179:, revealed in fall 2017 that the Kansas-managed database holding nearly 100 million records of private voter data were protected by security protocols so flawed they could be "hacked by a novice". Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach demurred saying "I don't concede there is a problem" but also pledged to quickly fix the data security issues. After a subsequent consultation with the Division of Homeland Security, Kobach quietly halted Crosscheck for 2018 in advance of his gubernatorial race in Kansas. His successor as Kansas Secretary of State
17:
243:
purge strategy impedes approximately 300 legitimate registrations. This finding is in a "best practices" scenario in which all false positives have been removed. The authors emphasize that election authorities should consider the tradeoff between election access for all eligible voters and fraud prevention.
118:
Crosscheck results for their state. Despite that intensive effort, staff found no evidence of widespread double voting. Similarly, Virginia's 2015 Annual List
Maintenance Report stated "the Crosscheck program does not have a direct fee associated with it, however, the initial data received from Crosscheck
242:
quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate registration from another state using
Crosscheck. Their analysis of Crosscheck results in from Iowa in 2012 and 2014 suggests that for every double vote prevented, use of Crosscheck's proposed
70:
of Kansas challenging Kansas' management of the program. Prior to
Crosscheck's legally mandated suspension, a dozen states had withdrawn from the program citing the inaccurate data and risk of violating voters' privacy rights. Crosscheck was also accused of facilitating unlawful purges of voters in
194:
Crosscheck was frequently cited, without supporting evidence, as a critical tool to prevent voter fraud. Critics said that
Crosscheck's utility was limited to a very specific type of fraud (double voting), in a very specific situation (across state lines), at very specific times (general elections
139:
The loose matching standards used to identify "potential duplicate registrants" by the Kansas
Secretary of State also raised significant concerns about the opportunity for racial bias in list maintenance. According to "Health of State Democracies", "50 percent of Communities of Color share a common
122:
handling to determine what data is usable and what data is not usable. Crosscheck data is prone to false positives since the initial matching is only conducted using first name, last name, and date of birth. The need to greatly refine and analyze
Crosscheck data has required significant ELECT staff
83:
in coordination with Iowa, Missouri and
Nebraska. The program combined each state's voter rolls into a database and sought to identify potential duplicate registrations by comparing first name, last name, and full date of birth. In 2006, the first crosscheck was conducted using voter registration
210:
results: the failure to recognize voters who are registered in two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in
Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four
140:
surname, while only 30 percent of white people do," so that in the program's flagged lists, "white voters are underrepresented by 8 percent, African
Americans are overrepresented by 45 percent; Hispanic voters are overrepresented by 24 percent; and Asian voters are overrepresented by 31 percent".
117:
To avoid inappropriate deletion of eligible voters as occurred in Ada County, member states invested in extensive processing to vet each
Crosscheck record. In May 2018, the New Hampshire Secretary of State's office reported that 817 work hours over nearly a year were required to process the 2017
109:
Crosscheck's use of loose matching standards led to a high rate of false positives: pairs of voter registration records lacking a match on SSN4 but who are identified as "potential duplicate registrants" by Crosscheck. Although false positives created a myriad of issues, the Kansas Secretary of
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For voters and member states, misidentification can be costly. Each voter who is misidentified faces an incremental privacy risk when their personally identifying information is exported to at least one state beyond his or her state of residence, and the registrant risks being inappropriately
110:
State's office did not publicly release the percentage of their widely publicized "potential duplicate registrants" which were false positives. Independent researchers point to public data from Virginia's 2013 Annual Report on List Maintenance, which documented a 75% false positive rate.
102:
Crosscheck considered two voter registrations potential duplicates if they matched on first name, last name, and full date of birth even if the last four digits of the social security number (SSN4) of the two records did not match, or when one or both SSN4 were missing.
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Despite over seven million "potential double registrants" being "flagged" by the Crosscheck program in 2014, less than four people were charged with voting more than once, and not a single flagging led to a conviction, casting doubt on the system's usefulness.
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94:, the program expanded rapidly from thirteen states in 2010 to a peak of 29 states in 2014. In 2017, Crosscheck analyzed 98 million voter registration records from 28 states and returned 7.2 million "potential duplicate registrant" records to member states.
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However, presence on the "potential duplicate registrant" list did not mean a voter was removed from the rolls. Independent investigators found that most states reported not using the Crosscheck "potential duplicate registrant" lists in any way.
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Prior to the legally mandated suspension of the program, 12 states (Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington) had withdrawn from the free program.
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inactivated or removed from voter rolls. In Ada County, Idaho, election officials relied on Crosscheck's list of "potential duplicate registrants" to mistakenly remove 766 voters. None were duplicate registrants.
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subsequently settled a lawsuit filed by ACLU of Kansas alleging that the constitutional right of their plaintiffs to privacy was violated by his office's careless handling of a Crosscheck file.
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Matching based on first name, last name, and date of birth "fails for practically all common American names" according to ID Analytics analysis of a database of over 300 million unique records.
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Schwab's settlement acknowledged errors in handling voters' private data and requires that Kansas suspend the program until stringent data security standards are in place.
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Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud.
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victories. Palast concluded this was achieved by eliminating discrete individuals based on nothing more than similarity of name, a method with a "built-in
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159:" that especially eliminated voters from targeted minorities with a more limited pool of given names, for example, Hispanic voters named Jose Garcia.
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839:"ACLU of Kansas settlement puts "Crosscheck" out of commission for foreseeable future; program suspended until safeguards added"
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273:"ACLU of Kansas settlement puts "Crosscheck" out of commission for foreseeable future; program suspended until safeguards added"
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records from Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska. In 2017, the last Crosscheck was conducted with records from 28 states.
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After examining "potential duplicate registrant" lists from some of the participating states, investigative reporter
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The program was administered by the office of the Kansas Secretary of State as a free service to all member states.
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Crosscheck was initiated in December 2005 at the Midwest Election Officials Conference (MEOC) by the office of the
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to identify voters who may have registered or voted in two or more states. Crosscheck was developed in 2005 by
66:. In December 2019, the program was suspended indefinitely as part of a settlement of a lawsuit filed by the
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343:
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Controversial anti-voter fraud program risks disenfranchising voters through racial bias, report finds
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680:"The Voter Fraud Commission Wants Your Data — But Experts Say They Can't Keep It Safe — ProPublica"
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227:
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1391:
1191:
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854:"One Person, One Vote: Estimating the Prevalence of Double Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections"
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constituencies: young, black, Hispanic and Asian-American voters" with the intention of securing
720:"Even a Novice Hacker Could Breach the Network Hosting Kris Kobach's Bogus Voter Fraud Program"
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766:"Security Concerns Stall Kris Kobach's Controversial Voter Tracking Program in Kansas"
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1196:
873:
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Kansas Abandons Technology Trumpeted by Kris Kobach, Trump's Onetime Voter Fraud Czar
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cannot be detected. Voting on the records of a deceased person cannot be detected.
171:
Articles in ProPublica and Gizmodo, relying on information provided by activists in
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resources that are not accounted for when proponents claim the program is 'free'."
534:"Exhaustive investigation reveals little evidence of possible voter fraud in NH"
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No states are currently using the Crosscheck program due to its legal suspension
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only). Double voting within a state cannot be detected. Double voting in a
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36:
176:
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853:
1101:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
446:"The Trouble with Names/Dates of Birth Combinations as Identifiers"
815:"Kansas-based Crosscheck spreadsheet compromises 945 voters' data"
147:
claimed the Crosscheck system "disproportionately threatens solid
627:
172:
55:
877:
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509:"Ada County wrongly strips more than 750 voter registrations"
255:, the de facto, less labor-intensive successor to CrossCheck
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Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
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1079:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
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615:Participation in the Interstate Crosscheck System
1040:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
309:December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
1542:History of voting rights in the United States
1354:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
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391:"Copy of CrossStateCheckStatistics 2017.xlsx"
356:"Copy of CrossStateCheckStatistics 2017.xlsx"
8:
1451:Democratic backsliding in the United States
1089:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
686:. Jessica Huseman, Derek Willis. 2017-10-23
206:and limited scope, Crosscheck has also had
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896:
882:
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617:, Center for American Progress Action Fund
253:Electronic Registration Information Center
558:"Virginia Annual List Maintenance Report"
1562:2005 establishments in the United States
25:Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck
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1096:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
1052:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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219:Voter registration maintenance programs
1333:United States Virgin Islands residents
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492:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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321:"The GOP's Stealth War Against Voters"
167:Data security and data handling lapses
39:in the United States which aggregated
344:Thornburgh signs four-state agreement
90:Under then-Kansas Secretary of State
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926:House Electors Qualifications Clause
660:The GOP's Stealth War Against Voters
379:Interstate Crosscheck Program Grows
1323:Northern Mariana Islands residents
905:Voting rights in the United States
71:a racially discriminatory manner.
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1084:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1491:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
1408:Women's poll tax repeal movement
415:"Crosscheck Participation Guide"
1035:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
953:Privileges or Immunities Clause
669:, Rolling Stone, 24 August 2016
226:A 2018 study by researchers at
1313:District of Columbia residents
1243:Multiple non-transferable vote
1166:Voter registration in the U.S.
1111:Election Assistance Commission
931:Congressional Elections Clause
68:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
1496:National Voting Rights Museum
1106:Help America Vote Act of 2002
589:"States that left Crosscheck"
202:In addition to problems with
1359:Timeline of women's suffrage
532:DiStaso, John (2018-05-30).
1413:History of direct democracy
1403:Selma to Montgomery marches
1146:Initiatives and referendums
319:Palast, Greg (2016-08-24).
120:requires significant agency
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1233:First-past-the-post voting
1003:U.S. Department of Justice
232:University of Pennsylvania
135:Discrimination allegations
1369:Woman Suffrage Procession
1057:Voting Rights Act of 1965
81:Kansas Secretary of State
49:Kansas Secretary of State
27:(commonly referred to as
1308:American Samoa residents
1047:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1030:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1013:Enforcement Act of 1870
948:Equal Protection Clause
1018:Second Enforcement Act
852:Goel, S (2018-11-23).
703:: CS1 maint: others (
213:social security number
43:records from multiple
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1471:Elections in the U.S.
1328:Puerto Rico residents
1067:covered jurisdictions
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628:"Voter registration"
54:in conjunction with
841:. 10 December 2019.
228:Stanford University
1552:Voter registration
1516:Voter registration
1392:Give Us the Ballot
1288:Transgender people
1192:Grandfather clause
1156:Provisional ballot
819:The Topeka Capital
665:2017-09-03 at the
650:, 2 September 2016
507:Powell, Jacqulyn.
240:Harvard University
41:voter registration
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1557:Voter suppression
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1476:Electoral College
1298:African Americans
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1248:One man, one vote
1217:Voter suppression
786:"Moore v. Kobach"
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1486:Electoral system
1481:Electoral reform
1456:Disfranchisement
1444:Native Americans
1434:Campaign finance
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208:false negative
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157:racial bias
145:Greg Palast
92:Kris Kobach
1536:Categories
1283:Foreigners
1122:State laws
1062:amendments
914:provisions
861:5harad.com
824:2018-11-23
799:2018-11-23
771:2018-10-21
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729:2018-02-04
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684:ProPublica
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543:2018-11-23
518:2018-02-01
479:2018-02-01
431:2018-02-01
400:2019-12-14
365:2019-12-14
330:2018-11-23
302:ProPublica
283:2019-12-14
260:References
153:Republican
149:Democratic
33:Crosscheck
921:Article I
1511:Suffrage
1461:Election
1349:Timeline
1261:By group
1202:Poll tax
699:cite web
663:Archived
488:cite web
247:See also
173:Illinois
98:Accuracy
64:Nebraska
60:Missouri
37:database
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1422:Related
1342:History
724:Gizmodo
190:Utility
75:History
1521:Voting
1278:Felons
238:, and
177:Kansas
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45:states
1273:Women
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