892:
976:
1058:
1074:
777:
792:, especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it is possible to watch
140:
1086:
1039:
584:
1818:
576:
1023:
1825:
2287:
43:
949:, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the "usually maximum winter waves" and of course not to exceptional cases, such as
803:
that make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such
634:
This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life; the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially
598:
divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone. The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal
960:
and West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity. According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and
910:
use the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to the zone between low and high water. Other states such as
California use the high-water mark.
953:). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half the shoreline is owned by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos.
599:
zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on the
807:
Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shoreline
735:
in the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty of
1073:
1085:
1057:
2448:
961:
coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward the ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries.
891:
433:
is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels of
639:. There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area are
543:, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of
2438:
1038:
2443:
2410:
329:
1375:
Nordlund, Lina Mtwana; de la Torre-Castro, Maricela; Erlandsson, Johan; Conand, Chantal; Muthiga, Nyawira; Jiddawi, Narriman; Gullström, Martin (December 2014).
866:
Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species.
881:
975:
2464:
2433:
1473:
1011:. Habitat destruction is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones.
880:
As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example is the
429:
that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The
2864:
2400:
2879:
1022:
970:
520:, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significant
2169:
322:
2374:
126:
987:
Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated with
539:
and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along most
1280:
2323:
1377:"Intertidal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean: Assessing Current Status and Future Possibilities Using Expert Opinions"
1296:"Intertidal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean: Assessing Current Status and Future Possibilities Using Expert Opinions"
60:
2756:
2490:
2174:
1466:
992:
1351:
107:
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2267:
2159:
1817:
64:
79:
2029:
1956:
1861:
315:
1824:
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86:
2710:
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607:, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone.
2869:
2859:
2715:
2405:
2290:
1459:
776:
53:
2813:
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93:
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2735:
1974:
896:
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1655:
1208:
603:(the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy
225:
75:
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1871:
1115:
234:
2705:
2262:
875:
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724:
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139:
1183:
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form in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at
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2740:
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2316:
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1999:
1984:
1388:
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31:
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2195:
1989:
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1004:
1294:
Nordlund, Lina Mtwana; de la Torre-Castro, Maricela; Erlandsson, Johan; et al. (2013-12-28).
1229:
583:
488:
splash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to
2639:
2629:
2164:
2151:
2004:
1964:
1675:
1578:
996:
761:
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Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On
1254:
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2220:
2126:
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1583:
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1404:
1333:
1315:
1096:
664:
283:
211:
100:
2669:
2215:
2049:
2024:
2019:
1994:
1944:
1770:
1630:
1548:
1513:
1412:
1396:
1323:
1307:
1110:
1000:
595:
1156:
2644:
2634:
2309:
2034:
1979:
1846:
1755:
1750:
1635:
1518:
1120:
1079:
Unexplained crumbs of sand that appear to have been deposited around stone by escaping air
927:
767:
303:
239:
196:
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1008:
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863:
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Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide
741:
564:
469:
426:
371:
160:
2833:
2582:
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2257:
2240:
2190:
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1969:
1896:
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903:
812:
from high intensity waves. Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include
688:
648:
619:
532:
392:
363:
293:
176:
1091:
Rocks in intertidal zone completely covered by mussels, at
Bangchuidao Scenic Area,
2690:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2332:
2121:
2009:
1881:
1876:
1775:
1765:
1710:
800:
556:
544:
501:
454:
298:
260:
255:
216:
731:. Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there is more available
2301:
859:. Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of the intertidal zones.
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2272:
2086:
2059:
2054:
1934:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1856:
1851:
1841:
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660:
644:
611:
604:
560:
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528:
493:
375:
367:
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201:
42:
504:
in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as
2776:
2552:
2200:
2136:
2096:
2014:
1939:
1730:
1588:
1400:
1311:
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509:
462:
390:
with regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as the
383:
359:
206:
144:
1408:
1319:
995:. A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists include
2766:
2761:
2577:
2141:
2101:
1929:
1866:
1785:
1715:
1155:
US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1135:
1130:
1044:
919:
845:
771:
623:
615:
587:
A rock, seen at low tide, exhibiting typical intertidal zonation, Kalaloch,
521:
288:
1426:
1337:
1443:
752:
such as fish because of the wave action and the relatively shallow water.
441:. The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many different
17:
2598:
2542:
2505:
2069:
2064:
1891:
1806:
1665:
1490:
1029:
939:
931:
841:
821:
749:
745:
737:
700:
696:
579:
Tide pools at Pillar Point showing zonation on the edge of the rock ledge
513:
505:
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489:
477:
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379:
278:
30:"Foreshore" redirects here. For the area in Cape Town, South Africa, see
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269:
1451:
1067:
in the intertidal zone during low tide, Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa
788:
The intertidal region is an important model system for the study of
748:
is at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from large
531:
can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the
2369:
2340:
2111:
2074:
1833:
1735:
1685:
1670:
1660:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1563:
1558:
1508:
974:
890:
884:. In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as the
856:
775:
728:
712:
582:
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540:
438:
410:
406:
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355:
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414:
36:
983:) Pollution in Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland
147:, northwestern France, with a stripe of the black lichen
1352:"Climate Change Impacts on Intertidal Zone Populations"
1051:
in the intertidal zone near
Newquay, Cornwall, England.
926:, which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to
437:
and the rapidly changing conditions that come with the
1281:"An EU law upsets local tradition on Italy's beaches"
804:
as the high tide strand and the water table outcrop.
516:
supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the
362:
at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the
2791:
2749:
2678:
2622:
2611:
2591:
2518:
2483:
2457:
2419:
2388:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2183:
2150:
1955:
1915:
1832:
1489:
918:, the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by
402:, although those can be defined as a wider region.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
468:The water that comes with the tides can vary from
425:). This area can be a narrow strip, such as in
512:in the littoral zone allow the utilization of
405:The intertidal zone also includes steep rocky
2317:
1467:
740:to reach the vegetation to allow substantial
323:
8:
882:New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy
524:, and the littoral zone is a prime example.
2465:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2619:
2354:
2345:
2324:
2310:
2302:
1474:
1460:
1452:
500:to near freezing in colder climates. Some
330:
316:
156:
1416:
1327:
1224:
1222:
484:, with drying between tidal inundations.
370:. This area can include several types of
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1147:
1018:
268:
247:
224:
166:
159:
922:, with exceptions for what are termed
27:Area of coast exposed only at low tide
1260:. USF College of Marine Science. 2002
7:
2449:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2411:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1209:"Why is Morecambe Bay so dangerous?"
1178:
1176:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
993:human-induced environmental impacts
971:Effects of climate change on oceans
902:For privately owned beaches in the
2170:Integrated coastal zone management
1279:Willem Marx (September 14, 2024).
1028:Mussels in the intertidal zone in
496:can range from very hot with full
25:
2375:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2286:
2285:
1823:
1816:
1084:
1072:
1056:
1037:
1021:
796:over years rather than decades.
41:
2491:Flooded grasslands and savannas
52:needs additional citations for
2804:Ecological land classification
2333:Biogeographic regionalisations
2268:Region of freshwater influence
1184:"What is the Intertidal Zone?"
1157:"What is the intertidal zone?"
784:tide pool in the low tide zone
630:Low tide zone (lower littoral)
1:
2865:Coastal and oceanic landforms
2030:Large-scale coastal behaviour
1862:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1444:Watch the online documentary
1356:NCCOS Coastal Science Website
934:, which applies generally in
2470:Deserts and xeric shrublands
930:'s time or earlier, and the
2880:Oceanographical terminology
2711:Temperate Northern Atlantic
2401:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1234:National Geographic Society
2896:
2814:Vegetation classifications
2716:Temperate Northern Pacific
968:
873:
765:
759:
29:
2726:Temperate Southern Africa
2281:
1814:
1401:10.1007/s13280-013-0465-8
1312:10.1007/s13280-013-0465-8
435:interspecific competition
2736:Tropical Eastern Pacific
2686:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1975:Coastal biogeomorphology
897:Edgartown, Massachusetts
591:, western United States.
374:with various species of
2757:Biogeographic provinces
2721:Temperate South America
2439:Moist broadleaf forests
143:The rocky shoreline of
1872:Coastal morphodynamics
1116:Ecological forecasting
984:
906:, some states such as
899:
785:
592:
580:
535:), which is above the
386:, and many species of
154:
2875:Physical oceanography
2819:Zoogeographic regions
2777:Global 200 ecoregions
2706:Temperate Australasia
2444:Dry broadleaf forests
2263:Physical oceanography
1161:oceanservice.noaa.gov
978:
894:
876:Public trust doctrine
794:ecological succession
779:
586:
578:
537:spring high-tide line
153:at the high tide line
142:
2799:Altitudinal zonation
2741:Western Indo-Pacific
2701:Eastern Indo-Pacific
2696:Central Indo-Pacific
2092:Submergent coastline
2045:Marine transgression
2000:Discordant coastline
1985:Concordant coastline
1255:"Intertidal Ecology"
150:Hydropunctaria maura
61:improve this article
32:Foreshore, Cape Town
2772:Lists of ecoregions
2429:Tropical rainforest
2196:Coastal engineering
1446:The Intertidal Zone
1393:2014Ambio..43.1006N
1005:habitat destruction
2809:Floristic kingdoms
2573:Hydrothermal vents
2434:Coniferous forests
2396:Coniferous forests
2165:Coastal management
2005:Emergent coastline
1676:Intertidal wetland
1579:Continental margin
997:nutrient pollution
985:
900:
844:, and many marine
786:
762:Intertidal ecology
744:activity, and the
593:
581:
350:is the area above
284:Hydrothermal vents
235:Surface microlayer
155:
2870:Fisheries science
2860:Coastal geography
2827:
2826:
2787:
2786:
2731:Tropical Atlantic
2607:
2606:
2514:
2513:
2406:Deciduous forests
2299:
2298:
2127:Wave-cut platform
2040:Marine regression
1584:Continental shelf
1574:Coastal waterfall
1483:Coastal geography
1230:"Intertidal Zone"
1190:. 10 January 2018
1097:Liaoning Province
924:several fisheries
895:Beach fishing in
596:Marine biologists
340:
339:
212:Continental shelf
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Intertidal zone"
16:(Redirected from
2887:
2620:
2355:
2346:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2289:
2288:
2050:Raised shoreline
2025:Ingression coast
2020:Graded shoreline
1995:Cuspate foreland
1827:
1820:
1771:Submarine canyon
1631:Freshwater marsh
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1387:(8): 1006–1019.
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1306:(8): 1006–1019.
1291:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
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1216:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1152:
1111:Ballantine Scale
1088:
1076:
1060:
1041:
1025:
332:
325:
318:
197:Seagrass meadows
192:Mangrove forests
168:Coastal habitats
157:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2840:Aquatic ecology
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2783:
2745:
2674:
2614:
2603:
2599:Endolithic zone
2587:
2520:
2510:
2479:
2453:
2421:
2415:
2384:
2350:
2335:
2330:
2300:
2295:
2277:
2253:Intertidal zone
2179:
2146:
2035:Longshore drift
1980:Coastal erosion
1951:
1911:
1847:Beach evolution
1828:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1499:Anchialine pool
1485:
1480:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1374:
1373:
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1360:
1358:
1350:
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1193:
1191:
1182:
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1174:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1121:Littoral series
1107:
1100:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1017:
973:
967:
878:
872:
774:
768:Intertidal fish
764:
758:
632:
573:
533:supratidal zone
470:brackish waters
427:Pacific islands
344:intertidal zone
336:
304:Marine sediment
240:Epipelagic zone
182:Intertidal zone
161:Marine habitats
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Marine biology
2847:
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2816:
2811:
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2801:
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2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2613:Biogeographic
2609:
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2601:
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545:marine biomes
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502:microclimates
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364:littoral zone
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294:Demersal zone
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226:Ocean surface
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177:Littoral zone
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2750:Subdivisions
2640:Australasian
2630:Afrotropical
2592:Other biomes
2568:Benthic zone
2563:Pelagic zone
2558:Neritic zone
2548:Kelp forests
2537:
2420:Tropical and
2252:
2122:Volcanic arc
2010:Feeder bluff
1917:River mouths
1882:Raised beach
1877:Pocket beach
1805:
1776:Tidal island
1766:Strand plain
1711:Natural arch
1445:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1236:. 2019-10-10
1233:
1213:The Guardian
1212:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
986:
958:East African
955:
944:
923:
913:
901:
885:
879:
870:Legal issues
861:
818:sea anemones
806:
798:
787:
689:sea cucumber
645:sea anemones
633:
612:rocky shores
609:
594:
557:neritic zone
551:, including
526:
476:, to highly
467:
455:Coelenterata
430:
421:(e.g., vast
404:
397:
391:
347:
343:
341:
299:Benthic zone
261:Oceanic zone
256:Pelagic zone
217:Neritic zone
202:Kelp forests
181:
148:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2660:Neotropical
2650:Indomalayan
2623:Terrestrial
2553:Coral reefs
2422:subtropical
2349:Terrestrial
2273:River plume
2087:Steep coast
2060:Rocky shore
2055:Rip current
1935:River delta
1907:Wash margin
1902:Storm beach
1892:Shell beach
1857:Beach wrack
1852:Beach ridge
1842:Beach cusps
1791:Tied island
1781:Tidal marsh
1504:Archipelago
979:Nutrition (
814:sea urchins
705:sea urchins
693:sea lettuce
681:nudibranchs
661:green algae
605:wave action
601:splash zone
561:photic zone
529:rocky shore
510:Adaptations
494:temperature
384:sea urchins
368:tidal range
366:within the
352:water level
207:Coral reefs
2834:Categories
2767:Ecoregions
2762:Bioregions
2670:Palearctic
2578:Cold seeps
2538:Intertidal
2201:Grain size
2175:Submersion
2152:Management
2137:Wind fetch
2097:Surf break
2015:Flat coast
1945:regressive
1731:Salt marsh
1589:Coral reef
1361:2022-04-03
1240:2022-04-06
1194:2019-09-17
1188:WorldAtlas
1166:2022-11-29
1142:References
1065:tidal pool
969:See also:
874:See also:
782:California
766:See also:
725:tube worms
721:surf grass
626:may form.
616:tide pools
589:Washington
565:deep zones
527:A typical
522:ecosystems
463:Arthropoda
378:, such as
360:underwater
289:Cold seeps
248:Open ocean
145:Saint-Malo
87:newspapers
18:Intertidal
2645:Holarctic
2635:Antarctic
2543:Mangroves
2389:Temperate
2160:Accretion
2142:Wind wave
2102:Surf zone
1957:Processes
1930:Mouth bar
1887:Recession
1867:Beachrock
1786:Tide pool
1716:Peninsula
1604:cliff-top
1491:Landforms
1409:0044-7447
1320:0044-7447
1136:Tidelands
1131:Shorezone
1045:Barnacles
1032:, England
981:Eutrophic
928:King John
920:the Crown
846:gastropod
822:barnacles
772:Tide pool
750:predators
697:sea palms
624:quicksand
553:estuaries
514:nutrients
506:mangroves
465:, etc.).
380:sea stars
348:foreshore
279:Seamounts
270:Sea floor
187:Estuaries
2855:Habitats
2792:See also
2665:Oceanian
2655:Nearctic
2533:Littoral
2506:Mangrove
2496:Riparian
2291:Category
2117:Undertow
2070:Sea foam
2065:Sea cave
1965:Blowhole
1807:Windwatt
1666:Headland
1514:Avulsion
1427:24375399
1338:24375399
1105:See also
1030:Cornwall
951:tsunamis
940:Shetland
932:Udal Law
851:such as
849:molluscs
842:starfish
746:salinity
738:sunlight
701:starfish
665:hydroids
637:seaweeds
571:Zonation
549:habitats
498:sunshine
490:sunlight
480:and dry
459:Mollusca
451:Annelida
447:Porifera
423:mudflats
419:wetlands
409:, sandy
399:seashore
372:habitats
117:May 2023
2519:Aquatic
2501:Wetland
2241:shingle
2221:granule
2206:boulder
2184:Related
2080:peresyp
1990:Current
1925:Debouch
1834:Beaches
1801:Waituna
1796:Tombolo
1706:Mudflat
1701:Machair
1691:Isthmus
1611:Estuary
1554:Channel
1418:4235897
1389:Bibcode
1329:4235897
1099:, China
1049:limpets
1015:Gallery
989:tourism
965:Threats
956:In the
914:In the
853:limpets
838:mussels
834:isopods
826:chitons
810:erosion
790:ecology
756:Ecology
717:sponges
685:sculpin
677:mussels
673:limpets
669:isopods
653:chitons
641:abalone
411:beaches
354:at low
101:scholar
2691:Arctic
2679:Marine
2615:realms
2521:biomes
2475:Steppe
2365:Tundra
2351:biomes
2341:Biomes
2231:pebble
2226:gravel
2216:cobble
1761:Strait
1741:Skerry
1696:Lagoon
1681:Island
1636:Fundus
1539:Bodden
1425:
1415:
1407:
1336:
1326:
1318:
1283:. NPR.
1264:31 May
1126:NaGISA
1093:Dalian
1007:, and
947:Greece
936:Orkney
857:whelks
733:energy
729:whelks
727:, and
713:snails
709:shrimp
563:, and
559:, the
555:, the
541:shores
492:, the
478:saline
407:cliffs
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2845:Tides
2370:Taiga
2112:Swash
2075:Shoal
1756:Stack
1746:Sound
1736:Shoal
1686:Islet
1671:Inlet
1661:Hapua
1626:Fjord
1621:Fjard
1616:Firth
1564:Coast
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1534:Bight
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1381:Ambio
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1258:(PDF)
830:crabs
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443:phyla
439:tides
388:coral
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1940:mega
1751:Spit
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482:salt
474:rain
415:bogs
376:life
358:and
356:tide
342:The
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2484:Wet
2458:Dry
1726:Ria
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