832:) in 1775. Reinforcements had therefore been ordered, and by coincidence, the first boatload arrived at Fornells from Marseilles the day after the British attack. By 23 October two brigades (one French and one German) totalling 3,886 men had been added to the 10,411 already on the island. Also at this time, de Crillon was requested by the Spanish government to attempt an alternative strategy. Among the rather confused reports which filtered through to Britain from Menorca, delayed by several months, were two letters published in the London papers at the end of January 1782. One is from Murray to de Crillon, dated 16 October 1781, sharply reminding him that the Murray family tree is as noble as the Duc's, and that when a former Duc de Crillon was asked by his King to betray his honour, he refused. The other is de Crillon's reply, indicating that he personally is happy to accept Murray's criticism. The source of this exchange was an offer to the governor of 500,000 pesos (then worth just over £100,000 – but inflated in some sources to £1,000,000) plus a guaranteed rank in the Spanish or French army, in return for surrender.
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had to be rejected, as de
Crillon had been instructed to insist on the garrison being declared prisoners of war, but he hinted strongly that a compromise should be possible. The final agreement, accepted by both sides on 5 February and signed on 6 February, allowed the men to become temporary prisoners of war while they waited for the transport ships, and even stipulated that "in Consideration of the Constancy and Valour which General Murray and his Men have shewn in their brave Defence, they shall be permitted to go out with their Arms shouldered, Drums beating, lighted Matches, and Colours flying, till having marched through the Midst of the Army, they shall lay down their Arms and Colours". Thus the 950 or so who could walk duly did, the ranks of Spanish and French troops stretching all the way along both sides of the road from St. Philip's Castle to Georgetown, where the defenders laid down their arms in surrender "to God alone". Though he looked straight ahead as he marched, Murray was informed by de Crillon and his deputy the
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troops back within the inner citadel. However, when firing slackened the defenders would begin their own bombardments of the attackers' positions, with over 200 cannons and 40 mortars – they also sank another supply vessel on 12 January. Three days later the attackers got their revenge, setting fire with a well-aimed incendiary grenade to a key storehouse, containing, among other things, much of the fort's supply of salted meat, which burned for four days. About this time, also, the relationship between
Governor Murray and Lieutenant-Governor Draper broke down completely, and after an unpleasant incident the latter was suspended from duty.
858:, now known to be caused by vitamin deficiency. Gradually, more and more of the soldiers showed serious symptoms, and at the beginning of February the number in hospital was growing by more than 50 per day. To keep watch at all points of the complex defences, 415 men were required. With only 660 men able to perform any duties at all by 3 February, the garrison was therefore 170 men short of the 830 necessary to maintain two shifts of guards in a day. Of those 660 men, 560 showed symptoms of scurvy, and several men died while on sentry duty, having chosen not to report their condition to the medical officers.
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succeeded in sinking a supply vessel attempting to unload at the
Georgetown quay. This information was reported in two letters from General Murray, dated 12 and 13 November, which somehow got back to England by 4 December. Letters were also being sent from the British government to Murray, praising the bravery of the garrison and promising help as soon as possible. In practice, with Gibraltar also under siege, the British were relying on the elaborate improvements which had been made at St. Philip's Castle after the 1756 embarrassment – which included the provision of food for over a year.
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out of the fort. The most notable of these sallies took place on 11 October, when between 400 and (as the
Spanish newspapers had it) 700 soldiers crossed the harbour to La Mola, and captured eighty soldiers with eight officers. Spanish troops were sent in pursuit, but too late; the officers were later freed after giving their word of honour that they would not enter combat again unless exchanged for captured British officers. Three British soldiers were killed in the action. Although this action was a success for the British, relations between Murray and his deputy, Lieutenant General
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except for a few members of the international business community the
British had welcomed onto Menorca – North Africans, Jews, Greeks, etc. (Incidentally, the invaders expelled the remainder of the African and Jewish communities on 11 September, and various other foreign nationals shortly afterwards). Also, the number of soldiers included those captured elsewhere on the island by the invaders, so the real total of fighting men in the fort would be closer to 3,000 – and it seems that even that was an exaggeration to discourage the invaders.
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about 50 men. While arrangements were made to put the island under a
Spanish administration, letters were exchanged between de Crillon and Governor Murray, and the invaders began preparing their own defences against counter-attacks. By 23 August there were over 7,000 Spanish soldiers on Menorca, and 3,000 more soon joined them. The bulk of the fleet left once the troops were securely established, and Guichen arrived back at Brest on 15 September.
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896:. Lieutenant General James Murray was court-martialled in November 1782, on charges brought by Sir William Draper. Murray was found guilty of only two offences (the more serious of which was the issuing of an order derogatory to his deputy – the spark which had led to Draper's suspension in January). In January 1783 he was sentenced to a reprimand, and shortly afterwards, by the direct intervention of
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778:, in the centre of the island. By midday, most of the British personnel around Mahón had been moved within the walls of St. Philip's Castle, a chain had been fixed across the entrance to the port, and small vessels were being sunk in the narrow channel, making entry by sea impossible. Some dependants, including the Governor's family, made preparations to sail to safety in Italy aboard a
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significantly exaggerated. Also emerging from the fort after the surrender were 43 civilian workers, 154 wives, and 212 children. The castle itself, after some discussion among
Spanish military planners, was later damaged beyond easy repair, so that it could not be seized in the sort of surprise attack de Crillon had intended, and used against the Spanish.
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618:. For a naval power with no Mediterranean coast, possession of Menorca, therefore, was of major strategic advantage, and for most of the 18th century, Menorca was under British control. The narrow entrance to the port was guarded by a fort, known to the British as St. Philip's Castle, a translation of the original Spanish,
900:, he received an apology from Draper for certain words spoken out of court, which might otherwise have led to a duel. In February he was promoted to full General, but having passed his 60th birthday during the siege, he never returned to active service, though he became colonel of the 21st Fusiliers in 1789.
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on a coastal patrol, which happened to involve sailing into the
Mediterranean. They were going to provide additional protection for the invasion fleet, but, in order to fool the British, they would not be joining their Spanish allies until they were close to the target. The Spanish invasion fleet (51
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Work soon began on gun emplacements to besiege St. Philip's Castle, the most important being at La Mola, on the opposite side of the harbour mouth, and at
Binisaida, near Georgetown. The British did not make this easy; they directed their own guns at the work sites, and also occasionally sent troops
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in
Italian – on 31 August). When the Spanish troops entered the town of Mahón, most of the remaining population was on their side, and greeted them with cheers. At Georgetown only 152 prisoners were taken, and the troops sent to Ciudadela and Fornells on 20 August found only token British forces of
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Following a series of urgent reports by his medical team, on 4 February 1782 General Murray sent a list of ten surrender terms to the Duc de Crillon, based on the principle that the garrison should be provided with transport back to Britain, which would be paid for by the British government. These
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the north; the landing at Ciudadela was also temporarily impossible. So, about 10:30 am, the fleet rounded Aire island, at the south-east tip of Menorca, and began the approach to Port Mahón, while the Alcaufar contingent headed for land. A little after 11:30, the leading vessel of the fleet,
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This plan had one basic flaw – the assumption that the British would believe a vast convoy approaching Menorca had friendly intentions. Additionally, further modifications had to be made because of the wind, which forced the main part of the fleet to sail round the south of the island, rather than
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The attempt at recapturing Gibraltar in 1779 led to a protracted siege, and by the end of 1780, Spain's military leaders were accepting that they would have to embark on some of their other projects in parallel with the siege there. An invasion of Menorca was therefore planned during the first few
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After nearly two months spent weakening the fort with artillery, 6 January 1782 was the date set for the beginning of a final assault. In the first days of this attack, intensified bombardments from 100 cannons and 35 mortars did such damage to the outer defences that Murray had to pull all his
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When news of the invasion got back to Britain about four weeks later, newspapers reported that the garrison consisted of some 5,660 men. However, of that number, 1,500 were members of the local militia, and 400 were civilian workers. Very few members of those groups actually went into the fort,
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On 11 November the besiegers' mortar batteries began operation. In the first couple of days the only item damaged within the Castle was the carriage of a small 6-pound gun. One mortar battery was destroyed when a shell fired from the Castle blew up its powder magazine. The Castle gunners also
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on 23 July 1781, initially heading westward to appear as if its destination was America, but turned in the night and passed Gibraltar on 25 July. Facing contrary winds in the Mediterranean, by 29 July the convoy was beginning to break up, and was forced to take shelter at La Subida cove, near
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report of the end of the siege, 59 of the British garrison were killed. This left 2,481 military personnel, including 149 wounded, to surrender, suggesting either that a large number of deaths from scurvy were ignored, or that the earlier British claims about the size of the garrison were
741:, were to be blockaded. The Mesquida force was to move rapidly to the town of Mahón, where the Governor lived, to capture him and as many British soldiers as possible. The Alcaufar force was to block the road that led from the British residential suburb, Georgetown (now
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To the garrison, the loss of meat was a relatively minor problem. The improvements at the fort had not included artillery-resistant vegetable gardens, so the occupants had no access to fresh vegetables, the most reliable medicine to combat the disease
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judged the safety of his fleet more important than the possession of the fort, and was subsequently shot to encourage other admirals to take a more positive view of their duties. Although the French won that battle, they lost the
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that many of the French and Spanish wept at what they saw. In some respects, De Crillon and his subordinates went far beyond the agreement, and Murray noted that they provided "every Thing which can contribute to our Recovery".
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Following his success, the Duc de Crillon was awarded the title "duque de Mahón" and put in charge of the attempt to recapture Gibraltar, where he embarked upon a bold plan to storm the citadel – for the result, see
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The British had a watchtower on the south coast of Menorca, and had spotted the fleet approaching. An urgent message was immediately sent to Mahón; later reinforced by a more detailed report from the watchtower on
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in 1763, and so Menorca was returned to Britain rather than France's ally Spain, to which the island was historically tied. The Spanish government renewed its alliance with France against Britain by means of the
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A main force was to be landed at Mesquida bay, just north of the main target, Port Mahón, and a secondary force at Alcaufar bay, south of the port, while the other two significant harbours on the island, at
640:, Britain's other Mediterranean sea-fortress, removing Menorca from British control was important because it was home to a thriving fleet of privateers, licensed by the British Governor, Lieutenant-General
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arrived at Mesquida, and the rest of the fleet gradually caught up, and preparations for landing began. At 6:00 pm, the Spanish flag was raised on the beach, and received a 23-gun salute.
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passed St. Philip's Castle, its crew at battle stations (immediate battle was not anticipated, but this was a naval tradition). Finally, around 1:00 pm,
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troop carriers, 18 supply vessels, 3 hospital ships, 3 "viveres", 2 bombardment ships, a fireship, and 13 armed escorts), departed
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on 14 August, then in the night of 17 August headed away from the Spanish coast and sailed parallel to
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estimates of Spanish casualties (22 February 1782) were 184 killed and 380 wounded. According to
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ship, and a message about the invasion was sent to the British envoy at
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lasting over five months, was an important step in the achievement of
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La toma de Menorca en las memorias y epistolario del duque de Crillon
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Edinburgh, Fullarton (1862), via Google Books – accessed 2007-12-17
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On 25 June 1781, a French force of about 20 warships, commanded by
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Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
926:"La reconquista de Menorca por el duque de Crillon (1781–1782)"
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French web page about St. Philip's Castle, with good pictures
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At the eastern end of the island of Menorca is the port of
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Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France
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Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain
1040:(click compass roses) mapforum.com – accessed 2007-12-15
720:, the fleet was joined by another 4 warships, from
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
816:St. Philip's Castle and the surrounding siegeworks
712:. On 18 August, as it passed the little island of
928:Mahón, Museo Militar (1981) – accessed 2007-12-17
614:, one of the best deep-water anchorages in the
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676:José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca
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989:– gazettes-online.co.uk, accessed 2007-12-17
972:– gazettes-online.co.uk, accessed 2007-12-17
960:– gazettes-online.co.uk, accessed 2007-12-17
948:– gazettes-online.co.uk, accessed 2007-12-17
1107:Sieges of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
1127:Sieges of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1102:Military history of the Balearic Islands
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1073:, Mahón, I.M.E. (1998)- online edition
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1015:Dictionary of National Biography entry
27:Part of the American Revolutionary War
1147:Amphibious operations involving Spain
672:Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon
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1031:Historic maps of the Port Mahon area
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1044:18th century pictures and more maps
1017:– subscription, accessed 2007-12-16
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958:London Gazette, 15 September 1781
946:London Gazette, 11 September 1781
568:The Franco-Spanish reconquest of
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172:19 August 1781 – 5 February 1782
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970:London Gazette, 4 December 1781
661:Plan of Fort St. Philip. (1780)
141:Siege of Fort St. Philip (1781)
71:"Invasion of Minorca" 1781
47:needs additional citations for
606:Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)
382:European & Atlantic Waters
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987:London Gazette, 26 March 1782
757:Key features of Menorca, 1781
580:'s aims in its alliance with
668:Don Luis Berton de los Blats
160:Print of the siege from 1781
666:months of 1781, largely by
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148:American Revolutionary War
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139:Conquest of Menorca and
1069:Terrón Ponce, José L.
1055:Terrón Ponce, José L.
924:Terrón Ponce, José L.
905:captured Menorca again
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196:Franco-Spanish victory
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311:Casualties and losses
933:Notes and references
653:Plans for reconquest
56:improve this article
1137:Invasions by France
1062:2 June 2007 at the
1025:Further information
1001:The Scottish Nation
907:in 1798 during the
864:Baron de Falkenhayn
331:(excluding disease)
1142:Invasions by Spain
1097:History of Menorca
998:Anderson, William
884:The London Gazette
823:Sir William Draper
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634:Treaty of Aranjuez
1132:Conflicts in 1782
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
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45:This article
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808:Siege begins
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642:James Murray
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550:Cape Spartel
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400:17 June 1778
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292:James Murray
205:Belligerents
146:Part of the
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
768:San Pascual
764:San Pascual
716:, south of
588:during the
515:Dogger Bank
510:Porto Praya
505:30 May 1781
334:149 wounded
322:380 wounded
112:August 2010
1081:Categories
776:Monte Toro
743:Es Castell
710:Formentera
600:Background
535:3rd Ushant
525:2nd Ushant
500:1 May 1781
485:2nd Jersey
415:1st Jersey
405:1st Ushant
329:59 killed
320:184 killed
82:newspapers
871:Aftermath
735:Ciudadela
702:Cartagena
638:Gibraltar
624:John Byng
596:in 1783.
545:Gibraltar
374:American
1060:Archived
1034:Archived
903:Britain
784:Florence
780:Venetian
739:Fornells
706:Alicante
584:against
298:Strength
177:Location
830:Algiers
792:Livorno
788:Leghorn
718:Majorca
714:Cabrera
690:, left
648:Prelude
586:Britain
570:Menorca
520:Minorca
475:Bermuda
455:Madeira
260:Hanover
182:Menorca
96:scholar
856:scurvy
803:Battle
582:France
495:Málaga
326:2,540
303:14,000
257:
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231:France
228:
193:Result
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722:Palma
697:Cádiz
692:Brest
612:Mahón
578:Spain
306:3,000
218:Spain
103:JSTOR
89:books
875:The
737:and
317:564
169:Date
75:news
58:by
1083::
977:^
915:.
790:–
184:,
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365:e
358:t
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119:(
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110:(
100:·
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