3623:
from 0.27% in 2011. Typical examples of asymmetric agreements are ones in which one of the parties compensates the other for routes that it would not otherwise receive (sometimes called 'paid peering' or 'on-net routes'), or in which one party is required to meet terms or requirements imposed by the other ('minimum peering requirements'), often concerning volume of traffic or number or geographic distribution of interconnection locations. In the prevailing symmetric relationship, the parties to the agreement simply exchange customer routes with each other, without settlements or other requirements.
2783:
2861:
2707:, which had disturbed the nascent industry, led to congressional hearings, resulted in a law allowing NSF to promote and use networks that carry commercial traffic, prompted a review of the administration of NSFNET by the NSF's Inspector General (no serious problems were found), and caused commercial operators to realize that they needed to be able to communicate with each other independent of third parties or at neutral exchange points.
2700:), Chicago, and California, respectively. As a transitional strategy, they were effective, providing a bridge from the Internet's beginnings as a government-funded academic experiment, to the modern Internet of many private-sector competitors collaborating to form a network-of-networks, transporting Internet bandwidth from its points-of-production at Internet exchange points to its sites-of-consumption at users' locations.
2973:
2735:
2981:
2631:
3622:
Of the agreements we analyzed, 1,935,111 (99.98%) had symmetric terms, in which each party gave and received the same conditions as the other. Only 403 (0.02%) had asymmetric terms, in which the parties gave and received conditions with specifically defined differences, and these exceptions were down
3003:
When these conditions are met, and a contractual structure exists to create a market to purchase network services, the IXP is sometimes called a "transit exchange". The
Vancouver Transit Exchange, for example, is described as a "shopping mall" of service providers at one central location, making it
3027:
and transition to the IXP system in 1992, the measurement of
Internet traffic exchanged at IXPs has been the primary source of data about Internet bandwidth production: how it grows over time and where it is produced. Standardized measures of bandwidth production have been in place since 1996 and
3315:
2947:
At the more expensive exchanges, participants pay a monthly or annual fee, usually determined by the speed of the port or ports which they are using. Fees based on the volume of traffic are less common because they provide a counterincentive to the growth of the exchange. Some exchanges charge a
2769:
The third advantage, speed, is most noticeable in areas that have poorly developed long-distance connections. ISPs in regions with poor connections might have to pay between 10 or 100 times more for data transport than ISPs in North
America, Europe, or Japan. Therefore, these ISPs typically have
2667:
era (when
Internet access was government sponsored and commercial traffic was prohibited) to the commercial Internet of today. The four Network Access Points (NAPs) were defined as transitional data communications facilities at which Network Service Providers (NSPs) would exchange traffic, in
2992:(BGP) routing configurations between them. They choose to announce routes via the peering relationship – either routes to their own addresses or routes to addresses of other ISPs that they connect to, possibly via other mechanisms. The other party to the peering can then apply
3312:
2999:
In many cases, an ISP will have both a direct link to another ISP and accept a route (normally ignored) to the other ISP through the IXP; if the direct link fails, traffic will then start flowing over the IXP. In this way, the IXP acts as a backup link.
2592:) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks (that is, the set of ISPs that participate in that IXP). The primary alternative to IXPs is
3011:
Advocates of green broadband schemes and more competitive telecommunications services often advocate aggressive expansion of transit exchanges into every municipal area network so that competing service providers can place such equipment as
2765:
provider is. The direct interconnection, often located in the same city as both networks, avoids the need for data to travel to other cities—and potentially on other continents—to get from one network to another, thus reducing latency.
2770:
slower, more limited connections to the rest of the
Internet. However, a connection to a local IXP may allow them to transfer data without limit, and without cost, vastly improving the bandwidth between customers of such adjacent ISPs.
2749:
The primary purpose of an IXP is to allow networks to interconnect directly, via the exchange, rather than going through one or more third-party networks. The primary advantages of direct interconnection are cost,
2721:
Today, the phrase "Network Access Point" is of historical interest only, since the four transitional NAPs disappeared long ago, replaced by hundreds of modern
Internet exchange points, though in Spanish-speaking
2857:/second ports in major centers like Seoul, New York, London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Palo Alto. Ports with 100 Gb/second are available, for example, at the AMS-IX in Amsterdam and at the DE-CIX in Frankfurt.
2773:
Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other. Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.
3699:
3292:
1515:
3606:
3198:- Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993
3471:
2944:
agreements. Under such agreements, traffic is exchanged without compensation. When an IXP incurs operating costs, they are typically shared among all of its participants.
2849:
has prevailed, accounting for more than 95% of all existing
Internet exchange switch fabrics. All Ethernet port speeds are to be found at modern IXPs, ranging from 10
770:
3644:
2923:
3323:
3167:
2833:(ATM) switches were briefly used at a few IXPs in the late 1990s, accounting for approximately 4% of the market at their peak, and there was an attempt by
2580:
to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks,
3693:
3289:
1095:
3141:
157:
2996:, where it chooses to accept those routes, and route traffic accordingly, or to ignore those routes, and use other routes to reach those addresses.
1187:
2953:
1442:
1385:
3223:
2795:
3582:
3555:
3529:
3503:
3247:
2919:
1424:
3599:
3671:
2704:
2664:
2660:
1555:
1146:
959:
658:
601:
245:
3191:
3783:
3519:
3365:
3346:
3112:
2820:
3449:
2816:
620:
3390:
2710:
Although the three telco-operated NAPs faded into obscurity relatively quickly after the expiration of the federal subsidies,
997:
2607:
921:
809:
507:
3049:
2290:
902:
865:
302:
3636:
3327:
2949:
2900:
2872:
2673:
381:
3216:"Prescriptive Policy Guide for Developing Nations Wishing to Encourage the Formation of a Domestic Internet Industry"
3545:
3493:
3163:
3572:
2830:
2677:
3097:
3055:
2894:
2577:
2351:
1460:
1124:
752:
2782:
2940:
The technical and business logistics of traffic exchange between ISPs is governed by bilateral or multilateral
2815:, to which each of the participating ISPs connect. Prior to the existence of switches, IXPs typically employed
2739:
1497:
1358:
3721:
3137:
3084:
2989:
2412:
1169:
774:
714:
696:
488:
2887:
2697:
847:
3751:
3219:
3107:
2933:
2762:
2755:
2600:
1942:
1533:
283:
3215:
2976:
Diagram of the Layer 1 (physical) and Layer 2 (Data Link) topology of an
Internet exchange point (IXP)
2761:
Traffic passing through an exchange is typically not billed by any party, whereas traffic to an ISP's
2328:
1772:
1128:
3268:
1405:
344:
2611:
2610:
of their service. Furthermore, the increased number of paths available through the IXP improves
2249:
526:
3244:
3020:
switches to serve existing phone equipment, without being answerable to any monopoly incumbent.
2936:
of networks (defined by an open-ended multi-party contract, without independent legal existence)
3578:
3574:
Internet
Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies
3551:
3525:
3499:
3424:
3420:
3024:
2915:
2890:
2799:
2573:
2549:
2482:
2460:
884:
3667:
3788:
3461:
2860:
2743:
2603:
2434:
1640:
1478:
1340:
978:
3637:"Transit Exchange helps Novus Entertainment Save on Internet Costs and Improve Performance"
3188:
3369:
3350:
3319:
3296:
3251:
3195:
3013:
2993:
2957:
2751:
2615:
2593:
2589:
1828:
1284:
3362:
3322:, a transcript of the March 12, 1992, hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the
3343:
2812:
2791:
2619:
2370:
2074:
1923:
1321:
940:
2726:, the phrase lives on to a small degree, among those who conflate the NAPs with IXPs.
2630:
3777:
3445:
3211:
2865:
2723:
2685:
2545:
2504:
2456:
2392:, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2267:
1754:
1077:
119:
3383:
3331:
3092:
2927:
2787:
2693:
2192:
2078:
2037:
1791:
583:
3290:"A Critical Look at the University of Michigan's Role in the 1987 Merit Agreement"
3245:
E-mail regarding Network Access Points from Steve Wolff (NSF) to the com-priv list
2972:
2734:
17:
3102:
2904:
2868:
2696:, for new facilities of various designs and technologies, in New York (actually
2408:
2389:
1716:
1362:
1261:
1058:
677:
100:
2988:
Internet traffic exchange between two participants on an IXP is facilitated by
2980:
2910:
2585:
1678:
1106:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
3372:, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, 23 March 1993
2984:
Diagram of the Layer 3 (network) topology of an Internet exchange point (IXP)
2599:
IXPs reduce the portion of an ISP's traffic that must be delivered via their
3466:
2834:
2689:
2452:
2230:
1961:
1697:
1280:
564:
3668:"Standarized Format for Exchange Point Traffic Recording & Interchange"
2478:
1498:
ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
3756:
3044:
3040:
2948:
setup fee to offset the costs of the switch port and any media adaptors (
2846:
2824:
2715:
2711:
2703:
This transition was particularly timely, coming hard on the heels of the
2681:
2663:(NII) plan, which defined the transition from the US Government-paid-for
2522:
2500:
2271:
2097:
1980:
1847:
1016:
422:
264:
191:
3695:
Good Practices in Internet Exchange Point Documentation and Measurement
3417:
A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers
3117:
3066:
2941:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2656:
2430:
2347:
2309:
2211:
2154:
2116:
1999:
1885:
362:
321:
138:
3450:"Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges"
2331:, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
3078:
2961:
2838:
2669:
2634:
2541:
2173:
2135:
1866:
1809:
1039:
733:
545:
441:
400:
210:
2853:/second ports in use in small developing-country IXPs, to ganged 10
1586:
dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
2979:
2971:
2859:
2781:
2733:
2629:
2055:
2018:
1904:
1735:
1621:
1551:
1366:
1243:
1165:
828:
639:
469:
81:
3767:
3081:, the Latin America & Caribbean Internet Exchange Association
2714:, thrived for fifteen more years, and its west-coast counterpart
3457:
3072:
3017:
3005:
1659:
1602:
1558:
oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st
1302:
1205:
404:
340:
62:
2883:
The principal business and governance models for IXPs include:
3666:
Claffy, Kimberly; Siegel, Dave; Woodcock, Bill (30 May 1996).
3008:
to a new provider". The VTE is run by BCNET, a public entity.
2827:
and FDDI switches as those became available in 1993 and 1994.
1583:
1224:
1035:
3264:
3762:
3747:
3600:"2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements"
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3206:
3204:
1244:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
27:
Internet infrastructure through which ISPs exchange traffic
3725:
1516:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
31:
3742:
3521:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
3495:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
1386:
UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
1479:
First internationalized country code top-level domains
1534:
NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
175:
NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
3598:Woodcock, Bill; Frigino, Marco (21 November 2016).
3063:Associations of Internet exchange point operators:
229:
Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
3415:Ryan, Patrick S.; Gerson, Jason (11 August 2012).
3004:easy to switch providers, "as simple as getting a
2614:(by allowing routers to select shorter paths) and
3075:, the Asia Pacific Internet Exchange Association
2676:let contracts supporting the four NAPs, one to
1188:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
452:Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
3344:Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992
2903:for-profit company (usually the operator of a
2596:, where ISPs directly connect their networks.
1461:First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
1425:UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
3164:"Internet Service Providers and Peering v3.0"
8:
3724:. European Internet Exchange. Archived from
3641:How R&E networks can help small business
3069:, the European Internet Exchange Association
1227:changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
3353:, Public Law No: 102-476, 43 U.S.C. 1862(g)
3324:Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
2964:, etc.) that the new participant requires.
1554:contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends,
753:Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
3670:. North American Network Operators Group.
3419:. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
2618:. IXPs exhibit the characteristics of the
1123:New Internet architecture with commercial
3465:
2684:in Washington, D.C., and three others to
158:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
2954:small form-factor pluggable transceivers
3382:Garfinkel, Simson (11 September 1996).
3129:
2588:, and operate physical infrastructure (
1096:North American Network Operators' Group
3743:European Internet Exchange Association
3138:"The Art of Peering - The IX Playbook"
2811:A typical IXP consists of one or more
2718:continued for more than twenty years.
3396:from the original on 11 November 2021
3144:from the original on 20 December 2017
2668:replacement of the publicly financed
7:
3702:from the original on 19 January 2022
3674:from the original on 3 December 1998
3448:; Weller, Dennis (29 January 2013).
2233:anonymous news and information leaks
1792:Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1341:New top-level domain names activated
3770:BGP Looking Glass services at IX's.
3647:from the original on 21 August 2014
3474:from the original on 10 August 2021
2934:Unincorporated informal association
2661:National Information Infrastructure
246:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
3334:, subcommittee chairman, presiding
3271:from the original on 5 August 2021
3170:from the original on 20 April 2015
2647:Internet exchange points began as
736:founded, allows commercial traffic
343:protocol approved and deployed on
324:commercial packet-switched network
25:
3571:Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020).
3326:, U.S. House of Representatives,
3265:"The Cook Report on the Internet"
2578:Internet service providers (ISPs)
2576:networking, allowing participant
584:First .COM domain name registered
3612:from the original on 7 July 2021
3226:from the original on 3 June 2021
3113:List of Internet exchange points
2821:Fiber Distributed Data Interface
2606:providers, thereby reducing the
3547:Information Network Engineering
3456:. OECD Digital Economy Papers.
3301:The Cook Report on the Internet
2817:fiber-optic inter-repeater link
621:Internet Engineering Task Force
45:Early research and development:
2893:(usually of the participating
1566:Examples of Internet services:
998:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
1:
3254:, sent 13:51 EST 2 March 1994
3087:, the African IXP Association
3028:have been refined over time.
3023:Since the dissolution of the
2638:
2608:average per-bit delivery cost
2525:, massive open online courses
810:Advanced Network and Services
508:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
65:networking concepts developed
3050:Commercial Internet eXchange
2950:gigabit interface converters
2291:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
1078:Full text web search engines
903:Commercial Internet eXchange
866:Wide area information server
303:Transmission Control Program
3748:Internet Exchange Directory
3550:. 株式会社 オーム社. 20 July 2015.
3328:One Hundred Second Congress
2873:Amsterdam Internet Exchange
2823:(FDDI) rings, migrating to
2674:National Science Foundation
1662:online auction and shopping
661:upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
3805:
3524:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
3498:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
2831:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
1717:Outlook (formerly Hotmail)
962:upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
192:Network Information Center
3605:. Packet Clearing House.
3098:Internet service provider
3056:Federal Internet Exchange
1945:peer-to-peer file sharing
1888:peer-to-peer file sharing
1681:classified advertisements
924:allows commercial traffic
831:allows commercial traffic
491:protocol suite formalized
382:Internet Activities Board
36:Internet history timeline
3784:Internet exchange points
3757:Internet Exchange Points
3384:"Where Streams Converge"
3303:, January 1995, pp. 9–17
2926:, at national scale, or
2740:London Internet Exchange
2738:Initial location of the
2672:Internet backbone. The
2572:) are common grounds of
2562:Internet exchange points
2312:cloud-based file hosting
470:Computer Science Network
213:switched-circuit network
3698:. OECD. 26 April 2007.
3467:10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en
3330:, Second Session, Hon.
2990:Border Gateway Protocol
2920:communications ministry
2637:Internet architecture,
2413:threshold pledge system
2354:music streaming service
1869:mobile internet service
1812:Internet payment system
1605:Internet movie database
715:Border Gateway Protocol
697:Internet protocol suite
305:specification published
3454:Digital Economy Papers
3295:10 August 2021 at the
3189:NSF Solicitation 93-52
2985:
2977:
2875:
2803:
2746:
2698:Pennsauken, New Jersey
2644:
2100:social networking site
2002:social networking site
793:ARPANET decommissioned
548:split off from ARPANET
3752:Packet Clearing House
3635:BCnet (4 June 2009).
3220:Packet Clearing House
3108:Packet Clearing House
2983:
2975:
2863:
2785:
2737:
2705:ANS CO+RE controversy
2655:, a key component of
2649:Network Access Points
2633:
1775:automatic translation
1719:free web-based e-mail
1305:allows broader access
284:PARC Universal Packet
3759:from Data Center Map
3318:28 July 2013 at the
3313:Management of NSFNET
2928:municipal government
2807:Technical operations
2680:for the preexisting
2329:Encyclopedia of Life
2274:and virtual bookshop
2058:Anonymous imageboard
2021:Internet voice calls
1926:Anonymous imageboard
848:Archie search engine
604:with 56 kbit/s links
345:public data networks
267:network demonstrated
3643:. Bill St. Arnaud.
3368:6 July 2017 at the
3349:5 July 2016 at the
2879:Business operations
2744:Telehouse Docklands
1983:business networking
1850:Anonymous textboard
1406:National LambdaRail
1264:wireless networking
1098:(NANOG) established
565:OSI Reference Model
425:standard introduced
3299:, Chetly Zarko in
3250:2013-10-29 at the
3194:2016-03-05 at the
2986:
2978:
2876:
2804:
2747:
2645:
2612:routing efficiency
2250:Google Street View
1059:Mosaic web browser
981:(ISOC) established
527:Domain Name System
286:development begins
248:(IANA) established
103:concepts conceived
3728:on 13 April 2015.
3722:"Euro-IX Website"
3584:978-3-030-34957-8
3557:978-4-274-99991-8
3531:978-0-08-047497-7
3505:978-0-08-047497-7
3025:Internet backbone
2930:, at local scale)
2916:Government agency
2559:
2558:
2550:social networking
2483:social networking
2461:social networking
2119:media file series
1831:review aggregator
1168:updated to allow
18:Internet exchange
16:(Redirected from
3796:
3768:Lookin'Glass.Org
3730:
3729:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3363:Review of NSFNET
3360:
3354:
3341:
3335:
3310:
3304:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3208:
3199:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3037:Historical IXPs
2968:Traffic exchange
2958:XFP transceivers
2907:hosting the IXP)
2901:Operator-neutral
2819:(FOIRL) hubs or
2813:network switches
2643:
2640:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:digital currency
2427:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1740:
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1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1694:
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1683:
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1656:
1654:
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1644:
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1626:
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1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1560:
1559:
1548:
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1443:UN WSIS phase II
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84:networking ideas
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3014:video on demand
2994:route filtering
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2616:fault-tolerance
2594:private peering
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3214:(March 2001).
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1322:Dot-com bubble
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2866:optical fiber
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2546:video sharing
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2505:photo sharing
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2457:photo sharing
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2373:search engine
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2195:virtual globe
2194:
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2157:video sharing
2156:
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2138:image hosting
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1907:search engine
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1738:search engine
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1700:search engine
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772:
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721:
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702:
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683:
679:
665:
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646:
641:
627:
622:
608:
603:
589:
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571:
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533:
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476:
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388:
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217:
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145:
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126:
121:
120:Merit Network
107:
102:
88:
83:
69:
64:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3726:the original
3716:
3704:. Retrieved
3694:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3661:
3651:11 September
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3621:
3614:. Retrieved
3593:
3577:. Springer.
3573:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3494:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3453:
3416:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3377:
3358:
3339:
3332:Rick Boucher
3308:
3300:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3259:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3132:
3093:Route server
3022:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2987:
2946:
2939:
2882:
2829:
2810:
2788:19-inch rack
2772:
2768:
2760:
2748:
2720:
2709:
2702:
2694:Pacific Bell
2652:
2648:
2646:
2598:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2193:Google Earth
2079:torrent file
2038:iTunes Store
1565:
1564:
1563:
1262:IEEE 802.11b
1105:
1104:
1103:
451:
450:
449:
44:
43:
42:
35:
29:
3616:11 November
3400:11 November
3103:Data center
2918:(often the
2891:association
2869:patch panel
2837:-based IXP
2678:MFS Datanet
2642: 1995
2586:datacenters
2409:Kickstarter
2390:Google Docs
2176:link voting
1363:Code Red II
1019:established
678:Morris worm
444:established
403:news using
101:NPL network
3778:Categories
3706:27 October
3678:27 October
3124:References
3016:hosts and
2911:University
2905:datacenter
2778:Operations
1943:BitTorrent
1773:Babel Fish
1679:Craigslist
1481:registered
1359:Code Red I
365:introduced
3763:PeeringDB
3478:10 August
3275:10 August
3230:10 August
2924:regulator
2835:Stockholm
2802:, Germany
2800:Frankfurt
2790:used for
2756:bandwidth
2690:Ameritech
2453:Instagram
2352:DRM-based
2231:WikiLeaks
1962:Knowledge
1698:AltaVista
1281:Internet2
922:ANS CO+RE
773:(without
695:Complete
3700:Archived
3672:Archived
3645:Archived
3607:Archived
3472:Archived
3391:Archived
3366:Archived
3347:Archived
3316:Archived
3293:Archived
3269:Archived
3248:Archived
3224:Archived
3192:Archived
3174:18 April
3168:Archived
3148:18 April
3142:Archived
3045:MAE-West
3041:MAE-East
3032:See also
2847:Ethernet
2825:Ethernet
2792:switches
2763:upstream
2742:(LINX):
2730:Function
2716:MAE-West
2712:MAE-East
2682:MAE-East
2601:upstream
2590:switches
2523:Coursera
2501:Snapchat
2272:e-reader
2098:Facebook
1981:LinkedIn
1964:, the 💕
1208:proposed
1061:released
1017:InterNIC
567:released
423:Ethernet
265:CYCLADES
3789:Routing
3425:2128103
3118:Peering
3067:Euro-IX
2962:XENPAKs
2942:peering
2871:at the
2843:SRP/DPT
2841:to use
2794:at the
2752:latency
2657:Al Gore
2626:History
2604:transit
2533: (
2514: (
2492: (
2479:Google+
2470: (
2444: (
2431:Bitcoin
2422: (
2400: (
2381: (
2362: (
2348:Spotify
2339: (
2320: (
2310:Dropbox
2301: (
2282: (
2259: (
2241: (
2222: (
2212:Twitter
2203: (
2184: (
2165: (
2155:YouTube
2146: (
2127: (
2117:Podcast
2108: (
2089: (
2066: (
2047: (
2029: (
2010: (
2000:Myspace
1991: (
1972: (
1953: (
1934: (
1915: (
1896: (
1886:Napster
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1839: (
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642:founded
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472:(CSNET)
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363:Minitel
354: (
332: (
322:Telenet
313: (
294: (
275: (
256: (
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221: (
202: (
183: (
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149: (
139:ARPANET
130: (
122:founded
111: (
92: (
73: (
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3581:
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3502:
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3079:LAC-IX
2845:, but
2839:NetNod
2796:DE-CIX
2754:, and
2692:, and
2686:Sprint
2670:NSFNET
2665:NSFNET
2635:NSFNet
2542:TikTok
2268:Kindle
2174:Reddit
2136:Flickr
1867:i-mode
1810:PayPal
1641:Amazon
1622:Yahoo!
1365:, and
1324:bursts
1170:TCP/IP
1147:NSFNET
1042:access
1040:USENET
1038:added
1000:(CIDR)
960:NSFNET
885:Gopher
868:(WAIS)
775:TCP/IP
734:PSINet
659:NSFNET
623:(IETF)
602:NSFNET
546:MILNET
510:(SMTP)
489:TCP/IP
442:BITNET
401:USENET
211:Tymnet
75:1962-4
71:1962-4
56:1960-4
52:1960-4
3610:(PDF)
3603:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3387:(PDF)
3085:Af-IX
3058:(FIX)
3052:(CIX)
2293:(EC2)
2056:4chan
2019:Skype
1924:2chan
1905:Baidu
1552:ICANN
1369:worms
1367:Nimda
1303:vBNS+
1166:GOSIP
943:(WWW)
905:(CIX)
812:(ANS)
771:GOSIP
717:(BGP)
640:UUNET
529:(DNS)
384:(IAB)
194:(NIC)
3708:2021
3680:2021
3653:2012
3618:2021
3579:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3526:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3480:2021
3458:OECD
3421:SSRN
3402:2021
3277:2021
3232:2021
3176:2015
3150:2015
3073:APIX
3043:and
3018:PSTN
3006:VLAN
2895:ISPs
2653:NAPs
2582:i.e.
2570:IXPs
2566:IXes
2548:and
2535:2016
2531:2016
2516:2012
2512:2012
2494:2011
2490:2011
2472:2011
2468:2011
2459:and
2446:2010
2442:2010
2433:, a
2424:2009
2420:2009
2411:, a
2402:2009
2398:2009
2383:2009
2379:2009
2371:Bing
2364:2009
2360:2009
2350:, a
2341:2008
2337:2008
2322:2008
2318:2008
2303:2008
2299:2008
2284:2008
2280:2008
2261:2007
2257:2007
2243:2007
2239:2007
2224:2007
2220:2007
2205:2006
2201:2006
2186:2005
2182:2005
2167:2005
2163:2005
2148:2005
2144:2005
2129:2004
2125:2004
2110:2004
2106:2004
2091:2004
2087:2004
2081:host
2068:2003
2064:2003
2049:2003
2045:2003
2031:2003
2027:2003
2012:2003
2008:2003
1993:2003
1989:2003
1974:2003
1970:2003
1955:2001
1951:2001
1936:2001
1932:2001
1917:2001
1913:2001
1898:2000
1894:2000
1879:1999
1875:1999
1860:1999
1856:1999
1841:1999
1837:1999
1822:1998
1818:1998
1803:1998
1799:1998
1785:1998
1781:1998
1766:1997
1762:1997
1748:1997
1744:1997
1729:1996
1725:1996
1710:1996
1706:1996
1691:1995
1687:1995
1672:1995
1668:1995
1660:eBay
1653:1995
1649:1995
1634:1995
1630:1995
1615:1994
1611:1994
1603:IMDb
1596:1990
1592:1990
1577:1989
1573:1989
1556:IANA
1545:2016
1541:2016
1527:2014
1523:2014
1509:2013
1505:2013
1491:2012
1487:2012
1472:2010
1468:2010
1454:2006
1450:2006
1436:2005
1432:2005
1418:2004
1414:2004
1399:2003
1395:2003
1379:2003
1375:2003
1352:2001
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1334:2001
1330:2001
1315:2000
1311:2000
1296:1999
1292:1999
1274:1999
1270:1999
1255:1999
1251:1999
1237:1998
1233:1998
1218:1996
1214:1996
1206:IPv6
1199:1995
1195:1995
1181:1995
1177:1995
1159:1995
1155:1995
1140:1995
1136:1995
1129:NAPs
1125:ISPs
1117:1995
1113:1995
1089:1994
1085:1994
1071:1994
1067:1994
1052:1993
1048:1993
1029:1993
1025:1993
1010:1993
1006:1993
991:1993
987:1993
972:1992
968:1992
953:1992
949:1992
934:1991
930:1991
915:1991
911:1991
896:1991
892:1991
878:1991
874:1991
859:1991
855:1991
841:1990
837:1990
822:1990
818:1990
803:1990
799:1990
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783:1990
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760:1990
746:1989
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689:1988
685:1988
671:1988
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