1025:
710:
1013:
559:
35:
1103:
1001:
300:
574:
The epithelial lining of the mucosa, differs along the gastrointestinal tract. The epithelium is described as stratified if it consists of multiple layers of cells, and simple if it is made up of one layer of cells. Terms used to describe the shape of the cells in it - columnar if column-shaped, and
731:
consists of two layers of muscle, the inner and outer layer. The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer. Between the two muscle layers
403:
as pocket-like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune
988:
The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3–5 mm, and 1–5 mm in the large intestine. Focal, irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy. Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic, inflammatory or
774:
In the colon, for example, the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy and require more force to push along. The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands, known as
1024:
751:
The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.
833:. This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium, called the mesothelium, which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements. The intraperitoneal regions include most of the
767:. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces. The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract.
784:
Occasionally in the large intestine (2-3 times a day), there will be mass contraction of certain segments, moving a lot of faeces along. This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate.
170:
1117:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 13, 2023).
1326:
249:(also called Meissner's plexus), blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen, that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine.
1012:
163:
880:. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position (for example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the
218:
The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the lumen of the tract and comes into direct contact with digested food (
791:. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.
1202:
1126:
1085:
156:
763:(ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as
1319:
865:. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a
1312:
399:
are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Numerous
1107:
379:, which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes. In the small intestine,
283:
so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. The serosa is present if the tissue is
1664:
709:
188:
1000:
737:
1840:
1574:
963:
1984:
1979:
1489:
1484:
974:
may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural
781:(bands of the colon). This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine.
656:
531:, which accelerates gastric emptying, stimulates intestinal peristalsis, and stimulates the production of pepsin
745:
260:) and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut. In between the two layers of muscle lies the
311:, the gastrointestinal wall has a consistent general form, but with certain parts differing along its course.
1304:
1251:
Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014).
744:) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can, of course, be modulated by the rest of the
1898:
1893:
1888:
1405:
741:
514:
Secretion of the hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, which stimulates the release of insulin
1679:
1674:
1669:
1590:
1420:
1415:
1348:
1336:
698:
598:, the epithelium is simple columnar, and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion.
1378:
61:
558:
1636:
1383:
1373:
928:
368:
114:
109:
1168:
927:
is something that's eroded through the epithelium of the wall. Ulcers that affect the tract include
1684:
1388:
34:
1958:
1815:
1759:
1569:
1398:
1365:
967:
881:
850:
567:
356:
235:
971:
626:
1820:
1614:
1290:
1272:
1198:
1122:
1081:
811:
788:
736:(Auerbach's plexus). This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells (
610:
405:
380:
349:
276:
231:
383:
are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine. The villi contain a
341:
is the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur.
1797:
1787:
1723:
1626:
1494:
1458:
1410:
1280:
1264:
1031:
958:
depending on the parts affected. It can be due to infections or other conditions, including
932:
905:
854:
733:
694:
622:
400:
388:
261:
246:
1142:
1953:
1924:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1742:
1718:
1599:
1111:
1102:
959:
901:
873:
842:
826:
664:
637:
602:
500:
325:
The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the cavity (
288:
284:
192:
86:
66:
256:
in longitudinal and circular orientation that also helps with continued bowel movements (
1219:
1948:
1938:
1883:
1845:
1728:
1544:
1539:
1521:
1463:
1425:
1285:
1252:
1035:
728:
722:
693:, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer. It contains the
668:
606:
519:
345:
227:
204:
191:
is made up of four layers of specialised tissue. From the inner cavity of the gut (the
81:
76:
1973:
1802:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1526:
858:
605:, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. It is organised into
591:
the epithelium is stratified, squamous and non-keratinising, for protective purposes.
360:
253:
239:
787:
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the
566:, showing an epithelium (at top, and also facing the elongated cavities) made up of
1878:
1868:
1534:
1393:
777:
690:
618:
17:
1873:
1810:
1646:
1641:
1619:
1340:
982:
939:
938:
The gastrointestinal wall is inflamed in a number of conditions. This is called
885:
756:
689:
The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with
641:
462:
449:
413:
409:
396:
372:
257:
981:
Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in
810:
The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall consists of several layers of
647:
The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with
1928:
1863:
1855:
1631:
1268:
947:
909:
877:
819:
805:
648:
614:
588:
580:
338:
308:
272:
223:
212:
142:
91:
1276:
621:
that increases the area for absorption. In the ileum there are occasionally
1943:
1933:
1451:
1446:
1435:
943:
889:
866:
684:
200:
132:
71:
1294:
1656:
1224:
897:
838:
759:
and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a
630:
545:
1694:
1554:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1473:
1357:
975:
955:
951:
893:
834:
714:
660:
595:
584:
563:
528:
484:
408:
which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued
384:
137:
770:
The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract:
326:
226:, where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur; the
1832:
920:
The gastrointestinal wall can be affected in a number of conditions.
862:
846:
830:
815:
801:
536:
491:
475:
320:
268:
208:
196:
966:
affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways.
872:
Regions of the gastrointestinal tract behind the peritoneum (called
825:
Regions of the gastrointestinal tract within the peritoneum (called
299:
252:
The muscular layer surrounds the submucosa. It comprises layers of
1751:
1710:
1080:(5th ed.). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 263–265.
924:
764:
557:
392:
376:
330:
280:
219:
329:) of the tract and comes into direct contact with digested food (
672:
1308:
655:
Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at
1197:(6th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1121:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 23.5 The small and large intestines.
1078:
Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas
470:
Secretion of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme; phagocytosis
1169:"General Structure of the Digestive System | SEER Training"
367:
The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a
503:, which stimulates release of pancreatic juices and bile
1253:"Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis"
985:
of tumour spread. This affects treatment and prognosis.
1246:
1244:
1242:
755:
The coordinated contractions of these layers is called
701:, situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer.
935:
is one that has eroded completely through the layers.
222:). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: the
1915:
1854:
1831:
1768:
1750:
1741:
1709:
1693:
1655:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1472:
1434:
1356:
1347:
640:, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi.
275:are the final layers. These are made up of loose
740:). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (
657:the junction between the oesophagus and stomach
444:Digestion and absorption of nutrients in chyme
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
633:but not in other parts of the small intestine.
1320:
164:
8:
303:The general structure of the intestinal wall
245:The submucosa contains nerves including the
1076:Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. (2006).
884:). The retroperitoneal regions include the
333:). The mucosa is made up of three layers:
1747:
1604:
1595:
1353:
1327:
1313:
1305:
171:
157:
29:
1284:
617:have microvilli. The microvilli create a
524:Intestinal glands of duodenum and jejunum
708:
644:, which secrete mucus, are also present.
423:
298:
1049:
996:
46:
287:, and the adventitia if the tissue is
42:This article is one of a series on the
1143:"Oral: Four layers of the G.I. tract"
7:
483:Secretion of the hormone intestinal
420:Cells of the small intestinal mucosa
25:
1220:"Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging"
1195:Color Atlas and Text of Histology
264:(also called Auerbach's plexus).
1106: This article incorporates
1101:
1023:
1011:
1006:General organisation of GI tract
999:
33:
1:
970:involves the colonic mucosa.
496:Intestinal glands of duodenum
480:Intestinal glands of duodenum
454:Epithelium/intestinal glands
441:Epithelium/intestinal glands
391:that aids in the removal of
387:, a vessel connected to the
1575:Enterochromaffin-like cells
1030:Cross-section histology of
738:interstitial cells of Cajal
562:Image of the mucosa of the
2001:
1193:Gartner and Hiatt (2014).
964:inflammatory bowel disease
799:
720:
682:
318:
195:) outwards, these are the
27:Digestive system structure
1269:10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y
818:(below the diaphragm) or
544:Secretion of the hormone
527:Secretion of the hormone
499:Secretion of the hormone
1173:training.seer.cancer.gov
1119:Anatomy & Physiology
1018:The wall of the stomach.
746:autonomic nervous system
1899:External anal sphincter
1894:Intersphincteric groove
1889:Internal anal sphincter
1406:Pterygomandibular raphe
896:of the stomach, distal
742:basal electrical rhythm
713:Muscular layers of the
625:in the lamina propria.
375:. Goblet cells secrete
1680:Duodenojejunal flexure
1675:Minor duodenal papilla
1670:Major duodenal papilla
1421:Pharyngobasilar fascia
1416:Buccopharyngeal fascia
1337:gastrointestinal tract
718:
699:enteric nervous plexus
571:
430:Location in the mucosa
307:When viewed under the
304:
189:gastrointestinal tract
1637:Enteroendocrine cells
1257:Insights into Imaging
1236:Updated: Sep 22, 2016
1149:. University of Leeds
916:Clinical significance
822:above the diaphragm.
796:Serosa and adventitia
712:
561:
302:
285:within the peritoneum
185:gastrointestinal wall
48:Gastrointestinal wall
1110:available under the
989:infectious disease.
837:, first part of the
661:stomach and duodenum
369:glandular epithelium
1570:Gastric chief cells
1147:The Histology Guide
876:) are covered with
829:) are covered with
568:column-shaped cells
457:Secretion of mucus
395:and tissue fluids.
82:Longitudinal muscle
968:Ulcerative colitis
882:transpyloric plane
719:
575:squamous if flat.
572:
359:, a thin layer of
357:muscularis mucosae
352:within the mucosa.
305:
238:, a thin layer of
236:muscularis mucosae
1967:
1966:
1959:Muscularis mucosa
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1821:epiploic appendix
1737:
1736:
1665:Suspensory muscle
1627:Intestinal glands
1585:
1584:
1204:978-1-4511-1343-3
1128:978-1-947172-04-3
1087:978-0-4430-6-8508
993:Additional images
814:and is either of
812:connective tissue
789:pyloric sphincter
629:are found in the
607:plicae circulares
551:
550:
541:Intestinal glands
511:Intestinal glands
467:Intestinal glands
406:muscularis mucosa
401:intestinal glands
350:connective tissue
277:connective tissue
232:connective tissue
181:
180:
115:Auerbach's plexus
110:Meissner's plexus
56:General structure
18:Intestinal mucosa
16:(Redirected from
1992:
1985:Digestive system
1980:Membrane biology
1841:Transverse folds
1798:Descending colon
1788:Transverse colon
1748:
1702:No substructures
1685:Brunner's glands
1615:Intestinal villi
1605:
1596:
1495:Angular incisure
1411:Pharyngeal raphe
1379:retropharyngeal
1354:
1339:, excluding the
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1248:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1218:Ali Nawaz Khan.
1215:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1032:intestinal villi
1027:
1015:
1003:
933:perforated ulcer
906:descending colon
855:transverse colon
734:myenteric plexus
695:submucous plexus
665:ileum and caecum
627:Brunner's glands
424:
262:myenteric plexus
247:submucous plexus
173:
166:
159:
37:
30:
21:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1903:
1850:
1827:
1793:Splenic flexure
1783:Hepatic flexure
1778:Ascending colon
1764:
1743:Large intestine
1733:
1729:Microfold cells
1724:Peyer's patches
1719:Ileocecal valve
1705:
1689:
1651:
1600:Small intestine
1581:
1468:
1430:
1384:parapharyngeal
1374:peripharyngeal
1343:
1335:Anatomy of the
1333:
1303:
1302:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1004:
995:
972:Crohn's disease
960:coeliac disease
918:
902:ascending colon
874:retroperitoneal
843:small intestine
827:Intraperitoneal
808:
800:Main articles:
798:
725:
707:
687:
681:
623:Peyer's patches
603:small intestine
556:
501:cholecystokinin
438:Absorptive cell
422:
416:along the gut.
404:cells, and the
323:
317:
297:
289:retroperitoneal
177:
148:
147:
128:
120:
119:
105:
97:
96:
77:Circular muscle
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Circular folds
1946:
1941:
1939:Muscular layer
1936:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Pectinate line
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Parietal cells
1562:
1560:Foveolar cells
1557:
1555:Pyloric glands
1552:
1547:
1545:Cardiac glands
1542:
1540:Gastric glands
1537:
1529:
1524:
1522:Gastric mucosa
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1426:Pyriform sinus
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:retrovisceral
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1263:(2): 195–208.
1238:
1210:
1203:
1185:
1160:
1134:
1127:
1093:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:terminal ileum
1029:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1005:
998:
994:
991:
917:
914:
797:
794:
793:
792:
785:
782:
729:muscular layer
723:Muscular layer
721:Main article:
706:
705:Muscular layer
703:
683:Main article:
680:
677:
669:pectinate line
663:, between the
659:; between the
653:
652:
645:
634:
599:
592:
555:
552:
549:
548:
542:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
509:
505:
504:
497:
494:
488:
487:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
421:
418:
365:
364:
353:
346:lamina propria
342:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
296:
293:
279:and coated in
228:lamina propria
205:muscular layer
179:
178:
176:
175:
168:
161:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1803:Sigmoid colon
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
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1551:
1550:Fundic glands
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:Microanatomy
1530:
1528:
1527:Gastric folds
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1050:
1043:
1037:
1034:of the human
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1002:
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990:
986:
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949:
945:
941:
936:
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929:peptic ulcers
926:
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911:
907:
903:
899:
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879:
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859:sigmoid colon
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:, all of the
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724:
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692:
691:blood vessels
686:
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667:, and at the
666:
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587:and external
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411:
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362:
361:smooth muscle
358:
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348:, a layer of
347:
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328:
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294:
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254:smooth muscle
250:
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237:
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49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
1916:
1879:Anal sinuses
1869:Anal columns
1647:Paneth cells
1642:Goblet cells
1608:Microanatomy
1535:Gastric pits
1399:prevertebral
1260:
1256:
1229:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1118:
1100:
1096:
1077:
987:
980:
937:
922:
919:
871:
824:
809:
778:taeniae coli
776:
769:
760:
754:
750:
726:
688:
654:
642:Goblet cells
619:brush border
573:
389:lymph system
373:goblet cells
366:
324:
306:
266:
251:
244:
217:
184:
182:
47:
1874:Anal valves
1811:taenia coli
1807:Continuous
1632:Enterocytes
1481:Curvatures
1443:Sphincters
940:esophagitis
886:oral cavity
757:peristalsis
649:lymphocytes
615:enterocytes
463:Paneth cell
450:Goblet cell
414:catastalsis
410:peristalsis
258:peristalsis
1974:Categories
1929:Adventitia
1856:Anal canal
1620:Microvilli
1231:2017-03-07
1044:References
948:duodenitis
910:anal canal
878:adventitia
820:adventitia
806:Adventitia
613:, and the
589:anal canal
581:oesophagus
554:Epithelium
397:Microvilli
371:with many
339:epithelium
309:microscope
273:adventitia
234:, and the
224:epithelium
213:adventitia
143:Intestines
92:Adventitia
62:Epithelium
1944:Submucosa
1934:Subserosa
1436:Esophagus
1277:1869-4101
1153:4 January
1112:CC BY 4.0
944:gastritis
890:esophagus
867:mesentery
685:Submucosa
679:Submucosa
433:Function
427:Cell type
295:Structure
201:submucosa
133:Esophagus
72:Submucosa
1760:Appendix
1657:Duodenum
1295:24407923
1225:Medscape
1114:license.
976:fistulae
898:duodenum
851:appendix
839:duodenum
631:duodenum
546:secretin
207:and the
104:Specific
1846:Ampulla
1816:haustra
1695:Jejunum
1517:Pylorus
1485:greater
1474:Stomach
1370:Spaces
1366:Muscles
1358:Pharynx
1286:3999365
1178:2 April
983:staging
956:colitis
952:ileitis
894:pylorus
835:stomach
732:is the
715:stomach
671:of the
636:In the
601:In the
596:stomach
594:In the
585:pharynx
579:In the
564:stomach
537:S cells
529:motilin
520:M cells
508:K cells
492:I cells
485:gastrin
476:G cells
385:lacteal
187:of the
138:Stomach
1954:Mucosa
1925:Serosa
1833:Rectum
1512:Fundus
1502:Cardia
1490:lesser
1459:glands
1394:danger
1293:
1283:
1275:
1201:
1125:
1084:
962:, and
954:, and
863:rectum
847:caecum
831:serosa
816:serosa
802:Serosa
697:, and
393:lipids
321:Mucosa
315:Mucosa
269:serosa
209:serosa
203:, the
199:, the
197:mucosa
127:Organs
87:Serosa
67:Mucosa
1770:Colon
1752:Cecum
1711:Ileum
1591:Lower
1452:lower
1447:upper
1349:Upper
1341:mouth
925:ulcer
765:chyme
761:bolus
717:wall.
638:colon
611:villi
381:villi
377:mucus
331:chyme
327:lumen
281:mucus
220:chyme
193:lumen
1917:Wall
1864:Anus
1507:Body
1464:crop
1291:PMID
1273:ISSN
1199:ISBN
1180:2024
1155:2014
1123:ISBN
1108:text
1082:ISBN
931:and
908:and
861:and
849:and
804:and
727:The
673:anus
609:and
412:and
355:The
344:The
337:The
267:The
183:The
1281:PMC
1265:doi
923:An
211:or
1976::
1927:/
1289:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:.
1255:.
1241:^
1222:.
1171:.
1145:.
1052:^
978:.
950:,
946:,
942:,
912:.
904:,
900:,
892:,
888:,
869:.
857:,
853:,
845:,
748:.
675:.
583:,
291:.
242:.
215:.
1328:e
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1297:.
1267::
1261:5
1234:.
1207:.
1182:.
1157:.
1131:.
1090:.
1038:.
651:.
570:.
363:.
271:/
172:e
165:t
158:v
20:)
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