433:. The numerical value of the electric field, also called the electric field strength, determines the strength of the electric force that a charged particle will feel in the field and the direction of the field determines which direction the force will be in. By convention, the direction of the electric field is the same as the direction of the force on positive charges and opposite to the direction of the force on negative charges. Because positive charges are repelled by other positive charges and are attracted to negative charges, this means the electric fields point away from positive charges and towards negative charges. These properties of the electric field are encapsulated in the equation for the electric force on a charge written in terms of the electric field:
403:
722:
394:
571:
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843:, the positive charges seem closer together compared to the flowing electrons and so the wire seems positively charged. Therefore, in the electron's rest frame it feels no magnetic force (because it is not moving in its own frame) but it does feel an electric force due to the positively charged wire. This result from relativity proves that magnetic fields are just electric fields in a different reference frame (and vice versa) and so the two are different manifestations of the same underlying
378:
624:. According to Gauss's law for magnetism, the flow of magnetic field through a closed surface is always zero. This means that if there is a magnetic field, the flow into the closed surface will always cancel out with the flow out of the closed surface. This law has also been called "no magnetic monopoles" because it means that any magnetic flux flowing out of a closed surface must flow back into it, meaning that positive and negative magnetic poles must come together as a
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684:. If the wire is straight, then the magnetic field is curled around it like the gripped fingers in the right-hand rule. If the wire is wrapped into coils, then the magnetic field inside the coils points in a straight line like the outstretched thumb in the right-hand grip rule. When electric currents are used to produce a
753:. The observation that these wave solutions had a wave speed exactly equal to the speed of light led Maxwell to hypothesise that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and to posit that other electromagnetic radiation could exist with different wavelengths. The existence of electromagnetic radiation was proved by
2246:
701:
states that a magnetic field can produce an electric current. For example, a magnet pushed in and out of a coil of wires can produce an electric current in the coils which is proportional to the strength of the magnet as well as the number of coils and the speed at which the magnet is inserted and
1010:
to the flow of electrons and so are often used to cover conducting wires for safety. In insulators, electrons are tightly bound to atomic nuclei and the energy to free them is very high so they are not free to move and are resistive to induced movement by an external electric field. However, some
611:
is proportional to the amount of charge that is enclosed by that surface. This means that the greater the charge, the greater the electric field that is produced. It also has other important implications. For example, this law means that if there is no charge enclosed by the surface, then either
834:
where unmoving objects appear closer together to the observer in motion than to the observer at rest. Therefore, if an electron is moving at the same speed as the current in a neutral wire, then they experience the flowing electrons in the wire as standing still relative to it and the positive
364:
is the square of the distance between them. It describes the fact that like charges repel one another whereas opposite charges attract one another and that the stronger the charges of the particles, the stronger the force they exert on one another. The law is also an
2012:
996:
612:
there is no electric field at all or, if there is a charge near to but outside of the closed surface, the flow of electric field into the surface must exactly cancel with the flow out of the surface. The second of
Maxwell's equations is known as
2021:
910:
Because charges are free to move in a conductor, when they are disturbed by an external electric field they rearrange themselves such that the field that their configuration produces exactly cancels the external electric field inside the
732:
Together, Maxwell's equations provide a single uniform theory of the electric and magnetic fields and
Maxwell's work in creating this theory has been called "the second great unification in physics" after the first great unification of
696:
around an iron core which strengthens the magnetic field produced because the iron core becomes magnetised. Maxwell's extension to the law states that a time-varying electric field can also generate a magnetic field. Similarly,
923:
If this were not the case, the field would have a nonzero component on the surface of the conductor, which would cause the charges in the conductor to move around until that component of the field is zero.
1251:
of the dielectric and the capacitance increases. The maximum energy that can be stored by a capacitor is proportional to the capacitance and the square of the potential difference between the plates
322:
1390:
is the magnetic flux produced by the coil of wire. The inductance is a measure of the circuit's resistance to a change in current and so inductors with high inductances can also be used to oppose
240:
which means that the charge in a closed system (where no charges are leaving or entering) must remain constant. The fundamental law that describes the gravitational force on a massive object in
1828:
485:). The direction of the force on a moving charge from a magnetic field is perpendicular to both the direction of motion and the direction of the magnetic field lines and can be found using the
1121:
1243:
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Because the flow of magnetic field out of a closed surface must cancel with the flow into it, magnets must have both North and South poles which cannot be separated into monopoles.
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1792:
528:
1803:, as current is defined as the flow of charge over time. If a current splits as it exits a junction, the sum of the resultant split currents is equal to the incoming circuit.
941:
In some materials, the electrons are bound to the atomic nuclei and so are not free to move around but the energy required to set them free is low. In these materials, called
164:. In such circuits, even Maxwell's equations can be dispensed with and simpler formulations used. On the other hand, a quantum treatment of electromagnetism is important in
1154:
3219:
2241:{\displaystyle V_{tot}=V_{1}=V_{2}=V_{3}=\ldots \qquad {1 \over R_{tot}}={1 \over R_{1}}+{1 \over R_{2}}+{1 \over R_{3}}+\ldots \qquad I_{tot}=I_{1}+I_{2}+I_{3}+\ldots }
1361:
106:
3523:
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839:, the electron is moving and so feels a magnetic force from the current in the wire but because the wire is neutral it feels no electric force. But in the electron's
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If there is no charge enclosed by a closed surface, then the amount of electric field flowing into it must exactly cancel with the electric field flowing out of it.
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This follows from the first statement because the field is zero everywhere inside the conductor and therefore the potential is constant within the conductor too.
1310:
is an electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field inside a coil of wire. A current-carrying coil of wire induces a magnetic field according to
3548:
429:
are fields which are assigned both a numerical value and a direction at each point in space and time. Electric charges produce a vector field called the
1051:
that stores electrical potential energy in an electric field between two oppositely charged conducting plates. If one of the conducting plates has a
734:
1007:
3541:
1637:. In such circuits, simple circuit laws can be used instead of deriving all the behaviour of the circuits directly from electromagnetic laws.
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to the flow of electrons when cooled below a certain critical temperature. Superconductivity can only be explained by the quantum mechanical
964:
662:
for a straight wire (left) and for a coiled wire (right). Electrical current passed through a wire coiled around an iron core can produce an
3617:
3157:
3000:
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states that the sum of the voltage in a closed loop around a circuit equals zero. This comes from the fact that the electric field is
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is the area of the plates, then there will be an electric field between them. The potential difference between two parallel plates
402:
3244:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. III Ch. 21: The Schrödinger Equation in a Classical Context: A Seminar on Superconductivity"
2825:
425:
are entities that interact with matter and can be described mathematically by assigning a value to each point in space and time.
2016:
For parallel circuits, the voltage remains the same for each component and the currents and resistances are related as shown:
140:
and a simpler classical treatment can be applied. Further simplifications of treatment are possible in limited situations.
258:
2907:
2007:{\displaystyle V_{tot}=V_{1}+V_{2}+V_{3}+\ldots \qquad R_{tot}=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}+\ldots \qquad I=I_{1}=I_{2}=I_{3}=\ldots }
698:
718:—the fourth and final of Maxwell's equations—which states that a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field.
715:
113:
and thus magnetism is merely a side effect of electricity. The modern theoretical treatment of electromagnetism is as a
3612:
1817:
613:
393:
1311:
915:
The electric potential is the same everywhere inside the conductor and is constant across the surface of the conductor.
492:
3353:. The Manchester Physics Series. Phillips, W. R. (William Robert) (2nd ed.). Chichester : Wiley. pp. 41–42.
2588:. The Manchester Physics Series. Phillips, W. R. (William Robert) (2nd ed.). Chichester : Wiley. pp. 17–22.
252:
is the fundamental law that describes the force that charged objects exert on one another. It is given by the formula
1806:
1799:
states that the current going into a junction (or node) must equal the current that leaves the node. This comes from
1796:
369:
which means that as the distance between two particles is doubled, the force on them is reduced by a factor of four.
1076:
721:
411:
The force exerted on a positive charge by an electric field (left) and a magnetic field (right) combine to give the
2877:. The Manchester Physics Series. Phillips, W. R. (William Robert) (2nd ed.). Chichester : Wiley. p. 365.
2747:. The Manchester Physics Series. Phillips, W. R. (William Robert) (2nd ed.). Chichester : Wiley. p. 125.
2379:
1203:
1157:
588:
245:
188:. Quantum considerations are also necessary to explain the behaviour of many electronic devices, for instance the
3671:
3576:
1810:
968:
826:. According to special relativity, observers moving at different speeds relative to one another occupy different
714:
into low voltage electricity which can be safely used in homes. Maxwell's formulation of the law is given in the
54:
3629:
3581:
762:
726:
19:
This article is about a conceptual understanding of the topic. For a more detailed mathematical treatment, see
1823:
For series circuits, the current remains the same for each component and the voltages and resistances add up:
42:
3124:
1813:
which means that no matter the path taken, the potential at a point does not change when you get back there.
3607:
3586:
2331:. Halliday, David, 1916-2010., Resnick, Robert, 1923-2014. (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 578.
1256:
1003:
357:
209:
118:
30:
2967:"Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy | Analytical Chemistry | PharmaXChange.info"
1027:
to allow them to store more electric potential energy in the electric field between the capacitor plates.
983:
bound pairs which do not follow this principle and this means that all the electrons can fall to the same
945:, the conductivity is low at low temperatures but as the temperature is increased the electrons gain more
592:
570:
436:
237:
125:
66:
1731:
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1248:
844:
746:
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1478:
Acts as a source of alternating current (AC), a varying current which periodically reverses direction
1247:
If a dielectric is placed between the plates then the permittivity of free space is multiplied by the
3431:
2922:
2776:
2509:
1634:
1048:
1019:
under the influence of an external electric field so that the charges are minutely displaced forming
949:
and the conductivity increases. Silicon is an example of a semiconductors that can be used to create
869:
681:
659:
632:. This is in contrast to electric charges which can exist as separate positive and negative charges.
481:
when they are in a state of motion that will be felt by other charges that are in motion (as well as
233:
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is a material that allows electrons to flow easily. The most effective conductors are usually
864:
The charges in a perfect conductor rearrange so that the electric field is always zero inside.
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129:
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in a series of experiments ranging from 1886 to 1889 in which he discovered the existence of
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62:
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so Ohm's law can be used to tell us the power of the circuit in terms of other quantities
1700:
1516:
Stores energy in electric fields, stores charge, passes low frequency alternating current
1459:
Acts as a source of direct current (DC), a constant current which points in one direction
1035:
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486:
422:
229:
145:
98:
50:
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583:
The combination of the electric and magnetic forces on a charged particle is called the
1694:
1626:
1454:
1167:
1160:. The ability of the capacitor to store electrical potential energy is measured by the
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1016:
946:
934:
881:
754:
750:
608:
596:
478:
430:
153:
141:
110:
102:
74:
3081:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 76–77.
995:
3665:
2942:
976:
942:
928:
774:
742:
689:
663:
621:
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173:
114:
649:
1816:
Rules can also tell us how to add up quantities such as the current and voltage in
984:
426:
189:
137:
3195:
2642:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 4: Electrostatics, S5: The flux of E"
1638:
830:. If one observer is in motion relative to another observer then they experience
3533:
3491:
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2837:
1161:
950:
778:
703:
133:
34:
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94:
90:
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surrounded by a cloud of free electrons. Examples of good conductors include
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893:
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is fully described by the
Lorentz force alongside a set of equations called
204:
Coulomb's law tells us that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
165:
38:
2934:
616:
and, similarly to the first Gauss's law, it describes flux, but instead of
200:
3485:
3383:
3076:
2669:
2534:
2434:
2326:
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1501:
236:
according to which mass cannot be created or destroyed, there is also the
3348:
2872:
2742:
2583:
1530:
1416:
1307:
770:
693:
477:
As well as producing an electric field, charged particles will produce a
181:
1318:, the greater the energy stored in the magnetic field and the lower the
931:
through a surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by the surface.
710:
to low voltage, and vice versa. They are needed to convert high voltage
640:
152:
can be described without reference to electricity or electromagnetism.
972:
707:
599:. It describes the electric field produced by charged particles and by
213:
136:
objects. With few exceptions, quantum theory is only necessary at the
128:, it is not necessary to apply quantum theory to get correct results.
999:
In a dielectric material, an electric field can polarise the material.
558:
1020:
979:. In superconductors, below a certain temperature the electrons form
954:
897:
889:
685:
86:
3065:, chapter 8 – Relativity and electricity, pp. 229–65, W.W. Norton.
1492:
1034:
1023:
that create a positive and negative side. Dielectrics are used in
994:
980:
921:
The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor.
873:
782:
376:
82:
78:
3196:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. III Ch. 14: Semiconductors"
2483:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 1: Electromagnetism"
132:
is still an accurate approximation in most situations involving
3039:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 13: Magnetostatics"
2954:
Light and magnetism are affections of the same substance (p.499)
604:
225:
185:
3537:
1497:
Allows current to flow easily in one direction but not another
975:(an electron is a type of fermion) can occupy exactly the same
953:
which become more conductive the more energy they receive from
822:
A further unification of electromagnetism came with
Einstein's
749:(with both electric and magnetic components) travelling at the
1633:
where the fields are largely confined around current carrying
1571:
885:
160:
where the fields are largely confined around current carrying
41:
were studied separately and regarded as separate phenomena.
1538:
1535:
Stores energy in magnetic fields, resists change in current
1519:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1424:
765:(in order of increasing frequency) consists of radio waves,
3487:
Sears and
Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics
680:. The direction of the magnetic field is given by Ampère's
702:
extracted from the coils. This principle is essential for
2915:
676:. It states that a magnetic field can be generated by an
148:
so magnetic fields do not arise and are not considered.
16:
Non-technical introduction to topics in electromagnetism
876:
because they can be described fairly accurately by the
85:
was a form of electromagnetic wave, thus making all of
1369:
1328:
1170:
1135:
908:
The electric field is zero inside a perfect conductor.
317:{\displaystyle F=k_{\text{e}}{q_{1}q_{2} \over r^{2}}}
2024:
1831:
1734:
1703:
1664:
1259:
1206:
1079:
495:
489:. The strength of the force is given by the equation
439:
261:
81:
possible. Maxwell also postulated, correctly, that
61:
put the whole thing together in a unified theory of
3643:
3595:
3569:
3125:"What Metals Make Good Conductors of Electricity?"
2240:
2006:
1786:
1718:
1684:
1649:of a circuit by introducing the quantity known as
1382:
1355:
1291:
1237:
1190:
1148:
1115:
741:(where there are no charges or currents) produces
522:
454:
316:
2908:"A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field"
2826:"Unification theories and a theory of everything"
900:. Wires in electronics are often made of copper.
692:. Electromagnets often use a wire curled up into
384:point from positive charges to negative charges.
228:, electromagnetism acts on all things that have
706:which are used to transform currents from high
672:The third of Maxwell's equations is called the
224:. Whereas gravity acts on all things that have
97:of the former is much longer than the latter.
2995:(Third ed.). Cambridge. pp. 235–68.
1116:{\displaystyle V={Qd \over \varepsilon _{0}A}}
53:discovered the converse, that magnetism could
3549:
1238:{\displaystyle C={\varepsilon _{0}A \over d}}
8:
3522:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3109:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2359:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1641:states the relationship between the current
550:from the direction of motion of the charge.
2282:(Third ed.). Cambridge. pp. 3–4.
1198:and for a parallel plate capacitor this is
595:. The first of these equations is known as
3556:
3542:
3534:
3416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3388:(Third ed.). Cambridge. p. 374.
3180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3152:(Third ed.). Cambridge. p. 129.
3023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2702:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2674:(Third ed.). Cambridge. p. 322.
2567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2539:(Third ed.). Cambridge. p. 277.
2467:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2363:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2310:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
987:and move together uniformly in a current.
546:which is pointing in a direction of angle
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2133:
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1101:
1086:
1078:
737:. The solution to Maxwell's equations in
494:
438:
306:
295:
285:
278:
272:
260:
2439:(Third ed.). Cambridge. p. 7.
1401:
963:are materials that exhibit little to no
859:
720:
607:(or flow) of electric field through any
199:
2268:
903:The main properties of conductors are:
880:in which electrons delocalize from the
835:charges as contracted together. In the
45:discovered that the two were related –
3515:
3484:Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A. (2016).
3479:
3477:
3475:
3409:
3382:Purcell, Edward M. (21 January 2013).
3342:
3340:
3338:
3313:
3311:
3173:
3102:
3016:
2853:
2843:
2695:
2668:Purcell, Edward M. (21 January 2013).
2560:
2533:Purcell, Edward M. (21 January 2013).
2460:
2433:Purcell, Edward M. (21 January 2013).
2352:
2303:
2276:Purcell, Edward M. (21 January 2013).
1292:{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2}}
2663:
2661:
2413:Georgia State University Hyperphysics
2257:List of textbooks on electromagnetism
735:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
2504:
2502:
2402:
2400:
2952:from the original on 28 July 2011.
1787:{\displaystyle P=IV=V^{2}/R=I^{2}R}
1577:Kirchhoff's junction rule (above):
851:Conductors, insulators and circuits
93:differ from light only in that the
1371:
1336:
124:In many situations of interest to
14:
3075:Hook, J. R., Hall, H. E. (2010).
2384:Michigan State University Physics
1071:can be derived mathematically as
828:observational frames of reference
523:{\displaystyle F=qvB\sin \theta }
1570:
1559:
808:
796:
648:
639:
628:and can never be separated into
603:. According to Gauss's law, the
569:
557:
401:
392:
73:existed, and the experiments of
2824:Editors, AccessScience (2014).
2176:
2086:
1955:
1893:
1601:Kirchhoff's loop rule (below):
1059:and the other has a charge of -
232:. Furthermore, as there is the
208:Electromagnetism is one of the
89:a branch of electromagnetism.
3347:Grant, I. S. (Ian S.) (1990).
2741:Grant, I. S. (Ian S.) (1990).
2582:Grant, I. S. (Ian S.) (1990).
1006:are material which are highly
1:
3564:Introductory science articles
3460:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3436:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3323:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3272:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2906:Maxwell, James Clerk (1865).
2805:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2781:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2722:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2622:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2514:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2325:Walker, Jearl, 1945- (2011).
1149:{\textstyle \varepsilon _{0}}
688:in this way, it is called an
2777:"Magnets and Electromagnets"
1818:series and parallel circuits
1421:Impedes the flow of current
1129:is the plate separation and
824:special theory of relativity
373:Electric and magnetic fields
210:fundamental forces of nature
3268:"Conductors and Insulators"
3248:feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
3200:feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
3148:Purcell, Edward M. (2013).
3043:feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
2991:Purcell, Edward M. (2013).
2838:10.1036/1097-8542.BR0814141
2646:feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
2487:feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
144:deals only with stationary
3688:
1356:{\textstyle L=\Phi _{B}/I}
1314:. The greater the current
1158:permittivity of free space
1039:A parallel plate capacitor
699:Faraday's law of induction
589:Classical electromagnetism
18:
3490:(14th ed.). Boston:
3385:Electricity and magnetism
3224:American Chemical Society
3150:Electricity and magnetism
2993:Electricity and magnetism
2671:Electricity and magnetism
2536:Electricity and magnetism
2436:Electricity and magnetism
2279:Electricity and magnetism
1797:Kirchhoff's junction rule
971:which states that no two
969:Pauli exclusion principle
933:This is a restatement of
815:The electron's rest frame
614:Gauss's law for magnetism
534:is the force on a charge
466:is the force on a charge
49:give rise to magnetism.
3220:"How a Solar Cell Works"
1398:Other circuit components
763:electromagnetic spectrum
727:electromagnetic spectrum
716:Maxwell–Faraday equation
360:of the two charges, and
3296:Encyclopedia Britannica
2328:Fundamentals of physics
1440:Acts as a power source
246:Newton's law of gravity
119:quantum electrodynamics
77:confirmed this, making
69:further indicated that
57:electric currents, and
3623:mathematical formalism
3292:"Dielectric | physics"
2935:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008
2871:Grant, Ian S. (1990).
2380:"Electric field lines"
2242:
2008:
1788:
1720:
1686:
1543:
1524:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1448:
1429:
1384:
1383:{\textstyle \Phi _{B}}
1357:
1312:Ampère's circuital law
1293:
1239:
1192:
1150:
1117:
1040:
1000:
865:
729:
524:
456:
385:
318:
238:conservation of charge
205:
126:electrical engineering
33:of nature. Early on,
2378:Pumplin, Jon (2000).
2243:
2009:
1807:Kirchhoff's loop rule
1789:
1721:
1687:
1685:{\displaystyle I=V/R}
1542:
1523:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1385:
1358:
1294:
1249:relative permittivity
1240:
1193:
1151:
1118:
1038:
998:
863:
845:electromagnetic field
747:electromagnetic waves
724:
525:
470:in an electric field
457:
380:
319:
203:
71:electromagnetic waves
43:Hans Christian Ørsted
3494:. pp. 872–878.
2022:
1829:
1732:
1719:{\displaystyle P=IV}
1701:
1662:
1367:
1326:
1257:
1204:
1168:
1164:which is defined as
1133:
1077:
1049:electronic component
682:right-hand grip rule
660:right-hand grip rule
601:charge distributions
542:in a magnetic field
493:
455:{\displaystyle F=qE}
437:
382:Electric field lines
259:
234:conservation of mass
3078:Solid State Physics
2927:1865RSPT..155..459C
1801:charge conservation
1631:electrical networks
1392:alternating current
1011:insulators, called
884:, leaving positive
878:free electron model
593:Maxwell's equations
158:electrical networks
107:relativistic motion
105:arises through the
67:Maxwell's equations
59:James Clerk Maxwell
3618:general relativity
3063:Special Relativity
2971:pharmaxchange.info
2856:has generic name (
2238:
2004:
1784:
1716:
1682:
1544:
1525:
1506:
1487:
1468:
1449:
1430:
1380:
1353:
1289:
1235:
1191:{\textstyle C=Q/V}
1188:
1146:
1113:
1041:
1001:
866:
832:length contraction
771:infrared radiation
730:
674:Ampère–Maxwell law
630:magnetic monopoles
520:
452:
386:
367:inverse square law
314:
206:
178:quantum mechanical
176:are the result of
170:Chemical reactions
31:fundamental forces
3659:
3658:
3651:systolic geometry
3635:quantum mechanics
3501:978-0-321-97361-0
3395:978-1-107-01402-2
3088:978-1-118-72347-0
3061:A. French (1968)
2681:978-1-107-01402-2
2546:978-1-107-01402-2
2510:"Magnetic forces"
2446:978-1-107-01402-2
2338:978-0-470-46911-8
2289:978-1-107-01402-2
2168:
2148:
2128:
2108:
1548:
1547:
1474:AC voltage source
1455:DC voltage source
1411:Schematic symbol
1322:which is defined
1274:
1233:
1111:
779:ultraviolet light
745:corresponding to
712:mains electricity
483:permanent magnets
312:
275:
242:classical physics
150:Permanent magnets
130:Classical physics
47:electric currents
3679:
3672:Electromagnetism
3603:electromagnetism
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3481:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3456:"Electric Power"
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3350:Electromagnetism
3344:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3014:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2874:Electromagnetism
2868:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2801:"Ferromagnetism"
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2744:Electromagnetism
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2585:Electromagnetism
2579:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2409:"Electric Field"
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2273:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1908:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1645:and the voltage
1574:
1563:
1402:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1267:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1087:
812:
800:
678:electric current
652:
643:
573:
561:
529:
527:
526:
521:
461:
459:
458:
453:
405:
396:
340:Coulomb constant
323:
321:
320:
315:
313:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
290:
289:
279:
277:
276:
273:
180:interactions of
174:chemical bonding
146:electric charges
101:showed that the
63:electromagnetism
27:Electromagnetism
21:electromagnetism
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3639:
3591:
3565:
3562:
3532:
3531:
3514:
3502:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3408:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3172:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3101:
3089:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3015:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2842:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2694:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2559:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2459:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2351:
2339:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2302:
2290:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2253:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2177:
2158:
2138:
2118:
2092:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2025:
2020:
2019:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1894:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1771:
1750:
1730:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1660:
1659:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1400:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1304:
1279:
1255:
1254:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1166:
1165:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1033:
993:
961:Superconductors
858:
853:
820:
819:
818:
817:
816:
813:
805:
804:
801:
670:
669:
668:
667:
655:
654:
653:
645:
644:
626:magnetic dipole
620:, it describes
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:
566:
565:
562:
491:
490:
487:right-hand rule
435:
434:
419:
418:
417:
416:
408:
407:
406:
398:
397:
375:
355:
348:
337:
302:
291:
281:
280:
268:
257:
256:
248:. Analogously,
230:electric charge
198:
196:Electric charge
99:Albert Einstein
51:Michael Faraday
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3500:
3471:
3447:
3423:
3394:
3374:
3359:
3334:
3307:
3283:
3259:
3235:
3211:
3187:
3159:978-1107014022
3158:
3140:
3116:
3087:
3067:
3054:
3030:
3002:978-1107014022
3001:
2983:
2958:
2898:
2883:
2863:
2830:Access Science
2816:
2792:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2718:"Ampere's Law"
2709:
2680:
2657:
2633:
2609:
2594:
2574:
2545:
2525:
2498:
2474:
2445:
2425:
2396:
2370:
2337:
2317:
2288:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1697:is defined as
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1627:Circuit theory
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:Main function
1406:
1399:
1396:
1377:
1373:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1303:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1143:
1139:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1053:charge density
1032:
1029:
992:
989:
957:from the sun.
947:thermal energy
943:semiconductors
939:
938:
924:
918:
912:
857:
854:
852:
849:
814:
807:
806:
802:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
755:Heinrich Hertz
751:speed of light
743:wave equations
657:
656:
647:
646:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
609:closed surface
575:
568:
567:
563:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
479:magnetic field
451:
448:
445:
442:
431:electric field
410:
409:
400:
399:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
374:
371:
353:
346:
335:
331:is the force,
325:
324:
309:
305:
298:
294:
288:
284:
271:
267:
264:
197:
194:
154:Circuit theory
142:Electrostatics
111:electric field
103:magnetic field
75:Heinrich Hertz
29:is one of the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3360:0-471-92711-2
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3320:
3319:"Dielectrics"
3314:
3312:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2884:0-471-92711-2
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2754:0-471-92711-2
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2687:
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2618:"Gauss's Law"
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622:magnetic flux
619:
618:electric flux
615:
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585:Lorentz force
572:
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427:Vector fields
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413:Lorentz force
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250:Coulomb's law
247:
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115:quantum field
112:
108:
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80:
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3613:gauge theory
3602:
3486:
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3459:
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3439:. Retrieved
3435:
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3322:
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2973:. 2011-08-25
2970:
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2866:
2846:cite journal
2829:
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2412:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
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2327:
2320:
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2018:
2015:
1825:
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1815:
1811:conservative
1805:
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1551:Circuit laws
1315:
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985:energy level
959:
940:
926:
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704:transformers
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471:
467:
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421:In physics,
420:
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350:
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332:
328:
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218:strong force
207:
190:tunnel diode
138:atomic scale
123:
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3644:Mathematics
3432:"Ohm's Law"
2921:: 459–512.
2854:|last=
1658:Ohm's law:
1629:deals with
1162:capacitance
1013:dielectrics
951:solar cells
761:. The full
759:radio waves
597:Gauss's law
538:with speed
156:deals with
134:macroscopic
91:Radio waves
35:electricity
3465:2020-11-27
3441:2020-11-27
3328:2020-11-27
3301:2020-11-27
3277:2020-11-27
3253:2020-11-26
3229:2020-11-26
3205:2020-11-26
3134:2020-11-27
3048:2018-10-30
2977:2020-11-26
2810:2020-11-27
2786:2020-11-27
2727:2020-11-27
2651:2020-11-27
2627:2018-10-30
2519:2020-11-26
2492:2018-10-30
2418:16 October
2389:18 October
2263:References
1651:resistance
1635:conductors
1405:Component
1320:inductance
1031:Capacitors
1025:capacitors
1004:Insulators
991:Insulators
965:resistance
935:Gauss' law
911:conductor.
856:Conductors
841:rest frame
787:gamma rays
767:microwaves
739:free space
358:magnitudes
222:weak force
212:alongside
162:conductors
95:wavelength
3577:evolution
3518:cite book
3510:897436903
3412:cite book
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3129:Sciencing
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2355:cite book
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1015:, can be
1008:resistive
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182:electrons
166:chemistry
39:magnetism
3666:Category
3630:M-theory
3582:genetics
3369:21447877
2947:Archived
2893:21447877
2763:21447877
2604:21447877
2251:See also
1531:Inductor
1417:Resistor
1308:inductor
973:fermions
927:The net
894:aluminum
694:solenoid
356:are the
220:and the
3608:entropy
3596:Physics
3587:viruses
3570:Biology
3492:Pearson
2923:Bibcode
1436:Battery
1156:is the
1021:dipoles
955:photons
708:voltage
338:is the
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686:magnet
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216:, the
87:optics
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2950:(PDF)
2939:S2CID
2911:(PDF)
1695:Power
1493:Diode
981:boson
186:atoms
83:light
79:radio
3524:link
3506:OCLC
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