1892:
741:. As a result, the government began to subject members of the farming population of the countryside peasantry to a policy of mass deportations; they were forcibly removed and sent to the regions selected for deportations. This policy was enforced up until 1933, when soviet authorities conducted series of so-called "city cleansings", by which they forced some of the marginalized population (peasants who had hid from earlier deportations,
3313:
36:
1887:
527:
1066:. Among the first of these was the decree of 2 June 1942 "On criminal culpability for evasion from socially useful work and for social parasitism in the agricultural sector" (Об ответственности за уклонение от общественно полезного труда и за ведение антиобщественного паразитического образа жизни в сельском хозяйстве). It was usually applied to
578:
department in urban settlements. As second-class citizens, deported peoples designated as "special settlers" were prohibited from holding a variety of jobs, returning to their region of origin, attending prestigious schools, and even joining the cosmonaut program. Due to this special settlements have
1132:
issued a decree, "On
Expulsion of Active Participants of the anti-Soviet Illegal Sect of Jehovists and their Family Members" (Постановление Совета Министров СССР о выселении активных участников антисоветской нелегальной секты иеговистов и членов их семей No. 1290-467 от 3 марта 1951 года). According
1350:
The "free settlers" of the first category were often required to do the work assigned to the corresponding labor camp or some other obligatory work. Later, people could be assigned for "free settlement" in other places as well, even in towns, with obligatory work wherever a workforce was required.
1345:
of
Justice to urgently plan activities based on the following principles: (1) <to transfer the convicts of good behavior to free settlement ahead of term> (2) <to leave the convicts served full term but restricted in residence, for settlement and supply them with land> (3) <to allow
565:
of the Soviet Union. This role was specifically mentioned in the first Soviet decrees about involuntary labor camps. Compared to the Gulag labor camps, the involuntary settlements had the appearance of "normal" settlements: people lived in families, and there was slightly more freedom of movement;
1172:
The above are the major, most populous categories of exile settlers. There were a number of smaller categories. They were small in the scale of the whole Soviet Union, but rather significant in terms of the affected categories of population. For example, in 1950 all
1033:
Lithuania suffered its heaviest deportation number on the night of May 22, 4 o'clock. Placing people in animal wagons, Stalin deported around 40,000 people, including 10,897 children under the age of 15. The journeys alone took a toll of 5,000 Lithuanian children.
682:" subversives during the expected war, and took drastic measures to prevent this perceived threat. The deported were sent to prisons, labor camps, exile settlements, and "supervised residence" (residence in usual settlements, but under the monitoring of the
1976:
753:
were raided by militia and those who were caught were sent to the East. This policy had fatal consequences for some who were targeted; one example of the harsh environment to which deportees were subjected is the infamous
1278:
The notions of "labor settlement"/"labor settlers" were introduced in 1934 and were in official use until 1945. Since 1945, the terminology was unified, and exiled kulaks were documented as "special resettlers – kulaks".
2768:
762:. The impact on the deportees to Nazino Island was devastating; over 4,000 people died or disappeared within thirteen weeks, having been given only raw flour to survive. The early deportations coincided with
513:
2255:
1939:
1294:) were for persons released from the confines of labor camps "for free settlement" before their term expiration, as well as for those who served the full term, but remained restricted in their
2107:
2072:
2068:
829:
of the Polish population into remote areas of the Soviet Union took place in 1940–1941. Estimates of the total number of deported Poles vary between 400,000 and 1.9 million people, including
2628:
206:
2869:
2827:
2270:
2006:
1945:
353:
53:
368:
3008:
243:
1543:
Pohl, J. Otto (15 January 2012). "Soviet
Apartheid: Stalin's Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of the Ethnic Germans in the USSR".
1018:: family members of persons accused of loyalty to the Axis administration and of persons who continued resistance to Soviet power, which was classified as "banditism". Some former
826:
506:
363:
358:
2455:
594:, who were denied the right of return in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev era and largely remained in areas they were deported to because of the Soviet residence permit system (
2740:
3342:
2360:
1247:
without particular care about their occupation. In 1931–1932 the problems of dekulakization and territorial planning of the exile settlement were handled by a special
499:
586:
After the special settlement system was officially abolished in the 1950s, most deported indigenous peoples were allowed to return to their homelands, except for the
238:
3377:
2848:
1236:
919:
1113:
451:
1014:
were not particularly differentiated or classified by "NKVD operations". The affected were people from the territories that were under the administration of the
3337:
2325:
2186:
1421:
733:) as peasants represented a significant share of those who experienced this kind of repression. In 1928, the Soviet Union underwent a goods famine known as the
456:
441:
138:
2031:
2027:
1022:
were "filtered" into exile as well. "Cleansing" of the annexed territories continued until the early 1950s. In July 1949, a further 35,000 were deported from
2751:
1396:
1986:
341:
2383:
1401:
914:
After the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, Stalin sought a rapprochement with the West, which included establishing diplomatic relations with the
446:
331:
3367:
1777:
2809:
2633:
1590:] (in Russian). V. A. Lamin, В. И. Клименко, Institut istorii, Институт истории. Novosibirsk: Издательский дом "Историческое Наследие Сибири". 2009.
294:
545:
and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported. Resettling of "enemy classes" such as
3347:
2393:
2365:
100:
806:
3038:
2695:
2335:
2001:
550:
304:
196:
72:
2608:
2557:
1919:
734:
695:
628:
542:
466:
146:
2612:
391:
813:": military, police and administrative personnel, large landowners, industrialists, and merchants. They were usually sentenced to 8–20 years in
2786:
2653:
2265:
2191:
2102:
1996:
1142:
918:. As the result, Polish citizens were "amnestied" and freed from "special settlement". Deportations of Polish citizens are commemorated by the
211:
173:
79:
1263:. The plan to achieve goals like exploitation of natural resources and the colonization of remote areas with "special settlements" instead of
346:
1595:
1459:
216:
2092:
2097:
2036:
1105:
738:
2149:
1754:
86:
2803:
2547:
2465:
2330:
2238:
1161:
1146:
1138:
767:
326:
2950:
2623:
2588:
2530:
1182:
321:
1796:. 138 of the 411 documented sites are deportees graveyards, special settlements dating back to the dekulakisation of the early 1930s.
2988:
2719:
1875:
1826:
1702:
1486:
272:
221:
119:
68:
2993:
2510:
1991:
1411:
660:
255:
226:
3013:
2500:
2495:
2475:
2423:
2139:
1360:
309:
3058:
2962:
2603:
2470:
1519:
231:
168:
57:
2583:
2480:
426:
314:
277:
2665:
2428:
2144:
3238:
3003:
2515:
2154:
2117:
1076:
596:
336:
289:
2112:
783:
3362:
2685:
2340:
2087:
2063:
1971:
1912:
1256:
1058:
778:
Several waves of forced resettlement occurred from the territories on the
Western borders. These territories included
260:
93:
3298:
3028:
3018:
2983:
2520:
2176:
1619:
1084:) were registered. Unlike other exile settler categories, children of these exiles were not subject to the Decree.
915:
284:
201:
1641:
46:
3372:
2122:
1816:
1129:
1056:, but the most common usage refers to a series of decrees related to what was later formalized in Soviet law as
3023:
2859:
2775:
2712:
2505:
2388:
2345:
2305:
1843:
3281:
713:
as locations for future deportations of what were referred to as "socially dangerous classes" of people from
3233:
2837:
2726:
2593:
2460:
1867:
652:
17:
3316:
3225:
2320:
2206:
1905:
1093:
787:
476:
3271:
2260:
1794:
Russia's
Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: a select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites
1133:
to this decree, about 9,400 Jehovah's
Witnesses, including about 4,000 children, were resettled from the
725:. Siberian researchers note that deportations of this period may be characterized as "depeasantization" (
3212:
2757:
2680:
1981:
1109:
810:
486:
2746:
3286:
3266:
3357:
3276:
3164:
3092:
3033:
2944:
2899:
2576:
2077:
2058:
1416:
1337:
For gradual colonization of the regions where concentration camps are to be established, suggest the
1097:
267:
248:
3291:
3172:
3156:
3140:
2909:
2864:
2832:
2618:
2211:
2201:
2132:
664:
566:
however, that was permitted only within a small specified area. All settlers were overseen by the
3352:
3261:
3196:
3124:
3116:
3075:
3048:
3043:
2733:
2525:
2418:
2310:
2169:
1613:
995:
869:
791:
481:
2780:
531:
1833:
Inmates, Special
Settlers, Exile Settlers, Exiled and Evicted (Statistical-Geographical Aspect)
809:), the initial wave of repression of 1939 was rationalized as removal of "social enemies", or "
3243:
2874:
2675:
2598:
2490:
2315:
2159:
2082:
2053:
1871:
1853:
1822:
1698:
1601:
1591:
1525:
1515:
1492:
1482:
1455:
1449:
1372:
1027:
908:
416:
1718:
3188:
3180:
2998:
2956:
2930:
2819:
2690:
2670:
2643:
2403:
2164:
987:
830:
746:
726:
675:
668:
635:'s rule (1928–1953). At various times, a number of other terms were used for this category:
623:
as well. The most notable category of exile settlers in the Soviet Union (ссыльнопоселенцы,
591:
406:
386:
674:
The major source of the population in exile settlements were victims of what is now called
3132:
2924:
2842:
2638:
2567:
2398:
2243:
2233:
2022:
1391:
1382:
In
Lithuania alone around 131,600 people were banished along with 156,000 sent to gulags.
1311:
1295:
1186:
1174:
1154:
1080:, "labour-days"). The term of exile was 8 years. During 1948–1952 33,266 special settlers
885:
865:
845:
779:
722:
710:
620:
411:
396:
1185:, a population of some 4,776 persons, and in the same year thousands of Christian ethnic
3256:
3248:
3053:
2978:
2894:
2854:
2413:
2408:
2350:
1232:
991:
963:
947:
930:
These deportations concerned Soviet citizens of "enemy nationality". The affected were
837:
763:
755:
587:
401:
163:
3331:
3148:
3108:
2904:
2797:
2792:
2648:
2571:
2537:
2300:
2295:
2181:
1928:
1268:
1205:
1164:
canceled the "special settlement" restriction for members of these religious groups.
1134:
1124:. Usually members of these groups and especially influential members were subject to
1030:, accused of being kulaks or collaborating with the wartime Romanian administration.
931:
873:
795:
742:
706:
648:
632:
1451:
Slavery in the Modern World: A History of
Political, Social, and Economic Oppression
3204:
3100:
2919:
2660:
2445:
2355:
2216:
1811:
1260:
1125:
1011:
881:
679:
678:. The Soviet government feared that people of certain nationalities would act as "
530:
A dwelling typical to some deportees forcibly resettled to
Siberia in a museum in
1692:
1558:
1476:
1243:
on 1 February 1930. Initially families of kulaks were deported into remote areas
1112:
by the Soviet Union. In particular, members of these groups refused to join the
1052:" that means "decree". It applies to those convicted according to various Soviet
2937:
2763:
2450:
1859:
1755:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education"
1737:("Rights of a Person"), the newspaper of a Ukrainian human rights organization,
1217:
1121:
1101:
1019:
1015:
892:
849:
558:
35:
1665:
570:; once a month a person had to register at a local law enforcement office at a
2914:
2562:
2248:
2127:
1731:
1264:
1225:
1023:
975:
904:
861:
814:
526:
1605:
1496:
958:
These deportations concerned ethnicities declared guilty of cooperation with
782:
and the recently annexed lands invaded and occupied by the Soviets under the
2542:
2433:
2290:
2228:
1529:
1330:
1248:
1240:
1178:
983:
935:
900:
580:
575:
571:
1071:
1767:
Stalin: Triumph and tragedy, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991 ISBN 978-0-8021-1165-4
1581:
2485:
2196:
1342:
1117:
999:
971:
939:
896:
822:
2221:
2046:
2041:
1738:
1719:"Lithuanian National Encyclopedia, Banishments of Lithuanian residents"
1323:
1319:
1315:
1150:
1067:
979:
877:
818:
718:
714:
656:
562:
745:, and other targeted groups) to resettle. Streets of many cities like
1213:
967:
959:
943:
857:
750:
299:
1128:
and treated on a case-by-case basis. However, on 3 March 1951, the
2440:
1406:
1272:
1221:
853:
802:
759:
616:
554:
546:
525:
436:
178:
1864:
The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements
1732:"Christian Believers Were Persecuted by All Totalitarian Regimes"
1897:
1426:
1364:
1338:
1049:
841:
683:
567:
1901:
1793:
1376:
1160:
Only in September 1965, a decree of the Presidium of the USSR
619:. The system of political and administrative exile existed in
561:. Involuntary settlement played a role in the colonization of
29:
1940:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1819:... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
1778:"Deportation of Lithuanians to Siberia: key must-know facts"
1510:
Bagalova, Zuleykhan; Dolinova, G.; Samodurov, Yuri (1999).
1346:
the settlement of released convicts volunteered to stay>.
1322:) and non-confined exile settlement (e.g., after serving a
1216:
and members of their families deported in 1930s before the
891:
Deportations of "exiled settlers" from the Baltic States (
655:"). Exiles were sent to remote areas of the Soviet Union:
1208:. The main category of "labor settlers" (трудопоселенцы,
1204:) were a method of internal exile that used settlers for
1977:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
1946:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
926:"Preventive" deportations of nationalities in 1941–1942
3009:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1844:
Genocidul din România, Repere în procesul comunismului
1367:. Data on 1 January 1953 show 2,753,356 "deported and
1189:
were deported from Armenia and Georgia to Kazakhstan.
848:
to be cleansed of "foreign nationals", which included
1481:(in Russian). Simferopol: VGMI Tavriya. p. 116.
1363:
the researchers gained access to the archives of the
1231:
The first official document that decreed wide-scale "
1220:. Labor settlements were under the management of the
954:"Punitive" deportations of nationalities in 1943–1944
647:(административная высылка, a term which refers to an
2456:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
549:
and entire populations by ethnicity was a method of
3224:
3085:
3067:
2971:
2883:
2818:
2704:
2374:
2283:
2015:
1964:
1955:
1379:document that reports 2,572,829 on 1 January 1950.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2741:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
1314:, in two meanings: free settlement of peasants or
27:Method of political repression in the Soviet Union
774:Deportations from border territories in 1939–1941
709:designated some regions (known as districts) of
2849:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1335:
920:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
2424:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2326:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2187:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1913:
1422:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
507:
8:
1893:A decree about penal labor, 1929, in Russian
1888:A decree about labor camps, 1919, in Russian
1839:, 1991, no.5, pp. 151–165. (in Russian)
1397:Deportation of Romanians in the Soviet Union
825:and railroad workers were forcibly removed.
2384:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
1697:. Princeton University Press. p. 181.
1402:Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
1255:(комиссия Андреева-Рудзутака), named after
950:were included in this wave of deportation.
18:Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union
2810:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1961:
1920:
1906:
1898:
1694:Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag
1092:A number of religious groups, such as the
514:
500:
133:
2394:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
2366:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
1672:. Библиотека сибирского краеведения. 2009
1333:of 1929 about labor camps said, in part:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:"Special settlements in the Soviet Union"
3343:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2336:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1854:Forced migration in 20th century Balkans
1267:was dropped after the revelation of the
801:In territories annexed from Poland (the
551:political repression in the Soviet Union
2752:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
1437:
852:and all other nationalities. People of
696:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
539:Special settlements in the Soviet Union
465:
425:
377:
187:
154:
145:
3378:Settlement schemes in the Soviet Union
2787:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1640:Красильников, С.; Сарнова, В. (2009).
1611:
1375:, in his book about Stalin, quoted an
579:been called by J. Otto Pohl a type of
1642:"Крестьянские депортации в 1930-е гг"
1514:. Moscow: Polinform. pp. 44–46.
1224:, but they must not be confused with
911:) were carried out in May–June 1941.
651:way of deciding the fates of people "
7:
3338:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
2870:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
2828:20th Congress of the Communist Party
2271:19th Congress of the Communist Party
2108:18th Congress of the Communist Party
2073:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1443:
1441:
1106:True and Free Seventh-day Adventists
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2804:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
2028:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1563:. Minorities. 1970. pp. 15–19.
1310:). The term was in use earlier, in
1177:, with the exception of persons of
903:) and the annexed part of Romania (
369:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
2951:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2770:The History of the Communist Party
2589:Soviet offensive plans controversy
2554:Ideological repression in science
2098:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
1588:Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia
1100:(истинно-православные христиане),
962:occupants: a number of peoples of
392:German–Soviet population transfers
25:
2989:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
2720:Marxism and the National Question
1329:In the Soviet Union, a decree of
1318:(in the sense of being free from
1064:evasion from socially-useful work
868:") ethnicities were moved to the
364:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
359:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
3348:Unfree labor in the Soviet Union
3312:
3311:
2629:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2093:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
1583:Историческая Энциклопедия Сибири
1412:Human rights in the Soviet Union
207:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
34:
3014:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
2150:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2140:Occupation of the Baltic states
1850:International Socialism Journal
1821:), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001,
1478:Екзамен за второй день четверть
1361:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1181:ethnicity, were resettled from
1048:derives from the Russian term "
739:collectivization of agriculture
721:, and the northwestern part of
705:In 1929, the government led by
45:needs additional citations for
1070:who failed to carry out their
1010:Deportations after the end of
770:policies of the Soviet Union.
1:
3368:Poland–Soviet Union relations
2855:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
2666:1946–1947 Soviet famine
2239:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1298:. These people were known as
1108:(адвентисты-реформисты) were
946:. At the end of this period,
629:whole nationalities resettled
553:, although separate from the
467:Massive labor force transfers
3004:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1296:choice of place of residence
1153:in 1951, an event known as "
817:. In addition, settlers, or
786:with Nazi Germany; parts of
3019:Stalin Monument in Budapest
2686:Night of the Murdered Poets
2604:Allegations of antisemitism
2341:Engineers of the human soul
2088:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2064:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1257:Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev
1253:Andreev-Rudzutak Commission
1237:Central Executive Committee
884:, and others were moved to
3394:
3059:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
3029:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
2177:Soviet atomic bomb project
1448:Rodriguez, Junius (2011).
1271:in 1933; subsequently the
916:Polish government in exile
693:
147:Forced population transfer
3307:
3039:Places named after Stalin
3024:Stalin Monument in Prague
2548:Repressions in Azerbaijan
2266:1950 legislative election
2192:1946 legislative election
2103:1937 legislative election
1935:
1475:Khurshutov, Asan (2007).
1454:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
1130:USSR Council of Ministers
737:; this led to the forced
730:
701:Deportations of 1928–1939
197:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
2860:Soviet Nonconformist Art
2776:1936 Soviet Constitution
2429:Soviet famine of 1932–33
2389:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
2361:Transformation of nature
2346:1936 Soviet Constitution
2306:Socialism in One Country
2145:German–Soviet Axis talks
1512:Чечня: право на культуру
1511:
1251:commission known as the
1245:"for special settlement"
1235:" was a joint decree of
305:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2984:Iosif Stalin locomotive
2727:Foundations of Leninism
2713:Anarchism or Socialism?
2594:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
2461:NKVD prisoner massacres
2113:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2002:Death and state funeral
1868:Oxford University Press
1691:Werth, Nicolas (2007).
1668:[Deportation].
1141:, and western parts of
784:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
653:by administrative means
643:(спецпереселение), and
574:in rural areas or at a
477:Twenty-five-thousanders
3192:(second father-in-law)
2446:Murder of Sergey Kirov
2321:Stalinist architecture
2207:Turkish Straits crisis
1618:: CS1 maint: others (
1348:
1168:Iranians and Assyrians
756:Nazino tragedy of 1933
535:
354:Polish and Soviet Jews
3213:William Wesley Peters
2758:Falsifiers of History
2681:Rootless cosmopolitan
1987:Rule as Soviet leader
1355:Population statistics
1275:system was expanded.
1120:, or to serve in the
1088:Religious persecution
1006:Post-war deportations
811:enemies of the people
807:Białystok Voivodeship
611:(ссыльное поселение,
529:
487:Virgin Lands campaign
3234:Stalin's house, Gori
3165:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
3093:Besarion Jughashvili
3034:Batumi Stalin Museum
2945:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2696:Censorship of images
2375:Crimes, repressions,
2078:1931 Menshevik Trial
2059:First five-year plan
1842:Ioniţoiu, Cicerone,
1417:Penal transportation
1290:(вольное поселение,
1162:Council of Ministers
1104:(иннокентьевцы) and
1098:True Orthodox Church
1096:(свидетели иеговы),
827:Massive deportations
805:territories and the
690:Forced resettlements
645:administrative exile
641:special resettlement
543:population transfers
54:improve this article
3226:Stalin's residences
3173:Galina Dzhugashvili
3157:Svetlana Alliluyeva
3141:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
3068:Cultural depictions
2910:Anti-Stalinist left
2865:Shvernik Commission
2833:Pospelov Commission
2609:Population transfer
2584:1941 Red Army purge
2558:Suppressed research
2212:First Indochina War
2155:Great Patriotic War
2133:Moscow Peace Treaty
1997:Cult of personality
1837:History of the USSR
1808:Не по своей воле...
1757:. 19 December 2014.
1545:Human Rights Review
1407:Gulag: Colonization
1094:Jehovah's Witnesses
758:that happened near
735:Soviet grain crisis
547:prosperous peasants
541:were the result of
212:Chechens and Ingush
149:in the Soviet Union
3363:History of Siberia
3197:Alexander Svanidze
3125:Konstantin Kuzakov
3117:Yakov Dzhugashvili
3076:Apocalypse: Stalin
3049:Stalin Peace Prize
3044:State Stalin Prize
2747:"Ten Blows" speech
2734:Dizzy with Success
2644:Operation "Priboi"
2624:Operation "Lentil"
2577:1937 Soviet Census
2256:Sino-Soviet Treaty
2170:Potsdam Conference
2123:Invasion of Poland
1817:Against Their Will
1283:"Free settlements"
870:Karelo-Finnish SSR
637:special settlement
613:ssylnoye poselenie
536:
482:NKVD labor columns
437:POW Administration
174:Forced settlements
3325:
3324:
3282:Kholodnaya Rechka
2979:Iosif Stalin tank
2900:Lenin's Testament
2875:Era of Stagnation
2676:Mingrelian Affair
2654:Forced settlement
2639:Operation "North"
2599:Soviet war crimes
2377:and controversies
2316:Socialist realism
2279:
2278:
2261:Tito–Stalin split
2160:Tehran Conference
2083:Spanish Civil War
2054:Chinese Civil War
1597:978-5-8402-0230-2
1461:978-1-85109-783-8
1373:Dmitri Volkogonov
1292:volnoye poselenie
1200:(трудопоселение,
1198:Labor settlements
1193:Labor settlements
1028:Northern Bukovina
909:Northern Bukovina
836:On 23 June 1940,
731:раскрестьянивание
639:(спецпоселение),
615:) were a kind of
609:Exile settlements
604:Exile settlements
524:
523:
417:Operation Vistula
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3385:
3373:Forced migration
3315:
3314:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3200:(brother-in-law)
3193:
3189:Sergei Alliluyev
3185:
3181:Joseph Alliluyev
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
2999:Pantheon, Moscow
2957:The Soviet Story
2931:Darkness at Noon
2820:De-Stalinization
2671:Leningrad Affair
2404:Decossackization
2202:1946 Iran crisis
2165:Yalta Conference
2037:Collectivization
1962:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:, December 2001
1729:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1369:special settlers
1288:Free settlements
1206:obligatory labor
988:Meskhetian Turks
732:
676:ethnic cleansing
669:Russian Far East
625:ssylnoposelentsy
592:Meskhetian Turks
516:
509:
502:
407:Operation Priboi
387:June deportation
327:Meskhetian Turks
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3303:
3299:Stalin's bunker
3249:Room at Kremlin
3239:Tiflis Seminary
3220:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3176:(granddaughter)
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3133:Artyom Sergeyev
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3081:
3063:
2967:
2925:True Communists
2888:
2886:
2879:
2843:Khrushchev Thaw
2814:
2781:Stalin's poetry
2700:
2568:Japhetic theory
2506:Medvedev Forest
2399:Georgian Affair
2376:
2370:
2331:Five-year plans
2275:
2244:Berlin Blockade
2234:Greek Civil War
2023:August Uprising
2011:
1992:Political views
1957:
1951:
1931:
1926:
1884:
1803:
1790:
1785:
1780:. 14 June 2016.
1776:
1775:
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1469:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1392:101st kilometre
1388:
1357:
1312:Imperial Russia
1308:volnoposelentsy
1304:вольнопоселенцы
1285:
1210:trudoposelentsy
1195:
1170:
1155:Operation North
1090:
1040:
1008:
996:Crimean Bolgars
956:
928:
866:Kola Norwegians
846:Murmansk Oblast
831:prisoner of war
780:Murmansk Oblast
776:
768:passportization
723:European Russia
711:Western Siberia
703:
698:
692:
621:Imperial Russia
606:
520:
491:
461:
421:
412:Operation Vesna
397:Operation North
373:
183:
148:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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3071:
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3065:
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3062:
3061:
3056:
3054:Stalin Society
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Stalin statues
2991:
2986:
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2897:
2895:Stalin Epigram
2891:
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2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2838:Rehabilitation
2835:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Wittorf affair
2411:
2409:Dekulakization
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:New Soviet man
2348:
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2075:
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2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:
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1917:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1831:V.N. Zemskov,
1829:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1746:
1724:
1710:
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1356:
1353:
1284:
1281:
1233:dekulakization
1202:trudoposelenie
1194:
1191:
1169:
1166:
1114:Young Pioneers
1089:
1086:
1039:
1036:
1007:
1004:
992:Crimean Tatars
964:North Caucasus
955:
952:
948:Crimean Tatars
927:
924:
844:, ordered the
840:, head of the
838:Lavrenty Beria
775:
772:
764:dekulakization
702:
699:
694:Main article:
691:
688:
617:internal exile
605:
602:
588:Crimean Tatars
522:
521:
519:
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439:
433:
430:
429:
427:WWII POW labor
423:
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409:
404:
402:Operation Osen
399:
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337:NKVD operation
329:
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315:NKVD operation
307:
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297:
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287:
282:
281:
280:
278:NKVD operation
270:
265:
264:
263:
261:NKVD operation
253:
252:
251:
249:NKVD operation
246:
236:
235:
234:
232:NKVD operation
224:
222:Crimean Tatars
219:
214:
209:
204:
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185:
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182:
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176:
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166:
164:Dekulakization
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40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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3336:
3335:
3333:
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3310:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
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3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Semyonovskoye
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3149:Vasily Stalin
3147:
3144:(second wife)
3142:
3139:
3136:(adopted son)
3134:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3109:Kato Svanidze
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
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3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Ryutin Affair
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2885:Criticism and
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:Order No. 270
2796:
2794:
2793:Order No. 227
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Doctors' plot
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Nazino affair
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:German–Soviet
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Slavists case
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Moscow Trials
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
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2467:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Korenizatsiya
2299:
2297:
2296:Neo-Stalinism
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Ili Rebellion
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
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2043:
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2039:
2038:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
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700:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3216:(son-in-law)
3208:(son-in-law)
3205:Yuri Zhdanov
3112:(first wife)
3101:Keke Geladze
3074:
2963:Antisemitism
2955:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2920:Kremlin Plot
2847:
2785:
2769:
2756:
2661:Tax on trees
2619:Deportations
2356:Stakhanovite
2217:Eastern Bloc
2118:World War II
2071: /
1958:and politics
1863:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1815:
1812:Pavel Polian
1807:
1801:Bibliography
1772:
1763:
1749:
1743:(in Russian)
1734:
1727:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1666:"Депортация"
1587:
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1277:
1261:Yan Rudzutak
1252:
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1230:
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1201:
1197:
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1171:
1159:
1126:criminal law
1091:
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1020:Ostarbeiters
1012:World War II
1009:
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929:
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704:
680:fifth column
673:
665:Central Asia
644:
640:
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624:
612:
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607:
595:
585:
563:virgin lands
538:
537:
244:from Romania
131:
116:
110:January 2018
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3358:Deportation
2972:Remembrance
2938:Animal Farm
2764:Stalin Note
2451:Great Purge
2419:Great Break
2311:Great Break
2032:(1928–1941)
1948:(1946–1953)
1942:(1922–1952)
1860:Lynne Viola
1676:14 December
1670:bsk.nios.ru
1265:labor camps
1226:labor camps
1218:Great Purge
1143:Byelorussia
1122:Soviet Army
1102:Inochentism
1082:("ukazniks"
1068:kolkhozniks
1016:Axis Powers
922:in Warsaw.
893:Lithuanians
864:(see also "
815:labor camps
627:) were the
559:penal labor
534:, Lithuania
322:Lithuanians
3332:Categories
3287:Lake Ritsa
3267:Uspenskoye
3184:(grandson)
3168:(grandson)
3160:(daughter)
2915:Trotskyism
2887:opposition
2563:Lysenkoism
2249:Korean War
2128:Winter War
2016:Chronology
2007:Death toll
1972:Early life
1882:Wikisource
1547:: 205–224.
1521:5935160013
1433:References
1359:After the
1110:persecuted
1059:parasitism
1024:Bessarabia
905:Bessarabia
667:, and the
661:Kazakhstan
557:system of
452:Hungarians
378:Operations
268:Harbinites
169:Evacuation
80:newspapers
3353:Apartheid
3277:New Athos
2543:Hotel Lux
2526:Vinnytsia
2481:Chortkiv
2471:Berezwecz
2466:Berezhany
2434:Holodomor
2291:Stalinism
2229:Cominform
1965:Overviews
1614:cite book
1606:501151352
1497:261297982
1331:Sovnarkom
1249:Politburo
1241:Sovnarkom
1187:Assyrians
1042:The term
984:Karachays
936:Romanians
934:, Finns,
901:Estonians
862:Norwegian
823:foresters
747:Leningrad
581:apartheid
576:militsiya
572:selsoviet
532:Rumšiškės
457:Romanians
347:1955–1959
342:1944–1946
290:Karachays
227:Estonians
3317:Category
3257:Kuntsevo
3104:(mother)
3096:(father)
2531:Zolochiv
2516:Valozhyn
2486:Kurapaty
2284:Concepts
2197:Cold War
1530:51079021
1386:See also
1343:Narkomat
1316:cossacks
1179:Armenian
1175:Iranians
1139:Moldavia
1118:Komsomol
1077:trudodni
1038:Ukazniks
972:Chechens
940:Italians
897:Latvians
819:osadniks
794:and the
597:propiska
442:Japanese
310:Latvians
155:Policies
139:a series
137:Part of
3292:Sukhumi
3253:Dachas
3244:Kureika
2634:Koreans
2521:Vileyka
2222:Comecon
2047:Sovkhoz
2042:Kolkhoz
1956:History
1870:(2007)
1856:", 1995
1739:Kharkiv
1326:term).
1324:katorga
1320:serfdom
1212:) were
1183:Georgia
1151:Siberia
1147:Ukraine
1045:ukaznik
1000:Kalmyks
980:Balkars
882:Chinese
878:Koreans
874:Germans
858:Swedish
854:Finnish
792:Romania
727:Russian
719:Ukraine
715:Belarus
657:Siberia
631:during
447:Germans
295:Koreans
285:Kalmyks
239:Germans
217:Chinese
202:Balkars
188:Peoples
94:scholar
3086:Family
2511:Sambir
1874:
1835:. In:
1825:
1701:
1604:
1594:
1560:Report
1528:
1518:
1495:
1485:
1458:
1214:kulaks
1116:, the
1072:corvée
1054:ukazes
994:, and
976:Ingush
968:Crimea
944:Greeks
942:, and
899:, and
860:, and
788:Poland
751:Moscow
300:Kumyks
256:Greeks
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3262:Sochi
3152:(son)
3128:(son)
3120:(son)
2705:Works
2496:Lutsk
2491:Katyn
2476:Dubno
2441:Gulag
1645:(PDF)
1586:[
1273:Gulag
1222:Gulag
1062:, or
886:Altay
803:Kresy
760:Tomsk
555:Gulag
332:Poles
179:Gulag
101:JSTOR
87:books
2501:Lviv
2069:16th
1982:Rise
1872:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1678:2021
1620:link
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1526:OCLC
1516:ISBN
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1427:ZATO
1365:NKVD
1341:and
1339:OGPU
1259:and
1239:and
1145:and
1050:ukaz
1026:and
966:and
960:Nazi
907:and
842:NKVD
790:and
766:and
749:and
684:NKVD
590:and
568:NKVD
73:news
1852:, "
1377:MVD
1371:".
1157:".
1149:to
686:).
600:).
56:by
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2570:,
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1653:^
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1612:{{
1600:.
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1440:^
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880:,
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856:,
833:.
798:.
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717:,
671:.
663:,
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583:.
141:on
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2739:"
2736:"
2732:"
2729:"
2725:"
2722:"
2718:"
2715:"
2711:"
2615:)
2611:(
2030:/
1921:e
1914:t
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1810:(
1721:.
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1647:.
1622:)
1608:.
1532:.
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1302:(
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112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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