79:
459:
788:(PPI) treatment before endoscopy may decrease the need for endoscopic hemostatic treatment, however it is not clear if this treatment reduces mortality, the risk of re-bleeding, or the and the need for surgery. Oral and intravenous formulations may be equivalent; however, the evidence to support this is suboptimal. In those with less severe disease and where endoscopy is rapidly available, they are of less immediate clinical importance. There is tentative evidence of benefit for
928:
51:
949:
by some but by others only in specific situations. Proton pump inhibitors, if they have not been started earlier, are recommended in those in whom high risk signs for bleeding are found. High and low dose PPIs appear equivalent at this point. It is also recommended that people with high risk signs are kept in hospital for at least 72 hours. Those at low risk of re-bleeding may begin eating typically 24 hours following endoscopy. If other measures fail or are not available,
800:, while recommended for varicial bleeding, have not been found to be of general use for non variceal bleeds. After treatment of a high risk bleeding ulcer endoscopically giving a PPI once or a day rather than as an infusion appears to work just as well and is less expensive (the method may be either by mouth or intravenously).
2218:
Ye, Zhikang; Reintam Blaser, Annika; Lytvyn, Lyubov; Wang, Ying; Guyatt, Gordon H; Mikita, J Stephen; Roberts, Jamie; Agoritsas, Thomas; Bertschy, Sonja; Boroli, Filippo; Camsooksai, Julie; Du, Bin; Heen, Anja Fog; Lu, Jianyou; Mella, José M; Vandvik, Per Olav; Wise, Robert; Zheng, Yue; Liu, Lihong;
1977:
Stasi, Elisa; Michielan, Andrea; Morreale, Gaetano
Cristian; Tozzi, Alessandro; Venezia, Ludovica; Bortoluzzi, Francesco; Triossi, Omero; Soncini, Marco; Leandro, Gioacchino; Milazzo, Giuseppe; Anderloni, Andrea (2019-03-01). "Five common errors to avoid in clinical practice: the Italian Association
948:
before endoscopy can decrease the amount of blood in the stomach and thus improve the operators view. They also decrease the amount of blood transfusions required. Early endoscopy decreases hospital and the amount of blood transfusions needed. A second endoscopy within a day is routinely recommended
967:
is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of lower GI bleeding. A number of techniques may be employed including clipping, cauterizing, and sclerotherapy. Preparation for colonoscopy takes a minimum of six hours which in those bleeding briskly may limit its applicability. Surgery, while rarely used
722:
is useful for determining the exact location of the bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract. Nuclear scintigraphy is a sensitive test for detecting occult gastrointestinal bleeding when direct imaging with upper and lower endoscopies are negative. Direct angiography allows for embolization of a
984:
Death in those with a GI bleed is more commonly due to other illnesses (some of which may have contributed to the bleed, such as cancer or cirrhosis) than the bleeding itself. Of those admitted to a hospital because of a GI bleed, death occurs in about 7%. Despite treatment, re-bleeding occurs in
694:, where a tube is inserted into the stomach via the nose in an attempt to determine if there is blood in the stomach, if negative does not rule out an upper GI bleed but if positive is useful for ruling one in. Clots in the stool indicate a lower GI source while melana stools an upper one.
1014:
Gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper tract occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. It is more common than lower gastrointestinal bleeding which is estimated to occur at the rate of 20 to 30 per 100,000 per year. Risk of bleeding is more common in males and increases with age.
674:
testing has been used in an emergency setting, this use is not recommended as the test has only been validated for colon cancer screening. Differentiating between upper and lower bleeding in some cases can be difficult. The severity of an upper GI bleed can be judged based on the
445:
An upper GI bleed is more common than lower GI bleed. An upper GI bleed occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. A lower GI bleed is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 per 100,000 per year. It results in about 300,000 hospital admissions a year in the
739:(EBL) is also effective at improving outcomes. Either B-blockers or EBL is recommended as initial preventative measures. In patients who have had a previous variceal bleed both treatments are recommended. Some evidence supports the addition of
4899:
4884:
985:
about 7–16% of those with upper GI bleeding. In those with esophageal varices, bleeding occurs in about 5–15% a year and if they have bled once, there is a higher risk of further bleeding within six weeks. Testing and treating
643:, typically indicates lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Digested blood from the upper gastrointestinal tract may appear black rather than red, resulting in "coffee ground" vomit or melena. Other signs and symptoms include
828:
appears to be more effective than octreotide, but it is not available in many areas of the world. It is the only medication that has been shown to reduce mortality in acute variceal bleeding. This is in addition to
1005:
need to be carefully considered. If aspirin is needed for cardiovascular disease prevention, it is reasonable to restart it within seven days in combination with a PPI for those with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding.
1494:
Jairath, V; Hearnshaw, S; Brunskill, SJ; Doree, C; Hopewell, S; Hyde, C; Travis, S; Murphy, MF (2010-09-08). Jairath, Vipul (ed.). "Red cell transfusion for the management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage".
2716:
MartĂ-Carvajal, AJ; Karakitsiou, DE; Salanti, G (2012-03-14). MartĂ-Carvajal, Arturo J (ed.). "Human recombinant activated factor VII for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver diseases".
939:
in those with upper GI bleeding are not determined. Endoscopic evaluation within 24 hours is recommended, in addition to medical management. A number of endoscopic treatments may be used, including:
1529:
861:
decrease the chance of bleeding again, shorten the length of time spent in hospital, and decrease mortality. Octreotide reduces the need for blood transfusions and may decrease mortality. No trials of
3783:
768:
beginning with airway management and fluid resuscitation using either intravenous fluids and or blood. A number of medications may improve outcomes depending on the source of the bleeding.
4261:
1609:
Salpeter, SR; Buckley, JS; Chatterjee, S (February 2014). "Impact of more restrictive blood transfusion strategies on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis and systematic review".
2961:
631:
Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from small non-visible amounts, which are only detected by laboratory testing, to massive bleeding where bright red blood is passed and
896:
FFP is suggested before confirmation of a coagulopathy due to presumed blood clotting problems. Evidence supports holding off on blood transfusions in those who have a
3465:
1388:
Leontiadis, GI; Sreedharan, A; Dorward, S; Barton, P; Delaney, B; Howden, CW; Orhewere, M; Gisbert, J; Sharma, VK; Rostom, A; Moayyedi, P; Forman, D (December 2007).
4254:
2260:
Wang, Y; Ye, Z; Ge, L; Siemieniuk, RAC; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Hou, L; Ma, Z; Agoritsas, T; Vandvik, PO; Perner, A; Møller, MH; Guyatt, GH; Liu, L (6 January 2020).
1537:
973:
854:
750:
3060:
702:
Recommended laboratory blood testing includes: cross-matching blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, coagulation time, and electrolytes. If the ratio of
4998:
3099:
5003:
4247:
1172:
2954:
968:
to treat upper GI bleeds, is still commonly used to manage lower GI bleeds by cutting out the part of the intestines that is causing the problem.
1942:(3): ITC2–1, ITC2–2, ITC2–3, ITC2–4, ITC2–5, ITC2–6, ITC2–7, ITC2–8, ITC2–9, ITC2–10, ITC2–11, ITC2–12, ITC2–13, ITC2–14, ITC2–15, quiz ITC2–16.
735:
reduce the risk of future bleeding. With a target heart rate of 55 beats per minute B-blockers reduce the absolute risk of bleeding by 10%.
4378:
3327:
1390:"Systematic reviews of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
4553:
4536:
3540:
2947:
2262:"Efficacy and safety of gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1336:
Chavez-Tapia, NC; Barrientos-Gutierrez, T; Tellez-Avila, F; Soares-Weiser, K; Mendez-Sanchez, N; Gluud, C; Uribe, M (September 2011).
599:
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is typically from the colon, rectum or anus. Common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding include
2421:
4212:
4059:
1884:"Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation"
474:. About 2/3 of all GI bleeds are from upper sources and 1/3 from lower sources. Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding include
4615:
4567:
3957:
396:
1338:"Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding – an updated Cochrane review"
4098:
3710:
3693:
3198:
3193:
3070:
2801:
Bai, Y; Guo, JF; Li, ZS (July 2011). "Meta-analysis: erythromycin before endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding".
2474:"Intermittent vs continuous proton pump inhibitor therapy for high-risk bleeding ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
594:
495:
471:
467:
349:
345:
138:
134:
3223:
623:. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding could also lead to melena if the bleeding occurs in the small intestine or proximal colon.
4334:
3952:
3908:
3802:
3624:
989:
if found can prevent re-bleeding in those with peptic ulcers. The benefits versus risks of restarting blood thinners such as
4621:
4163:
2895:
5008:
4607:
4009:
953:
may be attempted. While there is a success rate up to 90%, there are some potentially significant complications including
505:
4595:
4558:
1709:
Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, Fisher DA (March 2012). "Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed?".
1438:"Restrictive vs liberal transfusion for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4428:
3918:
3437:
3045:
2128:"International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
916:
450:. Risk of death from a GI bleed is between 5% and 30%. Risk of bleeding is more common in males and increases with age.
389:
282:
3132:
683:. The Rockall score is the more accurate of the two. As of 2008 there is no scoring system useful for lower GI bleeds.
4748:
4324:
3028:
2314:
Kanno, Takeshi; Yuan, Yuhong; Tse, Frances; Howden, Colin W.; Moayyedi, Paul; Leontiadis, Grigorios I. (2022-01-07).
1582:
2031:"Nasogastric aspiration and lavage in emergency department patients with hematochezia or melena without hematemesis"
1294:
Jairath, V; Barkun, AN (October 2011). "The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding".
4703:
4548:
3498:
3427:
1819:
732:
435:
373:
176:
72:
4390:
4371:
3771:
3727:
3486:
3104:
2373:"Meta-analysis: comparison of oral vs. intravenous proton pump inhibitors in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding"
846:
3797:
873:
The evidence for benefit of blood transfusions in GI bleed is poor with some evidence finding harm. In those in
4914:
4789:
4532:
4361:
4117:
3432:
3390:
3203:
3078:
3065:
3006:
944:
injection, band ligation, sclerotherapy, and fibrin glue depending on what is found. Prokinetic agents such as
4572:
3035:
2169:"Endoscopic band ligation versus pharmacological therapy for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis"
4779:
4042:
3819:
3560:
3352:
3011:
2316:"Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
901:
115:
4693:
4668:
4626:
4122:
3846:
3829:
3239:
3213:
3089:
3040:
3001:
2979:
2971:
958:
740:
314:
302:
120:
96:
1184:
4688:
4678:
4496:
4054:
3962:
3923:
3851:
2754:"Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients"
1882:
Coleman, CI; Sobieraj, DM; Winkler, S; Cutting, P; Mediouni, M; Alikhanov, S; Kluger, J (January 2012).
830:
785:
736:
458:
419:
220:
3973:
3154:
4444:
4339:
4329:
4093:
4037:
3858:
3754:
3337:
3332:
3166:
3084:
3050:
954:
777:
654:
A number of foods and medications can turn the stool either red or black in the absence of bleeding.
612:
517:
189:
152:
78:
50:
4903:
4683:
4673:
4469:
4349:
4187:
3997:
3890:
3873:
3834:
3807:
3759:
3602:
3579:
3572:
3521:
3493:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3322:
2846:"High-dose vs low-dose proton pump inhibitors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis"
908:
885:
874:
703:
632:
547:
407:
200:
2221:"Gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis for critically ill patients: a clinical practice guideline"
1562:
Hemorrhoidal Artery
Embolization Minimally Invasive Treatment for Symptomatic Internal Hemorrhoids
931:
The
Blakemore esophageal balloon used for stopping esophageal bleeds if other measures have failed
927:
4809:
4491:
4296:
4199:
4064:
4047:
4032:
4019:
4002:
3868:
3395:
3367:
3127:
3023:
2988:
2826:
2649:
2402:
2011:
1959:
1913:
1850:
1367:
671:
659:
644:
636:
604:
537:
377:
357:
338:
156:
87:
59:
4449:
4423:
3503:
3301:
608:
486:. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is when a source is unclear following investigation.
853:
may be used in an attempt to mechanically compress the varices. This may then be followed by a
845:
may be used for the prevention of re-bleeding. If bleeding continues, balloon tamponade with a
4993:
4954:
4925:
4698:
4474:
4383:
4177:
4158:
3531:
2877:
2818:
2783:
2734:
2698:
2669:"Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver diseases"
2641:
2600:
2551:
2503:
2454:
2394:
2353:
2335:
2293:
2242:
2200:
2149:
2103:
2052:
2003:
1995:
1951:
1905:
1842:
1775:
1726:
1684:
1626:
1508:
1469:
1411:
1359:
1311:
1235:
1094:
998:
950:
431:
411:
318:
204:
183:
108:
67:
2072:"Usefulness of CT angiography in diagnosing acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis"
756:
Among patients admitted to the ICU with high risk of bleeding, a PPI or H2RA appears useful.
442:
are generally recommended within 24 hours and may allow treatment as well as diagnosis.
388:
may be useful in cases that are not clear. Bleeding may also be diagnosed and treated during
4524:
4464:
4459:
4319:
4224:
4144:
4139:
4129:
3991:
3863:
3791:
3609:
3516:
3511:
3441:
3400:
3208:
3173:
2867:
2857:
2810:
2773:
2765:
2726:
2688:
2680:
2631:
2590:
2582:
2541:
2533:
2493:
2485:
2444:
2436:
2384:
2343:
2327:
2283:
2273:
2232:
2190:
2180:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2093:
2083:
2042:
1987:
1947:
1943:
1934:
Prasad Kerlin, Meeta; Tokar, Jeffrey L. (6 August 2013). "Acute
Gastrointestinal Bleeding".
1895:
1834:
1765:
1757:
1718:
1676:
1618:
1500:
1459:
1449:
1401:
1349:
1303:
1227:
1084:
1074:
936:
676:
562:
4804:
4638:
4344:
4182:
4112:
3978:
3913:
3878:
3749:
3614:
3550:
3452:
3371:
3362:
3312:
3252:
3137:
3114:
2618:
Wells, M; Chande, N; Adams, P; Beaton, M; Levstik, M; Boyce, E; Mrkobrada, M (June 2012).
789:
781:
570:
533:
525:
385:
322:
124:
4479:
2939:
2752:
D'Amico, G; Pagliaro, L; Pietrosi, G; Tarantino, I (2010-03-17). d'Amico, Gennaro (ed.).
1560:
670:
Diagnosis is often based on direct observation of blood in the stool or vomit. Although
2928:
1061:
Kim, BS; Li, BT; Engel, A; Samra, JS; Clarke, S; Norton, ID; Li, AE (15 November 2014).
4829:
4541:
4484:
4366:
4219:
4134:
3688:
3661:
3526:
3461:
3457:
3347:
3317:
2872:
2845:
2778:
2753:
2693:
2668:
2595:
2570:
2546:
2525:
2498:
2473:
2449:
2348:
2315:
2288:
2261:
2195:
2168:
2098:
2071:
1770:
1745:
1464:
1437:
1089:
1062:
850:
719:
691:
662:. Blood from the vagina or urinary tract may also be confused with blood in the stool.
574:
551:
521:
326:
4908:
1667:
Cat, TB; Liu-DeRyke, X (September 2010). "Medical management of variceal hemorrhage".
753:(TIPS) may be used to prevent bleeding in people who re-bleed despite other measures.
4987:
4839:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4408:
4239:
4152:
4105:
3898:
3841:
3824:
3736:
3481:
3308:
3183:
3149:
3094:
2814:
2636:
2619:
2047:
2030:
1917:
1900:
1883:
1354:
1337:
838:
834:
821:
765:
680:
447:
403:
4965:
2653:
2489:
2015:
1963:
1854:
900:
greater than 7 to 8 g/dL and moderate bleeding, including in those with preexisting
4849:
4291:
4027:
3939:
3812:
3715:
3666:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3555:
3380:
3296:
3188:
3178:
3144:
2830:
2769:
2730:
2684:
2620:"Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds"
2586:
2440:
2406:
2331:
1978:
of
Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO) Choosing Wisely Campaign".
1504:
1371:
969:
945:
889:
825:
793:
640:
616:
483:
353:
306:
100:
17:
2903:
4919:
1622:
1218:
van
Leerdam, ME (2008). "Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding".
1173:"Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Evidence-Based ED Approach To Risk Stratification"
4971:
4968:
4949:
4646:
4454:
4286:
4275:
4207:
3969:
3947:
3778:
3698:
3342:
3243:
2996:
1680:
964:
941:
915:
in those with liver diseases and gastrointestinal bleeding is not determined. A
858:
817:
620:
529:
509:
439:
427:
392:
369:
341:. Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present.
298:
228:
172:
92:
4930:
2126:
Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH, Martel M, Sinclair P (2010).
1307:
384:
of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract may locate the area of bleeding.
4893:
4834:
4799:
4774:
4418:
4400:
3983:
3656:
3634:
3279:
3218:
2537:
1991:
1231:
912:
897:
893:
880:
are recommended. If large amounts of pack red blood cells are used additional
877:
813:
797:
707:
600:
578:
466:
Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes:
423:
415:
224:
215:
2862:
2339:
2088:
1999:
1820:"Management of acute gastrointestinal blood loss: summary of SIGN guidelines"
1454:
907:
If the INR is greater than 1.5 to 1.8 correction with fresh frozen plasma or
4960:
4824:
4769:
4356:
3933:
3903:
3766:
3744:
3597:
3448:
3422:
3284:
3274:
3161:
3122:
3055:
881:
862:
745:
648:
542:
475:
430:
may be considered in certain cases. If other measures are not effective, an
381:
361:
235:
208:
160:
2881:
2822:
2787:
2738:
2702:
2645:
2604:
2555:
2507:
2458:
2398:
2357:
2297:
2246:
2204:
2153:
2107:
2056:
2007:
1955:
1909:
1846:
1779:
1730:
1688:
1630:
1512:
1473:
1415:
1363:
1315:
1239:
1098:
1079:
2185:
1722:
1063:"Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: A practical guide for clinicians"
4738:
4733:
4723:
4582:
4413:
4271:
3567:
3545:
3257:
994:
842:
582:
278:
4876:
2420:
Bennett, C; Klingenberg, SL; Langholz, E; Gluud, LL (21 November 2014).
1858:
1761:
4784:
4743:
3619:
3385:
3289:
3261:
1436:
Wang, J; Bao, YX; Bai, M; Zhang, YG; Xu, WD; Qi, XS (28 October 2013).
990:
809:
655:
516:(tarry stool containing altered blood). About half of cases are due to
501:
330:
2389:
2372:
2278:
2237:
2220:
1838:
723:
bleeding source, but requires a bleeding rate faster than 1mL/minute.
710:
is greater than 30 the source is more likely from the upper GI tract.
4888:
4728:
4085:
3703:
3589:
2569:
Gøtzsche, PC; Hróbjartsson, A (2008-07-16). Gøtzsche, Peter C (ed.).
1406:
1389:
1002:
812:
is preferred in people with cirrhosis. Medications typically include
558:
513:
479:
365:
334:
310:
290:
164:
104:
2029:
Palamidessi, N; Sinert, R; Falzon, L; Zehtabchi, S (February 2010).
1534:
The
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
532:
and erosive disease are the next most common causes. In those with
3535:
3265:
2524:
Ioannou, G; Doust, J; Rockey, DC (2003). Ioannou, George N (ed.).
926:
919:
may be used, but there is a lack of evidence for this indication.
566:
457:
294:
286:
1818:
Palmer, K; Nairn, M; Guideline
Development, Group (2008-10-10).
4243:
2943:
2571:"Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices"
500:
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is from a source between the
557:
A number of medications are found to cause upper GI bleeds.
434:
may be attempted in those with presumed esophageal varices.
376:
among others. Small amounts of bleeding may be detected by
2844:
Wu, LC; Cao, YF; Huang, JH; Liao, C; Gao, F (2010-05-28).
482:, vascular disorders, adverse effects of medications, and
414:. Often blood transfusions are not recommended unless the
911:
may decrease mortality. Evidence of a harm or benefit of
784:
are believed to be equivalent for peptic ulcer bleeding.
776:
Based on evidence from people with other health problems
540:. Approximately half of those with peptic ulcers have an
2526:"Terlipressin for acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage"
1220:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
313:. Small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause
743:. Testing for and treating those who are positive for
639:. The presence of bright red blood in stool, known as
2422:"Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
4866:
658:
found in many antacids may turn stools black as may
368:, among others. Causes of lower GI bleeds include:
4940:
4870:
4759:
4716:
4637:
4581:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4437:
4399:
4312:
4305:
4198:
4084:
4077:
4018:
3932:
3889:
3735:
3726:
3679:
3633:
3588:
3474:
3361:
3251:
3238:
3113:
2987:
2978:
1296:
Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy Clinics of North America
344:Bleeding is typically divided into two main types:
244:
234:
214:
196:
182:
144:
130:
114:
86:
66:
40:
35:
731:In patients with significant varices or cirrhosis
1067:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
436:Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
2472:Sachar, H; Vaidya, K; Laine, L (November 2014).
1746:"Diagnosis of Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
974:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting
972:may be used for both upper and lower GI bleeds.
751:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting
2900:University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS)
418:is less than 70 or 80 g/L. Treatment with
1669:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
4255:
2955:
2371:Tsoi, KK; Hirai, HW; Sung, JJ (Aug 5, 2013).
2070:Wu, LM; Xu, JR; Yin, Y; Qu, XH (2010-08-21).
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
855:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
297:loss over a short time, symptoms may include
8:
3061:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1813:
1811:
1809:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
837:for the varices. If this is sufficient then
2673:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2667:MartĂ-Carvajal, AJ; SolĂ , I (9 June 2015).
2429:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2320:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
808:For initial fluid replacement, colloids or
4867:
4520:
4513:
4309:
4262:
4248:
4240:
4081:
3732:
3248:
3100:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2984:
2962:
2948:
2940:
2803:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2624:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2377:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1929:
1927:
1888:International Journal of Clinical Practice
1604:
1602:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1342:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
577:may also increase the risk. The risk with
77:
49:
32:
2871:
2861:
2777:
2692:
2635:
2594:
2545:
2519:
2517:
2497:
2448:
2388:
2347:
2287:
2277:
2236:
2194:
2184:
2143:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2097:
2087:
2046:
1899:
1769:
1662:
1660:
1524:
1522:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1463:
1453:
1405:
1383:
1381:
1353:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1088:
1078:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1583:"Hemorrhoidal Artery Embolization (HAE)"
888:(FFP) should be administered to prevent
615:. It may be indicated by the passage of
2896:"Management of acute lower GI bleeding"
2758:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2719:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2575:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2530:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2219:Siemieniuk, Reed A C (6 January 2020).
2145:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009
1948:10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-01002
1497:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1024:
935:The benefits versus risks of placing a
508:. An upper source is characterised by
27:Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract
3328:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2902:. Jan 2009. p. 6. Archived from
2309:
2307:
352:. Causes of upper GI bleeds include:
44:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, GI bleed
7:
2935:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2173:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
1536:. September 17, 2014. Archived from
824:to reduce portal venous pressures.
635:develops. Rapid bleeding may cause
462:Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding
4999:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
2167:Li, L; Yu, C; Li, Y (March 2011).
565:increase the risk about fourfold.
25:
4213:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4060:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2850:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2076:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1530:"Bleeding in the Digestive Tract"
1442:World Journal of Gastroenterology
878:O-negative packed red blood cells
251:: 100 per 100,000 adults per year
5004:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
4616:platelet storage pool deficiency
4568:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
3958:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2815:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04708.x
2637:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05088.x
2048:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00609.x
1901:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02809.x
1611:The American Journal of Medicine
1355:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x
913:recombinant activated factor VII
692:Gastric aspiration and or lavage
546:infection. Other causes include
397:hemorrhoidal artery embolization
3199:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3194:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3071:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2490:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4056
1980:Internal and Emergency Medicine
976:(TIPS) may also be considered.
792:which inhibits clot breakdown.
619:, especially in the absence of
595:Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
536:, 50–60% of bleeding is due to
496:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
472:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
468:upper gastrointestinal bleeding
350:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
346:upper gastrointestinal bleeding
139:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
135:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
4335:Activated protein C resistance
3953:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3803:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3625:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2770:10.1002/14651858.CD002233.pub2
2731:10.1002/14651858.CD004887.pub3
2685:10.1002/14651858.CD004792.pub5
2587:10.1002/14651858.CD000193.pub3
2441:10.1002/14651858.CD006640.pub3
2332:10.1002/14651858.CD005415.pub4
1505:10.1002/14651858.CD006613.pub3
581:is 30% greater than that with
1:
4010:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1171:Westhoff, John (March 2004).
402:Initial treatment focuses on
325:. Other symptoms may include
4429:Trousseau sign of malignancy
3919:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3438:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3046:Esophageal motility disorder
1623:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.017
1394:Health Technology Assessment
951:esophageal balloon tamponade
917:massive transfusion protocol
440:endoscopy of the large bowel
293:. When there is significant
4749:Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
4325:Antithrombin III deficiency
2929:"Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
2266:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2035:Academic Emergency Medicine
1936:Annals of Internal Medicine
1827:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1744:Tanabe, S (November 2016).
1681:10.1016/j.ccell.2010.02.004
1177:Emergency Medicine Practice
857:. In those with cirrhosis,
271:gastrointestinal hemorrhage
5025:
4704:Congenital afibrinogenemia
4608:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
3904:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3428:Functional colonic disease
3224:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1559:UCLA Health (2024-06-24).
1308:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.001
603:, cancer, angiodysplasia,
592:
493:
374:inflammatory bowel disease
177:inflammatory bowel disease
4820:Gastrointestinal bleeding
4622:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
4391:Antiphospholipid syndrome
4372:Essential thrombocythemia
4282:
3105:Acute esophageal necrosis
2538:10.1002/14651858.CD002147
1992:10.1007/s11739-018-1992-x
1232:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011
970:Angiographic embolization
847:Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
263:Gastrointestinal bleeding
256:: 25 per 100,000 per year
57:
48:
36:Gastrointestinal bleeding
4790:Subconjunctival bleeding
4596:Bernard–Soulier syndrome
4559:Upshaw–Schulman syndrome
4533:Thrombocytopenic purpura
4362:Sticky platelet syndrome
3204:Gastric dumping syndrome
3079:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3066:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2863:10.3748/wjg.v16.i20.2558
2089:10.3748/wjg.v16.i31.3957
1455:10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6919
764:The initial focus is on
737:Endoscopic band ligation
617:fresh red blood rectally
512:(vomiting up blood) and
484:blood clotting disorders
323:heart-related chest pain
125:heart-related chest pain
4780:Intracranial hemorrhage
3820:Alcoholic liver disease
3353:Bile acid malabsorption
3297:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
902:coronary artery disease
733:nonselective β-blockers
651:, and pale skin color.
530:Esophageal inflammation
4694:Factor XIII deficiency
4674:Hypoprothrombinemia/II
4669:von Willebrand disease
4627:Gray platelet syndrome
3830:Hepatic encephalopathy
3214:Buried bumper syndrome
3145:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3029:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2972:human digestive system
2478:JAMA Internal Medicine
1080:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.467
959:esophageal perforation
932:
816:or, if not available,
741:isosorbide mononitrate
589:Lower gastrointestinal
490:Upper gastrointestinal
463:
420:proton pump inhibitors
315:iron-deficiency anemia
283:gastrointestinal tract
221:Proton pump inhibitors
121:Iron-deficiency anemia
4689:Factor XII deficiency
4679:Factor VII deficiency
4497:Renal vein thrombosis
4055:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3924:Porcelain gallbladder
3036:Zenker's diverticulum
1723:10.1001/jama.2012.253
1400:(51): iii–iv, 1–164.
930:
865:have been conducted.
786:Proton pump inhibitor
461:
5009:Transfusion medicine
4445:Deep vein thrombosis
4340:Protein S deficiency
4330:Protein C deficiency
3859:Hepatorenal syndrome
3798:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3755:Autoimmune hepatitis
3580:Intestinal adhesions
3338:Short bowel syndrome
3167:Functional dyspepsia
3085:Esophageal stricture
3051:Nutcracker esophagus
1571:– via YouTube.
613:aortoenteric fistula
518:peptic ulcer disease
303:vomiting black blood
190:physical examination
188:Medical history and
153:peptic ulcer disease
97:vomiting black blood
4684:Factor X deficiency
4573:May–Hegglin anomaly
4350:Prothrombin G20210A
3998:Choledocholithiasis
3869:Metabolic disorders
3835:Acute liver failure
3808:Portal hypertension
3760:Alcoholic hepatitis
3603:Radiation proctitis
3522:Mesenteric ischemia
3494:Gastroenterocolitis
3323:Blind loop syndrome
3133:Ménétrier's disease
3041:Barrett's esophagus
2186:10.1155/2011/346705
1762:10.5946/ce.2016.004
1540:on 21 February 2015
1183:(3). Archived from
999:anti-inflammatories
909:prothrombin complex
886:fresh frozen plasma
704:blood urea nitrogen
548:Mallory-Weiss tears
395:procedures such as
331:shortness of breath
277:), is all forms of
18:Intestinal bleeding
4941:External resources
4810:Pulmonary hematoma
4717:Signs and symptoms
4492:Pulmonary embolism
4297:Bleeding diathesis
4173:Undefined location
4164:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4065:Pancreatic fistula
4048:Pancreatic abscess
4003:Biliary dyskinesia
3974:Mirizzi's syndrome
3475:Large and/or small
3155:Dieulafoy's lesion
3024:Boerhaave syndrome
1750:Clinical Endoscopy
1587:www.uclahealth.org
933:
831:endoscopic banding
698:Laboratory testing
672:fecal occult blood
660:activated charcoal
627:Signs and symptoms
605:ulcerative colitis
538:esophageal varices
506:ligament of Treitz
464:
432:esophageal balloon
412:blood transfusions
408:intravenous fluids
406:which may include
390:minimally invasive
378:fecal occult blood
358:esophageal varices
299:vomiting red blood
240:~15% risk of death
205:blood transfusions
201:Intravenous fluids
157:esophageal varices
93:Vomiting red blood
60:fecal occult blood
4981:
4980:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4712:
4711:
4699:Dysfibrinogenemia
4583:Platelet function
4505:
4504:
4384:Purpura fulminans
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4073:
4072:
3675:
3674:
3532:Bowel obstruction
3234:
3233:
2390:10.1111/apt.12441
2279:10.1136/bmj.l6744
2238:10.1136/bmj.l6722
1839:10.1136/bmj.a1832
1617:(2): 124–131.e3.
804:Variceal bleeding
260:
259:
184:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5016:
4868:
4525:Thrombocytopenia
4521:
4514:
4470:Lowenberg's sign
4320:Clotting factors
4310:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4241:
4225:Pneumoperitoneum
4082:
3992:Common bile duct
3874:Wilson's disease
3864:Peliosis hepatis
3733:
3610:Proctalgia fugax
3517:Abdominal angina
3442:Ogilvie syndrome
3391:Pseudomembranous
3249:
3209:Gastric volvulus
3174:Pyloric stenosis
2985:
2970:Diseases of the
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2435:(11): CD006640.
2426:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2392:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2132:Ann. Intern. Med
2123:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1857:. Archived from
1824:
1815:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1664:
1635:
1634:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1407:10.3310/hta11510
1385:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1168:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1058:
937:nasogastric tube
749:is recommended.
677:Blatchford score
563:COX-2 inhibitors
82:
81:
73:Gastroenterology
53:
33:
21:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4936:
4935:
4879:
4865:
4856:
4805:Hemopericardium
4755:
4708:
4639:Clotting factor
4633:
4577:
4501:
4450:Bancroft's sign
4433:
4424:Virchow's triad
4395:
4345:Factor V Leiden
4301:
4278:
4268:
4238:
4229:
4194:
4183:Internal hernia
4069:
4014:
3979:Biliary fistula
3937:
3928:
3914:Adenomyomatosis
3909:Cholesterolosis
3885:
3879:Hemochromatosis
3750:Viral hepatitis
3722:
3671:
3629:
3615:Rectal prolapse
3584:
3551:Fecal impaction
3541:Intussusception
3504:Crohn's disease
3470:
3453:Toxic megacolon
3365:
3363:Large intestine
3357:
3302:Curling's ulcer
3255:
3253:Small intestine
3242:
3230:
3138:Gastroenteritis
3109:
2974:
2968:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2856:(20): 2558–65.
2843:
2842:
2838:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2764:(3): CD002233.
2751:
2750:
2746:
2725:(3): CD004887.
2715:
2714:
2710:
2679:(6): CD004792.
2666:
2665:
2661:
2630:(11): 1267–78.
2617:
2616:
2612:
2581:(3): CD000193.
2568:
2567:
2563:
2532:(1): CD002147.
2523:
2522:
2515:
2484:(11): 1755–62.
2471:
2470:
2466:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2326:(1): CD005415.
2313:
2312:
2305:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2082:(31): 3957–63.
2069:
2068:
2064:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1787:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1666:
1665:
1638:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1499:(9): CD006613.
1493:
1492:
1481:
1448:(40): 6919–27.
1435:
1434:
1423:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1247:
1217:
1216:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1170:
1169:
1106:
1060:
1059:
1026:
1021:
1012:
982:
925:
871:
806:
790:tranexamic acid
774:
762:
729:
716:
700:
689:
668:
629:
621:bloody vomiting
609:Crohn's disease
597:
591:
571:corticosteroids
534:liver cirrhosis
526:duodenal ulcers
498:
492:
456:
386:Medical imaging
269:), also called
252:
167:
76:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4957:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4922:
4911:
4896:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:Classification
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4830:Hemoperitoneum
4827:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4542:Evans syndrome
4529:
4527:
4518:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Peabody's sign
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4367:Thrombocytosis
4364:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:Hemoperitoneum
4217:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3944:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3689:Blood in stool
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:Anal dysplasia
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3527:Angiodysplasia
3524:
3519:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3462:Diverticulosis
3458:Diverticulitis
3455:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3348:Milroy disease
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Tropical sprue
3315:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3271:
3269:
3246:
3240:Lower GI tract
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2980:Upper GI tract
2976:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2923:
2922:External links
2920:
2917:
2916:
2887:
2836:
2793:
2744:
2708:
2659:
2610:
2561:
2513:
2464:
2412:
2363:
2303:
2252:
2210:
2159:
2113:
2062:
2021:
1986:(2): 301–308.
1969:
1923:
1874:
1785:
1756:(6): 539–541.
1736:
1717:(10): 1072–9.
1694:
1636:
1598:
1574:
1551:
1518:
1479:
1421:
1377:
1321:
1245:
1197:
1104:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
981:
978:
924:
921:
890:coagulopathies
870:
869:Blood products
867:
851:Minnesota tube
805:
802:
773:
770:
761:
758:
728:
725:
720:CT angiography
715:
712:
699:
696:
688:
685:
667:
664:
628:
625:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
575:anticoagulants
552:angiodysplasia
550:, cancer, and
494:Main article:
491:
488:
455:
454:Classification
452:
372:, cancer, and
327:abdominal pain
258:
257:
246:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
218:
212:
211:
198:
194:
193:
186:
180:
179:
146:
142:
141:
132:
128:
127:
118:
112:
111:
90:
84:
83:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:Hematosalpinx
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Louvel's sign
4463:
4461:
4460:Lisker's sign
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Thrombophilia
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:Disorders of
4265:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:Diaphragmatic
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Cholecystitis
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:Liver abscess
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:Liver failure
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:Enterocolitis
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:Malabsorption
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Gastroparesis
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Cushing ulcer
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Megaesophagus
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2906:on 2013-02-20
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(2): 166–71.
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2179:(3): 147–55.
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2138:(2): 101–13.
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:(2): 126–32.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1864:on 2012-06-16
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(3): 381–93.
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1348:(5): 509–18.
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:(4): 657–70.
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
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1260:
1258:
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1225:
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1187:on 2013-07-22
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1100:
1096:
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1076:
1073:(4): 467–78.
1072:
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1064:
1057:
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860:
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852:
848:
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840:
839:beta blockers
836:
835:sclerotherapy
832:
827:
823:
822:nitroglycerin
819:
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811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
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779:
772:Peptic ulcers
771:
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766:resuscitation
759:
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645:feeling tired
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404:resuscitation
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360:due to liver
359:
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328:
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320:
319:feeling tired
317:resulting in
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159:due to liver
158:
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119:
117:
116:Complications
113:
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4948:
4924:
4913:
4898:
4883:
4850:Hemarthrosis
4819:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4480:Pratt's sign
4292:coagulopathy
4172:
4151:
4028:Pancreatitis
3990:
3940:biliary tree
3813:Nutmeg liver
3790:
3716:Hematochezia
3680:
3667:Pruritus ani
3652:Anal abscess
3647:Anal fistula
3643:Anal fissure
3556:Constipation
3510:
3381:Appendicitis
3189:Gastroptosis
3179:Achlorhydria
3018:
3007:Eosinophilic
2932:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2899:
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2383:(7): 721–8.
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2172:
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2024:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1939:
1935:
1894:(1): 53–63.
1891:
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1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1830:
1826:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1672:
1668:
1614:
1610:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
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1566:. Retrieved
1561:
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1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1533:
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1445:
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1223:
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1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1180:
1176:
1070:
1066:
1013:
1010:Epidemiology
986:
983:
963:
946:erythromycin
934:
906:
872:
826:Terlipressin
807:
794:Somatostatin
775:
763:
755:
744:
730:
717:
701:
690:
669:
653:
641:hematochezia
630:
598:
556:
541:
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444:
401:
354:peptic ulcer
343:
307:bloody stool
274:
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266:
262:
261:
253:
248:
168:
148:
101:bloody stool
4950:MedlinePlus
4603:aggregation
4485:Rose's sign
4455:Homans sign
4287:Coagulation
4208:Peritonitis
3970:Cholestasis
3948:Cholangitis
3891:Gallbladder
3779:Fatty liver
3699:Hematemesis
3681:GI bleeding
3487:Necrotizing
3416:Lymphocytic
3411:Collagenous
3406:Microscopic
3343:Steatorrhea
3244:Enteropathy
3090:Inlet patch
3012:Herpetiform
2997:Esophagitis
2933:MedlinePlus
965:Colonoscopy
942:epinephrine
859:antibiotics
818:vasopressin
778:crystalloid
601:hemorrhoids
510:hematemesis
428:antibiotics
393:angiography
370:hemorrhoids
339:passing out
311:black stool
285:, from the
229:antibiotics
173:hemorrhoids
105:black stool
58:A positive
41:Other names
4988:Categories
4926:DiseasesDB
4835:Hematocele
4800:Hemothorax
4775:Hemoptysis
4647:Hemophilia
4419:Thrombosis
4200:Peritoneal
4178:Incisional
4099:Congenital
4043:Hereditary
4020:Pancreatic
3984:Haemobilia
3657:Hemorrhoid
3635:Anal canal
3573:Infectious
3561:Functional
3396:Ulcerative
3280:Duodenitis
3219:Gastrinoma
2910:2012-04-23
1868:2013-01-18
1592:2024-08-16
1568:2024-08-16
1191:2012-04-20
1019:References
955:aspiration
923:Procedures
898:hemoglobin
894:alcoholics
814:octreotide
798:octreotide
727:Prevention
708:creatinine
579:dabigatran
476:infections
424:octreotide
416:hemoglobin
225:octreotide
216:Medication
175:, cancer,
4972:emerg/381
4969:radio/302
4966:radio/301
4961:eMedicine
4825:Hemobilia
4770:Epistaxis
4357:Platelets
4188:Richter's
4145:Spigelian
4140:Obturator
4130:Umbilical
3963:Ascending
3934:Bile duct
3767:Cirrhosis
3745:Hepatitis
3728:Accessory
3598:Proctitis
3449:Megacolon
3423:Dysentery
3333:Whipple's
3285:Jejunitis
3275:Enteritis
3162:Dyspepsia
3123:Gastritis
3056:Achalasia
2989:Esophagus
2340:1469-493X
2272:: l6744.
2231:: l6722.
2000:1970-9366
1918:205877572
1833:: a1832.
987:H. pylori
980:Prognosis
882:platelets
863:vitamin K
760:Treatment
746:H. pylori
666:Diagnosis
649:dizziness
543:H. pylori
382:Endoscopy
362:cirrhosis
356:disease,
335:pale skin
245:Frequency
236:Prognosis
209:endoscopy
197:Treatment
161:cirrhosis
68:Specialty
4994:Bleeding
4816:abdomen
4739:Petechia
4734:Hematoma
4724:Bleeding
4591:adhesion
4517:By cause
4510:Bleeding
4414:Thrombus
4313:By cause
4306:Clotting
4276:clotting
4272:bleeding
4118:Indirect
4113:Inguinal
3847:Pyogenic
3792:Vascular
3568:Diarrhea
3546:Volvulus
3512:Vascular
3451: /
3440: /
3401:Ischemic
3368:Appendix
3258:Duodenum
3128:Atrophic
3002:Candidal
2882:20503458
2823:21615438
2788:20238318
2739:22419301
2703:26058964
2654:41754753
2646:22486630
2605:18677774
2556:12535432
2508:25201154
2459:25414987
2399:23915096
2358:34995368
2298:31907166
2247:31907223
2205:21499579
2154:20083829
2108:20712058
2057:20370741
2016:54167009
2008:30499071
1964:19188697
1956:23922080
1910:22093613
1855:30762576
1847:18849311
1780:26879551
1731:22416103
1689:20691388
1631:24331453
1513:20824851
1474:24187470
1416:18021578
1364:21707680
1316:21944416
1240:18346679
1099:25400991
1001:such as
995:warfarin
843:nitrates
782:colloids
687:Clinical
583:warfarin
504:and the
279:bleeding
267:GI bleed
88:Symptoms
4920:D006471
4785:Hyphema
4760:By site
4744:Purpura
4438:By site
4159:Petit's
4135:Femoral
4038:Chronic
3852:Amoebic
3620:Anismus
3386:Colitis
3313:Coeliac
3290:Ileitis
3262:Jejunum
3115:Stomach
3019:Rupture
2873:2877188
2831:9906835
2779:7100539
2694:7387129
2596:7043291
2547:7017851
2499:4415726
2450:6599825
2407:9294529
2349:8741303
2289:7190057
2196:3076033
2099:2923771
1771:5152785
1544:6 March
1465:3812494
1372:8673988
1090:4231512
991:aspirin
810:albumin
714:Imaging
656:Bismuth
637:syncope
522:gastric
502:pharynx
480:cancers
289:to the
281:in the
109:fatigue
4955:003133
4846:joint
4796:torso
4729:Bruise
4652:A/VIII
4153:Lumbar
4123:Direct
4106:Hiatus
4086:Hernia
3938:Other
3704:Melena
3590:Rectum
3073:(GERD)
2880:
2870:
2829:
2821:
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2737:
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1097:
1087:
1003:NSAIDs
611:, and
573:, and
559:NSAIDs
514:melena
426:, and
380:test.
366:cancer
291:rectum
165:cancer
145:Causes
75:
4931:19317
4909:578.9
4894:K92.2
4766:head
4401:Clots
4078:Other
4033:Acute
3784:MASLD
3737:Liver
3711:Lower
3694:Upper
3536:Ileus
3372:Colon
3266:Ileum
3081:(LPR)
2827:S2CID
2650:S2CID
2425:(PDF)
2403:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1914:S2CID
1862:(PDF)
1851:S2CID
1823:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
892:. In
875:shock
633:shock
567:SSRIs
337:, or
309:, or
295:blood
287:mouth
254:Lower
249:Upper
169:Lower
149:Upper
131:Types
4915:MeSH
4904:9-CM
4662:C/XI
4657:B/IX
4274:and
3466:SCAD
2878:PMID
2819:PMID
2784:PMID
2762:2010
2735:PMID
2699:PMID
2642:PMID
2601:PMID
2579:2008
2552:PMID
2504:PMID
2455:PMID
2395:PMID
2354:PMID
2336:ISSN
2294:PMID
2243:PMID
2201:PMID
2150:PMID
2104:PMID
2053:PMID
2004:PMID
1996:ISSN
1952:PMID
1906:PMID
1843:PMID
1776:PMID
1727:PMID
1711:JAMA
1685:PMID
1627:PMID
1546:2015
1509:PMID
1470:PMID
1412:PMID
1360:PMID
1312:PMID
1236:PMID
1095:PMID
997:and
957:and
884:and
841:and
820:and
796:and
780:and
470:and
410:and
364:and
348:and
62:test
4900:ICD
4885:ICD
4554:TTP
4537:ITP
4379:DIC
3772:PBC
3499:IBD
3433:IBS
2868:PMC
2858:doi
2811:doi
2774:PMC
2766:doi
2727:doi
2689:PMC
2681:doi
2632:doi
2591:PMC
2583:doi
2542:PMC
2534:doi
2494:PMC
2486:doi
2482:174
2445:PMC
2437:doi
2385:doi
2344:PMC
2328:doi
2284:PMC
2274:doi
2270:368
2233:doi
2229:368
2225:BMJ
2191:PMC
2181:doi
2140:doi
2136:152
2094:PMC
2084:doi
2043:doi
1988:doi
1944:doi
1940:159
1896:doi
1835:doi
1831:337
1766:PMC
1758:doi
1719:doi
1715:307
1677:doi
1619:doi
1615:127
1501:doi
1460:PMC
1450:doi
1402:doi
1350:doi
1304:doi
1228:doi
1085:PMC
1075:doi
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524:or
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