814:
128:
879:, who is credited with formulating the concept of reflex action and explaining it scientifically. He introduced the term to describe involuntary movements triggered by external stimuli, which are mediated by the spinal cord and the nervous system, distinct from voluntary movements controlled by the brain. Hall's significant work on reflex function was detailed in his 1833 paper, "On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis," published in the
55:
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829:. When a muscle is stretched at rest, the stretch reflex leads to contraction of the muscle, thereby opposing stretch (resistance reflex). This helps to stabilize posture. During voluntary movements, however, the intensity (gain) of the reflex is reduced or its sign is even reversed. This prevents resistance reflexes from impeding movements.
166:, which reorients a cat's body when falling to ensure safe landing. The simplest type of reflex, a short-latency reflex, has a single synapse, or junction, in the signaling pathway. Long-latency reflexes produce nerve signals that are transduced across multiple synapses before generating the reflex response.
872:", published posthumously in 1664. He described how the body could perform actions automatically in response to external stimuli without conscious thought. Descartes used the analogy of a mechanical statue to explain how sensory input could trigger motor responses in a deterministic and automatic manner.
736:
will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4. While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.
1985:
821:
Some might imagine that reflexes are immutable. In reality, however, most reflexes are flexible and can be substantially modified to match the requirements of the behavior in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
222:. Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one. A stretch reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to its lengthwise stretch.
155:, which evokes a target response. These neural signals do not always travel to the brain, so many reflexes are an automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need conscious thought.
832:
The underlying sites and mechanisms of reflex modulation are not fully understood. There is evidence that the output of sensory neurons is directly modulated during behavior—for example, through
194:
are, similarly, anatomical terms that refer to a type of nervous system that is more recent in terms of evolutionary development. There are autonomic reflexes and skeletal, somatic reflexes.
182:
is an anatomical concept and it refers to a loop consisting, in its simplest form, of a sensory nerve, the input, and a motor nerve, the output. Autonomic does not mean automatic. The term
883:, where he provided a clear account of how reflex actions were mediated by the spinal cord, independent of the brain's conscious control, distinguishing them from other neural activities.
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880:
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The simplest reflex is initiated by a stimulus, which activates an afferent nerve. The signal is then passed to a response neuron, which generates a response.
1851:
817:
An example of reflex reversal is depicted. Activating the same spinal reflex pathway can cause limb flexion while standing, and extension while walking.
1698:"Interaction between descending input and thoracic reflexes for joint coordination in cockroach: I. descending influence on thoracic sensory reflexes"
2098:
630:
Many of these reflexes are quite complex, requiring a number of synapses in a number of different nuclei in the central nervous system (e.g., the
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1702:
494:. These automatic reactions to stimuli enable infants to respond to the environment before any learning has taken place. They include:
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1657:"Role of presynaptic inputs to proprioceptive afferents in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint control network"
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Many reflexes are fine-tuned to increase organism survival and self-defense. This is observed in reflexes such as the
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is an anatomical term and it refers to a type of nervous system in animals and humans that is very primitive.
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Depending on where you are, another way of grading is from –4 (absent) to +4 (clonus), where 0 is "normal".
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1796:"Supraspinal control of spinal reflex responses to body bending during different behaviours in lampreys"
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1606:"Proprioceptive sensory neurons of a locust leg receive rhythmic presynpatic inhibition during walking"
1186:"Quantification of patellar tendon reflex using portable mechanomyography and electromyography devices"
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Breathing can also be considered both involuntary and voluntary, since breath can be held through
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836:. The effect of sensory input upon motor neurons is also influenced by interneurons in the
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1085:"Free will versus survival: Brain systems that underlie intrinsic constraints on behavior"
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120:, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a
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The
Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord: Its Role in Motor Control and Movement Disorders
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1500:"Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing"
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2012:
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1451:"Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion"
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1402:"Reversal of a reflex to a single motoneuron in the stick insect Çarausius morosus"
1184:
Tsuji H, Misawa H, Takigawa T, Tetsunaga T, Yamane K, Oda Y, Ozaki T (2021-01-27).
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can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.
587:
571:
407:
152:
1912:
Park HD, Barnoud C, Trang H, Kannape OA, Schaller K, Blanke O (February 6, 2020).
17:
1914:"Breathing is coupled with voluntary action and the cortical readiness potential"
875:
The term "reflex" was introduced in the 19th century by the
English physiologist
2510:
2134:
1868:
949:"Reflex action | Definition, Types and Mechanism and Important solved questions"
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1990:
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1010:"Spinal reflexes, mechanisms and concepts: From Eccles to Lundberg and beyond"
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1953:
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634:). Others of these involve just a couple of synapses to function (e.g., the
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have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as
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162:, which provides an automatic response to an unexpected stimulus, and the
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2038:"Human nervous system - Reflex Actions, Motor Pathways, Sensory Pathways"
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Reflexes are found with varying levels of complexity in organisms with a
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199704)32:4<359::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-5
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1747:"Central-complex control of movement in the freely walking cockroach"
1253:"Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates"
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1294:"Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion"
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Martin JP, Guo P, Mu L, Harley CM, Ritzmann RE (November 2015).
1164:
Nikoletseas
Michael M. (2010) Behavioral and Neural Plasticity.
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Hsu LJ, Zelenin PV, Orlovsky GN, Deliagina TG (February 2017).
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While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term
657:
147:. A stimulus initiates a neural signal, which is carried to a
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864:
The concept of reflexes dates back to the 17th century with
545:
Other reflexes found in the central nervous system include:
303:
refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and
2344:
319:
is the contraction of a muscle in response to striking its
1554:"Central control components of a 'simple' stretch reflex"
151:. The signal is then transferred across the synapse to a
73:
728:, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the
1449:
Forssberg H, Grillner S, Rossignol S (August 1977).
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1897:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
39:"Reflectory" redirects here. For the album, see
881:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
469:Reflexes usually only observed in human infants
210:) provide information on the integrity of the
2360:
2099:
868:. Descartes introduced the idea in his work "
27:Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
8:
1655:Sauer AE, BĂĽschges A, Stein W (April 1997).
1552:Clarac F, Cattaert D, Le Ray D (May 2000).
825:A good example of reflex modulation is the
692:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1852:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
973:. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
844:and by descending signals from the brain.
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712:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:. This information can be detected using
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
1845:Mitchell RA, Berger AJ (February 1975).
785:, with spread to adjacent muscle groups
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126:
1696:Mu L, Ritzmann RE (December 20, 2007).
1292:BĂĽschges A, Manira AE (December 1998).
939:
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1547:
1545:
7:
1986:"21.10B: Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)"
1179:
1177:
1089:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
690:adding citations to reliable sources
327:is the inverse of a stretch reflex.
1703:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1271:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001405
307:for those stimulated to vibration.
1847:"Neural regulation of respiration"
1623:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05623.1995
1517:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01308.1986
511:, also known as the startle reflex
74:improve coverage for other species
25:
1604:Wolf H, Burrows M (August 1995).
1341:Tuthill JC, Azim E (March 2018).
331:Reflexes involving cranial nerves
2147:Lateralization of brain function
1498:Capaday C, Stein RB (May 1986).
662:
53:
2218:Somatosensory evoked potentials
1299:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1026:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.04.001
1144:. Cambridge University Press.
1140:Pierrot-Deseilligny E (2005).
499:Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
175:Autonomic vs skeletal reflexes
76:and discuss this issue on the
1:
2683:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
1574:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01535-0
1312:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80115-3
1258:Annual Review of Neuroscience
995:Dictionary by Merriam-Webster
947:parveen (November 11, 2020).
646:, and the maintenance of the
530:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
143:in the nervous system called
1469:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90710-7
854:internal intercostal muscles
1869:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.2.206
1610:The Journal of Neuroscience
1504:The Journal of Neuroscience
971:Neuroscience: Third Edition
2725:
1945:10.1038/s41467-019-13967-9
1211:10.1038/s41598-021-81874-5
913:Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
472:
38:
31:
2213:Auditory evoked potential
1861:American Thoracic Society
1800:The Journal of Physiology
1772:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.044
1716:10.1007/s00359-007-0307-x
1370:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064
1008:Hultborn H (2006-02-01).
535:Tonic labyrinthine reflex
251:Extensor digitorum reflex
216:peripheral nervous system
68:excessively human-centric
1400:Bässler U (March 1976).
1014:Progress in Neurobiology
2676:Crossed extensor reflex
2425:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
2416:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
2223:Visual evoked potential
1871:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1661:Journal of Neurobiology
1561:Trends in Neurosciences
1083:Price JL (2005-12-05).
623:Crossed extensor reflex
541:Other kinds of reflexes
428:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
202:The myotatic or muscle
170:Types of human reflexes
34:Reflex (disambiguation)
2451:Brachioradialis reflex
2392:Pupillary light reflex
2307:Long-term potentiation
2259:Postsynaptic potential
2203:Bereitschaftspotential
1407:Biological Cybernetics
991:"Definition of reflex"
834:presynaptic inhibition
818:
484:
350:Pupillary light reflex
305:tonic vibration reflex
241:Brachioradialis reflex
220:electromyography (EMG)
212:central nervous system
164:feline righting reflex
139:. A reflex occurs via
132:
2623:Churchill–Cope reflex
2578:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
2142:Intracranial pressure
1919:Nature Communications
816:
638:). Processes such as
482:
269:or knee-jerk reflex (
130:
2545:Superficial reflexes
2420:Oculocephalic reflex
2397:Accommodation reflex
2312:Long-term depression
2287:Axoplasmic transport
686:improve this section
598:Photic sneeze reflex
397:, also known as the
367:Accommodation reflex
208:deep tendon reflexes
206:(sometimes known as
32:For other uses, see
2656:Golgi tendon reflex
2598:Oculocardiac reflex
2412:Caloric reflex test
2302:Synaptic plasticity
2294:/Nerve regeneration
1991:Medicine LibreTexts
1936:2020NatCo..11..289P
1763:2015CBio...25.2795M
1361:2018CBio...28.R194T
1251:Pearson KG (1993).
1202:2021NatSR..11.2284T
1069:The Free Dictionary
997:. 25 December 2023.
951:. Crack Your Target
561:Anocutaneous reflex
515:Palmar grasp reflex
325:Golgi tendon reflex
287:(Achilles reflex) (
62:This article about
2613:Reflex tachycardia
2608:Reflex bradycardia
2557:Cremasteric reflex
2488:Primitive reflexes
2249:Membrane potential
2114:Physiology of the
1420:10.1007/BF00365594
1190:Scientific Reports
903:Conditioned reflex
898:Automatic behavior
842:ventral nerve cord
819:
577:Cremasteric reflex
556:Gastrocolic reflex
550:Abdominal reflexes
504:Palmomental reflex
492:primitive reflexes
485:
475:Primitive reflexes
133:
18:Involuntary action
2709:Animal physiology
2691:
2690:
2671:Withdrawal reflex
2573:Bainbridge reflex
2471:Ankle jerk reflex
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2292:Neuroregeneration
2239:Neurotransmission
1757:(21): 2795–2803.
1170:978-1-4537-8945-2
1151:978-0-511-54504-7
1102:10.1002/cne.20750
809:Reflex modulation
803:
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636:withdrawal reflex
618:Withdrawal reflex
466:
465:
285:Ankle jerk reflex
198:Myotatic reflexes
106:
105:
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16:(Redirected from
2716:
2666:Startle response
2641:List of reflexes
2552:Abdominal reflex
2435:Stretch reflexes
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2254:Action potential
2232:Other short term
2195:Evoked potential
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928:Voluntary action
918:List of reflexes
754:Absent ("mute")
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613:Startle response
593:Muscular defense
415:Glabellar reflex
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2583:Coronary reflex
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2466:Patellar reflex
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2402:Jaw jerk reflex
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2298:Neuroplasticity
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2063:"Marshall Hall"
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2013:"Marshall Hall"
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1064:"tendon reflex"
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969:Purves (2004).
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893:All-or-none law
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380:Jaw jerk reflex
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267:Patellar reflex
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2588:Cushing reflex
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2566:Cardiovascular
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2456:Triceps reflex
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2407:Corneal reflex
2404:
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2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2330:Myelinogenesis
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:nervous system
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2054:
2029:
2004:
1977:
1904:
1837:
1806:(3): 883–900.
1786:
1737:
1688:
1647:
1616:(8): 5623–36.
1596:
1567:(5): 199–208.
1541:
1510:(5): 1308–13.
1490:
1456:Brain Research
1441:
1392:
1333:
1284:
1243:
1173:
1157:
1150:
1132:
1095:(1): 132–139.
1075:
1055:
1000:
982:
962:
938:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
888:
885:
866:René Descartes
861:
858:
849:
848:Other reflexes
846:
827:stretch reflex
810:
807:
801:
800:
791:
787:
786:
776:
772:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
730:nervous system
720:
719:
670:
668:
661:
655:
652:
628:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
605:
603:Scratch reflex
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
569:
564:
558:
553:
542:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Sucking reflex
522:
520:Rooting reflex
517:
512:
506:
501:
488:Newborn babies
473:Main article:
470:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
447:
446:
435:
430:
424:
423:
420:
417:
411:
410:
405:
402:
395:Corneal reflex
391:
390:
387:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
357:
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
332:
329:
312:
309:
297:
296:
282:
264:
257:Triceps reflex
254:
248:
238:
199:
196:
176:
173:
171:
168:
160:startle reflex
137:nervous system
104:
103:
86:September 2022
61:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2721:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Diving reflex
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Biceps reflex
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:Cranial nerve
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:Primarily PNS
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:Primarily CNS
2121:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:(3): 283–98.
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1667:(4): 359–76.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:(1): 121–39.
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
986:
983:
980:
979:0-87893-725-0
976:
972:
966:
963:
950:
943:
940:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
882:
878:
877:Marshall Hall
873:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
823:
815:
808:
806:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
731:
727:
716:
713:
705:
695:
691:
687:
681:
680:
676:
671:This section
669:
665:
660:
659:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:escape reflex
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Diving reflex
581:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
546:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
493:
489:
481:
476:
468:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
440:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:tendon reflex
311:Tendon reflex
310:
308:
306:
302:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
227:Biceps reflex
225:
224:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
174:
169:
167:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
125:
123:
119:
118:reflex action
115:
111:
100:
97:
89:
79:
75:
69:
65:
60:
51:
50:
45:
43:
35:
30:
19:
2619:Respiratory
2375:
2172:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1994:. 2018-07-22
1989:
1980:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1893:cite journal
1856:
1850:
1840:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1564:
1560:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1414:(1): 47–49.
1411:
1405:
1395:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1306:(6): 733–9.
1303:
1297:
1287:
1262:
1256:
1246:
1193:
1189:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1017:
1013:
1003:
994:
985:
970:
965:
953:. Retrieved
942:
874:
863:
851:
831:
824:
820:
804:
794:
793:Hyperactive
779:
778:Hyperactive
746:Description
723:
708:
699:
684:Please help
672:
629:
588:Lazarus sign
572:Cough reflex
544:
491:
486:
483:Grasp reflex
314:
298:
207:
201:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
157:
153:motor neuron
134:
117:
113:
107:
92:
83:
67:
41:
29:
2661:Optokinetic
2501:Gastrocolic
2135:Wakefulness
1863:: 206–224.
1196:(1): 2284.
838:spinal cord
762:Hypoactive
509:Moro reflex
145:reflex arcs
2698:Categories
2603:Baroreflex
2531:Tonic neck
2269:Inhibitory
2264:Excitatory
2042:Britannica
2017:Britannica
1998:2022-09-10
1265:: 265–97.
934:References
790:4+ or ++++
702:April 2023
567:Baroreflex
451:Gag reflex
42:Reflectory
2536:Parachute
2280:Long term
2244:Chronaxie
2178:Sensation
1954:2041-1723
1877:0003-0805
1428:1432-0770
1387:235330764
1220:2045-2322
1111:0021-9967
1034:0301-0082
923:Preflexes
775:3+ or +++
770:"Normal"
673:does not
648:heartbeat
644:digestion
640:breathing
259:(C6, C7,
243:(C5, C6,
184:autonomic
78:talk page
2704:Reflexes
2651:H-reflex
2521:Stepping
2376:Reflexes
1972:32029711
1832:27589479
1781:26592340
1732:25167774
1724:18094976
1591:10113723
1583:10782125
1485:32578292
1436:12007820
1379:29510103
1328:18521928
1238:33504836
1127:18455906
1119:16255003
1050:25904937
1042:16716488
908:Instinct
887:See also
767:2+ or ++
726:medicine
301:H-reflex
253:(C6, C7)
188:Skeletal
122:stimulus
2526:Sucking
2516:Rooting
2130:Arousal
2072:15 June
2047:15 June
2022:15 June
1963:7005287
1932:Bibcode
1930:: 289.
1885:1089375
1823:5285725
1759:Bibcode
1683:9087889
1642:7643206
1633:6577635
1536:3711981
1527:6568550
1357:Bibcode
1320:9914236
1279:8460894
1229:7840930
1198:Bibcode
955:3 April
860:History
780:without
759:1+ or +
734:Doctors
694:removed
679:sources
654:Grading
579:(L1-L2)
563:(S2-S4)
552:(T6-L1)
341:Sensory
192:somatic
149:synapse
110:biology
72:Please
66:may be
64:biology
44:(album)
2496:Galant
2173:Reflex
2157:Memory
1970:
1960:
1952:
1883:
1875:
1830:
1820:
1779:
1730:
1722:
1681:
1640:
1630:
1589:
1581:
1534:
1524:
1483:
1477:890471
1475:
1434:
1426:
1385:
1377:
1326:
1318:
1277:
1236:
1226:
1218:
1168:
1148:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1048:
1040:
1032:
977:
798:clonus
783:clonus
608:Sneeze
401:reflex
344:Motor
323:. The
321:tendon
180:Reflex
114:reflex
2634:Other
2506:Grasp
2323:Other
2152:Sleep
1926:(1).
1859:(2).
1728:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1557:(PDF)
1481:S2CID
1432:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1123:S2CID
1046:S2CID
743:Grade
437:III,
399:blink
116:, or
2511:Moro
2462:Leg
2442:Arm
2208:P300
2187:Both
2074:2024
2049:2024
2024:2024
1968:PMID
1950:ISSN
1899:link
1881:PMID
1873:ISSN
1828:PMID
1777:PMID
1720:PMID
1679:PMID
1638:PMID
1579:PMID
1532:PMID
1473:PMID
1424:ISSN
1375:PMID
1316:PMID
1275:PMID
1234:PMID
1216:ISSN
1166:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1115:PMID
1107:ISSN
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
975:ISBN
957:2021
795:with
677:any
675:cite
433:VIII
422:VII
374:III
338:Name
214:and
112:, a
1958:PMC
1940:doi
1865:doi
1857:111
1818:PMC
1808:doi
1804:595
1767:doi
1712:doi
1708:194
1669:doi
1628:PMC
1618:doi
1569:doi
1522:PMC
1512:doi
1465:doi
1461:132
1416:doi
1365:doi
1308:doi
1267:doi
1224:PMC
1206:doi
1097:doi
1093:493
1022:doi
840:or
732:.
724:In
688:by
408:VII
360:III
190:or
108:In
2700::
2065:.
2040:.
2015:.
1988:.
1966:.
1956:.
1948:.
1938:.
1924:11
1922:.
1916:.
1895:}}
1891:{{
1879:.
1855:.
1849:.
1826:.
1816:.
1802:.
1798:.
1775:.
1765:.
1755:25
1753:.
1749:.
1726:.
1718:.
1706:.
1700:.
1677:.
1665:32
1663:.
1659:.
1636:.
1626:.
1614:15
1612:.
1608:.
1585:.
1577:.
1565:23
1563:.
1559:.
1544:^
1530:.
1520:.
1506:.
1502:.
1479:.
1471:.
1459:.
1453:.
1430:.
1422:.
1412:24
1410:.
1404:.
1381:.
1373:.
1363:.
1353:28
1351:.
1345:.
1322:.
1314:.
1302:.
1296:.
1273:.
1263:16
1261:.
1255:.
1232:.
1222:.
1214:.
1204:.
1194:11
1192:.
1188:.
1176:^
1121:.
1113:.
1105:.
1091:.
1087:.
1066:.
1044:.
1036:.
1028:.
1018:78
1016:.
1012:.
993:.
856:.
642:,
456:IX
445:+
443:VI
441:,
439:IV
389:V
371:II
355:II
315:A
293:S2
291:,
289:S1
279:L4
277:,
275:L3
273:,
271:L2
261:C8
245:C7
235:C6
233:,
231:C5
124:.
2418:/
2414:/
2368:e
2361:t
2354:v
2300:/
2107:e
2100:t
2093:v
2076:.
2051:.
2026:.
2001:.
1974:.
1942::
1934::
1901:)
1887:.
1867::
1834:.
1810::
1783:.
1769::
1761::
1734:.
1714::
1685:.
1671::
1644:.
1620::
1593:.
1571::
1538:.
1514::
1508:6
1487:.
1467::
1438:.
1418::
1389:.
1367::
1359::
1330:.
1310::
1304:8
1281:.
1269::
1240:.
1208::
1200::
1154:.
1129:.
1099::
1072:.
1052:.
1024::
959:.
751:0
715:)
709:(
704:)
700:(
696:.
682:.
461:X
419:V
404:V
385:V
295:)
281:)
263:)
247:)
237:)
229:(
99:)
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