146:; the anterograde (towards the flagellar tip) motor is heterotrimeric kinesin-2, and the retrograde (towards the cell body) motor is cytoplasmic dynein 1b. IFT particles carry axonemal subunits to the site of assembly at the tip of the axoneme; thus, IFT is necessary for axonemal growth. Therefore, since the axoneme needs a continually fresh supply of proteins, an axoneme with defective IFT machinery will slowly shrink in the absence of replacement protein subunits. In healthy flagella, IFT particles reverse direction at the tip of the axoneme, and are thought to carry used proteins, or "turnover products," back to the base of the flagellum.
124:
20:
153:. The two complexes, known as 'A' and 'B,' are separable via sucrose centrifugation (both complexes at approximately 16S, but under increased ionic strength complex B sediments more slowly, thus segregating the two complexes). The many subunits of the IFT complexes have been named according to their molecular weights:
455:
One of the most recent discoveries regarding IFT is its potential role in signal transduction. IFT has been shown to be necessary for the movement of other signaling proteins within the cilia, and therefore may play a role in many different signaling pathways. Specifically, IFT has been implicated as
71:
are examples of cilia that assemble in the cytoplasm and do not require IFT. The process of IFT involves movement of large protein complexes called IFT particles or trains from the cell body to the ciliary tip and followed by their return to the cell body. The outward or anterograde movement is
1270:
Walczak-Sztulpa, J., Eggenschwiler, J., Osborn, D., Brown, D. A., Emma, F., Klingenberg, C., Hennekam, R. C., Torre, G., Garshasbi, M., Tzschach, A., Szczepanska, M., Krawczynski, M., Zachwieja, J., Zwolinska, D., Beales, P. L., Ropers, H.-H., Latos-Bielenska, A., Kuss, A. W. (2010).
1144:
Arts, H. H., Bongers, E. M. H. F., Mans, D. A., van
Beersum, S. E. C., Oud, M. M., Bolat, E., Spruijt, L., Cornelissen, E. A. M., Schuurs-Hoeijmakers, J. H. M., de Leeuw, N., Cormier-Daire, V., Brunner, H. G., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Roepman, R. (2011).
1206:
Gilissen, C., Arts, H. H., Hoischen, A., Spruijt, L., Mans, D. A., Arts, P., van Lier, B., Steehouwer, M., van
Reeuwijk, J., Kant, S. G., Roepman, R., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Veltman, J. A., Brunner, H. G. (2010).
1080:
Aldahmesh, M. A., Li, Y., Alhashem, A., Anazi, S., Alkuraya, H., Hashem, M., Awaji, A. A., Sogaty, S., Alkharashi, A., Alzahrani, S., Al Hazzaa, S. A., Xiong, Y., Kong, S., Sun, Z., Alkuraya, F. S. (2014).
250:
generally associated with non-functional (or absent) cilia. IFT88, for example, encodes a protein also known as Tg737 or
Polaris in mouse and human, and the loss of this protein has been found to cause an
1468:
Halbritter, J., Bizet, A. A., Schmidts, M., Porath, J. D., Braun, D. A., Gee, H. Y., McInerney-Leo, A. M., Krug, P., Filhol, E., Davis, E. E., Airik, R., Czarnecki, P. G., and 38 others. (2013).
1401:
Bredrup, C., Saunier, S., Oud, M. M., Fiskerstrand, T., Hoischen, A., Brackman, D., Leh, S. M., Midtbo, M., Filhol, E., Bole-Feysot, C., Nitschke, P., Gilissen, C., and 16 others. (2011).
262:
model phenotype in mice. Further, the mislocalization of this protein following WDR62 knockdown in mice results in brain malformation and ciliopathies. Other human diseases such as
1334:
Perrault, I., Saunier, S., Hanein, S., Filhol, E., Bizet, A. A., Collins, F., Salih, M. A. M., Gerber, S., Delphin, N., Bigot, K., Orssaud, C., Silva, E., and 18 others. (2012).
230:
The biochemical properties and biological functions of these IFT subunits are just beginning to be elucidated, for example they interact with components of the basal body like
517:"Chlamydomonas kinesin-II-dependent intraflagellar transport (IFT): IFT particles contain proteins required for ciliary assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons"
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965:
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1387:
969:
1045:
Badano, Jose L.; Norimasa
Mitsuma; Phil L. Beales; Nicholas Katsanis (September 2006). "The Ciliopathies : An Emerging Class of Human Genetic Disorders".
131:
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) describes the bi-directional movement of non-membrane-bound particles along the doublet microtubules of the flagellar, and
1902:
480:
318:" is now used to indicate their common origin. These and possibly many more disorders may be better understood via study of IFT.
1874:
246:
Due to the importance of IFT in maintaining functional cilia, defective IFT machinery has now been implicated in many disease
1895:
1083:"IFT27, encoding a small GTPase component of IFT particles, is mutated in a consanguineous family with Bardet-Biedl syndrome"
1006:"The association of microcephaly protein WDR62 with CPAP/IFT88 is required for cilia formation and neocortical development"
306:, which causes both cystic kidneys and retinal degeneration, have been linked to the IFT machinery. This diverse group of
271:
875:"Characterization of the intraflagellar transport complex B core: direct interaction of the IFT81 and IFT74/72 subunits"
2406:
2182:
1781:"Gli2 and Gli3 localize to cilia and require the intraflagellar transport protein polaris for processing and function"
1644:
kinesin-II-dependent intraflagellar transport (IFT): IFT particles contain proteins required for ciliary assembly in
291:
916:"Subunit interactions and organization of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii intraflagellar transport complex A proteins"
61:. It is thought to be required to build all cilia that assemble within a membrane projection from the cell surface.
279:
347:
303:
1888:
259:
93:
80:
2/1b. The IFT particles are composed of about 20 proteins organized in two subcomplexes called complex A and B.
275:
138:, between the axoneme and the plasma membrane. Studies have shown that the movement of IFT particles along the
445:
407:
1273:"Cranioectodermal dysplasia, Sensenbrenner syndrome, is a ciliopathy caused by mutations in the IFT122 gene"
1738:"Intraflagellar transport is required for the vectorial movement of TRPV channels in the ciliary membrane"
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25:
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63:
1403:"Ciliopathies with skeletal anomalies and renal insufficiency due to mutations in the IFT-A gene WDR19"
109:
It has been suggested based on localization studies that IFT proteins also function outside of cilia.
1600:
685:
626:
2386:
2021:
488:
287:
235:
83:
IFT was first reported in 1993 by graduate student Keith
Kozminski while working in the lab of Dr.
149:
The IFT particles themselves consist of two sub-complexes, each made up of several individual IFT
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118:
1470:"Defects in the IFT-B component IFT172 cause Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes in humans"
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88:
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515:
Cole, DG; Diener, DR; Himelblau, AL; Beech, PL; Fuster, JC; Rosenbaum, JL (May 1998).
2400:
649:
614:
461:
1859:
1826:"More than one way to build a flagellum: comparative genomics of parasitic protozoa"
1771:
810:
2306:
2245:
1630:
1178:
715:
132:
47:
1779:
Haycraft CJ, Banizs B, Aydin-Son Y, Zhang Q, Michaud EJ, Yoder BK (October 2005).
731:"Intraflagellar transport molecules in ciliary and nonciliary cells of the retina"
1797:
2172:
1736:
Qin H, Burnette DT, Bae YK, Forscher P, Barr MM, Rosenbaum JL (September 2005).
1638:
Cole DG, Diener DR, Himelblau AL, Beech PL, Fuster JC, Rosenbaum JL (May 1998).
263:
139:
43:
1873:
For a time-lapse microscopic QuickTime movie and schematic cartoon of IFT, see
1485:
1418:
1351:
1288:
1224:
1209:"Exome sequencing identifies WDR35 variants involved in Sensenbrenner syndrome"
1971:
1842:
1754:
1737:
564:
Bhogaraju, S.; Taschner, M.; Morawetz, M.; Basquin, C.; Lorentzen, E. (2011).
315:
51:
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1162:
932:
639:
256:
252:
247:
1851:
1816:
1763:
1728:
1622:
1587:
Orozco JT, Wedaman KP, Signor D, Brown H, Rose L, Scholey JM (April 1999).
1570:
1503:
1436:
1369:
1306:
1242:
1170:
1116:
1066:
1031:
951:
900:
891:
874:
859:
826:"Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia: moving along the cell's antenna"
802:
764:
707:
599:
581:
123:
1710:
1681:
1663:
841:
746:
658:
550:
532:
91:. The process of IFT has been best characterized in the biflagellate alga
2076:
1961:
1098:
1022:
1005:
307:
98:
58:
2368:
2363:
2278:
2225:
2142:
1912:
984:
615:"A motility in the eukaryotic flagellum unrelated to flagellar beating"
314:
are now understood to arise due to malfunctioning cilia, and the term "
150:
135:
73:
40:
672:
Orozco, JT; Wedaman KP; Signor D; Brown H; Rose L; Scholey JM (1999).
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2157:
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2066:
2061:
2051:
1979:
1951:
1824:
Briggs LJ, Davidge JA, Wickstead B, Ginger ML, Gull K (August 2004).
1336:"Mainzer-Saldino syndrome is a ciliopathy caused by IFT140 mutations"
231:
162:
77:
76:-2 while the inward or retrograde movement is powered by cytoplasmic
19:
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1689:
Pan X, Ou G, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, et al. (September 2006).
1613:
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914:
Behal RH1, Miller MS, Qin H, Lucker BF, Jones A, Cole DG. (2012).
698:
673:
224:
220:
208:
200:
196:
192:
188:
122:
54:
18:
566:"Crystal structure of the intraflagellar transport complex 25/27"
234:
or proteins which are required for cilium formation like tubulin
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2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
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1884:
1147:"C14ORF179 encoding IFT43 is mutated in Sensenbrenner syndrome"
322:
Human genetic syndromes associated with mutations in IFT genes
2132:
1695:
cilia by the concerted action of kinesin-II and OSM-3 motors"
986:
Functional characterisation of the centrosomal protein Cep170
781:
Rosenbaum, JL; Witman GB (2002). "Intraflagellar
Transport".
613:
Kozminski, KG; Johnson KA; Forscher P; Rosenbaum JL. (1993).
481:"The Panda's Thumb: Of cilia and silliness (More on Behe)"
776:
774:
993:(Text.PhDThesis). LMU Muenchen: Fakultät für Biologie.
23:
Intraflagellar transport in the cilia of the nematode
873:
Lucker BF, Behal RH, Qin H, et al. (July 2005).
2287:
2244:
2196:
2115:
1970:
1919:
460:signaling, one of the most important pathways in
127:A simplified model of intraflagellar transport.
1535:Eggenschwiler JT, Anderson KV (January 2007).
1896:
510:
508:
506:
8:
1691:"Mechanism of transport of IFT particles in
1516:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1382:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1191:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1129:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1047:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
270:(a reversal of the body's left-right axis),
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1520:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1453:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1386:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1004:Shohayeb, B, et al. (December 2020).
968:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1589:"Movement of motor and cargo along cilia"
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674:"Movement of motor and cargo along cilia"
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1553:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123249
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46:that is essential for the formation (
7:
97:as well as the sensory cilia of the
39:) is a bidirectional motility along
1537:"Cilia and developmental signaling"
729:Sedmak T, Wolfrum U (April 2010).
14:
142:is carried out by two different
67:cilia and the sperm flagella of
1:
1798:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010053
2423:
1486:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.012
1419:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.10.001
1352:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.006
1289:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.012
1225:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.08.004
280:primary ciliary dyskinesia
116:
50:) and maintenance of most
2382:
1875:Rosenbaum Lab IFT webpage
1843:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.041
1755:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.047
260:polycystic kidney disease
94:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
2319:intraflagellar transport
619:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
446:Mainzer–Saldino syndrome
408:Mainzer–Saldino syndrome
242:Physiological importance
33:Intraflagellar transport
1163:10.1136/jmg.2011.088864
933:10.1074/jbc.M111.287102
830:Journal of Cell Biology
640:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5519
238:and membrane proteins.
1646:Caenorhabditis elegans
1541:Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
892:10.1074/jbc.M505062200
582:10.1038/emboj.2011.110
427:Sensenbrenner syndrome
393:Sensenbrenner syndrome
378:Sensenbrenner syndrome
363:Sensenbrenner syndrome
296:Sensenbrenner syndrome
292:Meckel–Gruber syndrome
128:
103:Caenorhabditis elegans
29:
1711:10.1083/jcb.200606003
1664:10.1083/jcb.141.4.993
842:10.1083/jcb.200709133
783:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
747:10.1083/jcb.200911095
533:10.1083/jcb.141.4.993
348:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
304:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
272:Senior–Løken syndrome
126:
64:Plasmodium falciparum
22:
824:Scholey, JM (2008).
491:on 14 September 2007
264:retinal degeneration
1605:1999Natur.398..674O
690:1999Natur.398..674O
631:1993PNAS...90.5519K
485:www.pandasthumb.org
323:
183:complex B contains
157:complex A contains
2407:Cellular processes
1099:10.1093/hmg/ddu044
1023:10.1093/hmg/ddz281
321:
144:microtubule motors
129:
30:
2394:
2393:
2205:outer dynein arms
1474:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1407:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1340:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1277:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1213:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1093:(12): 3307–3315.
926:(15): 11689–703.
576:(10): 1907–1918.
453:
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308:genetic syndromes
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2124:connecting cilia
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1648:sensory neurons"
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983:Lamla S (2009).
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487:. Archived from
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312:genetic diseases
288:Alström syndrome
284:nephronophthisis
119:Axonal transport
16:Cellular process
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1581:Further reading
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89:Yale University
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1868:External links
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1836:(15): R611–2.
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1748:(18): 1695–9.
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1705:(7): 1035–45.
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795:10.1038/nrm952
789:(11): 813–25.
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458:sonic hedgehog
456:a mediator of
451:
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442:Jeune syndrome
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1920:Nephrocystin
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1699:J. Cell Biol
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1652:J. Cell Biol
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1125:cite journal
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991:Dissertation
990:
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960:cite journal
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524:
521:J. Cell Biol
520:
493:. Retrieved
489:the original
484:
475:
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245:
229:
148:
133:motile cilia
130:
113:Biochemistry
108:
101:
92:
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48:ciliogenesis
44:microtubules
36:
32:
31:
24:
1053:: 125–148.
140:microtubule
72:powered by
2387:ciliopathy
2385:see also:
1972:Basal body
1830:Curr. Biol
1791:(4): e53.
1785:PLOS Genet
1742:Curr. Biol
1693:C. elegans
1547:: 345–73.
495:13 January
468:References
336:reference
330:Other name
316:ciliopathy
248:phenotypes
117:See also:
69:Drosophila
52:eukaryotic
26:C. elegans
2295:cytoplasm
2022:chaperone
359:C14ORF179
257:recessive
253:autosomal
236:chaperone
2401:Category
2077:RPGRIP1L
1962:RPGRIP1L
1913:proteins
1911:Ciliary
1860:42754598
1852:15296774
1817:16254602
1772:15658145
1764:16169494
1729:17000880
1623:10227290
1571:17506691
1504:24140113
1437:22019273
1370:22503633
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1243:20817137
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901:15955805
860:18180368
811:12130216
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765:20368623
708:10227290
600:21505417
404:KIAA0590
327:IFT gene
151:proteins
99:nematode
59:flagella
2369:TMEM216
2364:SDCCAG8
2307:nucleus
2279:RSPH10B
2226:axoneme
2143:RPGRIP1
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1720:2064394
1682:9585417
1673:2132775
1631:4414550
1601:Bibcode
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1361:3376548
1298:3032067
1234:2933349
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1108:4047285
943:3320918
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756:2854383
716:4414550
686:Bibcode
659:8516294
627:Bibcode
591:3098482
551:9585417
542:2132775
136:axoneme
74:kinesin
41:axoneme
2374:TXNDC3
2359:LRRC50
2349:INPP5E
2339:ARL13B
2269:RSPH6A
2264:RSPH4A
2231:DNAH11
2198:Dynein
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2163:INPP5E
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1980:BBsome
1952:CEP290
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401:IFT140
386:IFT122
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302:, and
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163:IFT140
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2168:IQCB1
2148:TULP1
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2107:NPHP1
2097:NPHP4
2057:ALMS1
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2037:BBS12
2032:BBS10
1957:GLIS2
1947:IQCB1
1942:NPHP4
1937:NPHP3
1927:NPHP1
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712:S2CID
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389:WDR10
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344:RABL4
341:IFT27
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221:IFT27
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213:IFT52
209:IFT57
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201:IFT74
197:IFT80
193:IFT81
189:IFT88
179:IFT43
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2072:MKS1
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2015:BBS9
2010:TTC8
2005:BBS7
2000:BBS5
1995:BBS4
1990:BBS2
1985:BBS1
1932:INVS
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1813:PMID
1760:PMID
1725:PMID
1678:PMID
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