395:
328:
416:
31:
614:
1196:
336:
253:. The oxygen atoms, which bears some negative charge, link to other cations (M). This Si-O-M-O-Si linkage is strong and rigid, which properties are manifested in the rock-like silicates. The silicates can be classified according to the length and crosslinking of the silicate anions.
402:
Double-chain silicates, the other category of inosilicates, occur when tetrahedra form a double chain (not always but mostly) by sharing two or three oxygen atoms each. Common minerals for this group are
588:
are important industrial and household chemicals. Silicates of non-alkali cations, or with sheet and tridimensional polymeric anions, generally have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.
1254:
and its various protonated forms. Such equilibria are relevant to the processes occurring on geological time scales. Some plants excrete ligands that dissolve silicates, a step in
427:, tetrahedra all share three oxygen atoms each and in turn link to form two-dimensional sheets. This structure does lead to minerals in this group having one strong cleavage plane.
1227:
467:
Although the tetrahedron is a common coordination geometry for silicon(IV) compounds, silicon may also occur with higher coordination numbers. For example, in the anion
187:. The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as
958:
1552:"Contribution of construction activity to aggressive ground conditions causing the thaumasite form of sulfate attack to concrete in pyritic ground"
1220:
1456:
1421:
1240:
Silicates are generally inert chemically. Hence they are common minerals. Their resiliency also recommends their use as building materials.
1631:
Knight, Christopher T. G.; Balec, Raymond J.; Kinrade, Stephen D. (2007). "The
Structure of Silicate Anions in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions".
1438:
1213:
1250:
Equilibria involving hydrolysis of silicate minerals are difficult to study. The chief challenge is the very low solubility of SiO
1179:
1090:
1085:
918:
1377:
205:
For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as
913:
1440:
The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concretes containing a source of carbonate ions—A microstructural overview
1200:
1147:
1141:
800:
184:
507:
923:
1367:
1112:
937:
188:
1413:
675:
394:
327:
295:
Two or more silicon atoms can share oxygen atoms in various ways, to form more complex anions, such as
1590:
1551:
1512:
1473:
387:, tetrahedra link to form a chain by sharing two oxygen atoms each. A common mineral in this group is
1271:
795:
707:
569:
343:
With two shared oxides bound to each silicon, cyclic or polymeric structures can result. The cyclic
1382:
629:
573:
172:
35:
1694:
1668:
G. B. Alexander (1953): "The
Reaction of Low Molecular Weight Silicic Acids with Molybdic Acid".
1152:
1003:
969:
886:
879:
790:
639:
468:
180:
1648:
1610:
1571:
1532:
1493:
1452:
1417:
1334:
1299:
1286:
in considerably longer time. In particular, the reaction is not observed with suspensions of
1279:
1255:
1167:
1077:
746:
680:
605:
415:
199:
30:
1671:
1640:
1602:
1563:
1524:
1485:
1444:
1405:
1287:
1127:
1117:
1097:
719:
714:
634:
168:
58:
1330:
1303:
1244:
993:
783:
751:
581:
451:, each tetrahedron shares all 4 oxygen atoms with its neighbours, forming a 3D structure.
424:
218:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1135:
998:
985:
812:
807:
519:
1567:
1528:
1489:
613:
1688:
1606:
1157:
1102:
942:
905:
768:
726:
697:
448:
262:
246:
91:
1321:, soluble silicate anions also play a major role in the polymerization mechanism of
536:
At very high pressure, such as exists in the majority of the Earth's crust, even SiO
1372:
1172:
849:
844:
826:
644:
549:
344:
296:
135:
113:
331:
Depiction of a metasilicate chain, emphasizing the tetrahedral silicate subunits.
1670:
Journal of the
American Chemical Society, volume 75, issue 22, pages 5655–5657.
1122:
1107:
1050:
964:
731:
663:
384:
242:
335:
1345:
1322:
702:
692:
687:
585:
541:
503:
487:
404:
250:
230:
1614:
1575:
1536:
1497:
1329:
aluminosilicates whose production requires less energy than that of ordinary
1326:
1315:
1267:
1045:
1038:
932:
736:
553:
432:
1652:
1644:
490:
arrangement. This structure is also seen in the hexahydroxysilicate anion
1307:
1283:
1033:
1023:
839:
758:
741:
515:
483:
456:
388:
339:
Alternative depiction of a metasilicate chain emphasizing the Si-O bonds.
17:
1675:
1311:
1275:
1028:
953:
874:
763:
649:
577:
436:
377:
369:
278:
222:
206:
62:
506:, a mineral found rarely in nature but sometimes observed among other
1162:
1057:
869:
778:
565:
545:
530:
511:
452:
214:
210:
66:
241:
In most silicates, silicon atom occupies the center of an idealized
1243:
When treated with calcium oxides and water, silicate minerals form
1318:
773:
527:
428:
414:
393:
334:
326:
226:
176:
1448:
1474:"The occurrence of thaumasite in modern construction – A review"
891:
830:
523:
245:
whose corners are four oxygen atoms, connected to it by single
540:
adopts the six-coordinated octahedral geometry in the mineral
1298:
The nature of soluble silicates is relevant to understanding
1278:
orthosilicate was found to react completely in 75 seconds;
1591:"The thaumasite form of sulfate attack-breaking the rules"
1589:
Sims, Ian; Huntley (née
Hartshorn), Sarah A (2004-10-01).
576:, are fairly soluble in water. They form several solid
439:
have very weak layers that can be peeled off in sheets.
380:silicate anions of can exist also as long chains.
27:Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
1513:"The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in the UK"
1294:Zeolite formation and geopolymers polymerisation
568:cations and small or chain-like anions, such as
383:In single-chain silicates, which are a type of
198:. Most commonly, silicates are encountered as
1221:
552:of the Earth and also formed by shock during
8:
1437:Crammond, N. J.; Halliwell, M. A. (1995).
1228:
1214:
596:
580:when crystallized from solution. Soluble
1664:
1662:
1626:
1624:
1558:. Thaumasite in Cementitious Materials.
1519:. Thaumasite in Cementitious Materials.
482:, the silicon atom is surrounded by six
288:
284:
193:
140:
29:
1633:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1400:
1398:
1394:
1282:pyrosilicate in 10 minutes; and higher
1266:Silicate anions in solution react with
604:
463:Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon
1306:, such as the industrially important
1274:complexes. In a typical preparation,
7:
447:In a framework silicate, known as a
277:. A common mineral in this group is
69:, usually with the general formula
167:). The name is also used for any
25:
1337:could contribute to limiting the
518:structures submitted to a severe
1607:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.002
1195:
1194:
612:
1443:. American Concrete Institute.
959:microbial calcite precipitation
584:and mixtures thereof, known as
1595:Cement and Concrete Composites
1556:Cement and Concrete Composites
1550:Longworth, T. I (2003-12-01).
1517:Cement and Concrete Composites
1478:Cement and Concrete Composites
1472:Crammond, Norah (2002-06-01).
1:
1568:10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00124-0
1529:10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00106-9
1511:Crammond, N. J (2003-12-01).
1490:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00092-0
919:marine biogenic calcification
179:containing the corresponding
57:is any member of a family of
1148:Biomineralising polychaetes
914:amorphous calcium carbonate
600:Part of a series related to
431:fall into this group. Both
1711:
1180:Burgess Shale preservation
217:) and artificial (such as
1410:Chemistry of the Elements
1408:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1142:Cupriavidus metallidurans
508:calcium silicate hydrates
185:tetramethyl orthosilicate
1378:Carbonate-silicate cycle
863:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
423:In this group, known as
398:Double chain tetrahedra.
265:anions have the formula
171:of such anions, such as
1344:emissions in the Earth
1270:anions yielding yellow
924:calcareous nannofossils
720:Choanoflagellate lorica
544:, a dense polymorph of
510:artificially formed in
90:. The family includes
1645:10.1002/anie.200702986
1368:Alkali-silica reaction
1113:Magnetotactic bacteria
938:oolitic aragonite sand
796:scaly-foot snail shell
420:
399:
340:
332:
50:
1414:Butterworth-Heinemann
1406:Greenwood, Norman N.
1302:and the synthesis of
418:
397:
338:
330:
237:Structural principles
33:
1676:10.1021/ja01118a054
1383:Ocean acidification
840:Vertebrate skeleton
630:Mineralized tissues
560:Chemical properties
526:grounds containing
459:are in this group.
173:sodium metasilicate
1335:geopolymer cements
1325:. Geopolymers are
1004:diatomaceous earth
970:Great Calcite Belt
887:Scale microfossils
880:otolithic membrane
791:small shelly fauna
764:echinoderm stereom
640:Biocrystallization
469:hexafluorosilicate
421:
400:
341:
333:
257:Isolated silicates
189:hexafluorosilicate
51:
1639:(43): 8148–8152.
1458:978-0-87031-652-4
1423:978-0-08-037941-8
1300:biomineralization
1256:biomineralization
1238:
1237:
1168:permineralization
1153:Mineral nutrients
1078:Mineral evolution
747:foraminifera test
606:Biomineralization
249:according to the
200:silicate minerals
59:polyatomic anions
34:Structure of the
16:(Redirected from
1702:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1562:(8): 1005–1013.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1412:(2nd ed.).
1402:
1304:aluminosilicates
1288:colloidal silica
1230:
1223:
1216:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1118:Magnetoreception
1098:Ballast minerals
693:Cephalopod shell
688:Brachiopod shell
635:Remineralisation
616:
597:
582:sodium silicates
501:
500:
499:
481:
480:
479:
419:Sheet silicates.
367:
366:
365:
357:
356:
318:
317:
316:
308:
307:
291:
276:
275:
274:
197:
166:
159:
152:
151:
150:
147:
133:
126:
125:
124:
121:
111:
104:
103:
102:
99:
89:
81:
80:
79:
49:
48:
47:
21:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1362:
1352:caused by this
1342:
1331:Portland cement
1296:
1272:silicomolybdate
1264:
1253:
1245:Portland cement
1234:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1008:
994:biogenic silica
988:
978:
977:
976:
961:
949:
928:
908:
898:
897:
896:
864:
856:
855:
854:
834:
819:
818:
817:
784:gastropod shell
752:testate amoebae
742:diatom frustule
667:
656:
655:
654:
624:
595:
564:Silicates with
562:
539:
502:that occurs in
498:
495:
494:
493:
491:
478:
475:
474:
473:
471:
465:
445:
425:phyllosilicates
413:
375:
364:
361:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
350:
348:
325:
315:
312:
311:
310:
306:
303:
302:
301:
299:
290:
286:
282:
273:
270:
269:
268:
266:
259:
239:
219:Portland cement
195:
191:
161:
154:
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
128:
122:
119:
118:
116:
106:
100:
97:
96:
94:
83:
78:
73:
72:
71:
70:
46:
43:
42:
41:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1620:
1601:(7): 837–844.
1581:
1542:
1523:(8): 809–818.
1503:
1484:(3): 393–402.
1464:
1457:
1429:
1422:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:greenhouse gas
1350:global warming
1340:
1295:
1292:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:immobilization
1088:
1086:mineralization
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:siliceous ooze
996:
990:
989:
986:Silicification
984:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
950:
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
910:
909:
904:
903:
900:
899:
895:
894:
889:
884:
883:
882:
872:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
836:
835:
825:
824:
821:
820:
816:
815:
810:
808:Sponge spicule
805:
804:
803:
801:estuary shells
798:
793:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
766:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
724:
723:
722:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
669:
668:
662:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
609:
608:
602:
601:
594:
591:
561:
558:
537:
520:sulfate attack
496:
476:
464:
461:
444:
441:
412:
409:
373:
362:
353:
324:
321:
313:
304:
271:
258:
255:
247:covalent bonds
238:
235:
181:chemical group
74:
61:consisting of
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1707:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:. Along with
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:Fossilization
1161:
1159:
1158:Microbial mat
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Magnetofossil
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
971:
968:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
951:
944:
943:aragonite sea
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
930:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:Calcification
902:
901:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
860:
859:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
832:
828:
827:Endoskeletons
823:
822:
814:
811:
809:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:mollusc shell
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:Protist shell
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:cirrate shell
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
659:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
620:
619:
615:
611:
610:
607:
603:
599:
598:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:sodium ortho-
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
548:found in the
547:
543:
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
489:
485:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
449:tectosilicate
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
417:
410:
408:
406:
396:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
371:
346:
337:
329:
322:
320:
298:
293:
280:
264:
263:orthosilicate
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
157:
137:
131:
115:
109:
93:
92:orthosilicate
87:
77:
68:
64:
60:
56:
37:
36:orthosilicate
32:
19:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1449:10.14359/963
1439:
1432:
1409:
1373:Carbon cycle
1297:
1265:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1173:petrifaction
1140:
1128:
1123:Microfossils
870:Limpet teeth
850:Ossification
845:Bone mineral
779:chiton shell
664:Exoskeletons
645:Biointerface
574:metasilicate
563:
550:lower mantle
535:
524:argillaceous
486:atoms in an
466:
446:
422:
401:
382:
345:metasilicate
342:
297:pyrosilicate
294:
260:
240:
204:
162:
155:
136:pyrosilicate
129:
114:metasilicate
107:
85:
75:
54:
52:
1323:geopolymers
1108:Magnetosome
1051:phosphorite
1017:Other forms
965:calcite sea
732:coccosphere
676:exoskeleton
385:inosilicate
243:tetrahedron
1389:References
1346:atmosphere
703:cuttlebone
672:Arthropod
586:waterglass
542:stishovite
504:thaumasite
488:octahedral
405:amphiboles
251:octet rule
231:waterglass
183:, such as
1695:Silicates
1615:0958-9465
1576:0958-9465
1537:0958-9465
1498:0958-9465
1327:amorphous
1316:aluminate
1308:catalysts
1284:oligomers
1276:monomeric
1268:molybdate
1262:Detection
1129:engrailed
1046:Phosphate
1039:oil shale
933:Aragonite
737:coccolith
593:Reactions
556:impacts.
554:meteorite
457:feldspars
443:Framework
433:muscovite
378:Polymeric
261:Isolated
175:; or any
18:Silicates
1689:Category
1653:17886822
1360:See also
1348:and the
1312:zeolites
1201:Category
1082:In soil
1034:alginite
1024:Bone bed
759:Seashell
666:(shells)
578:hydrates
528:oxidized
516:concrete
484:fluorine
389:pyroxene
223:ceramics
192:[SiF
82:, where
55:silicate
1310:called
1280:dimeric
1071:Related
1029:Kerogen
954:Calcite
875:Otolith
708:gladius
681:cuticle
650:Biofilm
623:General
437:biotite
370:hexamer
283:(Mg,Fe)
279:olivine
207:granite
134:), and
63:silicon
1651:
1613:
1574:
1535:
1496:
1455:
1420:
1333:. So,
1319:anions
1199:
1058:Pyrena
715:Lorica
566:alkali
546:silica
531:pyrite
512:cement
492:Si(OH)
453:Quartz
411:Sheets
372:of SiO
323:Chains
229:, and
215:garnet
213:, and
211:gravel
88:< 2
67:oxygen
38:anion
1136:Druse
831:bones
774:nacre
429:Micas
368:is a
347:ring
227:glass
177:ester
158:= 0.5
1649:PMID
1611:ISSN
1572:ISSN
1533:ISSN
1494:ISSN
1453:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1131:gene
892:Tusk
813:Test
572:and
514:and
455:and
435:and
169:salt
84:0 ≤
65:and
1672:doi
1641:doi
1603:doi
1564:doi
1525:doi
1486:doi
1445:doi
522:in
472:SiF
376:.
292:).
287:SiO
267:SiO
233:).
165:= 2
132:= 1
117:SiO
112:),
110:= 0
95:SiO
40:SiO
1691::
1661:^
1647:.
1637:46
1635:.
1623:^
1609:.
1599:26
1597:.
1593:.
1570:.
1560:25
1554:.
1531:.
1521:25
1515:.
1492:.
1482:24
1480:.
1476:.
1451:.
1416:.
1397:^
1356:.
1339:CO
1290:.
1258:.
1247:.
533:.
407:.
391:.
363:18
349:Si
319:.
300:Si
225:,
221:,
209:,
202:.
160:,
146:6−
139:Si
120:2−
98:4−
53:A
1674::
1655:.
1643::
1617:.
1605::
1578:.
1566::
1539:.
1527::
1500:.
1488::
1461:.
1447::
1426:.
1341:2
1252:4
1229:e
1222:t
1215:v
833:)
829:(
538:2
497:6
477:6
374:3
358:O
354:6
314:7
309:O
305:2
289:4
285:2
281:(
272:4
196:]
194:6
163:n
156:x
153:(
149:7
143:O
141:2
130:x
127:(
123:3
108:x
105:(
101:4
86:x
76:n
45:4
20:)
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