeply concerned" about the fighting and that "as the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General I urge all parties in the fighting to cease hostilities immediately and exercise restraint. I have been in touch regularly with the key leaders, including at
48:
stated that over the past few days Egypt "had paid close attention to the developments of the crisis in South Sudan, its security and humanity situation, valuing the stability of fraternal South Sudan and the strategic relations between both countries on governmental and non-governmental levels". He
430:
condemned the coup saying: "Within the framework of ensuring security and stability in the region and stressing the promotion of good-neighborliness among states of the region, especially between the
Republics of the Sudan and Southern Sudan, the OIC General Secretariat condemned the attempted coup
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expressed concern about the conflict, the discovery of mass graves and the arrests of hundreds of civilians in the searches of homes and hotels, the UNSC voted to add about 6,000 international troops and 1,323 police officers to the existing over 7,600 UNMISS' personnel, including about 900 police
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on 19 December 2013 with representatives from
Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda. South Sudan government spokesman Ateny Wek Ateny said: "The African Union is till now meeting with the president. Their message is that they are trying to broker peace between the two forces," while he added "Bor has
386:
Jeffrey
Gettleman's piece "Quandary in South Sudan: Should It Lose Its Hard-Won Independence?" outlines the nuances of a prospective international intervention in the South Sudanese civil war, and highlights the competing arguments that favor or oppose such an intervention. Specifically, Gettleman
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Sudan's Darfur and Abyei regions, where the latter also have an interest in South Sudan. Ban said: "We have reports of horrific attacks. Tens of thousands have fled their homes...innocent civilians are being targeted because of their ethnicity." He also suggested targeted attacks could constitute
391:
concludes that internationally-led peacekeeping operations significantly reduces the possibility that a host country will relapse into civil war. Fortna notes that although peacekeeping may be more successful at ensuring a state's security, it does not necessarily guarantee its democratization or
495:
as the first
Security Council-approved additional peacekeepers, increasing the total to 12,500 soldiers and 1,323 police officers. Meanwhile, U.N. officials and workers reportedly struggled to protect and provide food, shelter and medical care to internally displaced persons, of whom more than
479:
which authorises the use of force; at the same time the SC demanded an immediate cessation of hostilities and opening a dialogue between the rival factions. The additional troops would come from other UN missions in the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Liberia and neighbouring
247:
that he was ready to take more action to support U.S. interests and citizens there. The country's envoy to South Sudan, Donald Booth, said prior to 25 December that "we notice that the
African Union has said there is Christmas season upon us, and called for all parties to cease hostilities. We
53:
and met with South Sudan's
President Salva Kiir announcing that Egypt "will support all regional efforts aimed at reaching a quick solution to the current crisis and has full confidence that all parties want to contain the crisis before it escalates". In addition, Egyptian Defense Minister
49:
also added that a special envoy will be sent to South Sudan on an urgent diplomatic mission to ease talks and reassure their South Sudanese counterparts that Egypt would help them overcome the crisis. The delegation later arrived on December 27 led by Deputy Minister for African Affairs
331:
Kiir's swapping of his traditional suit and cowboy hat for military fatigues was noted by commentators and analysts to be indicative of the gravity of the situation. Another noticeable and concerning event from the rebellion was the division within the presidential guards that had been
297:. War would lead to immense suffering of the population. Perhaps the most likely scenario is something in between, with fast spreading military clashes all over the country, mounting pressure from the international community and finally a painstaking national reconciliation process.
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suggested that there was not as much support for Machar in an organised manner, but a general discontent over the economic and political spheres tied to a crackdown on personal freedoms that resulted in a national disunity of an identity only forged by war.
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is going to be shaped by what's happened in the last few days." The ICG later added: "The scenario many feared but dared not contemplate looks frighteningly possible: South Sudan, the world's newest state, is now arguably on the cusp of a
139:
on 15 December.But his words underlined the scale of regional concern over the fighting that has spread to South Sudan's oil-producing states - often along ethnic lines, between Machar's group, the Nuer, and President Salva Kiir's Dinka.
229:
account reported that it denied rumours Machar had taken refuge at the base and also reiterated warnings for its citizens to "remain calm." On 18 December, the U.S. embassy asked all its citizens to "depart immediately." President
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and their supporters. Reinstating the opposition leaders with some of their powers either within the government or party may be an option on the table. The worst option would be seeking a military solution in the style of the
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said: "Fighting is on ethnic lines, which could result in a very dangerous situation" and the UNMIS has the authority to use force if necessary. On 22 December, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in South Sudan Toby Lanzer wrote on
91:- Nigeria also condemned the coup and said that its "information further reveals that government forces were able to beat back the rebels...Destruction of property on a level yet to be determined has also been reported".
422:
said he lauded IGAD for "appointing a mediation team to work with the government of south Sudan and opposition in reaching a cease-fire, the release of the detainees and building toward a process of peaceful dialogue.".
135:, referring to a 31 December deadline.Asked what that meant, Museveni said: "to defeat him". He did not spell out whether South Sudan's neighbors had actually agreed to send troops to join the conflict that erupted in
463:
from the UN base in Bor that over 15,000 people were sheltering there and that "things are changing by the hour. We are under intense pressure here, as are other locations in Jonglei. Massive setback for South Sudan."
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the highest levels to call for calm." On 17 December, Ban spoke to Kiir calling for the government to provide an "offer of dialogue to its opponents and to resolve their respective differences peacefully." Later, the
369:
and has not reached areas where civilians are concentrated." Copeland added that "it appears both sides are fighting for their political survival. The impact of this fighting is going to shape the future of
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support that call." Secretary of State John Kerry called on both parties to "accept a cessation of hostilities and begin mediated political talks. At the same time, U.S. Defense Department's
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called for "social harmony in South Sudan, where current tensions have already caused numerous victims and are threatening peaceful coexistence in that young state."
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said of the ethnic fighting that "even if there is a political deal, it will be very difficult to put the genie back in the bottle" and that it was concerning that
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surrendered actually because the forces that were in Bor were mainly loyal to Machar. They control the town but government forces are trying to retake the town."
1096:
Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2005. "Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective." Center for Global Development Working Paper 57. 1-35.
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said that the attempted overthrow of Kiir's government was unacceptable and that the protagonists of the attempt should desist from destabilising the country.
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four days to respond (to the ceasefire offer) and if he doesn't we shall have to go for him, all of us," Museveni told reporters in South Sudan's capital,
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374:. Parts of Juba have been reduced to rubble. Ethnic tensions have been brought into the open with devastating impact, and the political dispensation of
454:
was also told of as many as 500 deaths, 800 people injured and 20,000 seeking refuge at UN centres. French Ambassador and UNSC President for December
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1084:
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2008. "Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices after Civil War." Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1-179.
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urgent aid consisting of eight tonnes of food and medical supplies aimed at helping its people amid the current humanitarian crisis.
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had also warned against all travel to South Sudan and temporarily withdrew some staff and dependants from the British embassy.
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politics has been criticised for the ethnic dominance of the Dinka tribes, being derogatively referred to as a "Dinkocracy".
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if he rejected a ceasefire offer, threatening to turn an outburst of ethnic fighting into a regional conflict. "We gave
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would move to help defend the oil wells and facilities by military means, while providing other forms of support to
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178:- The UK government announced it was sending an aircraft to evacuate its citizens from Juba on 19 December. The
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73:- Gambia's Secretary General and Head of the Civil Service and Minister of Presidential Affairs
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1258:"Security Council doubles UN peacekeeping force in South Sudan in face of spreading conflict"
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USMC personnel were in Djibouti on 24 December, along with cargo planes and helicopters.
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1340:"Ban urges peaceful end to conflict in message broadcast to people of South Sudan"
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63,000 people now crowded on to U.N. bases seeking shelter from the violence.
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972:"Nine questions about the South Sudan crisis: A guide for confused observers"
552:"Egypt: Army Chief Allocates Aircraft to Transport Humanitarian Aid to Sudan"
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to remain in power might indeed be to count on the support of President
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which took place yesterday morning in the Republic of Southern Sudan".
249:
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88:
647:"Uganda says region ready to take on, defeat South Sudan rebel leader"
491:
On 27 December, 72 United Nations peacekeepers reportedly arrived in
362:
338:] statements criticising Kiir's increasingly dictatorial style".
116:
1195:"UPDATE 3-South Sudan says arrests 10, hunts ex-VP over foiled coup"
1051:"Quandary in South Sudan: Should It Lose Its Hard-Won Independence?"
289:
regime which has tried for ten years to crush rebels in Darfur, the
272:
At minimum a process of political reconciliation must begin between
1319:"South Sudan fighting spreads to ten more neighbouring states: UN"
156:
41:
1298:"UN resolution addresses Indian concerns in South Sudan violence"
765:"Gunshots ring out in South Sudan capital after "attempted coup""
445:- Secretary-General Ban's Special Representative for South Sudan
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408:
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personnel. The resolution was passed under Chapter VII of the
334:
1132:"South Sudan's neighbors threaten to step in to end fighting"
951:"Thousands killed as South Sudan slides toward civil war: UN"
123:
had agreed to move in to defeat South Sudanese rebel leader
906:"South Sudan rebel leader sets out conditions for talks"
661:"India to conduct on-ground assessment in South Sudan"
513:"Egypt to Dispatch Envoy to South Sudan for Mediation"
1108:"Troops clash in South Sudan, African states mediate"
887:"Obama Says 'Further Action' Possible in South Sudan"
534:"Egyptian envoy to South Sudan meets with Salva Kiir"
119:- Uganda's president said on Monday the nations of
1280:"Political Fight in South Sudan Targets Civilians"
799:. U.S. Mission in Juba. Twitter. 17 December 2013
16:The following are international reactions to the
681:. Indian Express. 3 January 2014. Archived from
426:O - The OIC's General Secretariat and office of
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1124:
528:
526:
994:
992:
865:"Nigeria, Obama Condemn Crisis in South Sudan"
580:"Gambia Condemns Violence in South Sudan, Car"
252:announced the deployment of a "platoon-sized"
407:- An African Union mediation team arrived in
8:
1216:"S Sudan loses control of key oil-rich city"
843:"Peacekeepers killed at South Sudan UN base"
718:"Pope calls for peace in South Sudan, Syria"
679:"India Sending Official Team to South Sudan"
1023:"South Sudan's Machar speaks to Al Jazeera"
816:
814:
515:. Xinhua. December 24, 2013. Archived from
1366:International reactions to armed conflicts
416:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
323:by supporting its former Nuer allies like
742:"Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital"
736:
734:
697:"South Sudan rebels take flashpoint town"
315:such as air power. In another scenario,
268:suggested resolution of the conflict as:
1237:"UN approves more S Sudan peacekeepers"
1153:"Calls grow for South Sudan cease-fire"
566:"Egypt sends urgent aid to South Sudan"
504:
1278:Kulish, Nicholas (December 24, 2013).
1174:"OIC condemns S. Sudan attempted coup"
932:
922:
822:"South Sudan death toll rises sharply"
626:"Government condemns South Sudan coup"
1092:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1044:
1042:
1040:
7:
999:McNeish, Hannah (17 December 2013).
885:Parker, Ashley (December 22, 2013).
1001:"South Sudan teeters on the brink"
469:High Commissioner for Human Rights
14:
1049:Gettleman, Jeffrey (2017-01-23).
601:"FG condemns coup in South Sudan"
243:and Senate President Pro-Tempore
845:. Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04
763:Odera, Carl (16 December 2013).
720:. Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04
699:. Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04
603:. Tribune.com.ng. Archived from
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34:
1300:. Zeenews.india.com. 2013-10-15
974:. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from
554:. allAfrica. December 27, 2013.
452:United Nations Security Council
180:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
744:. Al Jazeera. 16 December 2013
568:. Al Ahram. December 27, 2013.
1:
953:. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com
467:On 24 December, after the UN
365:had "not begun patrolling in
299:Ironically, the best bet for
904:Thomson Reuters Foundation.
649:. Reuters. 30 December 2013.
319:would divide and again rule
44:- Egyptian Foreign Minister
908:. Trust.org. Archived from
582:. allAfrica.com. 2013-12-23
400:International organizations
1397:
239:, Obama wrote to Speaker
1371:South Sudanese Civil War
18:South Sudanese Civil War
486:crimes against humanity
1321:. NDTV.com. 2013-12-24
329:
1197:. Reuters. 2009-06-04
270:
1342:. Un.org. 2013-12-17
1239:. Al Jazeera English
1218:. Al Jazeera English
1025:. Al Jazeera English
824:. Al Jazeera English
540:. December 28, 2013.
428:Ekmeleddin Ä°hsanoÄźlu
389:Virginia Page Fortna
56:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
1381:2014 in South Sudan
1376:2013 in South Sudan
867:. Dailytimes.com.ng
685:on January 4, 2014.
519:on January 5, 2014.
200:Christmas message,
1055:The New York Times
935:has generic name (
777:on August 30, 2017
1155:. CNN. 2013-12-28
1134:. CNN. 2013-12-27
1021:McNeish, Hannah.
863:Adekunle, Sodiq.
667:. 2 January 2014.
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376:South Sudan
372:South Sudan
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325:Riek Machar
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129:Riek Machar
125:Riek Machar
121:East Africa
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1360:Categories
1346:2013-12-26
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500:References
482:war crimes
477:UN Charter
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274:Salva Kiir
1110:. Reuters
1063:0362-4331
665:The Hindu
381:civil war
295:Blue Nile
1260:. Un.org
925:cite web
628:. News24
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