859:, and subsequently moved to a bigger office to Savushkina Street, also in Saint Petersburg. The employees have to be present in the office for 12 hours per day every second day. They are involved in various activities including creating of visibility of mass-support of the government in social media (both in Russian and in English), propagating texts between different media, and collectively attacking users with anti-government views, often using multiple identities. The salary is fixed and is only paid if an employee has written a fixed number of comments per day not shorter than a fixed number of letters. The comments must contain key words, a fixed set for every day. Collectively, they are known as "Kremlin trolls" or "
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42:
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267:, contains predictions such as "friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other" and household journals "having replaced regular correspondence" with "information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations."
73:
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Until 2011 the backbone network in Russia was based on DWDM technology with a capacity of 10 and 40 Gbit/s. The operator started projects to expand the capacity of the
Transit Europe – Asia transit line at two independent branches. Communication lines are under construction within a second phase
680:
connectivity for its citizens. Mobile broadband connectivity is close to average for advanced economies (60 active subscriptions for every 100 inhabitants), the rates of mobile phone penetration is one of the highest in the world, and Russia is a global leader in the affordability of fixed broadband,
634:
to determine the feasibility of further implementing Linux-based education in the country's other regions. In subsequent years test results were considered successful, but new organizational problems appeared, including obscurities with distribution of funds assigned by state. No mass usage of Linux
805:
In March 2013 it was announced that
Russian is now the second most used language on the web. According to Daily Telecom estimates, by the third quarter of 2013 there were 26.3 million broadband subscribers. Largest residential Internet service providers by market share at the end of 2013 were:
903:
and later built international fiber optic cable systems — "Zapadny" (Denmark-Russia), "Yuzhny" (Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia) and "Vostochny" (Russia-Japan-Korea) — as well as "Moscow-Khabarovsk" Trans-Russian Fiber Optic Line. The situation favored Russia's entry to the international
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monitoring project found 1,001,806 WWW-addresses within .ru and .su responding in March 2008. The national domain registration service RU-Center announced creation of millionth .ru domain on
September 17, 2007 (about 200 thousand of domains are thought to be 'parked' by
369:
was started by VNIIPAS and an
American team which included Joel Schatz, Michael Kleeman and Chet Watson with initial financial support from Henry Dakin. SFMT provided email service using the PeaceNet platform and multi-language support. It also undertook several
286:
system which used a computer network which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100—200 kilometers distant. The scientists used several locations in the
755:, who said in the opening address to the forum that he estimates Runet to be populated by 40 million users, or 28 percent of the population. He also stated that Russian sites do $ 3 billion in annual transactions and have $ 370 million in advertising revenue.
958:
NE5000E routers to construct backbone nodes for a 40-Gbit/s IP/MPLS network in Russia' s largest cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, Huawei says. Meanwhile, Megafon also announced the opening of what it touts as Russia's largest data center in
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network in Moscow for commercial use which is recognized as the largest urban wireless network in the world. The Black Sea coast of Russia has become an important area for the fiber-optic networks, as it served as a backbone of communication during the
786:
By March 2011 the total number of broadband subscribers reached 16.5 million with penetration at almost 30%. These numbers increased within two years by 180% against 9 million in 2009. The highest penetration rate above 70% is in
904:
telecommunication transit market. However, low transmission capacity (560 megabits per second) of all the three systems designed mainly for voice communication became the principal obstacle that hindered international expansion.
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Since 2013, the state has employed
Internet users in order to spread propaganda and disinformation advocating activities of the Russian government and discrediting opposition and Western countries according to the
727:(ФОМ) in March 2007 issued a report that found 28 million people of 18 years and older in Russia (25%) had used the Internet within the last six months (monthly users 23.9/21%; daily 10.1/9%). In November 2006
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610:(about 59,000) were connected to the Internet, but later concerns were publicized that there were problems with a contractor to serve them. Also in December 2007, as a follow-up to the noted
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combined. The total number of households with lets FTTx connection was 7.5 million. This means that in 2012 over 40% of the fixed line broadband users were connected by fiber optics.
907:
In 2005 the
Chelyabinsk-Khabarovsk Fiber-Optic Communication Line was laid-down which extends for 10 thousand kilometers. The minimum transmission rate is 120 Gigabits per second.
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Presently, MasterTel, based in Moscow and Saint
Petersburg, is an ISP that provides high speed fiber-optic lines of up to 10 Gbit/s per second to consumers and businesses.
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As of 2020, 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were
Internet users. As of September 2020, Russia ranked 47th among the world's countries by the
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meeting more than 90 percent of
Russian households. Russia's average Internet connection speed of 7.4 Mbit/s is also almost twice the global average of 3.8 Mbit/s.
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In 2012, the
Russian Federation announced an ambitious target of providing 90% of households with "ultrafast" connection speeds of at least 100 megabits per second by 2018.
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function in large cities, but most of the existing country-wide cable lines are held by small number of large operators such as former "monopolist", the state-controlled
863:". The same organization also hosts a number of websites, including the Kharkov News Agency, which claim to be news agencies operating from Eastern Ukraine or from the
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974:. Due to WDM introduction the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.
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1401:"A Computer Network for Democracy and Development — an August, 1991 report by Larry Press, a computer science professor at California State University"
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in a report called by some sources "first quality Internet audience research in Russia" put a monthly Russian audience at more than 15 million. The
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In June 2009 FOM issued results of its new survey that found the "half-year audience" of people 18 years old and over was 33%, or 37.5 million.
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Alexander Semenov, Alexander Mantzaris, Alexander Nikolaev, Alexander Veremyev, Jari Veijalainen, Eduardo L. Pasiliao, Vladimir Boginski
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1498:"Николай Никифоров: российская революция в ИКТ состоится за счет покрытия услугами ШПД городов и поселков с населением от 500 человек"
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in Russian schools followed, but later in 2nd half of 2010s state-related institutions and corporations began to massively implement
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650:" ("state services") is developing that became an online standard for providing electronic state services for Russian citizens. A
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of the TEA backbone "High Speed Backbone Transit Europe-Asia". The construction of the first branch completed in 2011 (
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583:. The Internet became a popular means of communication for anyone in the world who spoke Russian. National so-called
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existed since 1982, in 1982 and 1983 there were a series of world computer conferences at VNIIPAS initiated by the
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in treating patients exposed in the Chernobyl accident. It later founded a for profit phone and data provider
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120:. As of 2015, Internet access in Russia is available to businesses and home users in various forms, including
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on the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online. In March 2013, a survey found that
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700:. Given Russia's enormous size and diverse levels of development, the digital divide continues to persist.
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connections with their comrades worldwide using data codes. Later, a massive automated data network called
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358:, Italy, Finland, Philippines, Guatemala, Japan, Thailand, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil and New Zealand.
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area and providing local news, but in fact have no staff outside the Saint Petersburg office building.
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Postal envelope and stamp from 1993 commemorating Rostelecom's first underwater optic cable to Denmark
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1277:(in Russian). М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42–43. 3.
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795:, these two cities also makes up a quarter of all subscribers (3.2 and 1.2 million respectively).
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669:(fiber to building) in Russia increased by 2.2 million people, more than all 27 countries of the
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operating system. In August 1990 they established regular email routing with an Internet node in
158:
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557:. Russian FidoNet activity did contribute to the development of Runet, as mass-networking over
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994:) was completed in 2013. In addition, the expanded backbones are in the route of Khabarovsk –
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Retrospectively, networking of data in the Russian language can be traced to the spread of
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instead of Microsoft Windows on the grounds that Windows is not secure and may be used in
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Project "The Internet in Russia/Russia on the Internet". 18th Release. Winter 2006-2007
1117:"Speedtest Global Index – Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world"
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Parts of this article (those related to recent blocks need to be discussed) need to be
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sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam).
173:, the Internet in Russia is "Not Free" as of 2019. In September 2011, Russia overtook
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Russia's MegaFon opens data center, plans IP/MPLS backbone network, October 6, 2010
923:
823:
665:, in the second half of 2012 the number of new subscribers connected by technology
631:
569:
437:
355:
304:
1921:
1271:Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники.
970:-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of
408:) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. In 1990 a
1294:
998:– Tokyo and Khabarovsk – Hong Kong, where equipment of 100G WDM is also applied.
444:
in Soviet cities, primarily in scientific institutions. The first one to connect
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2035:
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is required to register. Over 100 million users are registered in 2019 (~70% of
636:
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374:
links between the two countries, including supporting physicians such as UCLA's
296:
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109:
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The development of Internet infrastructure in Russia began with development of
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in reaching rural and remote areas. Fixed broadband penetration is highest in
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was replacing UUCP) appeared in many branches of regular life and commerce in
246:
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1347:
2025:
1073:
991:
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815:
762:, which in April 2009 was expanded with the separately moderated version in
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331:
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197:
148:
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countries to connect to the global TCP/IP network (the "Internet proper").
802:
as the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online.
320:
All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Computerized Systems (
1704:"comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011"
1439:"Interesting People: re: A Ridiculous Failure of Critical Infrastructure"
1208:
1165:"comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011"
1116:
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for their works, the largest was a massive test range to the West from
226:
174:
72:
1815:"Fake 'Ukrainian' News Websites Run by Russian 'Troll Army' Offshoots"
930:
fiber backbone. Cell phone coverage with the digital services such as
350:. The other participating countries were the UK, USA, Canada, Sweden,
3386:
1994:
1593:
1418:
Russian Telecommunications: Crisis Creation of Infrastructure in 1992
955:
864:
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was for a time more popular than over the Internet in the early 90s.
522:
many former Soviet state-controlled structures were inherited by the
462:
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405:
397:
249:
in Russia, and information transfer by technical means came with the
166:
125:
117:
1873:
1183:, Matthias Gelbmann, Web Technology Surveys, W3Techs, 19 March 2013.
3786:
1717:
1627:, its exported and separately moderated version for LiveJournal is
222:
181:
had become the second-most commonly used language on the web after
1963:
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886:
874:
843:. The major organization employing them, "Internet Issledovania" (
619:
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were trying to suppress mass media activity on the subject. After
503:
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423:
335:
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221:
104:
76:
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Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1523:"Russia's Ambitious Broadband Goal: Is the Progress Sustainable?"
1291:Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе
342:
where the USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many
931:
927:
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with subscriber costs meeting the affordability criteria of the
666:
492:
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being its central node which was connected internationally over
445:
401:
379:
364:
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3790:
3390:
1967:
1459:Школьный Linux будут внедрять все ведущие Linux-компании России
502:
In 1990–1991 Relcom's network was rapidly expanding, it joined
1195:
Exploring Social Media Network Landscape of Post-Soviet Space.
1059:
List of sovereign states in Europe by number of Internet users
911:
539:
515:
507:
35:
1911:
Similar Broadband & Satellite Russia Newsletter - ComNews
1718:# ixzz2m97PR5wz "Интернет-провайдеры хотят входить без стука"
274:. Starting from 1952, work was conducted in the Moscow-based
618:
in Russian schools, plans were announced to officially test
428:
Conference "Internet and Science: 15 years of going" in the
1624:
1594:Рунет в марте 2008 года: домены, хостинг, география сайтов
1568:Ежемесячная аудитория Рунета — больше 15 миллионов человек
1336:"New Satellite Channel Opens Computer Link to the Soviets"
465:. They were functioning together with partner programming
1864:
Fiber-Optic Ridge of Russia, RusBusiness News. 20.05.2010
1181:"Russian is now the second most used language on the web"
276:
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
1754:"A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories"
451:
hosts country-wide (including Soviet Republics) was the
102:, which means "Russia-related Internet"), and sometimes
1485:Заявление "Альт Линукс" о внедрении СПО в школах России
1229:"Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince"
196:(used by 75% of 25–35-year-old Russians in 2009) and
4120:
4080:
3822:
3768:
3720:
3682:
3424:
3112:
2867:
2691:
2435:
2234:
2169:
2011:
2002:
1176:
1174:
758:In October 2008 President Medvedev started his own
457:organization which formed on August 1, 1990 at the
326:was working to implement data connections over the
1664:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1651:«Интернет в России». Специальный выпуск. Март 2009
1093:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
676:Russia has achieved notable progress in achieving
112:of "Russian" and "Internet"), is the part of the
1231:. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005
587:of former Soviet Republics began to occur (e.g.
388:in the later 80s. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984 a
526:, vast telephone networks among them. With the
688:However, Russia still faces challenges in the
510:domain, and was used to spread news about the
3802:
3402:
1979:
1427:—1992 study by Gordon Cook, a telecom analyst
966:In 2011 Rostelecom started implementation of
400:. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (
8:
1942:"Russia eyes 90% broadband coverage in 2018"
602:In October 2007, then-Deputy Prime Minister
483:over a paid voice line. The construction of
575:By the mid-1990s, computer networks (where
549:node reportedly started in October 1990 in
311:was launched in 1972 to serve the needs of
3809:
3795:
3787:
3409:
3395:
3387:
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2008:
1986:
1972:
1964:
414:Association for Progressive Communications
263:, by the 19th-century Russian philosopher
157:, with an average download speed of 75.91
1198:in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 411-426, 2019
553:, and the USSR was included in FidoNet's
330:telephone protocol to form the USSR-wide
1808:
1806:
1606:Russia's New Leader: Fan of the Internet
723:The prominent Public Opinion Foundation
707:
683:UN International Telecommunication Union
599:connections for banks in the early 90s.
499:connections reportedly started in 1990.
334:. A test Soviet connection to Austria's
71:
2639:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1084:
934:is almost ubiquitous. In year 2007 the
1734:
1723:
1241:
412:non-profit initiative by the US-based
2197:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
1625:Medvedev's video blog blog.kremlin.ru
595:and others). Sovam Teleport provided
272:became known in the USSR by the 1950s
7:
3336:Unified Sports Classification System
1931:, Mastertel. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
1752:MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016).
303:users all over USSR were conducting
1684:. AC&M-Consulting. 23 June 2011
1254:— Mosnews.com, 10.10.2005 (copy at
926:, which operates country's biggest
883:on the "Electronic Russia" in 2005.
826:: 4.6%, AKADO: 3.3%, Others: 22.9%
798:In September 2011, Russia overtook
487:was also going on at the time with
459:Kurchatov nuclear physics institute
2634:Commonwealth of Independent States
1682:"Residential Broadband Statistics"
1369:"SOVIET COMPUTING: AN INSIDE VIEW"
1218:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010
1049:Internet Exchange Points in Russia
938:company has constructed a massive
165:Internet access speed, with 22.83
14:
1778:Волчек, Дмитрий (21 March 2015).
1555:— FOM 23.03.2007, Population Poll
950:In October 2010, mobile operator
779:hosts in 2008 and 40.853 million
775:states there were 10.382 million
396:was made in the English-speaking
260:The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters
218:History of the Internet in Russia
4175:
4166:
4165:
1813:Toler, Aric (19 November 2014).
1028:
1014:
514:worldwide while coupers through
40:
879:Government officials report to
661:According to statistics of the
363:San Francisco Moscow Teleport (
4133:British Indian Ocean Territory
851:), initially had an office in
614:, which dealt with the use of
472:, named after the Soviet-made
392:hoax about "Kremlin computer"
1:
2544:Political abuse of psychiatry
1706:. comScore. 14 November 2011.
1167:. comScore. 14 November 2011.
1069:List of Russian IT developers
1054:Internet censorship in Russia
545:Meanwhile, the first Russian
528:transformation of the economy
188:Russians are strong users of
3189:Traditions and superstitions
1839:Chen, Adrian (3 June 2015).
1720:. ComNews. 30 November 2011.
1367:Markoff, John (1989-03-25).
1334:Markoff, John (1989-02-19).
1141:"The Crisis of Social Media"
1044:Telecommunications in Russia
945:Winter Olympic Games in 2014
536:telecommunication industries
229:signboard filmed in 1988 by
204:has also been long popular.
2855:Water supply and sanitation
1901:Broadband Russia Newslatter
1845:The New York Times Magazine
1781:Безумие кремлевских троллей
910:Plenty of local commercial
652:Russian Federation passport
566:National Science Foundation
512:Soviet coup attempt of 1991
4218:
1883:— Golden Telecom reference
1581:report summary, 24.11.2006
215:
24:
17:
4161:
3355:
2876:
2700:
2444:
2243:
1268:Бурцев, Всеволод (2002).
1248:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
901:post-Soviet telecom basis
848:
646:Since 2009, the website "
318:From the early 1980s the
99:
27:Russian-language Internet
3882:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2629:Prime Minister of Russia
1780:
1270:
25:Not to be confused with
4143:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3067:Social entrepreneurship
2956:Forced public apologies
2891:Anti-American sentiment
1922:"Leasing of Dark Fiber"
1487:— ALT Linux, 15/06/2009
1064:Russian Knowledge (XXG)
495:since the early 1980s.
257:. An 1837 sci-fi novel
3467:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2815:Social security system
2798:Science and technology
2464:Classified information
2290:Central Russian Upland
1596:— Rukv.ru, March, 2008
1121:Speedtest Global Index
986:). The second branch (
892:
884:
881:Russian Internet Forum
743:On April 3, 2008, the
720:
606:announced that all of
538:grew quickly, various
433:
233:
200:are the most popular.
84:
20:Runet (disambiguation)
3276:Russian tsars regalia
2609:Intelligence agencies
2332:Great Russian Regions
2076:Expansion (1500-1800)
1318:"Slow Scan to Moscow"
890:
878:
849:Интернет исследования
711:
641:anti-Russia sanctions
427:
346:headed by biochemist
225:
75:
4057:United Arab Emirates
3343:World Heritage sites
2720:Droughts and famines
2273:Environmental issues
2021:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1946:www.telecompaper.com
1874:What is Golden WiFi?
1819:Global Voices Online
1207:Natalya Krasnoboka,
747:-2008 was opened by
520:the fall of the USSR
432:on November 10, 2005
18:For other uses, see
4084:limited recognition
3683:States with limited
3194:Forms of addressing
2803:Academy of Sciences
2760:Financial districts
2624:President of Russia
2549:Political divisions
2509:Freedom of assembly
2391:West Siberian Plain
2137:Great Patriotic War
2098:February Revolution
1320:, Adam Hochschild,
1308:magazine №45, 2001.
899:was created on the
895:Back in the 1990s,
783:in 2010 in Russia.
564:In March 1991, the
481:Helsinki University
430:Kurchatov Institute
116:that is related to
100:российский Интернет
31:Runet (terminology)
4202:Internet in Russia
3418:Internet in Europe
3244:Russian given name
2830:Telecommunications
2780:Petroleum industry
2644:State of emergency
2489:Far-right politics
2454:Capital punishment
2300:Meshchera Lowlands
2154:Russian Federation
2110:October Revolution
1927:2018-09-19 at the
1879:2017-11-04 at the
1758:The New York Times
1634:2009-05-03 at the
1610:The New York Times
1573:2007-09-30 at the
1551:2007-09-30 at the
1464:2009-02-27 at the
1423:2007-09-28 at the
1373:The New York Times
1340:The New York Times
1300:2013-09-25 at the
1214:2018-03-20 at the
893:
885:
861:Trolls from Olgino
830:Debate in the West
773:CIA World Factbook
721:
696:and lowest in the
656:Russian population
622:in the schools of
581:Post-Soviet states
524:Russian Federation
434:
383:(Soviet-American)
361:Also, in 1983 the
299:. In the meantime
270:Computing systems
234:
88:Internet in Russia
85:
4189:
4188:
4126:other territories
3784:
3783:
3384:
3383:
3351:
3350:
2931:Domestic violence
2863:
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2785:Russian oligarchs
2710:Aircraft industry
2687:
2686:
2664:Mass surveillance
2654:Search and rescue
2619:Political parties
2499:Foreign relations
2431:
2430:
2230:
2229:
2222:Historical cities
2081:Tsardom of Russia
1653:— FOM, 22.06.2009
608:schools in Russia
442:computer networks
265:Vladimir Odoevsky
79:logo at the 2009
70:
69:
4209:
4179:
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4138:Christmas Island
3824:Sovereign states
3817:Internet in Asia
3811:
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3721:Dependencies and
3425:Sovereign states
3411:
3404:
3397:
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3311:Russian language
3254:National symbols
2874:
2793:
2750:Fishing industry
2740:Economic regions
2735:Defence industry
2698:
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2396:Russian Far East
2295:Northwest Russia
2253:Cities and towns
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2103:Russian Republic
2009:
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857:Saint Petersburg
850:
793:Saint-Petersburg
729:TNS Gallup Media
698:Chechen republic
663:European Council
616:illegal software
344:Soviet Republics
313:Russian Railways
194:Odnoklassniki.ru
101:
92:Russian Internet
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3301:Political jokes
3286:Personification
3239:Names of Russia
3108:
3027:Life expectancy
2859:
2791:
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2534:Law enforcement
2427:
2413:Protected areas
2310:Smolensk Upland
2305:Oka–Don Lowland
2285:European Russia
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2165:
2051:Mongol invasion
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1472:.Ru, 03/12/2007
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753:Dmitry Medvedev
749:president-elect
713:Dmitry Medvedev
706:
604:Dmitry Medvedev
568:began to allow
422:
348:Anatoly Klyosov
284:missile defense
282:) on automated
239:
231:Anatole Klyosov
220:
214:
208:is widespread.
190:social networks
169:. According to
152:Internet access
149:fixed broadband
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3723:other entities
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1788:(in Russian).
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1670:. 16 May 2023.
1655:
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1614:
1608:— The Lede at
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1437:Farber, Dave.
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1324:, 1 June 1986.
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936:Golden Telecom
872:
869:
841:New York Times
831:
828:
781:Internet users
705:
702:
690:digital divide
671:European Union
612:Ponosov's Case
421:
418:
372:slowscan video
280:Sergei Lebedev
238:
235:
216:Main article:
213:
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163:mobile network
161:, and 88th by
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301:amateur radio
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293:Lake Balkhash
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171:Freedom House
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16:
4122:Dependencies
4052:Turkmenistan
4017:Saudi Arabia
4011:
3712:Transnistria
3623:
3264:Coat of arms
3224:Martial arts
3208:
3132:Army culture
3122:Architecture
3092:Witch trials
3047:Prostitution
2993:Human rights
2926:Demographics
2840:Trade unions
2810:Shipbuilding
2770:Homelessness
2730:Central Bank
2725:Car industry
2564:Conservatism
2474:Constitution
2469:Conscription
2142:Eastern Bloc
2132:Soviet Union
2125:Russian SFSR
2055:Feudal Rus'
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1917:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1841:"The Agency"
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1793:. Retrieved
1785:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1712:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1658:
1648:(in Russian)
1643:
1622:(in Russian)
1617:
1601:
1591:(in Russian)
1586:
1565:(in Russian)
1560:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1482:(in Russian)
1477:
1456:(in Russian)
1451:
1443:seclists.org
1442:
1432:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1322:Mother Jones
1321:
1313:
1288:(in Russian)
1283:
1263:
1233:. Retrieved
1223:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1003:
1000:
976:
965:
949:
924:Transtelecom
922:-affiliated
909:
906:
894:
833:
824:TransTelekom
804:
797:
785:
771:
768:
757:
742:
732:
728:
724:
722:
715:opening the
687:
675:
660:
645:
632:Tomsk Oblast
601:
592:
588:
584:
574:
570:Eastern Bloc
563:
554:
544:
501:
469:
452:
438:analog modem
435:
409:
384:
380:
362:
360:
321:
317:
308:
269:
258:
240:
187:
146:
103:
91:
87:
86:
58:
50:
15:
4181:Asia portal
4082:States with
4002:Philippines
3942:South Korea
3937:North Korea
3832:Afghanistan
3750:Isle of Man
3685:recognition
3659:Switzerland
3594:Netherlands
3316:tea culture
3169:Fairy tales
3032:Open access
3005:Immigration
2966:Gun control
2705:Agriculture
2674:Term limits
2584:Martial law
2579:Nationalism
2574:Irredentism
2569:Imperialism
2352:Caspian Sea
2268:Environment
2263:Earthquakes
2159:Union State
2147:Dissolution
2046:Kievan Rus'
2036:Early Slavs
1668:www.cia.gov
1507:16 November
1470:LinuxCenter
1405:ibiblio.org
1293:— expanded
1256:Archive.org
1097:www.cia.gov
764:LiveJournal
637:Astra Linux
551:Novosibirsk
467:cooperative
297:Sary Shagan
278:(headed by
237:Early years
202:LiveJournal
192:, of which
110:portmanteau
81:Runet Prize
4062:Uzbekistan
4037:Tajikistan
3952:Kyrgyzstan
3932:Kazakhstan
3852:Bangladesh
3842:Azerbaijan
3629:San Marino
3589:Montenegro
3569:Luxembourg
3549:Kazakhstan
3452:Azerbaijan
3321:Television
3296:Philosophy
3229:Mass media
3219:Literature
3214:Inventions
2976:Healthcare
2911:Corruption
2901:Censorship
2792:(currency)
2669:Separatism
2614:Opposition
2599:Neo-Nazism
2589:Monarchism
2559:Liberalism
2554:Propaganda
2514:Government
2381:North Asia
2182:Journalism
2041:East Slavs
2031:Sarmatians
1951:2017-10-03
1735:|url=
1532:2017-10-02
1527:World Bank
1386:2024-05-16
1353:2024-05-16
1235:2007-09-18
1150:2020-09-19
1126:2020-09-19
1102:2018-01-03
1080:References
988:Khabarovsk
980:Khabarovsk
916:Rostelecom
897:Rostelecom
812:ER-Telecom
808:Rostelecom
760:video blog
751:of Russia
704:Population
542:appeared.
420:Mass usage
390:Fool's Day
247:journalism
136:, mobile,
61:April 2022
4148:Hong Kong
4102:Palestine
4027:Sri Lanka
4022:Singapore
3902:Indonesia
3740:Gibraltar
3564:Lithuania
3179:Festivals
3072:Sociology
3022:Languages
2941:Education
2845:Transport
2679:Terrorism
2524:Judiciary
2518:Apparatus
2484:Elections
2449:Anarchism
2423:Far North
2374:Volcanoes
2359:Mountains
2236:Geography
2115:Civil war
2026:Scythians
1763:29 August
1381:0362-4331
1348:0362-4331
1074:Academset
992:Frankfurt
984:Stockholm
818:: 10.1%,
816:VimpelCom
814:: 11.1%,
810:: 38.6%,
738:squatters
678:broadband
648:Gosuslugi
628:Tatarstan
624:Perm Krai
555:Region 50
485:Academset
477:Unix-like
332:Academset
295:known as
251:telegraph
198:VKontakte
142:satellite
4196:Category
4171:Category
4092:Abkhazia
4042:Thailand
3997:Pakistan
3977:Mongolia
3972:Maldives
3967:Malaysia
3867:Cambodia
3760:Svalbard
3745:Guernsey
3692:Abkhazia
3644:Slovenia
3639:Slovakia
3614:Portugal
3472:Bulgaria
3371:Category
3249:Nobility
3209:Internet
3204:Heraldry
3199:Graffiti
3184:Folklore
3127:Armorial
3057:Religion
3042:Polygamy
2981:HIV/AIDS
2961:Funerals
2951:Feminism
2921:Deafness
2906:Citizens
2896:Cannabis
2881:Abortion
2825:Taxation
2765:Gambling
2755:Forestry
2604:Military
2437:Politics
2418:Wildlife
2364:Caucasus
2327:Glaciers
2207:Military
2192:Internet
2170:By topic
2064:Vladimir
2059:Novgorod
2013:Timeline
1925:Archived
1877:Archived
1795:21 March
1726:cite web
1632:Archived
1571:Archived
1549:Archived
1462:Archived
1421:Archived
1298:Archived
1275:(журнал)
1244:cite web
1212:Archived
1008:See also
996:Nakhodka
972:Dagestan
920:railways
918:and the
871:Backbone
822:: 9.4%,
777:Internet
385:Teleport
376:Bob Gale
138:wireless
114:Internet
83:ceremony
4067:Vietnam
3982:Myanmar
3962:Lebanon
3892:Georgia
3847:Bahrain
3837:Armenia
3669:Ukraine
3619:Romania
3579:Moldova
3537:Ireland
3532:Iceland
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3087:Wedding
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