Internal consistency of the Bible

3227:, pp. 3–5 "Slowly, with the rise of rationalism, particularly as associated with figures such as Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and especially Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632–1677), the view that the Torah was a unified whole, written by Moses, began to be questioned. ... This culminated in the development of the models of the Documentary Hypothesis in the 19th century, according to which the Torah (or Hexateuch) is composed of four main sources or documents which were edited or redacted together: J, E, P, and D. Each of these sources or documents is embedded in a (relatively) complete form in the current Torah, and is typified by vocabulary, literary style, and theological principles." 160:, speaking in 1854 at the Hartford Bible Convention, claimed that the Bible is "the most inconsistent, the most monstrous and blasphemous representations of God that can possibly be conceived by the human mind" and argued that "The book that contradicts science and contradicts itself is a book of no authority whatsoever". A modern Islamic critic argues that if the Bible can be shown to be inconsistent, "then those who preach the Bible and read the Bible must seriously reconsider their source of information concerning their faith." 3215:"In some cases seemingly trivial points of difference can actually have an enormous significance for the interpretation of a book or the reconstruction of the history of ancient Israel or the life of the historical Jesus. And then there are instances that involve major issues, where one author has one point of view on an important topic (How was the world created? Why do the people of God suffer? What is the significance of Jesus' death?), and another author has another." 1328:) attributes to the prophet Jeremiah, actually comes from Zechariah (11:12f), it is not surprising that some scribes sought to mend the error either by substituting the correct name or by omitting the name altogether. A few scribes attempted to harmonize the Johannine account of the chronology of the Passion with that in Mark by changing 'sixth hour' of John 19:14 to 'third hour' (which appears in Mark 15:25). At John 1:28, 1202:, which makes up over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition. Scholars regard the Alexandrian text-type as generally more authoritative when treating textual variations. The majority of differences are minor—matters such as variant spellings—although at a few points the oldest manuscripts show important inconsistencies compared with the more recent ones: these include the endings of 2544:, p. 9 "One aspect of narrative in Genesis that requires special attention is its high tolerance for different versions of the same event, a well-known feature of ancient Near Eastern literature, from earliest times through rabbinic midrash. ... This could not have happened if the existence of variation were seen as a serious defect or if rigid consistency were deemed essential to effective storytelling." 4787: 171:", and that if there appear to be contradictions between two texts, they believe that "more careful reading is required to show that they really cohere". Barton argues that "this is not the Bible that we have in fact got". He also points out that Judaism understands that texts "may sometimes be in dialogue with each other" and "something positive may emerge from a kind of creative tension". 1025:..." and returned to Jerusalem and Judah". But the two lists disagree on the number of members of each family. In total, there are nearly twenty numerical discrepancies between the lists. Furthermore, in both cases a total figure of 42,360 people is given, but the partial figures do not add up to the total. A third version of the list exists in the apocryphal book 30: 1483:(354-430 CE) produced a 5th-century attempt to explain away all of the apparent contradictions he was aware of. He wrote that because there are those who would "rob of their credit as veracious historians", "we must prove that the writers in question do not stand in any antagonism to each other." Whereas more modern apologists, such as 1890:, Judas returns the bribe Christians believe he had immorally accepted for handing over Jesus, throwing the money into the temple before hanging himself. The temple priests, unwilling to return the defiled money to the treasury, used it instead to buy a field known as the Potter's Field, as a plot in which to bury strangers. In 1266:. By the end of the 4th century unanimity had been achieved in the West concerning the New Testament canon as it is today, and by the 5th century most of the East had come into harmony by accepting the Book of Revelation. Nonetheless, a full dogmatic articulation of the canon for Roman Catholicism was not made until the 1083:

remain prized and frequently used ritual objects, and scribes have continually worked as carefully as possible to copy them, always holding dear the belief that they were producing as accurate and correct a text as they could. Unfortunately even this commitment and care could not guarantee a letter-perfect text".

2103:"I make peace and create evil, I the Lord do all these things". He contrasted this with Jesus' saying that "a tree was known by its fruit; a good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit" and then pointed to several injunctions and lessons in the Old Testament that the New Testament contradicts. For example, 1082:

recounted "how he restored the scrolls to their original state" and noted "the importance of having textual consistency in the scrolls, because criticisms of how Jews preserved and transmitted the Torah text contained accusations that they willfully changed it." Levy also suggests that "Torah scrolls

1099:

is feminine, but the predicate is masculine". Rabbis have suggested that this is because sin starts out weak like a woman, but ends as strong as a man. Also, in verse 7 of this story, which concerns 'daughters' so that all four suffixes should be feminine, two of them are masculine. Cherry says that

4260:

For example, Dr C Gempt suggests: "The details that seem at variance can be reconciled ... after refusing the money the priests bought the field in Judas' name ... and it was there that he hanged himself. ... His body was no longer hanging by the time it was discovered, but had fallen ...

3262:

The discrepancies occur in the following families: Arah, Pahath-Moab (through the line of Jeshua and Joab), Zattu, Bani, Bebai, Azgad, Adonikam, Bigvai, Adin, Bezai, Hashum, Bethlehem (and Netophah), Bethel (and Ai), Magbish, Lod (and Hadid and Ono), Senaah, Asaph, Shallum (and Ater, Talmon, Akkub,

1833:

Archer claims that the original Greek shows "there is no real contradiction between these two statements" because "Greek makes a distinction between hearing a sound as a noise (in which case the object to the verb 'to hear' takes the genitive case) and hearing a voice as a thought-conveying message

1469:

to answer objections, agreeing that some had done so. However, he stated that he did not believe the problem was widespread, nor did he approve of the practice, further stating that he believed that those making the alternations introduced "heresies opposed to the meaning of the doctrine of Jesus".

1001:

There are further examples of other types of inconsistency in the Old Testament. In the account of the slaughtering of an animal before the Temple, it states that the animal "was killed at the entrance to the tabernacle, north of the altar, and cut up". The most natural interpretation of the Hebrew

813:

as writing that, when Genesis 12:6 has "and the Canaanite was then in the land", it could not have been written by Moses. Hobbes may have been the first European to question this attribution in print, arguing that the words can "only sensibly be used by someone who is writing when the Canaanites no

102:

For many believers, the internal consistency of the Jewish and Christian scriptures is important because they feel that any inconsistencies or contradictions, or, for some, particular kinds of inconsistencies or contradictions, could challenge belief in the truth of their contents and the view that

1771:

According to Ehrman, a more important difference among the Gospels is with the book of John. He argues that the concept that Jesus existed before his birth, was a divine being, and became human is only claimed in the Gospel of John. However, some scholars disagree, locating pre-existent and divine

1696:

Modern New Testament scholarship tends to view these not as separate statements, but rather one statement that has either been preserved in two different forms, or has been altered by the Gospel writers to present a point of view that expresses the needs of the Christian community at the time. The

1568:

France, regarding the "distinctive contribution" of each of the four gospels, commented, "In accepting that God intended his church to have four Gospels, not just one, Christians have also recognized that each has something different to say about Jesus. It is only after we have listened to each in

2008:

Some scholars believe that Paul and James do not contradict each other but speak about different questions. They assert that the perspective of Paul is different from, and complementary to, that of James: "When Paul claims that one is justified by faith alone, apart from works, he is referring to

1108:

Christian theologians agree that the New Testament has a single and consistent theological focus on the salvific nature of Christ, but the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament consists of several different theologies. Some of these complement each other, while others are contradictory, even within the same

1094:

Several grammatical errors are known to appear in copies of the Torah. As Shai Cherry notes, "Since one of the Rabbinic assumptions is that the Torah is perfect, at a minimum one would expect there to be no grammatical mistakes. After all, shouldn't God be an inerrant grammarian?" For examples of

1056:, deny that such inconsistencies are evidence that the words were not all created by God. He asserts that such hypotheses are false, and that the contradictory portrayals of creation are not because they were written by different authors. "Instead we refer them to the different qualities of God." 1047:

as has long been recognized, there remain a number of variations or inconsistencies of detail, which suggests that two or more accounts have been combined. In particular, the creative acts are introduced in different ways. While in some cases God creates simply by speaking ("And God said..."), in

1763:

reports Jesus saying directly that the sanctuary would be destroyed, but actually speaking "of the sanctuary of his body". Brown suggests that the various accounts show that Jesus did not have God's detailed foreknowledge of what was to happen to the Temple. In evidence for this lack of detailed

1506:

claim that: "on many points, especially about Jesus' early life, the evangelists were ignorant ... they simply did not know, and, guided by rumour, hope or supposition, did the best they could". More critical scholars see the nativity stories either as completely fictional accounts, or at least

369:

The infallibility approach followed by some theologians and scholars, primarily of the Catholic and Anglican churches, and some mainline Protestant denominations, avoids many of the pitfalls of inerrancy by holding that the Bible is without error only in matters essential to salvation, and that

989:

written by different authors in different time periods. "Most biblical scholars accept Genesis 1 as originating around the sixth century B.C. with a group of scribes who were concerned about the preservation of the liturgical traditions of the Jews (thus the concern for the seven-day schema of

967:). In some cases, seemingly trivial points of differences can actually have an enormous significance for the interpretation of a book or for the reconstruction of the history of Ancient Israel, how the world was created, why God allows suffering, or the religious significance of Jesus's death. 131:

argue that "the Bible's teachings, if perfect, must be consistent with one another" and that "the Bible is consistent with itself from beginning to end". Similarly, Catholic writers have stated that "If we believe the Scriptures are divinely inspired, we must also believe them to be internally

1779:

has Jesus and his disciples eating the Passover meal together. Jesus is then arrested that night, and early the next morning he is put on trial and quickly crucified. According to the John gospel, Jesus also has a last meal with his disciples, and is crucified the following day, the "day of

833:

does the text say that a particular book is written by the evangelist who is attributed as its author. Writers such as M. N. Ralph say that in reading the Gospels one will be struck by "a great deal of evidence" that they are compilations inherited from written and oral sources "rather than

136:

argues that the Bible is consistent in asserting that it is the word of God, and that this is a reason for accepting that it is of divine origin: "The sixty-six books speak with a consistent voice that these are the words of God". An internally consistent Bible is also helpful in Christian

2804: 1631:, but the names, and even the number of generations, differ between the two. Apologists have suggested that the differences are the result of two different lineages, Matthew's from King David's son, Solomon, to Jacob, father of Joseph, and Luke's from King David's other son, Nathan, to 1348:. The statement in Mark 8:31, that 'the Son of man must suffer many things ... and be killed and after three days rise again', seems to involve a chronological difficulty, and some copyists changed the phrase to the more familiar expression, 'on the third day'. The author of the 252:) "were excluded from the prophetic collection because their inspiration appeared to be human rather than Divine". However, "In the broadest sense, the Scriptures taken as a whole, and subsequently the totality of Jewish spiritual teaching, fall within the connotation of God's word." 911:, and says plainly that Mount Gerizim is the site where all future sacrifices must be offered. Since the location of God's holy site is probably the central original difference between Judaism and Samaritanism, it makes sense that this passage is in one version and not the other. 366:, whose reconciliation of difficult texts echoes that of Osiander, allows that textual scholarship and an understanding of the historical context of individual passages is necessary to establish true, original biblical text, but that text, once discovered, is without error. 1323:

is introduced by the formula "As it is written in Isaiah the Prophet". Later scribes, sensing this involves a difficulty replaced "As it is written in Isaiah the Prophet" with the general statement "As it is written in the prophets". Since the quotation, which Matthew

1274:

dispute by suggesting the removal of Jude, James, Hebrews, and Revelation; this was not generally accepted by his followers, but these books are still ordered last in the German-language Luther Bible. The canons of other important communions were defined in the

606:

The question of inconsistency covers not only the text but even the composition of scripture. Since the Bible never enumerates its own component parts, those who believe it is inerrant must appeal to extra-biblical authority to justify which books to include.

1834:(in which case it takes the accusative)" and "in neither account is it stated that his companions ever heard that Voice in the accusative case". Archer points to similar circumstances where "the crowd who heard the sound of the Father talking to the Son in 1036:

chapter 4, verses 1 and 8 state that Moses is about to teach the laws "today". Verse 8, in the Hebrew text, even says that the "entire Torah" is to be taught today. However, verse 5 suggests that the laws have already been delivered some time in the past.

115:

leaders demonstrate that they, in some measure similar to modern scholars, were concerned about its true textual state; some of them even tried to clarify known textual doubts and to eliminate many troublesome inconsistencies." However, the modern writer

1596:

A wide variety of inconsistencies have been noted both within the New Testament and between the New Testament and the Hebrew scriptures. These fall into a number of broad categories. The more prominent are identified and discussed below, with examples.

1074:

are identical, and that each copy is consistent in its statements and in its language. The aim is to preserve the work in a condition as close to its original state as possible. This extends to consistency in spelling and the use of individual words.

990:

creation and the notion of the sabbath). Genesis 2, on the other hand, originates from an earlier, more primitive tradition dated to around the tenth century B.C." Fundamentalists argue that this is simply the same story told twice, the first time (

1894:, on the other hand, Judas, having not committed suicide out of guilt, used the bribe money to buy the field himself, and his death in the field is attributed thus: "falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his intestines gushed out". 1639:

points out that Luke makes no mention of Mary, and questions what purpose a maternal genealogy would serve in a Jewish setting. He also points out that Jesus is 42 generations away from King David in Luke, but only 28 generations away in Matthew.

791:

The question of internal consistency in the Bible also involves the attribution of authorship to its books. For instance, the words of the Torah, or the first five books of the Old Testament, have traditionally been believed to be by the hand of

1125:. The study of these is central to both Jewish and Christian theologies, even if they differ in their approaches. For example, although both religions believe in the coming Messiah, the Jewish expectation is different from the Christian view. 1249:

All major modern Christian communions accept a uniform canon of 27 books, although a few small and isolated communities have either fewer or more. Nevertheless, the idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from

1904:

of the two accounts has been tried since ancient times and occasionally still today. However, modern scholars tend to find these unconvincing, pointing out, for instance, the absence of any indication of suicide in the story in Acts.

1989:". The Epistle of James, in contrast, claims that Christians are to obey the "whole law", that "a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone", and that "faith without works is dead". Protestants, with their belief in 1410:

wrote: "The problem cannot be resolved by observing that the alleged contradictions are trivial ... are far from trivial there are very many of them, and they often relate to issues at the heart of the Christian faith and life."

2090:

set out in detail and discussed at length the contradictions between the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old and New Testaments, Marcion argued, cannot be reconciled to each other. The code of conduct advocated by Moses was

1673:("For he who is not against us is for us "). Bonhoeffer called these two sayings "the claim to exclusiveness and the claim to totality". He argued that both are necessary and that "The cross of Christ makes both sayings true." 395:

only "to the extent to which it conforms to the salvific purpose of God," without necessarily being reliable on matters such as paleontology or political history; this view is challenged by some conservative Catholic scholars.

4314:. "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the 'pillars' of the Church, James, Peter, and John 'gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the 370:

guidance is necessary for the correct interpretation of apparent inconsistencies; the latter part being common to all Orthodox and Catholic Christians, regardless of views of biblical inerrancy, being the primary role of the

2009:

works that precede salvation. Conversely, when James insists on works as necessary to justification, he has in view works that follow and validate salvation." Paul states in various passages that works have to follow faith (

1239: 184:

argues that the books of the Bible were written for and against different points of view—that the Bible's authors were often motivated to write because they wanted to challenge or correct those who had written before them.

4384:

writes that "if a sinner can get into relationship with God only by faith (Paul), the ultimate validation of that relationship takes into account the works that true faith must inevitably produce (James)." Douglas J. Moo,

2229:). There are differences of opinion as to how the new covenant affects the validity of biblical law. The differences are mainly as a result of attempts to harmonize biblical statements that the biblical law is eternal ( 1784:). Ehrman suggests the John author changed the day for theological reasons: John is the only gospel that explicitly identifies Jesus as the "Lamb of God", so has Jesus dying on the same day as the Passover lambs. 2762:"Clearly, Vatican II intended to recapitulate traditional teaching on inspiration....In this regard, Vatican II's statement on inspiration concurs with the views of many evangelical Christians." (65:5, p. 1024) 3420:

K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text Of The New Testament: An Introduction To The Critical Editions & To The Theory & Practice Of Modern Text Criticism", Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (June 1995).

1697:

Gospel of Mark, generally considered the earliest of the Gospels, presents the 'inclusive' formulation, in association with an account of Jesus rebuking his followers for stopping someone from carrying out

864:, which is found written only in Latin in the 4th century at the earliest, but is not observed in any Greek manuscripts prior to 1215. A similar example from the Old Testament is the difference between the 1705:; the Gospel of Mark also includes this story, but without the concluding observation. The Luke version presents both versions. There is still lively discussion about which version is the more authentic; 637:

The contents of canons have varied over time, books regarded as authoritative by some Christians at some points in history being excluded from the collections of later communities—this was the fate of the

1848:

So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.

1739:

it is reported as a direct statement: "And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down." However, in

1487:, in producing a book that provides explanations for many Bible difficulties, writes: "Be fully persuaded in your own mind that an adequate explanation exists, even though you have not yet found it." 1086:

Furthermore, Shnayer Leiman writes that "Errors have crept into the best Torah scrolls. Every so often a Torah has to be returned to the ark due to an error discovered while being read in public."

174:

Some Christian writers, however, while agreeing that inaccuracies and inconsistencies occur, argue that these do not necessarily make the Bible false and that it is no longer desirable to try to

111:

or classical Jewish thought". Levy also writes that, "Despite the popular, pious-sounding assumption that the Torah text is letter-perfect, frequent and extensive discussions by highly respected

1693:

describe the standard listeners should apply to themselves: be in no doubt of one's own standing. Other commentaries argue that, juxtaposed, the sayings declare the impossibility of neutrality.

1576:

remains the most popular explanation for the origins of the synoptic gospels: according to this, there are two sources, the Gospel of Mark and a lost, hypothetical sayings collection called

556:

have studied inconsistencies in and between texts and canons as a means to study the bible and the societies that created and influenced it. The field has given rise to theories such as

391:, which stated that scripture teaches "solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation," meaning that Scripture is 2146:

both. Even within the Old Testament, Marcion found contradictions. For example, God commanded that no work should be done on the Sabbath, yet he told the Israelites to carry the

919:

Most questions of biblical inconsistency relate to contradictions in the narrative. Some relate to apparently minor details; for example: the number of soldiers in an army (e.g.

290:(1646) asserts that the Bible's authority depends "wholly upon God (who is truth itself), the Author thereof; and therefore it is to be received, because it is the Word of God". 512:(Introduction) that no distortion had taken place: "the statement concerning the alteration is unacceptable to thorough scholars and cannot be understood in its plain meaning". 1270:

of 1546, as until then the authority of the Scriptures was not considered higher than that of Sacred Tradition, papal bulls, and ecumenical councils. Martin Luther revived the

316:'s statement that "God cannot lie." Luther accepted that mistakes and inconsistencies existed, but concluded that they did not necessarily undermine the truth of the Gospel. 1799: 1565:

states this form of exegesis involves the "fullest possible use of linguistic, literary, historical, archaeological, and other data bearing on that author's environment".

1392:

in Matthew and Luke. To fit in all canonical material, Tatian created his own narrative sequence, which is different from both the synoptic sequence and John's sequence.

974:

asserts that repetitions and contradictions are the result of texts that have been woven together from diverse sources written by different authors, at different times.

1388:

by weaving together all four gospels into one. The gospel compilation eliminated all the discrepancies that exist between the four gospels. For example, it omits the

803:

Eliot Rabin writes: "For the past 400 years, readers have been openly questioning the traditional attribution of these five books to Moses." For instance, he quotes

362:

have "God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter", so that "all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy":

3897: 1548:

suggests that such episode could have been originally part of such work; however, Kyle R. Hughes disagrees and states that the pericope was originally part of the

1100:

such problems ought to be ascribed to "sloppy editing", but that those who believe the Torah is perfect would say that these errors were put there intentionally.

4941: 1735:

notes the apparent disagreements between the New Testament books in reporting the words of Jesus concerning his prediction of the destruction of the Temple. In

1569:

its individuality that we can hope to gain the full richness which comes from the 'stereoscopic' vision of Jesus as seen through four different pairs of eyes!"

3398:(Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995), p. 1; Isaac Kalimi, "The Task of Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament Theology - Between Judaism and Christianity" in Wonil Kim, 4972: 1259: 597: 970:

Modern scholars find inconsistencies in the Old Testament and Torah and ascribe many of them to the process by which they were created. For example, the

852:

Manuscripts also differ. Usually the differences are minor—matters of spelling and the like—but occasionally they are significant, as in the case of the

4044: 4801: 4052: 1662: 342:

Modern Christian approaches to biblical consistency are reminiscent of the split between Luther and Osiander, and can be broadly divided between

255:

Many modern Jewish scholars have an accommodating view of the nature of the Torah, not necessarily viewing it as strictly internally consistent.

4866: 646:

is an example); books long regarded as canonical in one branch of Christianity may be dropped by others on doctrinal grounds (the fate of the

4640: 3880: 3671:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)

3588: 3528: 2922: 2895: 1606: 1523: 1181: 880:: the Septuagint version is shorter and avoids the narrative inconsistencies of the familiar Masoretic story, notably the famous incident of 601: 4871: 1401: 1161: 1065: 550:

compiled many of the Bible's self-contradictions. And in 1860, William Henry Burr produced a list of 144 self-contradictions in the Bible.

465:

and New Testament included chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; what he considered theological impossibilities (

2553:

Hengel, M., The Septuagint as a Collection of Writings Claimed by Christians: Justin and the Church Fathers before Origen, in Dunn, JDG.,

1435:: it unified the narratives of the four canonical gospels into a single coherent narrative of Jesus's life and death, only excluding the 4904: 4711: 2057: 1141: 2044:." Also, the letter "seems to place a total ban on women's speech in church, which is strangely inconsistent with Paul's permission in 4577: 4386: 4315: 3936: 1561:

is determining the meaning of scripture by understanding the author's environment outside the Bible, as well as the scripture itself.

1475: 1900:

points to the obvious contradiction: "Luke's account of the death of Judas in Acts 1:18 is scarcely reconcilable with Matt 27:3–10."

1246:(published in 1611) are not included in more modern English translations, as scholars believe they were later additions to the text. 4916: 4899: 4680: 4661: 4619: 4598: 4558: 4541: 4283: 4019: 3775: 3747: 3719: 3678: 3632: 3450: 3426: 3202: 3073: 3040: 2872: 2853: 2582: 2476: 34: 3818: 2701:

Raymond F Collins (1989). "Essay 65: "Inspiration", 65:29–50, pp. 1029f". In Raymond Brown; Joseph Fitzmyer; Roland Murphy (eds.).

2032:: "Inconsistencies have been found within later chapters, for instance between an apparently softer stance on sacrificial food in 1764:

prescience, he points out that there are many stones left upon other stones in the remains of Herod's temple, for instance in the

479:) of the text. He argued that the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy kept by the 4889: 771: 4208:"It was not lawful to take into the Temple-treasury, for the purchase of sacred things, money that had been unlawfully gained." 1262:. The very idea of a closed canon did not exist prior to the 2nd century, when it became necessary to counter movements such as 814:

longer are in the land ... But the Canaanites were in the land when Moses was alive." Rabin also quotes the 11th-century rabbi,

4983: 3965: 2775: 2598: 2166: 2037: 1311:

mentions several internal inconsistencies in the New Testament in earlier manuscripts that later scribes attempted to correct:

1284: 1079: 287: 152:

Critics of traditional Jewish and Christian belief have also argued that inconsistencies undermine the value of scripture. The

3843: 3804: 2045: 2041: 1729:

more than three. In Mark and Luke they come with spices to anoint Jesus, but in the Fourth Gospel this has already been done.

3567: 3550: 2033: 1708:

Barton and Muddiman cite inconsistencies between the gospel writers about what happened at Christ's tomb. They note that "In

1007: 895:

in the readings of many sentences. Some distinctions seem motivated by (or reflect) actual philosophical differences between

818:, as saying that Moses could not have written, in Deuteronomy 34:5, "And Moses died there", but it must have been written by 532: 50: 1372:

and the translator of the Ethiopic version correct the account by transferring the words to 9:2, where the furniture of the

928: 1826:"And those who were with me saw the light, to be sure, but did not understand the voice of the One who was speaking to me" 4609: 1936: 1555: 1109:

book. Despite the lack of a single unifying theology, common themes recur, including (although no list can be exhaustive)

1002:

wording is that the slaughtering was done by the one making the offering rather than by the priest. If so, it contradicts

4405: 3150: 1369: 336: 4995: 4936: 4911: 4811: 2119: 1407: 351: 3006:

The Pentateuch, or Torah, is the first five books of the bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

1775:

Ehrman points out another problem (which he calls "particularly clear") concerning on which day Jesus was crucified.

1619:

has been analysed by many scholars. A well-known example is the nativity narratives found in the Gospel of Matthew (

4921: 2848:, chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, 1869: 1756: 1752: 1255: 1003: 986: 107:

that "the textual integrity of every biblical book should be extremely important to those interested in either the

60: 2001:

might be a forgery, and relegated it to an appendix in his Bible (although he later accepted its canonicity – see

1963:). The Jewish Christians disagreed, believing that everyone, including the gentiles, must keep the Mosaic law. In 1719: 1013:

There are several places in the Old Testament where numerical figures can be directly compared. For example, both

932: 5014: 4967: 2271: 1702: 1292: 995: 991: 982: 978: 766: 2676: 2466: 2100: 4926: 4766: 4650:

Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: introduction and annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

4632:

The Bible Dilemma: Historical Contradictions, Misquoted Statements, Failed Prophecies and Oddities in the Bible

2150:

around Jericho seven times on the Sabbath. No graven image was to be made, yet Moses was directed to fashion a

2116: 2061: 1924: 1887: 1238:

was appended to the gospel at a later date, but no manuscript evidence for this assertion has been discovered.

631: 164: 157: 4651: 4588: 4548: 3276: 2756:

Raymond F Collins (1989). "Essay 65: "Inspiration"". In Raymond Brown; Joseph Fitzmyer; Roland Murphy (eds.).

2554: 2182: 1686: 1654: 1620: 120:

states that even though it contains inconsistencies, this "does not imply that God did not reveal the Torah".

2965:

Prolegomena to the History of Israel: With a Reprint of the Article 'Israel' from the Encyclopædia Britannica

1835: 1781: 1744: 1740: 1726: 1624: 952: 4931: 4771: 4704: 2250: 1841: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1712: 1685:

describe the attitude listeners are to have to other possible disciples: when in doubt, be inclusive, while

808: 786: 756: 683: 655: 1690: 1658: 4851: 4846: 4816: 3272: 2242: 1891: 1827: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1518:, and it has been argued that Mark 16:9–20 was added later so that the Gospel of Mark originally ended at 1349: 1165: 971: 834:

eyewitness accounts". So scholars conclude that the attributions are "not to the person who compiled it."

667: 663: 647: 561: 525: 388: 355: 347: 4630: 2178: 1821: 610:

Over the centuries, different communities have accepted shifting collections of books. The size of these

17: 4861: 4821: 4459: 2817: 2528: 2514: 2174: 1986: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1541: 1191: 857: 3194:

Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)

2234: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2210: 903:. Some of these are glaringly obvious, like the inclusion of a passage in the Samaritan version of the 473:, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as what he saw as a lack of reliable transmission ( 3857: 2186: 2022: 2014: 1964: 1960: 1340:

in order to remove what he regarded as a geographical difficulty, and this reading is extant today in

48:

Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the

4831: 4369: 4358: 2254: 2218: 2010: 1932: 1537: 1276: 1157: 1022: 888: 722: 675: 615: 461:

was the author of the Torah. His arguments against the authenticity of the biblical text in both the

264: 245: 2190: 117: 4894: 4836: 4826: 4806: 4347: 4148: 4007: 2659: 2266: 2147: 2073: 2018: 1968: 1650: 1645: 1444: 1333: 1199: 1153: 1033: 843: 487:. Ibn Hazm's arguments had a major impact upon Muslim literature and scholars, and these and other 484: 359: 249: 2194: 1113:, the divine origins of human morality, God's election of a chosen people, the idea of the coming 4841: 4776: 4751: 4697: 3693:

W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, "Jesus from the Jewish point of view", in William Horbury (ed.),

2388: 1928: 1861: 1813: 1793: 1628: 1480: 1436: 1389: 1345: 1243: 1215: 1048:

others we are told that he performed certain actions: he made, separated, named, blessed, placed.

521: 392: 343: 306: 198: 194: 178:, because "we have learned that each of the four Gospels has its own ... unique image of Jesus". 138: 97: 2350:

Taking a Stand for the Bible: Today's Leading Experts Answer Critical Questions about God's Word

1920: 920: 163:

One response to this kind of criticism is to argue that no inconsistencies exist. As theologian

4547:

Brettler, Marc Avi (2004). "Torah: Introduction". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

3302:

Wisdom and Torah: The Reception of 'Torah' in the Wisdom Literature of the Second Temple Period

4676: 4657: 4636: 4615: 4594: 4573: 4554: 4537: 4493: 4279: 4015: 3905: 3876: 3771: 3743: 3715: 3674: 3628: 3584: 3524: 3479: 3446: 3422: 3198: 3069: 3063: 3036: 2918: 2912: 2891: 2885: 2868: 2849: 2651: 2635: 2472: 2143: 2092: 1952: 1716: 1495: 1280: 1195: 1177: 1133: 847: 730: 557: 546: 454: 213: 80: 4463: 4448: 3518: 3030: 2664:

Christology, Controversy, and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole

826:, has it that God dictated those words to Moses, who wrote them down with a tear in his eye. 103:

they are of divine origin. On the subject of the Jewish text, B. Barry Levy writes about the

4962: 4756: 4240: 4209: 3922: 3914: 3822: 3763: 3735: 3666: 3604: 3559: 3462: 2846:

Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century

2821: 2574: 2246: 1998: 1948: 1897: 1732: 1616: 1491: 1353: 1308: 1267: 1053: 1018: 924: 904: 797: 748: 643: 577: 553: 470: 466: 378: 320: 298: 128: 3380:

Torah Through Time: Understanding Bible Commentary from the Rabbinic Period to Modern Times

2978:

The trouble with Kings: the composition of the book of Kings in the Deuteronomistic history

2939:

Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity: Essays and Lectures in Modern Jewish Thought

568:(concerning the origins of the Torah and the history of Israel contained in the books from 4409: 4244: 4212: 3969: 3391: 3154: 2586: 1857: 1511: 1415: 1325: 1288: 1227: 853: 639: 623: 502:

what they considered misleading interpretations of the text. The 14th-century commentator

332: 142: 3476:

What We Have Heard from the Beginning: The Past, Present, and Future of Johannine Studies

2579: 1095:

such mistakes, Cherry notes that, in the Cain and Abel story, where 'sin' is mentioned, "

70: 2715: 1759:

has people accusing Jesus and blaspheming him as someone who had said such words, while

1014: 4987: 4957: 4761: 4477: 4381: 4048: 3545: 3188: 2569: 2276: 2135: 2112: 1978: 1940: 1901: 1881: 1820:"The men who travelled with him stood speechless, hearing the voice but seeing no one" 1809: 1723: 1709: 1610: 1549: 1545: 1529: 1515: 1484: 1465:, a critic of Christianity, who had complained that some Christians had remodelled the 1451: 1432: 1357: 1296: 1211: 1207: 1149: 1129: 869: 735: 651: 611: 593: 581: 573: 569: 537: 363: 328: 294: 283: 175: 124: 55: 3474:

Felix Just, "Combining Key Methodologies in Johannine Studies", in Tom Thatcher (ed),

2245:. Most biblical scholars admit the issue of the law can be confusing and the topic of 453:

was first explored in the writings of Ibn Hazm (10th century), who rejected claims of

5008: 4737: 4733: 3707: 2800: 2238: 2206: 2170: 2069: 2029: 1994: 1914: 1701:

in his name. The Gospel of Matthew has the other, 'exclusive' version, preceded by a

1503: 1251: 1187: 908: 804: 743: 687: 679: 565: 425: 421: 313: 269: 75: 4786: 3962: 3768:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke

2779: 1751:, similar words are again said to be from those bearing false witness. Furthermore, 4991: 4729: 2296: 2162: 2096: 2065: 2002: 1982: 1765: 1674: 1632: 1562: 1499: 1271: 1145: 936: 900: 717: 709: 659: 541: 277: 181: 133: 108: 85: 4195: 884:

asking who David is as though he does not know his own harpist and shield-bearer.

4529:. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1987. N.B.: "Revised edition of 3870: 3192: 3167: 540:

considered the Bible to be "a book rich in contradictions". In the 18th century,

305:(although not all churches regard the same list of books as apocryphal, see also 4319: 3438: 1944: 1636: 1427: 1406:

The problem of contradictions in the Gospels is of importance to Christians. As

1385: 1341: 1320: 1231: 1137: 964: 960: 503: 495: 371: 167:

explains, some Christians read the Bible with the assumption that "Scripture is

3898:"The Lukan Special Material and the Tradition History of the Pericope Aulterae" 2107:

had children eaten by bears; Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me".

1743:, the event becomes words from people who "bear false witness against him"; in 3918: 2139: 1677:

commented similarly, adding he thought there are two different contexts where

1577: 1458: 1418: 1365: 1263: 1110: 892: 865: 823: 508: 437: 417: 413: 383: 273: 217: 4401: 4331: 4307: 4138:

He Came Down from Heaven: The Preexistence of Christ And the Christian Faith.

4086:

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew

3972:

Created 2 February 1995 / Last Modified 24 January 2000. Accessed 4 May 2008.

3147: 2226: 626:, which contains all the books of all other churches plus such titles as the 4673:

The text of the New Testament: its transmission, corruption, and restoration

4153:

The Preexistent Son: Recovering the Christologies of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

4031: 3493:

The Text of the New Testament. Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

3326:

Breuer, M., "The study of the Bible and fear of Heaven", in Carmy, S. (ed),

2611: 2151: 1990: 1698: 1361: 1337: 1316: 1190:

has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th century AD

1122: 671: 302: 280:

generally preferred in the early Church, to be "completely free of errors".

146: 2887:

Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm

2302:

Writings of Thomas Paine — Volume 4 (1794–1796): the Age of Reason by Paine

2249:

is still frequently debated among New Testament scholars (for example, see

2363:

Ignatius Catholic Study Bible: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon

1514:" "is universally accepted to have not been written by the author" of the 530:

The study of inconsistencies in the Bible has a long history. In his 1670

220:, "The Torah that we have today is the one dictated to Moses by God". The 29: 4465:

The canon of the New Testament: its origin, development, and significance

4030:

D. A. Carson, Commentary on Matthew, Expositor's Bible Commentary CDROM,

2127: 1956: 1558: 1533: 1198:, also very early but prone to paraphrase and other corruptions; and the 1026: 627: 409: 237: 225: 112: 65: 4318:; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision' ( 2300: 3367:

Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations

3354:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

3341:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

3328:

Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations

2324:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

2123: 2087: 2079: 1972: 1959:

and Jewish Christians were no longer obligated to keep the Mosaic law (

1853: 1776: 1519: 1235: 1219: 1203: 1114: 956: 948: 944: 896: 877: 861: 830: 704: 658:

but repudiated by the Protestants because they are not included in the

498:, found that there had been no corruption of the text but denounced as 488: 475: 229: 149:

of books written by various people who had no contact with each other.

4570:

All That's Wrong with the Bible: Contradictions, Absurdities, and More

2111:

had the sun stopped in order to prolong the slaughter of his enemies.

1164:, etc. have continued to be a matter of dispute among theologians and 4014:, p. 60–61, Touchstone (September 1, 1995, reprint of his 1943 book) 3263:

Hatita and Shobai), Delaiah (and Tobiah and Nekoda), and the singers.

2680: 2612:""Lessons from Luther on the Inerrancy of Holy Writ" Luther, Martin. 2198: 2108: 2104: 1865: 1490:

Of those who accept that there are inconsistencies, scholars such as

1466: 1462: 1454: 1422: 1381: 1373: 1329: 1315:

In the earlier manuscripts of Mark 1:2, the composite quotation from

1223: 940: 819: 686:, were excluded from the canons of almost all later communities (see 462: 442: 241: 221: 4084:, Brill (1996), pp. 333–334; William David Davies, Dale C. Allison, 3845:

Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings

3029:

Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey; McKnight, Edgar V. (1990).

2115:

quoted Jesus as commanding "Let not the sun go down on your wrath" (

3563: 301:

churches follow the Jewish practice of describing certain books as

4720: 3963:"Is there a Contradiction in the Genealogies of Luke and Matthew?" 2468:

The Bible Against Itself: Why the Bible Seems to Contradict Itself

2202: 2158: 2131: 1071: 873: 815: 793: 619: 480: 429: 405: 233: 209: 153: 104: 28: 3939:: Matthew, Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester, England (1985), p. 17. 3109:

The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics

2993:(Macmillan, London, 1930) II, p. 209; quoted in Brand Blanchard, 1494:

have examined contradictions in the Gospels, particularly in the

236:, are said to have heard and reported the word of God, while the 3872:

Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why

2744:

Understanding the New Testament and Its Message: An Introduction

1528:" is almost universally accepted not to be part of the original 881: 822:. However, it is also noted that the second-century commentator 458: 433: 4693: 3656:

Archer, Gleason L., "Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties", p. 4.

3135:

A Walk Through the New Testament: An Introduction for Catholics

887:

There are also important differences between the Masoretic and

3365:

Leiman, S. Z., "Response to Rabbi Brewer", in Carmy, S. (ed),

1772:

Christology within the Pauline epistles and synoptic gospels.

1118: 312:

Assertions that the Bible contains inconsistencies contradict

3740:

Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity

1993:, have had difficulty reconciling these contradictory views. 1985:, and that believers are therefore "not under law, but under 1364:), which is contrary to the Old Testament description of the 860:

that bears explicit witness to the doctrine of the Christian

800:. Modern scholarship calls these attributions into question. 4689: 2491:

Maimonides, Commentary on Mishnah, Sanhedrin 11:1, Article 8

1206:, describing Jesus' post-resurrection appearances, from the 796:, and the New Testament Gospels have been attributed to the 848:

Textual criticism § Application to religious documents

678:

etc. Some books that could have been included, such as the

4611:

Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine

4088:, Continuum International Publishing (2004), pp. 333–334. 3546:"Tatian's Diatessaron and the Analysis of the Peutateuch" 3402:(Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), p. 235. 2662:, "Is There a New Paradigm?", in Horrell, Tuckett (eds), 1021:

present the list of Jewish families that "came up out of

491:

ideas were modified only slightly by some later authors.

358:

in the United States in general, holds that the original

3238:

Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know

2719:, Chapter III, from the Catechism of the Catholic Church 176:

harmonize all four Gospels into "one consistent account"

4071:, Continuum International Publishing (2000), pp. 41–43. 3645:

The Harmony Of The Gospels (Extended Annotated Edition)

2154:. Marcion therefore rejected the entire Old Testament. 1635:, father of Mary and father-in-law of Joseph. However, 1540:

mentioned a similar episode narrated in the apocryphal

1128:

Within Christianity, themes such as the nature of God (

576:

respectively), and similar theories to explain why the

43:

internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible

3770:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 104–121. 2221:) and will never be replaced or added to (for example 1872:

writes "the text now stands, it is an evident error".

1507:

constructed from traditions that predate the Gospels.

335:

twice, and that there were three separate episodes of

286:

wrote that "the author of Holy Scripture is God". The

2237:) with New Testament statements that suggest that it 1955:" or "Pillars of the Church". Paul believed that the 1584:). However, the two-source hypothesis is not without 1070:

Jewish scholars are concerned that all copies of the

440:

had tampered with the scriptures, a concept known as

331:, including the suggestion that Jesus must have been 1665:; and he who does not gather with Me scatters") and 1344:. 33 69 and many others, including those behind the 977:

On this point, Ronald Witherup gives the example of

4950: 4882: 4794: 4744: 4276:

Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary

3742:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans. p. 319. 2967:, 1885. reprinted Cambridge University Press, 2013. 1447:, but was eventually abandoned in the 5th century. 3950:Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels 3805:"The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts" 3289:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period 2677:"The Baptist Faith and Message, I. The Scriptures" 1816:which are sometimes perceived as a contradiction: 1800:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 4412:. Many scholars are referred to in the footnotes. 3445:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (May 2003), 1981:claims several times that believers are saved by 1747:, Jesus' words are used to blaspheme him; and in 927:), the year a certain king began his reign (e.g. 4402:"James 2:21-24 and the justification of Abraham" 4165:Jesus, Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 3821:. Christian Century. p. 918. Archived from 3792:The Role and Function of Repentance in Luke-Acts 3122:Understanding the Hebrew Bible: A Reader's Guide 3111:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 312–313. 3096:Understanding the Hebrew Bible: A Reader's Guide 2914:The Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture 2656:Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels 2640:Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels 2078:In the 2nd century CE, the Christian theologian 642:from the first few centuries of the Church (the 4572:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 4338:. See section titled: "The Incident at Antioch" 3443:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? 2980:, Supplements to Vetus testamentum, Brill, 1991 2165:relationship between God and his followers and 1846: 1313: 1045: 907:that restates the command to build an altar on 272:, a 2nd-century Christian writer, declared the 216:. According to the 12th-century Jewish scholar 4069:John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of a Legend 3300:Kruger, T., in Schipper, B. and Teeter, D. A. 2954:, 1860, reprinted Library of Alexandria, 1987. 2776:"Vatican II and the Truth of Sacred Scripture" 2502:Messengers of God: A Jewish Prophets Who's who 2048:that (veiled) women could pray and prophesy." 212:is viewed by some as the literal word of God, 4705: 4527:Bible Difficulties and Seeming Contradictions 4063: 4061: 3400:Reading the Hebrew Bible for a New Millennium 3330:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, pp.159–181. 3065:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 2760:(1st ed.). Pearson. pp. 1023–1033. 516:Biblical criticism and criticism of the Bible 377:According to Roman Catholic biblical scholar 8: 4593:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub. House. 4177: 4175: 4173: 4112:An Introduction to New Testament Christology 2705:(1st ed.). Pearson. pp. 1023–1033. 2401:Proceedings of the Hartford Bible Convention 2130:; in the New Testament, neither is allowed. 3819:"The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism" 3627:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, p. 132 3625:Augustine through the ages: an encyclopedia 3382:, Jewish Publication Society, 2010, p. 174. 1812:examines two verses in Acts describing the 598:Development of the Christian Biblical canon 4785: 4712: 4698: 4690: 4243:concluded, "there is no real divergence". 3523:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 14. 3411:God as Communion By Patricia A. Fox, p. 28 2568:"Quod auctor sacrae Scripturae est Deus". 2559:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 69. 2378:, Moody Publishers, 2008, pp. 16 & 34. 1078:B. Barry Levy notes that the 16th-century 240:(the category that includes books such as 4438:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 1130. 4425:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 1108. 4127:, Harper Collins Publishing (2009), p. 74 3817:Spong, John Shelby (September 26, 1979). 3598: 3596: 3062:Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1995-02-13). 2376:Seven Reasons Why You Can Trust the Bible 2326:, Oxford University Press, 2001, Preface. 123:On the other hand, Christian evangelists 18:Internal consistency of the New Testament 4263:Inter-Varsity Press New Bible Commentary 4261:to the ground where it had split open." 4101:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 997. 3842:Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, 3507:By Philip Wesley Comfort, Philip Comfort 3369:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, p.186. 3356:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 166. 3224: 2541: 2455:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1988, p. 89. 2352:, Harvest House Publishers, 2009, p. 24. 2339:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, p.106 692: 4802:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible 3605:"Contra Celsus, Book II, Chapter XXVII" 3520:Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective 3343:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 57. 3317:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 42. 3253:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 96. 2867:: The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, 2403:, Partridge & Brittan, 1854, p. 46. 2288: 1006:, where it is done by the Levites, and 580:disagree with each other, and with the 3697:, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984. 3124:, KTAV Publishing House, 2006, p. 114. 3098:, KTAV Publishing House, 2006, p. 113. 2917:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. 1715:there are three women at the tomb, in 1653:pointed out another conflict, between 1254:has no foundation in history, and the 1178:Textual criticism § New Testament 432:and other traditions, maintained that 387:, one of the documents adopted at the 4245:""Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah 3673:. Yale University Press. p. 36. 3647:, Jazzybee Verlag, 2012, Chapter VII. 2365:, Ignatius Press, 2013, Introduction. 1607:Historical reliability of the Gospels 1443:. It enjoyed great popularity in the 1182:Textual variants in the New Testament 662:and supported doctrines to which the 632:Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians 618:, who consider the five books of the 602:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon 7: 4675:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4498:Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God 4228:An Introduction to the New Testament 3287:Oded Lipschitz, Joseph Blenkinsopp, 2209:as an eternal covenant (for example 2082:composed a work (now lost) entitled 1402:Historicity of the canonical Gospels 1066:Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible 381:, this approach found expression in 323:took a different view, proposing in 4391:, Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p. 141 4278:, Smyth & Helwys (2005) p. 15. 4214:Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah 2911:John F. A. Sawyer (15 April 2008). 2205:was given to the Jewish people and 2058:Christian views on the Old Covenant 1971:", Paul publicly rebuked Peter for 1852:The verse places Jacob's burial in 1838:... perceived it only as thunder". 1663:He who is not with Me is against Me 1461:) replied to the pagan philosopher 1218:; and an explicit reference to the 1060:Copying errors in the Old Testament 994:) being poetic and the second one ( 428:, based on their interpretation of 293:Some Christian groups, such as the 4512:. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993). 4332:Catholic Encyclopedia: "Judaizers" 4183:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 3937:Tyndale New Testament Commentaries 3714:. London: Allen Lane. p. 85. 3623:Fitzgerald, A. and Cavadini, JC., 3396:The Task of Old Testament Theology 2758:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary 2703:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary 2052:Old Testament versus New Testament 1806:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 1052:However, orthodox rabbis, such as 761:Eastern Orthodox canon (78 books) 622:alone to be authoritative, to the 137:apologetics defending the Bible's 25: 4857:Internal consistency of the Bible 4535:Does the Bible Contradict Itself? 4114:, Paulist Press, 1994, pp. 49–51. 3240:, Liturgical Press (2001), p. 26. 2731:The Critical Meaning of the Bible 2504:, Jason Aronson, 1998, pp. 36–37. 2348:Ankerberg, J. and Burroughs, D., 1997:, for example, asserted that the 3996:The Nativity: History and Legend 3983:The Nativity: History and Legend 3695:The Cambridge History of Judaism 2952:Self-Contradictions of the Bible 2884:Camilla Adang (1 January 1996). 2746:, (Paulist Press, 1998), p. 7–8. 2337:Rationality and Religious Theism 1615:Internal consistency within the 1090:Internal consistency of the text 987:two separate stories of creation 4671:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1992). 4265:, 21st Century edition, p. 1071 3952:, Kregel Academic, 2002, p. 35. 3517:Watson, Francis (26 May 2013). 3148:The Comma Johanneum and Cyprian 2997:(Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 27. 2599:Westminster Confession of Faith 2518:, 2nd ed., vol. 3, pp. 577–578. 1780:Preparation for the Passover" ( 1285:Westminster Confession of Faith 1258:, like that of the Old, is the 688:Canonicity of the Book of Enoch 288:Westminster Confession of Faith 276:, the Greek translation of the 3869:Ehrman, Bart D. (2009-10-06). 3712:The Historical Figure of Jesus 3568:Society of Biblical Literature 3551:Journal of Biblical Literature 3197:. Harper Collins. p. 19. 3032:Mercer dictionary of the Bible 2733:, Paulist Press (1981), p. 19. 2442:, Abingdon Press, 2010, Ch. 4. 2440:A Doubter's Guide to the Bible 1532:, but a later addition. Since 1384:produced a gospel text called 1368:(Exod. 30:1-6). The scribe of 1260:result of a historical process 998:) being more anthropomorphic. 985:, which most scholars view as 872:descriptions of the battle of 533:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 494:Ibn al-Layth, Ibn Rabban, and 350:. The former, followed by the 51:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 1: 4434:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 4421:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 4298:(Baker Academic, 2008) p. 33. 4097:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3581:The New Catholic Encyclopedia 3313:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3249:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3137:, Paulist Press, 2009, p. 15. 2451:Garvey, JD. and Garvey, SJ., 1931:, there was conflict between 1844:is another troublesome part: 327:(1537) a number of attempted 37:family's Bible dating to 1859 4614:. Leicester: Inter-Varsity. 4568:Conner, Jonah David (2017). 4510:Five Views on Law and Gospel 3505:Encountering the Manuscripts 2658:(HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8; 2429:, Routledge, 2010. pp. 1–15. 2257:); hence the various views. 2097:Jesus set this precept aside 1522:. Similarly, the so-called " 1240:Sixteen New Testament verses 614:varies enormously, from the 4812:The Bible and homosexuality 4656:. Oxford University Press. 4629:Gutierrez, M L (May 2010). 4587:Geisler, Norman L. (1980). 4553:. Oxford University Press. 4436:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4423:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4099:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3643:St. Augustine of Hippo, in 3315:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3291:(Eisenbrauns, 2003) p. 359. 3251:The Oxford Bible Commentary 2941:, SUNY Press, 1997, p. 206. 2890:. BRILL. pp. 223–224. 2642:(HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8. 2416:, Islamic Books, 2003, p.4. 2157:One Christian view is that 1510:As a further example, the " 1216:the woman taken in adultery 1041:The Oxford Bible Commentary 1023:the captivity of the exiles 1010:where done by the priests. 352:Southern Baptist Convention 319:German Lutheran theologian 5031: 3168:"The Samaritan Pentateuch" 2660:John S. Kloppenborg Verbin 2601:, Chapter I, Paragraph iv. 2532:, 2nd ed., vol. 21, p.214. 2055: 1912: 1879: 1856:, contradicting verses in 1797: 1791: 1623:) and the Gospel of Luke ( 1604: 1425:(120-180 CE) produced the 1399: 1256:canon of the New Testament 1175: 1063: 841: 784: 682:, quoted as scriptural in 591: 519: 262: 192: 141:since it implies a common 95: 61:Dictionnaire philosophique 4981: 4942:Witchcraft and divination 4783: 4727: 4608:Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). 4316:right hands of fellowship 3919:10.1163/15685365-12341419 3544:Moore, George F. (1890). 2834:The Encyclopedia of Islam 2805:القول في التوراة والإنجيل 2679:. Sbc.net. Archived from 2361:Hahn, S., and Mitch, C., 2272:Criticism of Christianity 2239:does not now apply at all 2201:perspective however, the 2167:abolished the Mosaic laws 2126:was permitted and so was 2122:). In the Old Testament, 1923:of historians founded by 1142:views of the old covenant 767:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 4767:Historicity of the Bible 4196:"Acts 7:15 Commentaries" 4043:See the commentaries by 3896:Hughes, Kyle R. (2013). 2865:Under Crescent and Cross 2803:, Ch. 1 Sect. 4 titled ( 2774:Bea, Augustin Cardinal. 2062:Christianity and Judaism 1991:salvation by faith alone 1703:story about a strong man 781:Attribution of the books 469:expressions, stories of 4772:Chronology of the Bible 4082:Jesus, Rhetoric and Law 3583:(Detroit: Gale, 2003). 3480:Baylor University Press 3015:"More Than One Bible". 2991:The Faith of a Moralist 2500:Ronald H. Isaacs, RH., 2412:Rashad Abdul Mahaimin, 2251:New Perspective on Paul 2040:, and a harder line in 1380:In the 2nd century AD, 787:Authorship of the Bible 772:Orthodox Tewahedo canon 757:Eastern Orthodox Church 656:Eastern Orthodox Church 640:many apocryphal Gospels 566:deuteronomistic history 337:cleansing of the Temple 41:Disputes regarding the 4852:Criticism of the Bible 4847:Muhammad and the Bible 4817:The Bible and violence 4653:The Jewish study Bible 4635:. Dog Ear Publishing. 4550:The Jewish study Bible 4400:Dr. R. Bruce Compton: 3439:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie 2465:Helms, Randel (2006). 2453:Why a Church Catholic? 1850: 1476:Harmony of the Gospels 1378: 1350:Epistle to the Hebrews 1117:, and the concepts of 1050: 972:documentary hypothesis 668:intercession of saints 648:deuterocanonical books 562:documentary hypothesis 526:Criticism of the Bible 389:Second Vatican Council 356:evangelical Christians 38: 4862:Biblical hermeneutics 4822:The Bible and slavery 4460:Bruce Manning Metzger 4336:Catholic Encyclopedia 4312:Catholic Encyclopedia 4051:on Matthew 2:30, and 3994:Vermes, Geza (2006). 3981:Vermes, Geza (2006). 3794:, BRILL, 2002 p. 194. 3764:Brown, Raymond Edward 3667:Brown, Raymond Edward 3304:, BRILL, 2013, p. 38. 2666:(BRILL, 2000), p. 39. 2529:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2515:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2427:The Bible: The Basics 2099:. Marcion pointed to 2086:. In the Antithesis, 1574:two-source hypothesis 1556:Grammatico-historical 1542:Gospel of the Hebrews 1234:have speculated that 1192:Alexandrian text-type 1166:various denominations 1064:Further information: 858:First Epistle of John 842:Further information: 774:(81 books, variable) 666:objected such as the 45:have a long history. 32: 4900:Crime and punishment 4832:Alcohol in the Bible 4807:The Bible and ethics 4308:"St. James the Less" 4274:Charles H. Talbert, 4181:Archer, Gleason L., 3803:Guy D. Nave (2002), 3236:Ronald D. Witherup, 2742:Vincent P. Branick, 2471:. Millennium Press. 2255:Pauline Christianity 2243:does not fully apply 2144:de-institutionalised 1933:Pauline Christianity 1788:Acts of the Apostles 1538:Papias of Hierapolis 1437:genealogies of Jesus 1414:In the 2nd century, 1390:genealogies of Jesus 1303:Internal consistency 1277:Thirty-Nine Articles 1230:). Scholars such as 1121:, faithfulness, and 829:In none of the four 676:prayers for the dead 664:Protestant reformers 404:In the Middle Ages, 360:biblical manuscripts 265:Biblical inspiration 4837:Ethics in the Bible 4827:The Bible and humor 4447:Carroll Bierbower, 4388:The Letter of James 4294:Mikeal C. Parsons, 4149:Simon J. Gathercole 4067:R. Alan Culpepper, 4008:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 3998:, (Penguin), p. 33. 3985:, (Penguin), p. 42. 3848:, Volume 5, p. 175 3146:Daniel B. Wallace," 2556:Jews and Christians 2414:Jesus and the Bible 2305:. Project Gutenberg 2267:Biblical literalism 2169:, according to the 2074:Ethics in the Bible 1969:Incident at Antioch 1651:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1457:(184/185 – 253/254 1210:; the absence from 1200:Byzantine text-type 1162:biblical prophecies 1154:ordination of women 844:Biblical manuscript 650:, canonical in the 485:Temple in Jerusalem 333:crowned with thorns 325:Harmonia evangelica 4842:Women in the Bible 4777:Biblical authority 4752:Biblical criticism 4531:Bible Difficulties 4408:2016-03-03 at the 4226:Raymond E. Brown, 4136:Douglad McCready, 4125:Jesus, Interrupted 4080:Ian H. Henderson, 3968:2012-11-14 at the 3875:. Harper Collins. 3708:Sanders, Ed Parish 3491:Bruce M. Metzger, 3153:2007-04-09 at the 2820:'s explication of 2816:See, for example, 2585:2018-04-17 at the 2389:Answers in Genesis 1929:Early Christianity 1814:Conversion of Paul 1794:Conversion of Paul 1629:genealogy of Jesus 1525:Pericope Adulterae 1496:infancy narratives 1481:Augustine of Hippo 1441:pericope adulterae 1439:and the so-called 1431:, the first known 1352:places the golden 1346:King James Version 1293:Synod of Jerusalem 1244:King James Version 935:), the details of 856:, a clause in the 522:Biblical criticism 481:Aaronic priesthood 307:biblical apocrypha 199:Divine inspiration 195:Biblical inerrancy 132:coherent". Pastor 98:Biblical inerrancy 39: 35:American Christian 5002: 5001: 4642:978-1-60844-021-4 4494:Adolf Von Harnack 4167:(1999), pp. 32–35 3906:Novum Testamentum 3882:978-0-06-197702-2 3736:Hurtado, Larry W. 3589:978-0-7876-4004-0 3530:978-0-8028-4054-7 3019:, issue 43, 1994. 3017:Christian History 2995:Reason and Belief 2924:978-1-4051-7832-7 2897:978-90-04-10034-3 2093:an eye for an eye 1953:Jewish Christians 1951:, the so-called " 1927:believes that in 1307:Biblical scholar 1281:Church of England 1196:Western text-type 1134:nontrinitarianism 929:2 Chronicles 36:9 921:1 Chronicles 21:5 778: 777: 731:Roman Catholicism 558:Julius Wellhausen 554:Biblical scholars 547:The Age of Reason 457:and posited that 455:Mosaic authorship 214:dictated to Moses 81:The Age of Reason 16:(Redirected from 5022: 5015:Biblical studies 4867:African American 4789: 4757:Biblical studies 4714: 4707: 4700: 4691: 4686: 4667: 4646: 4625: 4604: 4583: 4564: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4482:The early church 4475: 4469: 4457: 4451: 4449:"The Antithesis" 4445: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4329: 4323: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4272: 4266: 4258: 4252: 4241:Alfred Edersheim 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4210:Alfred Edersheim 4206: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4168: 4163:Bart D. Ehrman, 4161: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4123:Bart D. Ehrman, 4121: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3866: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3600: 3591: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3482:, 2007), p. 356. 3472: 3466: 3463:Misquoting Jesus 3459: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2963:Wellhausen, J., 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2881: 2875: 2862: 2856: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2778:. Archived from 2771: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2649: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2614:Weimarer Ausgabe 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2575:Summa Theologica 2566: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2293: 2247:Paul and the law 2175:Hebrews 10:15–18 1999:Epistle of James 1949:John the Apostle 1937:Jerusalem Church 1898:Raymond E. Brown 1860:which place the 1753:Matthew 26:60–61 1733:Raymond E. Brown 1627:). Each gives a 1617:synoptic gospels 1582:other hypotheses 1354:altar of incense 1309:Bruce M. Metzger 1295:of 1672 for the 1279:of 1563 for the 1268:Council of Trent 1214:of the story of 1054:Mordechai Breuer 905:Ten Commandments 798:Four Evangelists 749:Protestant canon 693: 644:Gospel of Thomas 628:Book of Josephus 578:Synoptic Gospels 471:extramarital sex 379:Raymond E. Brown 321:Andreas Osiander 299:Eastern Orthodox 145:source for this 129:Dillon Burroughs 21: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4977: 4951:Christian Bible 4946: 4878: 4790: 4781: 4740: 4723: 4718: 4683: 4670: 4664: 4649: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4561: 4546: 4525:Ardt, William. 4522: 4520:Further reading 4517: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4410:Wayback Machine 4399: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4330: 4326: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4255: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4059: 4042: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3970:Wayback Machine 3960: 3956: 3948:Thomas, R. L., 3947: 3943: 3935:France, R. T., 3934: 3930: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3579: 3575: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3437: 3433: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3392:Rolf P. Knierim 3390: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3189:Ehrman, Bart D. 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3170:. Web.meson.org 3166: 3165: 3161: 3155:Wayback Machine 3145: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3107:Martinich AP., 3106: 3102: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2984: 2976:McKenzie, SL., 2975: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2815: 2811: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2729:Raymond Brown, 2728: 2724: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2650: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2587:Wayback Machine 2567: 2563: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2263: 2231:Exodus 31:16–17 2076: 2056:Main articles: 2054: 1967:, part of the " 1921:Tübingen school 1917: 1911: 1884: 1878: 1876:Gospel and Acts 1802: 1796: 1790: 1613: 1603: 1594: 1512:Markan Appendix 1404: 1398: 1370:Codex Vaticanus 1305: 1289:Presbyterianism 1252:Apostolic times 1228:Comma Johanneum 1184: 1176:Main articles: 1174: 1138:nature of Jesus 1106: 1092: 1080:Rabbi Ibn Zimra 1068: 1062: 1019:Nehemiah 7:6–67 1008:2 Chr 29:22, 24 917: 891:version of the 854:Comma Johanneum 850: 840: 789: 783: 723:Samaritan canon 699:Accepted canon 624:Ethiopian Bible 612:biblical canons 604: 590: 588:Biblical canons 528: 520:Main articles: 518: 467:anthropomorphic 406:Muslim scholars 402: 267: 261: 206: 201: 191: 189:Religious views 169:self-consistent 100: 94: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5017: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4905:Capital crimes 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4872:Asian American 4869: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Biblical canon 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4626: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4579:978-1976427091 4578: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4501: 4486: 4478:W. H. C. Frend 4470: 4452: 4440: 4427: 4414: 4393: 4382:Douglas J. Moo 4380:For instance, 4373: 4362: 4351: 4340: 4324: 4300: 4287: 4267: 4253: 4250:, 5.xiv, 1883. 4232: 4219: 4217:, 5.xiv, 1883. 4201: 4187: 4169: 4156: 4141: 4129: 4116: 4110:Brown, R. E., 4103: 4090: 4073: 4057: 4036: 4023: 4000: 3987: 3974: 3961:Warren, Tony. 3954: 3941: 3928: 3913:(3): 232–251. 3888: 3881: 3861: 3858:John 7:53–8:11 3850: 3835: 3809: 3796: 3783: 3776: 3755: 3748: 3727: 3720: 3699: 3686: 3679: 3669:(1999-05-18). 3658: 3649: 3636: 3616: 3592: 3573: 3564:10.1086/470722 3558:(4): 201–215. 3536: 3529: 3509: 3497: 3484: 3467: 3454: 3431: 3413: 3404: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3332: 3319: 3306: 3293: 3280: 3265: 3255: 3242: 3229: 3217: 3203: 3180: 3159: 3139: 3133:Ralph, M. N., 3126: 3113: 3100: 3087: 3074: 3054: 3041: 3021: 3008: 2999: 2989:A. E. Taylor, 2982: 2969: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2923: 2903: 2896: 2876: 2857: 2838: 2826: 2809: 2793: 2766: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2708: 2693: 2668: 2652:Graham Stanton 2644: 2636:Graham Stanton 2628: 2603: 2591: 2570:Thomas Aquinas 2561: 2546: 2534: 2520: 2506: 2493: 2484: 2477: 2457: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2393: 2380: 2367: 2354: 2341: 2335:Golding, JL., 2328: 2315: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2277:Great Apostasy 2274: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2241:, or at least 2197:etc.). From a 2152:bronze serpent 2136:Jewish Sabbath 2053: 2050: 2023:Galatians 5:13 2015:Ephesians 2:10 1965:Galatians 2:14 1941:James the Just 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1888:Matthew 27:3–8 1882:Judas Iscariot 1877: 1874: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1611:Gospel harmony 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1550:Gospel of Luke 1546:Bart D. Ehrman 1530:Gospel of John 1516:Gospel of Mark 1485:Gleason Archer 1433:gospel harmony 1408:Francis Watson 1397: 1394: 1358:Holy of Holies 1304: 1301: 1297:Greek Orthodox 1208:Gospel of Mark 1173: 1170: 1150:predestination 1130:trinitarianism 1105: 1102: 1091: 1088: 1061: 1058: 961:Galatians 1:18 939:'s itinerary ( 916: 915:Contradictions 913: 839: 836: 785:Main article: 782: 779: 776: 775: 769: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 746: 740: 739: 736:Catholic canon 733: 727: 726: 720: 714: 713: 707: 701: 700: 697: 652:Roman Catholic 594:Biblical canon 589: 586: 582:Gospel of John 538:Baruch Spinoza 517: 514: 506:argued in the 401: 398: 364:Gleason Archer 329:harmonisations 295:Roman Catholic 284:Thomas Aquinas 260: 257: 205: 202: 190: 187: 125:John Ankerberg 118:Joshua Golding 93: 90: 56:Baruch Spinoza 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5027: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Homosexuality 4915: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738:New Testament 4735: 4734:Old Testament 4731: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4684: 4682:0-19-507297-9 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4663:9780195297515 4659: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4621:0-310-28670-0 4617: 4613: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4600:0-310-39281-0 4596: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4560:9780195297515 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4542:0-570-04470-7 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4508:Gundry, ed., 4505: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370:James 2:14–26 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359:James 2:10–11 4355: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320:Galatians 2:9 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284:1-57312-277-7 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4020:0-684-81501-X 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3825:on 2010-06-15 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790:Nave, D. N., 3787: 3784: 3779: 3777:0-385-05907-8 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3749:0-8028-6070-2 3745: 3741: 3738:(June 2003). 3737: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3721:0-7139-9059-7 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3680:0-300-14008-8 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3633:0-8028-3843-X 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3495:, pp. 199–200 3494: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461:Bart Ehrman; 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451:0-8028-2219-3 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427:0-8028-4098-1 3424: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352:Levy, B. B., 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339:Levy, B. B., 3336: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277:Nehemiah 7:66 3274: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225:Brettler 2004 3221: 3218: 3206: 3204:9780061863288 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3077: 3075:9780802837813 3071: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3044: 3042:9780865543737 3038: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2937:Strauss, L., 2934: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873:0-691-01082-X 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854:0-691-00187-1 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801:Izhar ul-Haqq 2797: 2794: 2782:on 8 May 2012 2781: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2683:on 2009-03-03 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542:Levenson 2004 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2478:0-9655047-5-1 2474: 2470: 2469: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374:Lutzer, EW., 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297:Paine, Thomas 2292: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Exod 12:14–17 2212: 2211:Exod 31:16–17 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:New Testament 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:enforced the 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2070:Antinomianism 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:I Corinthians 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Titus 2:11–12 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:Martin Luther 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1915:Antinomianism 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902:Harmonization 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1870:Albert Barnes 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Mark 14:57–58 1738: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687:Matthew 12:30 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Matthew 12:30 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Matthew 1:1–6 1618: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536:reports that 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1504:E. P. Sanders 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Raymond Brown 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452:Church Father 1448: 1446: 1445:Syriac Church 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:New Testament 1183: 1179: 1172:New Testament 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1004:Ezekiel 44:11 999: 997: 993: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:2 Samuel 24:9 922: 914: 912: 910: 909:Mount Gerizim 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 849: 845: 837: 835: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 812: 811: 806: 805:Thomas Hobbes 801: 799: 795: 788: 780: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 747: 745: 744:Protestantism 742: 741: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 698: 695: 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 680:Book of Enoch 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 603: 599: 595: 587: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 534: 527: 523: 515: 513: 511: 510: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449:The theme of 447: 445: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:Ibn al-Qayyim 423: 422:Ibn Taymiyyah 419: 415: 411: 407: 399: 397: 394: 390: 386: 385: 380: 375: 373: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:infallibility 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 314:Martin Luther 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 279: 275: 271: 270:Justin Martyr 266: 258: 256: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 203: 200: 196: 188: 186: 183: 179: 177: 172: 170: 166: 161: 159: 158:Joseph Barker 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 139:divine origin 135: 130: 126: 121: 119: 114: 110: 106: 99: 91: 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 76:Denis Diderot 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 46: 44: 36: 31: 27: 19: 4890:Commentaries 4883:Hebrew Bible 4856: 4730:Hebrew Bible 4672: 4652: 4631: 4610: 4589: 4569: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4396: 4387: 4376: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4335: 4327: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4190: 4182: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4119: 4111: 4106: 4098: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4055:on Lk 11:23. 4047:on Mk 9:40, 4039: 4026: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3982: 3977: 3957: 3949: 3944: 3931: 3921:– via 3910: 3904: 3891: 3871: 3864: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3823:the original 3812: 3799: 3791: 3786: 3767: 3758: 3739: 3730: 3711: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3624: 3619: 3608:. Retrieved 3580: 3576: 3566:– via 3555: 3549: 3539: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3475: 3470: 3457: 3442: 3434: 3416: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3379: 3378:Cherry, S., 3374: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3268: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3193: 3183: 3172:. Retrieved 3162: 3142: 3134: 3129: 3121: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3079:. Retrieved 3064: 3057: 3046:. Retrieved 3031: 3024: 3016: 3011: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2913: 2906: 2886: 2879: 2864: 2860: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2812: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2780:the original 2769: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2716: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2685:. Retrieved 2681:the original 2671: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2631: 2620:. Retrieved 2616:10 III, 162" 2613: 2606: 2594: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2537: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2487: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2425:Barton, J., 2421: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2375: 2370: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2323: 2318: 2307:. Retrieved 2301: 2291: 2183:2 Cor 3:7–17 2163:New Covenant 2156: 2142:; Jesus has 2083: 2077: 2066:New Covenant 2027: 2007: 2003:Antilegomena 1983:divine grace 1977: 1918: 1896: 1885: 1851: 1847: 1842:Acts 7:15–16 1840: 1832: 1805: 1803: 1774: 1770: 1766:Wailing Wall 1761:John 2:19–21 1749:Acts 6:13–14 1731: 1722:two, and in 1707: 1695: 1675:D. A. Carson 1644: 1642: 1625:Luke 3:32–34 1614: 1595: 1586:its problems 1571: 1567: 1563:R. T. France 1554: 1524: 1509: 1500:W. D. Davies 1489: 1474: 1472: 1449: 1440: 1426: 1413: 1405: 1379: 1376:is itemized. 1314: 1306: 1287:of 1647 for 1272:antilegomena 1248: 1185: 1146:original sin 1127: 1107: 1097:sin (chatat) 1096: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1051: 1046: 1043:notes that: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1012: 1000: 976: 969: 937:Apostle Paul 933:2 Kings 24:8 918: 901:Samaritanism 886: 851: 828: 809: 807:in his 1651 802: 790: 718:Samaritanism 710:Hebrew canon 684:Jude 1:14–15 660:Hebrew Bible 636: 609: 605: 552: 545: 542:Thomas Paine 531: 529: 507: 499: 493: 474: 450: 448: 441: 403: 382: 376: 368: 341: 324: 318: 311: 292: 282: 278:Hebrew Bible 268: 254: 246:Lamentations 207: 182:Randel Helms 180: 173: 168: 162: 151: 143:transcendent 134:Erwin Lutzer 122: 109:Hebrew Bible 101: 86:Thomas Paine 79: 71:Encyclopédie 69: 59: 49: 47: 42: 40: 26: 4996:WikiProject 4973:Development 4468:, pp. 91–92 4034:, 1989–1997 3120:Rabin, E., 3094:Rabin, E., 2950:Burr, WH., 2438:Giles, T., 2322:Levy, BB., 2179:Gal 3:23–25 2161:mediates a 2101:Isaiah 45:7 2019:Romans 6:13 1945:Simon Peter 1727:23:55–24:10 1637:Geza Vermes 1498:of Christ. 1428:Diatesseron 1396:The Gospels 1386:Diatessaron 1321:Isaiah 40:3 1317:Malachi 3:1 1232:Bart Ehrman 1034:Deuteronomy 1015:Ezra 2:1–65 992:Gen 1:1–2:4 838:Manuscripts 751:(66 books) 738:(73 books) 712:(24 books) 504:Ibn Khaldun 496:Ibn Qutayba 372:magisterium 165:John Barton 92:Consistency 4963:Protestant 3829:2010-10-13 3610:2008-05-07 3210:2016-05-25 3174:2012-10-09 3081:2012-10-09 3048:2012-10-09 2786:5 December 2717:Dei verbum 2687:2012-10-09 2622:2012-10-09 2618:. Mtio.com 2580:Article 10 2309:2010-03-16 2283:References 2207:B'nei Noah 2140:Jewish law 2084:Antithesis 2038:10:22–11:1 1925:F. C. Baur 1880:See also: 1864:' tomb in 1862:patriarchs 1836:John 12:28 1798:See also: 1782:John 19:14 1745:Mark 15:29 1691:Luke 11:23 1659:Luke 11:23 1605:See also: 1580:(see also 1421:apologist 1400:See also: 1374:Holy Place 1366:Tabernacle 1291:, and the 1264:Marcionism 1123:redemption 1111:monotheism 996:Gen 2:4–25 893:Pentateuch 866:Septuagint 824:Rabbi Meir 725:(5 books) 616:Samaritans 592:See also: 509:Muqaddimah 438:Christians 418:al-Maqrizi 414:al-Qurtubi 384:Dei verbum 274:Septuagint 263:See also: 250:Chronicles 224:, such as 218:Maimonides 193:See also: 96:See also: 4721:The Bible 4590:Inerrancy 4185:, p. 382. 4032:Zondervan 3273:Ezra 2:64 2818:Ibn Hajar 2219:Mal 3:6–7 2025:, etc.). 1973:Judaizing 1892:Acts 1:18 1828:Acts 22:9 1737:Mark 13:2 1699:exorcisms 1683:Luke 9:50 1679:Mark 9:40 1671:Luke 9:50 1667:Mark 9:40 1520:Mark 16:8 1419:Christian 1338:Bethabara 983:Genesis 2 979:Genesis 1 889:Samaritan 870:Masoretic 810:Leviathan 696:Religion 672:purgatory 489:polemical 344:inerrancy 303:apocrypha 259:Christian 156:minister 147:anthology 5009:Category 4988:Category 4958:Catholic 4895:Covenant 4745:Overview 4406:Archived 4404:, p. 44 4348:Rom 6:14 4230:, p.114. 4045:McGarvey 3966:Archived 3807:, p. 194 3766:(1977). 3710:(1993). 3603:Origen. 3191:(2009). 3151:Archived 2583:Archived 2391:article. 2261:See also 2235:12:14–17 2223:Deut 4:2 2191:Heb 8:13 2187:Eph 2:15 2128:polygamy 1961:Gal 2:21 1957:gentiles 1935:and the 1909:Epistles 1822:Acts 9:7 1757:27:39–40 1592:Examples 1559:exegesis 1534:Eusebius 1416:Assyrian 1362:Heb. 9:4 1332:altered 1104:Theology 1027:1 Esdras 630:and the 564:and the 410:Ibn Hazm 408:such as 393:inerrant 238:Writings 226:Jeremiah 222:Prophets 113:rabbinic 66:Voltaire 4984:Outline 4937:Warfare 4484:, p. 56 4049:Johnson 2836:, BRILL 2822:Bukhari 2195:Rom 7:6 2124:divorce 2095:", but 2088:Marcion 2080:Marcion 2046:11:2–16 2042:10:1–22 1939:led by 1858:Genesis 1854:Shechem 1804:In the 1777:Mark 14 1601:Gospels 1473:In his 1356:in the 1334:Bethany 1242:in the 1236:John 21 1220:Trinity 1204:Mark 16 1115:Messiah 897:Judaism 878:Goliath 862:Trinity 831:Gospels 705:Judaism 483:of the 476:tawatur 430:Quranic 354:and by 230:Ezekiel 4992:Portal 4968:Canons 4922:Prayer 4912:Events 4795:Topics 4679: 4660: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4557: 4540: 4282: 4018: 4012:Ethics 3879: 3774: 3746: 3718: 3677: 3631: 3587: 3527: 3449: 3425: 3201: 3072: 3039: 2921: 2894: 2871: 2852: 2475: 2199:Jewish 2109:Joshua 2105:Elisha 2072:, and 2034:8:1–13 1947:, and 1866:Hebron 1810:Archer 1646:Ethics 1467:Gospel 1463:Celsus 1455:Origen 1423:Tatian 1382:Tatian 1330:Origen 1283:, the 1224:1 John 1194:; the 1180:, and 941:Acts 9 820:Joshua 600:, and 570:Joshua 500:tahrif 463:Tanakh 451:tahrif 443:tahrif 424:, and 400:Muslim 242:Psalms 232:, and 204:Jewish 68:, the 58:, the 4533:and 4239:E.g. 4053:Brown 3923:Brill 3901:(PDF) 3465:, 166 2203:Torah 2159:Jesus 2132:Moses 1987:grace 1226:(the 1072:Torah 953:18:22 874:David 816:Rashi 794:Moses 620:Torah 574:Kings 234:Jonah 210:Torah 154:deist 105:Torah 4927:Rape 4677:ISBN 4658:ISBN 4637:ISBN 4616:ISBN 4595:ISBN 4574:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4538:ISBN 4296:Acts 4280:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3772:ISBN 3744:ISBN 3716:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3629:ISBN 3585:ISBN 3525:ISBN 3447:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3199:ISBN 3070:ISBN 3037:ISBN 2919:ISBN 2892:ISBN 2869:ISBN 2850:ISBN 2788:2012 2473:ISBN 2227:13:1 2138:and 2120:4:26 2113:Paul 2036:and 1979:Paul 1919:The 1755:and 1720:28:1 1713:16:1 1633:Heli 1609:and 1572:The 1502:and 1450:The 1326:27:9 1319:and 1212:John 1186:The 1158:hell 1132:and 1017:and 981:and 959:vs. 931:vs. 923:vs. 899:and 882:Saul 876:and 868:and 846:and 654:and 524:and 459:Ezra 436:and 434:Jews 346:and 297:and 248:and 208:The 197:and 127:and 78:and 4986:• 4932:Sex 4322:)." 3915:doi 3560:doi 3478:, ( 2387:An 2148:ark 2117:Eph 2028:In 2005:). 1886:In 1643:In 1552:. 1342:MSS 1336:to 1222:in 1136:), 1119:sin 1032:In 965:2:1 690:). 572:to 560:'s 544:in 309:). 84:by 74:of 64:of 54:by 33:An 5011:: 4994:• 4990:• 4736:- 4496:, 4480:, 4462:, 4334:. 4310:. 4172:^ 4151:, 4060:^ 4010:, 3911:55 3909:. 3903:. 3595:^ 3554:. 3548:. 3441:, 3394:, 3275:; 3157:". 3068:. 3035:. 2824:'s 2807:). 2654:, 2638:, 2578:, 2572:, 2299:. 2253:, 2233:, 2225:, 2217:, 2213:, 2193:, 2189:; 2185:; 2181:; 2177:; 2068:, 2064:, 2060:, 2021:, 2017:, 2013:, 1975:. 1943:, 1868:. 1808:, 1768:. 1724:Lk 1717:Mt 1710:Mk 1661:(" 1649:, 1588:. 1544:, 1479:, 1459:CE 1299:. 1168:. 1160:, 1156:, 1152:, 1148:, 1144:, 1140:, 1029:. 963:, 957:21 955:, 949:15 947:, 945:11 943:, 674:, 670:, 634:. 596:, 584:. 536:, 446:. 420:, 416:, 412:, 374:. 339:. 244:, 228:, 88:. 4732:/ 4713:e 4706:t 4699:v 4685:. 4666:. 4645:. 4624:. 4603:. 4582:. 4563:. 4198:. 3925:. 3917:: 3885:. 3832:. 3780:. 3752:. 3724:. 3683:. 3613:. 3570:. 3562:: 3556:9 3533:. 3429:. 3213:. 3177:. 3084:. 3051:. 2927:. 2900:. 2790:. 2690:. 2625:. 2589:. 2481:. 2312:. 2173:( 2091:" 1689:/ 1681:/ 1669:/ 1657:/ 1578:Q 1360:( 1324:( 951:, 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Internal consistency of the Bible

Index