Cosmic dust - Knowledge

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degree of oxidation so that they fall into three major groups: the carbonaceous, the ordinary, and the enstatite chondrites. As the name implies, the carbonaceous chondrites are rich in carbon, and many have anomalies in the isotopic abundances of H, C, N, and O. From the carbonaceous chondrites, we follow the trail to the most primitive materials. They are almost completely oxidized and contain the lowest condensation temperature elements ("volatile" elements) and the largest amount of organic compounds. Therefore, dust particles with these elements are thought to have been formed in the early life of the Solar System. The volatile elements have never seen temperatures above about 500 K, therefore, the IDP grain "matrix" consists of some very primitive Solar System material. Such a scenario is true in the case of comet dust. The provenance of the small fraction that is stardust (see above) is quite different; these refractory interstellar minerals thermally condense within stars, become a small component of interstellar matter, and therefore remain in the presolar planetary disk. Nuclear damage tracks are caused by the ion flux from solar flares.

1068:, and free oxygen, existed in a gas phase. Some molecules, for example, graphite (C) and SiC would condense into solid grains in the planetary disk; but carbon and SiC grains found in meteorites are presolar based on their isotopic compositions, rather than from the planetary disk formation. Some molecules also formed complex organic compounds and some molecules formed frozen ice mantles, of which either could coat the "refractory" (Mg, Si, Fe) grain cores. Stardust once more provides an exception to the general trend, as it appears to be totally unprocessed since its thermal condensation within stars as refractory crystalline minerals. The condensation of graphite occurs within supernova interiors as they expand and cool, and do so even in gas containing more oxygen than carbon, a surprising carbon chemistry made possible by the intense radioactive environment of supernovae. This special example of dust formation has merited specific review. 970: 185: 572: 3786: 442:

Instead, in-situ dust detectors are generally devised to measure parameters associated with the high-velocity impact of dust particles on the instrument, and then derive physical properties of the particles (usually mass and velocity) through laboratory calibration (i.e., impacting accelerated particles with known properties onto a laboratory replica of the dust detector). Over the years dust detectors have measured, among others, the impact light flash, acoustic signal and impact ionisation. Recently the dust instrument on

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could only have been formed at high temperatures, while other grain materials could only have been formed at much lower temperatures. The materials in a single interplanetary dust particle often show that the grain elements formed in different locations and at different times in the solar nebula. Most of the matter present in the original solar nebula has since disappeared; drawn into the Sun, expelled into interstellar space, or reprocessed, for example, as part of the planets, asteroids or comets.

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clouds are very cold, typically less than 50K, so that ices of many kinds may accrete onto grains, in cases only to be destroyed or split apart by radiation and sublimation into a gas component. Finally, as the Solar System formed many interstellar dust grains were further modified by coalescence and chemical reactions in the planetary accretion disk. The history of the various types of grains in the early Solar System is complicated and only partially understood.

358: 5216: 5015: 3768: 4979: 256: 38: 310:. These disparate research areas can be linked by the following theme: the cosmic dust particles evolve cyclically; chemically, physically and dynamically. The evolution of dust traces out paths in which the Universe recycles material, in processes analogous to the daily recycling steps with which many people are familiar: production, storage, processing, collection, consumption, and discarding. 5869: 828: 426: 5893: 3777: 871: 5917: 5857: 5003: 5905: 5548: 4991: 5881: 147:, and interstellar dust passing through the Solar System. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are estimated to reach Earth's surface every year, with most grains having a mass between 10 kg (0.1 pg) and 10 kg (0.1 g). The density of the dust cloud through which the Earth is traveling is approximately 10 dust grains/m. 1411:

Some larger dust catalogs are Sharpless (1959) A Catalogue of HII Regions, Lynds (1965) Catalogue of Bright Nebulae, Lynds (1962) Catalogue of Dark Nebulae, van den Bergh (1966) Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae, Green (1988) Rev. Reference Cat. of Galactic SNRs, The National Space Sciences Data Center

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The scattering and extinction ("dimming") of the radiation gives useful information about the dust grain sizes. For example, if the object(s) in one's data is many times brighter in forward-scattered visible light than in back-scattered visible light, then it is understood that a significant fraction

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In interplanetary space, dust detectors on planetary spacecraft have been built and flown, some are presently flying, and more are presently being built to fly. The large orbital velocities of dust particles in interplanetary space (typically 10–40 km/s) make intact particle capture problematic.

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In 2017, Genge et al published a paper about "urban collection" of dust particles on Earth. The team were able to collect 500 micrometeorites from rooftops. Dust was collected in Oslo and in Paris, and "all particles are silicate-dominated (S type) cosmic spherules with subspherical shapes that form

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Planetary disk formation of precursor molecules was determined, in large part, by the temperature of the solar nebula. Since the temperature of the solar nebula decreased with heliocentric distance, scientists can infer a dust grain's origin(s) with knowledge of the grain's materials. Some materials

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has observed the chemical signature of carbon-rich dust grains at redshift z ≈ 7, which is roughly equivalent to one billion years after the birth of the Universe, this observation suggests exciting avenues of investigation into both the production of cosmic dust and the earliest stellar populations

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We can follow the trail to the right in the diagram to the IDPs that contain the most volatile and primitive elements. The trail takes us first from interplanetary dust particles to chondritic interplanetary dust particles. Planetary scientists classify chondritic IDPs in terms of their diminishing

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phase of their evolution and are the major source of refractory dust grain cores in galaxies. Those refractory cores are also called stardust (section above), which is a scientific term for the small fraction of cosmic dust that condensed thermally within stellar gases as they were ejected from the

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Many different types of presolar grains have been identified by laboratory measurements of the highly unusual isotopic composition of the chemical elements that comprise each presolar grain. These refractory mineral grains may earlier have been coated with volatile compounds, but those are lost in

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extracted from them. Stardust grains are solid refractory pieces of individual presolar stars. They are recognized by their extreme isotopic compositions, which can only be isotopic compositions within evolved stars, prior to any mixing with the interstellar medium. These grains condensed from the

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ions impacting on the particle's surface produce amorphous radiation damaged rims on the particle's surface. And spallogenic nuclei are produced by galactic and solar cosmic rays. A dust particle that originates in the Kuiper Belt at 40 AU would have many more times the density of tracks, thicker

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Presolar grains are contained within meteorites, from which they are extracted in terrestrial laboratories. The term "stardust" or "presolar stardust" is sometimes used to distinguish grains from a single star in comparison to aggregated interstellar dust particles, though this distinction is not

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emitted by objects in space between wavelengths of 3 and 180 micrometres. Most of this infrared radiation is blocked by the Earth's atmosphere and cannot be observed from the ground. Findings from the Spitzer have revitalized the studies of cosmic dust. One report showed some evidence that cosmic

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Stardust itself (SUNOCONs and AGB grains that come from specific stars) is but a modest fraction of the condensed cosmic dust, forming less than 0.1% of the mass of total interstellar solids. The high interest in presolar grains derives from new information that it has brought to the sciences of

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but that within meteorites is only a small fraction of all presolar dust. Stardust condenses within the stars via considerably different condensation chemistry than that of the bulk of cosmic dust, which accretes cold onto preexisting dust in dark molecular clouds of the galaxy. Those molecular

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Astronomers know that the dust is formed in the envelopes of late-evolved stars from specific observational signatures. In infrared light, emission at 9.7 micrometres is a signature of silicate dust in cool evolved oxygen-rich giant stars. Emission at 11.5 micrometres indicates the presence of

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The large grains in interstellar space are probably complex, with refractory cores that condensed within stellar outflows topped by layers acquired during incursions into cold dense interstellar clouds. That cyclic process of growth and destruction outside of the clouds has been modeled to

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Laboratories have studied solids that existed before the Earth was formed. This was once thought impossible, especially in the 1970s when cosmochemists were confident that the Solar System began as a hot gas virtually devoid of any remaining solids, which would have been vaporized by high

803:(specifically Ca) after the time required for mixing with the interstellar gas. Its discovery proved the prediction from 1975 that it might be possible to identify SUNOCONs in this way. The SiC SUNOCONs (from supernovae) are only about 1% as numerous as are SiC stardust from AGB stars. 547:

spacecraft. The collected dust at Earth or collected further in space and returned by sample-return space missions is then analyzed by dust scientists in their respective laboratories all over the world. One large storage facility for cosmic dust exists at the NASA Houston JSC.

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Another dramatic example is given by supernova condensates, usually shortened by acronym to SUNOCON (from SUperNOva CONdensate) to distinguish them from other grains condensed within stellar atmospheres. SUNOCONs contain in their calcium an excessively large abundance of

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determined the dust particle's arrival at the dust detector. Slightly changing any of these parameters can give significantly different dust dynamical behavior. Therefore, one can learn about where that object came from, and what is (in) the intervening medium.

736:(and, less frequently, "stardust" or "presolar stardust") is the scientific term referring to refractory dust grains that condensed from cooling ejected gases from individual presolar stars and incorporated into the cloud from which the Solar System condensed. 878:

Most of the influx of extraterrestrial matter that falls onto the Earth is dominated by meteoroids with diameters in the range 50 to 500 micrometers, of average density 2.0 g/cm (with porosity about 40%). The total influx rate of meteoritic sites of most IDPs

595:, preferentially polarizing starlight that passes through dust clouds. In nearby interstellar space, where interstellar reddening is not intense enough to be detected, high precision optical polarimetry has been used to glean the structure of dust within the 392:

Cosmic dust can also be detected directly ('in-situ') using a variety of collection methods and from a variety of collection locations. Estimates of the daily influx of extraterrestrial material entering the Earth's atmosphere range between 5 and 300 tonnes.

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began, the dust particles were observed to be significant and vital components of astrophysical processes. Their analysis can reveal information about phenomena like the formation of the Solar System. For example, cosmic dust can drive the mass loss when a

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demonstrate that the cores live much longer than the average lifetime of dust mass. Those cores mostly start with silicate particles condensing in the atmospheres of cool, oxygen-rich red-giants and carbon grains condensing in the atmospheres of cool

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by melting during atmospheric entry and consist of quench crystals of magnesian olivine, relict crystals of forsterite, and iron-bearing olivine within glass". In the UK, scientists look for micrometeorites on the rooftops of cathedrals, like

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Conditions in interstellar space are generally not suitable for the formation of silicate cores. This would take excessive time to accomplish, even if it might be possible. The arguments are that: given an observed typical grain diameter

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universally applied. Presolar material was a component of the dust in the interstellar medium before its incorporation into meteorites. The meteorites have stored those presolar grains ever since the meteorites first assembled within the

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stars. Several percent of refractory grain cores have condensed within expanding interiors of supernovae, a type of cosmic decompression chamber. Meteoriticists who study refractory stardust (extracted from meteorites) often call it

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Gudipati, Murthy S.; Yang, Rui (September 1, 2012). "In-Situ Probing Of Radiation-Induced Processing Of Organics In Astrophysical Ice Analogs—Novel Laser Desorption Laser Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopic Studies".

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Also important are their extreme isotopic compositions, which are expected to exist nowhere in the interstellar medium. This also suggests that the presolar grains condensed from the gases of individual stars before the

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Genge, M.J.; Larsen, J.; Van Ginneken, M.; Suttle, M.D. (February 2017). "An urban collection of modern-day large micrometeorites: Evidence for variations in the extraterrestrial dust flux through the Quaternary".

1060:. The metallic elements: magnesium, silicon, and iron, which are the principal ingredients of rocky planets, condensed into solids at the highest temperatures of the planetary disk. Some molecules such as CO, N 705:, and gives clues about the individual particle's light-scattering properties. In X-ray wavelengths, many scientists are investigating the scattering of X-rays by interstellar dust, and some have suggested that 740:

the dissolving of meteorite matter in acids, leaving only insoluble refractory minerals. Finding the grain cores without dissolving most of the meteorite has been possible, but difficult and labor-intensive.

847:. The composition, size, and other properties depend on where the dust is found, and conversely, a compositional analysis of a dust particle can reveal much about the dust particle's origin. General diffuse 783:

star red giant winds inasmuch as the AGB stars are the main source of S-process nucleosynthesis and have atmospheres observed by astronomers to be highly enriched in dredged-up s process elements.

863:, are each different in their characteristics. For example, grains in dense clouds have acquired a mantle of ice and on average are larger than dust particles in the diffuse interstellar medium. 3550: 775:

could be diluted by mixing with the interstellar medium. These allow the source stars to be identified. For example, the heavy elements within the silicon carbide (SiC) grains are almost pure

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silicon carbide dust in cool evolved carbon-rich giant stars. These help provide evidence that the small silicate particles in space came from the ejected outer envelopes of these stars.

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have been discovered from the isotopic ratios within the presolar grains. An important property of presolar is the hard, refractory, high-temperature nature of the grains. Prominent are

5114: 3339: 1431:, as well as samples of cosmic dust. It returned samples to Earth on 15 January 2006. In 2007, the recovery of particles of interstellar dust from the samples was announced. 1048:

is highly processed dust, recycled from the material out of which the Solar System formed and subsequently collected in the planetesimals, and leftover solid material such as

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Observations and measurements of cosmic dust in different regions provide an important insight into the Universe's recycling processes; in the clouds of the diffuse

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stars which seem to eject discrete clouds containing both gas and dust. So mass loss from stars is unquestionably where the refractory cores of grains formed.

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Markwick-Kemper, F.; Gallagher, S. C.; Hines, D. C.; Bouwman, J. (2007). "Dust in the Wind: Crystalline Silicates, Corundum, and Periclase in PG 2112+059".

184: 3211:"Variations in the Peak Position of the 6.2 μm Interstellar Emission Feature: A Tracer of N in the Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Population" 725: 1056:, and reformed in each of those bodies' collisional lifetimes. During the Solar System's formation history, the most abundant element was (and still is) H 3536: 763:, and other such solids that would condense at high temperature from a cooling gas, such as in stellar winds or in the decompression of the inside of a 403:. Dust samples are also collected from surface deposits on the large Earth ice-masses (Antarctica and Greenland/the Arctic) and in deep-sea sediments. 1111:

The arrows in the adjacent diagram show one possible path from a collected interplanetary dust particle back to the early stages of the solar nebula.

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Due to their highly processed nature, IDPs (interplanetary dust particles) are fine-grained mixtures of thousands to millions of mineral grains and

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Kwok, Sun; Zhang, Yong (26 October 2011). "Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features".

5577: 5084: 1369:, where a lot of star-formation is taking place, are characterized as thermal emission nebulae. Supernova remnants, on the other hand, like the 3159: 1084: 672: 2037: 1661: 1550:"An urban collection of modern-day large micrometeorites: Evidence for variations in the extraterrestrial dust flux through the Quaternary" 455: 1079:

components. We can picture an IDP as a "matrix" of material with embedded elements which were formed at different times and places in the

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Humphreys, Roberta M.; Strecker, Donald W.; Ney, E. P. (1972). "Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of M Supergiants in Carina".

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in Seattle first reliably identified the extraterrestrial nature of collected dust particles in the latter 1970s. Another source is the

3389: 1981: 679:. In the radiation emission curves, several important signatures identify the composition of the emitting or absorbing dust particles. 5570: 5052: 4922: 485: 166:. A smaller fraction of dust in space is "stardust" consisting of larger refractory minerals that condensed as matter left by stars. 5701: 4822: 3082: 1468: 1365:

Distinctions between those types of nebula are that different radiation processes are at work. For example, H II regions, like the

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Infrared light can penetrate cosmic dust clouds, allowing us to peer into regions of star formation and the centers of galaxies.

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collects samples of star dust particles in the Earth's atmosphere using plate collectors under the wings of stratospheric-flying

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are especially fertile reservoirs of presolar material. Presolar grains definitionally existed before the Earth was formed.

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Zinner, E. (1998). "Stellar nucleosynthesis and the isotopic composition of premolar grains from primitive meteorites".

500: 2784:"Stochastic evolution of refractory interstellar dust during the chemical evolution of a two-phase interstellar medium" 5957: 5618: 5167: 4103: 1092: 1038: 461: 28: 5215: 2077: 1380:

Some of the better known dusty regions in the Universe are the diffuse nebulae in the Messier catalog, for example:

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Cosmic dust is made of dust grains and aggregates into dust particles. These particles are irregularly shaped, with

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Jessberger, E.K. (1999). "Rocky Cometary Particulates: Their Elemental, Isotopic and Mineralogical Ingredients".

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Cosmic dust was once solely an annoyance to astronomers, as it obscures objects they wished to observe. When

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amorphous rims and higher integrated doses than a dust particle originating in the main-asteroid belt.

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Love S. G.; Joswiak D. J. & Brownlee D. E. (1992). "Densities of stratospheric micrometeorites".

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The scattering of light from dust grains in long exposure visible photographs is quite noticeable in

676: 531: 521: 491: 326: 113: 3857: 2076:(UK-Germany National Astronomy Meeting NAM2012 ed.), Royal Astronomical Society, archived from 606:. The detection of interstellar dust in Antarctica was done by the measurement of the radionuclides 5921: 5479: 5320: 5094: 4897: 4877: 4690: 4380: 4214: 3868: 3732: 3707: 3675: 3594: 1445: 1171: 1140: 1124: 950: 919: 852: 848: 626: 479: 314: 291: 283: 275: 105: 3884: 2755:

Liffman, Kurt; Clayton, Donald D. (1988). "Stochastic histories of refractory interstellar dust".

1641: 5909: 5897: 5552: 5492: 5431: 5315: 5237: 4995: 4917: 4887: 4832: 4709: 4685: 4430: 4184: 4118: 3983: 3943: 3827: 3794: 3757: 3717: 3696: 3639: 3614: 3107: 2985: 2730: 2704: 2601: 2566: 2482: 2439: 2341: 2315: 2263: 2199: 2171: 2126: 2100: 1937: 1783: 1724: 1527: 860: 406: 322: 193: 97: 3978: 767:. They differ greatly from the solids formed at low temperature within the interstellar medium. 633:

is a bright jet of glowing material trailed by an intricate, orange-hued plume of gas and dust.

357: 3889: 1890:"Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft" 5676: 5628: 5519: 5418: 5367: 5342: 5298: 5280: 5224: 5152: 5038: 4942: 4525: 4425: 4395: 4313: 4053: 3938: 3894: 3842: 3649: 3644: 3576: 3333: 2925:

Clayton, Donald D. (2011). "A new astronomy with radioactivity: radiogenic carbon chemistry".

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Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft

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Clayton, Donald D. (1975). "22Na, Ne-E, Extinct radioactive anomalies and unsupported 40Ar".

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Hudgins, Douglas M.; Bauschlicher, Charles W. Jr.; Allamandola, L. J. (October 10, 2005).

2691:"Dust/ice mixing in cold regions and solid-state water in the diffuse interstellar medium" 2160:"The linear polarization of Southern bright stars measured at the parts-per-million level" 1347: 1083:

and before the solar nebula's formation. Examples of embedded elements in cosmic dust are

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to image the warm dust around a nearby young star, Fomalhaut, in order to study the first

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temperature. The existence of presolar grains proved this historic picture incorrect.

5931: 5762: 5661: 5656: 5436: 5394: 5384: 5257: 5252: 5232: 4882: 4737: 4620: 4595: 4576: 4520: 4400: 4358: 4353: 4093: 4083: 4043: 3918: 3812: 3767: 3742: 3624: 3604: 2989: 2734: 2690: 2640: 2605: 2443: 2267: 1941: 1397: 1183: 1175: 1000: 930: 580: 3528: 3371: 3263: 2570: 2486: 2345: 2203: 2130: 1206:, respectively". Further, as a result of these transformations, the PAHs lose their 1151:. According to the computer studies, this same process may also occur around other 602:

In 2019, researchers found interstellar dust in Antarctica which they relate to the

255: 96:(>30 μm). Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location: 5885: 5828: 5601: 5529: 5453: 5379: 5337: 5310: 5242: 5184: 5121: 4958: 4812: 4665: 4605: 4585: 4557: 4485: 4365: 4348: 4303: 4254: 4159: 3879: 3832: 3680: 3111: 2398: 2241: 1787: 1728: 1720: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1366: 1207: 1080: 1045: 884: 827: 691: 611: 596: 543: 340:

Parameters such as the particle's initial motion, material properties, intervening

334: 307: 214: 128: 37: 5147: 2903: 2597: 2281: 3462:"Cosmic cleaners: the scientists scouring English cathedral roofs for space dust" 2457:

D. D. Clayton & L. R. Nittler (2004). "Astrophysics with Presolar Stardust".

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Gengel, M. J.; Larsen, J.; Van Ginneken, M.; Suttle, M. D. (December 1, 2016).

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to directly sample the cosmic dust. Presently dust detectors are flying on the

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which can include silicates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and water ice.

924: 788: 668: 655: 646: 473: 467: 136: 93: 85: 81: 5823: 5713: 5562: 5352: 5305: 4779: 4644: 4480: 4284: 4164: 4018: 3993: 3187: 3055: 3026: 2194: 2159: 1915: 1725:"Astronomers Discover Complex Organic Matter Exists Throughout the Universe" 1700: 1427:, was launched on 7 February 1999 to collect samples from the coma of comet 1385: 1319: 1307: 1179: 1088: 1076: 1034: 796: 776: 764: 511: 505: 414: 303: 159: 42: 3445: 3005:

Encyclopedia of the Solar System—Interplanetary Dust and the Zodiacal Cloud

2911: 2675: 2359: 2259: 1933: 1779: 1586: 563:. During its mission, Spitzer obtained images and spectra by detecting the 1955: 1271:

In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex

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Smith RK; Edgar RJ; Shafer RA (Dec 2002). "The X-ray halo of GX 13+1".

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range between 1 and 3 g/cm, with an average density at about 2.0 g/cm.

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of the electromagnetic radiation, and on the nature of the grain: its

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or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.

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A dusty trail from the early Solar System to carbonaceous dust today.

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Clayton, Donald D. (2000). "Planetary solids older than the Earth".

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which could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in

791:, demonstrating that they condensed containing abundant radioactive 663:. Further specifications regarding the emissivity process include 5880: 3515: 3237: 3210: 2842: 2807: 2709: 2619:

Grossman, L. (1972). "Condensation in the primitive solar nebula".

2526: 2501: 2337: 2208: 2176: 2122: 1228:

announced a greatly upgraded database for detecting and monitoring

559:

was the largest infrared space telescope, before the launch of the

188:

Artist's impression of dust formation around a supernova explosion.

5754: 3998: 3928: 3125: 2105: 1679:"Applications of the Electrodynamic Tether to Interstellar Travel" 1617:"Serendipitous Juno Detections Shatter Ideas About Zodiacal Light" 1152: 1148: 1102: 1049: 968: 946: 874:

Major elements of 200 stratospheric interplanetary dust particles.

869: 826: 625: 591:. Dust grains are not spherical and tend to align to interstellar 570: 526: 424: 377:

is available to study cosmic dust. Cosmic dust can be detected by

356: 254: 249: 183: 163: 73: 36: 3023:"Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun" 3291: 3287:"NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory" 3258: 3154: 1807: 1283: 1253: 1237: 1225: 1163: 1132: 1030: 974: 552: 496: 396: 198: 65: 5566: 5034: 5030: 3532: 3519: 3353: 1646:

Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth's History

2220:

Koll, D.; et., al. (2019). "Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica".

2145:"Webb looks for Fomalhaut's asteroid belt and finds much more" 1276: 1272: 1203: 1144: 978: 954: 911: 503:, and Gorid satellites, and some scientists have utilized the 2500:

Nittler, L.R.; Amari, S.; Zinner, E.; Woosley, S.E. (1996).

162:

structure) that could be created naturally, and rapidly, by

1803:"Stardust Discovers Potential Interstellar Space Particles" 1801:

Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Jeffs, William (August 14, 2014).

1697:"Discovery: Cosmic Dust Contains Organic Matter from Stars" 686:

light is light that is redirected slightly off its path by

270:

study of dust brings together different scientific fields:

1496:, a mission that collected cosmic dust in low Earth orbit 2757:

Proceeding of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

2070:

Royal Astronomical Society, press release (March 2012),

1864:"Seven grains of interstellar dust reveal their secrets" 1260:, are abundant in the Universe, and are associated with 583:

ever seen outside of the Solar System in infrared light.

2073:

CODITA: measuring the cosmic dust swept up by the Earth

1244:

in the Universe may be associated with PAHs, possible

5845: 2880:"Condensation of carbon in radioactive supernova gas" 922:, there is evidence for silicate and carbon grains). 698:

of the particles are about a micrometer in diameter.

3052:"NASA Cooks Up Icy Organics to Mimic Life's Origins" 2420:"Precondensed matter: Key to the early solar system" 1888:

Westphal, Andrew J.; et al. (August 15, 2014).

1677:

Matloff, Gregory L.; Johnson, Less (February 2005).

1523:"Flecks of Extraterrestrial Dust, All Over the Roof" 422:

stellar matter as it cooled while leaving the star.

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Getting a Handle on How Much Cosmic Dust Hits Earth

1314:(PAHs), the most carbon-rich chemical found in the 76:. Most cosmic dust particles measure between a few 3252:Allamandola, Louis; et al. (April 13, 2011). 2878:Clayton, Donald D.; Liu, W.; Dalgarno, A. (1999). 1831:"Specks returned from space may be alien visitors" 1256:. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the 169:Interstellar dust particles were collected by the 3321:. Archived from the original on November 14, 1996 3045: 3043: 3016: 3014: 2689:Potpov, Alexey; et al. (21 September 2020). 2164:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1642:"Spacecraft Measurements of the Cosmic Dust Flux" 894:, astronomers have found molecular signatures of 27:"Space dust" redirects here. For other uses, see 3338:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3143: 3141: 3139: 1484:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules 682:Dust particles can scatter light nonuniformly. 3074: 3072: 709:would possess diffuse haloes, due to the dust. 568:dust is formed near a supermassive black hole. 2410: 2408: 1302:conditions, using starting chemicals, such as 999:. Red giants have evolved or altered off the 831:Smooth chondrite interplanetary dust particle. 5578: 5046: 3544: 1602:"International Astronomical Union | IAU" 945:In September 2020, evidence was presented of 8: 3254:"Cosmic Distribution of Chemical Complexity" 3183:"Life's Building Blocks 'Abundant in Space'" 1373:, are characterized as nonthermal emission ( 779:isotopes, fitting their condensation within 176:and samples were returned to Earth in 2006. 2459:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2158:Cotton, D. V.; et al. (January 2016). 1635: 1633: 1298:, have been formed in the laboratory under 928:is generally different (with overlap) from 5606: 5585: 5571: 5563: 5414: 5072: 5053: 5039: 5031: 3572: 3551: 3537: 3529: 3516: 2782:Liffman, Kurt; Clayton, Donald D. (1989). 385:properties of cosmic dust particles, c.f. 3444: 3236: 3126:"NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database" 2708: 2525: 2319: 2249: 2193: 2175: 2104: 1923: 1585: 1575: 1214: 446:captured particles intact in low-density 5852: 3392:. JSC, NASA. 2014-03-13. Archived from 1513: 1168:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 453:Dust detectors in the past flew on the 154:(amorphous organic solids with a mixed 120:). There are several methods to obtain 5115:Psychological and sociological effects 3390:"Stardust Interstellar Dust Particles" 3331: 2479:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134022 495:space missions, on the Earth-orbiting 2360:"Presolar grains (stardust) and more" 1980:Starkey, Natalie (22 November 2013). 1174:conditions, are transformed, through 365:as revealed in infrared light by the 205:, play a part in the early stages of 7: 3148:Hoover, Rachel (February 21, 2014). 1521:Broad, William J. (March 10, 2017). 1502:, a prototypical cosmic dust factory 1326:Some "dusty" clouds in the universe 890:Other specific dust properties: in 867:(IDPs) are generally larger still. 139:, planetary dust (like from Mars), 4923:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 3021:Moskowitz, Clara (29 March 2012). 1615:Shekhtman, Svetlana (2021-03-08). 1412:(NSSDC), and CDS Online Catalogs. 1137:extraterrestrial organic molecules 936:carbonaceous chondritic meteorites 728:more than four billion years ago. 150:Cosmic dust contains some complex 25: 4823:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 3560:Molecules detected in outer space 3181:Carey, Bjorn (October 18, 2005). 3083:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 2282:"A glowing jet from a young star" 1469:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 1025:, the time for a grain to attain 217:, dust plays a major role in the 131:, interplanetary dust causes the 5915: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5546: 5214: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4978: 4977: 3784: 3775: 3766: 1829:Dunn, Marcia (August 14, 2014). 1695:Chow, Denise (26 October 2011). 1312:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1230:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1190:– "a step along the path toward 908:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 4948:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 3285:Marlaire, Ruth (3 March 2015). 1143:of dust grains surrounding the 918:, among others (in the diffuse 637:A dust particle interacts with 587:Another detection mechanism is 2399:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.147 2286:ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week 2242:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701 1862:Hand, Eric (August 14, 2014). 1099:From the solar nebula to Earth 52: – also called 1: 4873:Extraterrestrial liquid water 3460:Wild, Sarah (17 March 2024). 2904:10.1126/science.283.5406.1290 2598:10.1126/science.288.5466.617f 1956:"VLT Clears Up Dusty Mystery" 1330:The Solar System has its own 865:Interplanetary dust particles 641:in a way that depends on its 616:Accelerator mass spectrometry 418: 302:, as well as every branch of 135:. Solar System dust includes 3050:Staff (September 20, 2012). 2866: 2855: 2641:10.1016/0016-7037(72)90078-6 2379:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 2053:Atkins, Nancy (March 2012), 1240:scientists, over 20% of the 1147:before the formation of the 934:. Asteroidal dust resembles 4104:Protonated hydrogen cyanide 3104:10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L24 2947:10.1016/j.newar.2011.08.001 1654:10.1007/978-1-4419-8694-8_5 1039:R Coronae Borealis variable 659:, dependent on the grain's 203:nearing the end of its life 29:Space dust (disambiguation) 5979: 2727:10.1038/s41550-020-01214-x 1479:Extraterrestrial materials 1318:, may have been formed in 987:James Webb Space Telescope 938:. Cometary dust resembles 716: 707:astronomical X-ray sources 694:light is reflected light. 577:James Webb Space Telescope 561:James Webb Space Telescope 26: 5609: 5594:Small Solar System bodies 5542: 5212: 4972: 4863:Earliest known life forms 4858:Diffuse interstellar band 4329:Protonated cyanoacetylene 4099:Protonated carbon dioxide 4059:Hydromagnesium isocyanide 3764: 3526: 1723:Staff (26 October 2011). 1640:Zook, Herbert A. (2001). 1356:photodissociation regions 1332:interplanetary dust cloud 1172:interstellar medium (ISM) 1139:) may have formed in the 1129:complex organic molecules 639:electromagnetic radiation 381:methods that utilize the 4908:Iron–sulfur world theory 4903:Photodissociation region 4606:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene 3003:Gruen, Eberhard (1999). 2621:Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2424:The Moon and the Planets 1420:The Discovery program's 973:For the first time, the 726:planetary accretion disk 604:Local Interstellar Cloud 411:University of Washington 5953:Extragalactic astronomy 4983:Category:Astrochemistry 4573:, fullerene, buckyball) 4260:Cyanobutadiynyl radical 4235:Silicon-carbide cluster 4225:Protonated formaldehyde 3490:Evans, Aneurin (1994). 3354:"Welcome to the NSSDCA" 2982:10.1023/A:1005233727874 2867:Evans 1994, pp. 147–148 2856:Evans 1994, pp. 164–167 2471:2004ARA&A..42...39C 2222:Physical Review Letters 1916:10.1126/science.1252496 1435:Dust particles on Earth 1208:spectroscopic signature 1198:, the raw materials of 961:in cosmic dust grains. 953:, and particularly, of 730:Carbonaceous chondrites 557:Spitzer Space Telescope 367:Spitzer Space Telescope 5719:Trans-Neptunian object 5553:Outer space portal 4996:Outer space portal 4838:Circumstellar envelope 3803:Aluminium(I) hydroxide 3713:Phosphorus mononitride 3590:Aluminium monofluoride 3585:Aluminium monochloride 2676:10.1006/icar.1994.1142 2026:Eberhard Grün (2001). 2006:"Three Bands of Light" 1125:computer model studies 1108: 991: 875: 832: 795:, which has a 65-year 634: 584: 438: 435:Hubble Space Telescope 370: 280:electromagnetic theory 263: 262:caused by cosmic dust. 189: 122:space dust measurement 46: 34:Dust floating in space 5185:Extraterrestrial life 4893:Interplanetary medium 4868:Extraterrestrial life 4506:Octatetraynyl radical 4124:Tricarbon monosulfide 3671:Magnesium monohydride 3216:Astrophysical Journal 2962:Space Science Reviews 2927:New Astronomy Reviews 2823:Astrophysical Journal 2195:10.1093/mnras/stv2185 2093:Astrophysical Journal 1375:synchrotron radiation 1106: 1003:and have entered the 983:Canadian Space Agency 972: 873: 851:dust, dust grains in 830: 629: 575:Astronomers used the 574: 428: 375:wide range of methods 360: 327:young stellar objects 258: 187: 64: – is 54:extraterrestrial dust 40: 5692:Distant minor planet 5020:Chemistry portal 5008:Astronomy portal 4954:RNA world hypothesis 4938:PAH world hypothesis 4631:Heptatrienyl radical 4563:Buckminsterfullerene 4451:Methylcyanoacetylene 3959:Silicon carbonitride 3934:Methylidynephosphane 3900:Magnesium isocyanide 3808:Aluminium isocyanide 3610:Carbon monophosphide 3266:on February 27, 2014 2032:. Berlin: Springer. 1442:Canterbury Cathedral 1219:protoplanetary disks 965:Dust grain formation 823:Some bulk properties 801:extinct radionuclide 743:Many new aspects of 622:Radiation properties 614:by highly sensitive 515:spacecraft as giant 232:, the outer diffuse 180:Study and importance 114:circumplanetary dust 4898:Interstellar medium 4878:Forbidden mechanism 4691:Hydrogen isocyanide 4381:Hexatriynyl radical 3964:c-Silicon dicarbide 3869:Hydrogen isocyanide 3733:Silicon monosulfide 3708:Phosphorus monoxide 3676:Methylidyne radical 3635:Fluoromethylidynium 3595:Aluminium(II) oxide 3429:2017Geo....45..119G 3376:cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr 3358:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 3229:2005ApJ...632..316H 3096:2012ApJ...756L..24G 2974:1999SSRv...90...91J 2939:2011NewAR..55..155C 2896:1999Sci...283.1290C 2835:1972ApJ...172...75H 2800:1989ApJ...340..853L 2769:1988LPSC...18..637L 2719:2021NatAs...5...78P 2668:1994Icar..111..227L 2633:1972GeCoA..36..597G 2555:1975Natur.257...36C 2518:1996ApJ...462L..31N 2391:1998AREPS..26..147Z 2330:2002ApJ...581..562S 2234:2019PhRvL.123g2701K 2186:2016MNRAS.455.1607C 2147:. October 17, 2023. 2115:2007ApJ...668L.107M 2029:Interplanetary dust 1908:2014Sci...345..786W 1772:10.1038/nature10542 1764:2011Natur.479...80K 1568:2017Geo....45..119G 1446:Rochester Cathedral 1310:. Pyrimidine, like 1162:In September 2012, 1141:protoplanetary disk 951:interstellar medium 940:interstellar grains 920:interstellar medium 849:interstellar medium 433:as revealed by the 429:Cosmic dust of the 361:Cosmic dust of the 315:interstellar medium 292:fractal mathematics 284:statistical physics 282:, surface physics, 106:interplanetary dust 72:or has fallen onto 5958:Galactic astronomy 5468:Other technologies 4918:Molecules in stars 4888:Intergalactic dust 4833:Circumstellar dust 4775:Naphthalene cation 4710:Trihydrogen cation 4686:Hydrogen deuteride 4611:Methyltriacetylene 4446:Hexapentaenylidene 4265:E-Cyanomethanimine 4185:Cyclopropenylidene 4119:Tricarbon monoxide 4109:Silicon tricarbide 4079:Methylene amidogen 4069:Isothiocyanic acid 3984:Thioxoethenylidene 3944:Trihydrogen cation 3758:Titanium(II) oxide 3718:Potassium chloride 3697:Sulfur mononitride 3640:Helium hydride ion 3615:Carbon monosulfide 3492:The Dusty Universe 2436:10.1007/BF00896983 2416:Clayton, Donald D. 1843:on August 19, 2014 1648:. pp. 75–92. 1528:The New York Times 1416:Dust sample return 1246:starting materials 1224:In February 2014, 1186:, to more complex 1109: 992: 904:amorphous silicate 892:circumstellar dust 876: 861:circumstellar dust 833: 703:reflection nebulae 635: 585: 439: 371: 323:circumstellar dust 264: 194:infrared astronomy 190: 98:intergalactic dust 47: 5963:Planetary science 5843: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5749: 5748: 5634:Meanings of names 5560: 5559: 5538: 5537: 5447:Carbonated drinks 5419:Human spaceflight 5299:of items in space 5210: 5209: 5028: 5027: 4943:Pseudo-panspermia 4639: 4638: 4586:Cyanodecapentayne 4526:N-Methylformamide 4501:Methyldiacetylene 4426:Aminoacetonitrile 4396:Methyl isocyanate 4314:Methyl isocyanide 4195:Isocyanoacetylene 4175:Cyanoformaldehyde 4054:Hydrogen peroxide 3939:Potassium cyanide 3895:Magnesium cyanide 3848:Disilicon carbide 3843:Dicarbon monoxide 3650:Hydrogen fluoride 3645:Hydrogen chloride 3506:Cosmic Dust Group 3319:"Messier Catalog" 3130:www.astrochem.org 2890:(5406): 1290–92. 2039:978-3-540-42067-5 1960:ESO Press Release 1902:(6198): 786–791. 1663:978-1-4613-4668-5 1344:supernova remnant 1340:reflection nebula 1280:organic compounds 1044:Most dust in the 947:solid-state water 809:stellar evolution 684:Forward scattered 661:efficiency factor 565:thermal radiation 353:Detection methods 331:planetary systems 296:surface chemistry 268:interdisciplinary 152:organic compounds 102:interstellar dust 18:Interstellar Dust 16:(Redirected from 5970: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5883: 5872: 5871: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5607: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5415: 5218: 5073: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4981: 4980: 4928:Organic compound 4828:Chemical formula 4733:Dihydroxyacetone 4681:Hydrogen cyanide 4366:Cyanodiacetylene 4220:Propadienylidene 4114:Thioformaldehyde 3989:Titanium dioxide 3954:Sodium hydroxide 3875:Hydrogen sulfide 3863:Hydrogen cyanide 3823:Carbonyl sulfide 3788: 3779: 3770: 3728:Silicon monoxide 3661:Hydroxyl radical 3573: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3521:Related articles 3517: 3495: 3494:. Ellis Horwood. 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3437:10.1130/G38352.1 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3337: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3295:. Archived from 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262:. Archived from 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158:. Archived from 3145: 3134: 3133: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2875: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2712: 2696:Nature Astronomy 2686: 2680: 2679: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2563:10.1038/257036b0 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2323: 2321:astro-ph/0204267 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2253: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2179: 2170:(2): 1607–1628. 2155: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2108: 2099:(2): L107–L110. 2088: 2082: 2081: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2059:, Universe Today 2050: 2044: 2043: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1927: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1839:. Archived from 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1577:10.1130/G38352.1 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1518: 1338:, infrared (IR) 1212:interstellar ice 990:in our Universe. 916:polyformaldehyde 651:refractive index 486:Galileo, Ulysses 431:Horsehead Nebula 417:, which contain 363:Andromeda Galaxy 319:molecular clouds 298:on dust grains, 143:, dust from the 92:(<30 μm) and 21: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5807: 5745: 5686: 5638: 5596: 5591: 5561: 5556: 5547: 5545: 5534: 5463: 5404: 5269: 5219: 5206: 5131: 5064: 5059: 5029: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4968: 4794: 4770: 4761: 4714: 4704: 4647: 4635: 4616:Propionaldehyde 4591:Ethylene glycol 4580: 4572: 4568: 4539: 4537: 4530: 4486:Cyanohexatriyne 4472: 4465: 4412: 4405: 4340: 4333: 4293: 4246: 4239: 4210:Methoxy radical 4140: 4133: 4129:Thiocyanic acid 4010: 4003: 3913: 3853:Ethynyl radical 3789: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3762: 3753:Sulfur monoxide 3738:Sodium chloride 3723:Silicon carbide 3630:Diatomic carbon 3620:Carbon monoxide 3562: 3557: 3522: 3502: 3489: 3486: 3484:Further reading 3481: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3299:on 5 March 2015 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3162:on May 10, 2020 3147: 3146: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2933:(5–6): 155–65. 2924: 2923: 2919: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2549:(5521): 36–37. 2540: 2539: 2535: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1454: 1437: 1418: 1348:molecular cloud 1328: 1236:. According to 1170:, subjected to 1164:NASA scientists 1101: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1037:ejecta, and in 1010:presolar grains 967: 959:silicate grains 931:asteroidal dust 900:silicon carbide 883:in the Earth's 857:planetary rings 825: 813:nucleosynthesis 757:aluminium oxide 749:silicon carbide 745:nucleosynthesis 721: 719:Presolar grains 715: 713:Presolar grains 624: 593:magnetic fields 517:Langmuir probes 355: 288:thermal physics 234:planetary rings 182: 141:asteroidal dust 90:micrometeoroids 68:that occurs in 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Astrochemistry 5945: 5940: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Near-parabolic 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5739:Scattered disc 5736: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5707:Neptune trojan 5704: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5682:Spectral types 5679: 5674: 5672:Jupiter trojan 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5511:for spacecraft 5508: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5190:Microorganisms 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:The human body 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Cosmochemistry 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4818:Astrochemistry 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4671:Formyl radical 4668: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4601:Methyl acetate 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Dimethyl ether 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4456:Methyl formate 4453: 4448: 4443: 4441:Glycolaldehyde 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4376:Glycolonitrile 4373: 4371:Ethylene oxide 4368: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Cyclopropenone 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4170:Cyanoacetylene 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4089:Methyl radical 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064:Isocyanic acid 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4029:Isocyanic acid 4026: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:Sulfur dioxide 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3949:Sodium cyanide 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3858:Formyl radical 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3818:Carbon dioxide 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3666:Iron(II) oxide 3663: 3658: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3500:External links 3498: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3452: 3423:(2): 119–122. 3406: 3381: 3363: 3345: 3310: 3277: 3244: 3238:10.1086/432495 3223:(1): 316–332. 3201: 3173: 3135: 3117: 3068: 3039: 3010: 3007:. pp. XX. 2995: 2952: 2917: 2870: 2859: 2848: 2843:10.1086/151329 2813: 2808:10.1086/167440 2774: 2747: 2681: 2662:(1): 227–236. 2646: 2627:(5): 597–619. 2611: 2576: 2533: 2527:10.1086/310021 2492: 2449: 2430:(2): 109–137. 2404: 2369: 2351: 2338:10.1086/344151 2298: 2273: 2212: 2150: 2136: 2123:10.1086/523104 2083: 2062: 2045: 2038: 2018: 1997: 1972: 1947: 1880: 1854: 1821: 1793: 1758:(7371): 80–3. 1740: 1712: 1687: 1669: 1662: 1629: 1607: 1593: 1540: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1489:Micrometeoroid 1486: 1481: 1476: 1474:Cosmochemistry 1471: 1466: 1464:Astrochemistry 1461: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1436: 1433: 1417: 1414: 1336:diffuse nebula 1327: 1324: 1232:(PAHs) in the 1166:reported that 1131:necessary for 1123:Based on 2012 1100: 1097: 1065: 1061: 1057: 966: 963: 824: 821: 734:Presolar grain 717:Main article: 714: 711: 692:back-scattered 623: 620: 387:Zodiacal light 379:remote sensing 354: 351: 346:magnetic field 260:Zodiacal light 219:zodiacal light 207:star formation 181: 178: 133:zodiacal light 118:planetary ring 110:zodiacal cloud 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5975: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5853: 5849: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Asteroid belt 5660: 5658: 5657:Aten asteroid 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:Minor planets 5599: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5541: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Manufacturing 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Magnetosphere 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Homochirality 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738:Methoxyethane 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Butyronitrile 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Ethyl formate 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Propionitrile 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4401:Vinyl alcohol 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4359:Vinyl cyanide 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354:Acrylonitrile 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319:Pentynylidyne 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215:Methylenimine 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094:Propynylidyne 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Methyl cation 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4044:Fulminic acid 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919:Nitrous oxide 3917: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813:Amino radical 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743:Sodium iodide 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625:Cyano radical 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605:Carbon cation 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3446:10044/1/42484 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3407: 3396:on 2007-07-14 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3061:September 22, 3057: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968:(90): 91–97. 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592:(5466): 619. 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2314:(1): 562–69. 2313: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228:(7): 072701. 2227: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2080:on 2013-09-20 2079: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2019: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1741: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587:10044/1/42484 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:hydroxylation 1181: 1177: 1176:hydrogenation 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1155:that acquire 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1002: 1001:main sequence 998: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 964: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 932: 927: 926: 925:Cometary dust 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 839:ranging from 838: 829: 822: 820: 816: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 735: 731: 727: 720: 712: 710: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657: 652: 648: 644: 643:cross section 640: 632: 628: 621: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 582: 581:asteroid belt 578: 573: 569: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 546: 545: 540: 539: 534: 533: 528: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 493: 488: 487: 482: 481: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 457: 451: 449: 445: 436: 432: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:measurement. 388: 384: 380: 376: 368: 364: 359: 352: 350: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 261: 257: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 186: 179: 177: 175: 173: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80:and 0.1 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 45:dust particle 44: 39: 30: 19: 5943:Astrobiology 5922:Solar System 5829:Space debris 5818: 5544: 5432:Architecture 5316:Colonization 5290:Archaeology 5247: 5105:Neuroscience 5062:... in space 4976: 4959:Spectroscopy 4842: 4813:Astrobiology 4666:Formaldehyde 4558:Benzonitrile 4349:Acetaldehyde 4304:Methanethiol 4255:Acetonitrile 4160:Carbodiimide 4039:Formaldehyde 4034:Cyanoethynyl 3885:Iron cyanide 3880:Hydroperoxyl 3681:Nitric oxide 3491: 3469:. 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