600:, a receiver reed failed to respond to the intermittent current supplied by an electric battery. Bell told Watson, who was at the other end of the line, to pluck the reed, thinking it had stuck to the pole of the magnet. Watson complied, and to his astonishment Bell heard a reed at his end of the line vibrate and emit the same timbre of a plucked reed, although there were no interrupted on-off-on-off currents from a transmitter to make it vibrate. A few more experiments soon showed that his receiver reed had been set in vibration by the magneto-electric currents induced in the line by the motion of the distant receiver reed in the neighborhood of its magnet. The battery current was not causing the vibration but was needed only to supply the magnetic field in which the reeds vibrated. Moreover, when Bell heard the rich overtones of the plucked reed, it occurred to him that since the circuit was never broken, all the complex vibrations of speech might be converted into undulating (modulated) currents, which in turn would reproduce the complex timbre, amplitude, and frequencies of speech at a distance.
532:, also devised a tone telegraph of this kind about the same time as La Cour. In Gray's tone telegraph, several vibrating steel reeds tuned to different frequencies interrupted the current, which at the other end of the line passed through electromagnets and vibrated matching tuned steel reeds near the electromagnet poles. Gray's "harmonic telegraph", with vibrating reeds, was used by the Western Union Telegraph Company. Since more than one set of vibration frequencies – that is to say, more than one musical tone – can be sent over the same wire simultaneously, the harmonic telegraph can be utilized as a 'multiplex' or many-ply telegraph, conveying several messages through the same wire at the same time. Each message can either be read by an operator by the sound, or from different tones read by different operators, or a permanent record can be made by the marks drawn on a ribbon of traveling paper by a Morse recorder. On July 27, 1875, Gray was granted U.S. patent 166,096 for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" (the harmonic).
372:. He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114 V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire was vibrating just like a leaf of an electroscope; which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he heard inarticulated human voice. He called this device "
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afternoon. Bell's application was filed shortly before noon on
February 14 by Bell's lawyer who requested that the filing fee be entered immediately onto the cash receipts blotter and Bell's application was taken to the Examiner immediately. Late in the afternoon, Gray's caveat was entered on the cash blotter and was not taken to the Examiner until the following day. The fact that Bell's filing fee was recorded earlier than Gray's led to the myth that Bell had arrived at the Patent Office earlier. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not know this happened until later. Gray later abandoned his caveat and did not contest Bell's priority. That opened the door to Bell being granted US patent 174465 for the telephone on March 7, 1876.
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Going to another instrument, connected by wire with
Providence, forty-three miles distant, Mr. Bell listened a moment, and said, "Signor Brignolli, who is assisting at a concert in Providence Music Hall, will now sing for us." In a moment the cadence of the tenor's voice rose and fell, the sound being faint, sometimes lost, and then again audible. Later, a cornet solo played in Somerville was very distinctly heard. Still later, a three-part song came over the wire from Somerville, and Mr. Bell told his audience "I will switch off the song from one part of the room to another so that all can hear." At a subsequent lecture in
752:, Thomson revealed the telephone to the European public. In describing his visit to the Philadelphia Exhibition, Thomson said, "I heard passages taken at random from the New York newspapers: 'S.S. Cox Has Arrived' (I failed to make out the S.S. Cox); 'The City of New York', 'Senator Morton', 'The Senate Has Resolved To Print A Thousand Extra Copies', 'The Americans In London Have Resolved To Celebrate The Coming Fourth Of July!' All this my own ears heard spoken to me with unmistakable distinctness by the then circular disc armature of just such another little electro-magnet as this I hold in my hand."
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934:. The device used a metal needle or rod that was placed – just barely – into a liquid conductor, such as a water/acid mixture. In response to the diaphragm's vibrations, the needle dipped more or less into the liquid, varying the electrical resistance and thus the current passing through the device and on to the receiver. Gray did not convert his caveat into a patent application until after the caveat had expired and hence left the field open to Bell.
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the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house, located at 5 Exeter Place in Boston, to the cellar underneath. Bell, in the work room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. Bell spoke into his instrument, "Do you understand what I say?" and Watson answered "Yes". However, the voice sounds were not distinct and the armature tended to stick to the electromagnet pole and tear the membrane.
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for eight months until after his U.S. patent 174,465 was published., but within a year the first telephone exchange was built in
Connecticut and the Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, with Bell the owner of a third of the shares, quickly making him a wealthy man. Organ builder Ernest Skinner reported in his autobiography that Bell offered Boston-area organ builder Hutchings a 50% interest in the company but Hutchings declined.
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the instrument of the called person a succession of impulses (clicks), much more intense than those of normal conversation. As he was aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron). He successfully used an insulated copper plait, thus anticipating the
274:, New York in 1854. In 1861, a description of it was reportedly published in an Italian-language New York newspaper, although no known copy of that newspaper issue or article has survived to the present day. Meucci claimed to have invented a paired electromagnetic transmitter and receiver, where the motion of a diaphragm modulated a signal in a coil by moving an electromagnet, although this was not mentioned in his
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685:"armature" induced corresponding currents in the coils of the electromagnet. These currents, after traversing the wire, passed through the receiver which consisted of an electromagnet in a tubular metal can having one end partially closed by a thin circular disc of soft iron. When the undulatory current passed through the coil of this electromagnet, the disc vibrated, thereby creating sound waves in the air.
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transmitters and adapted telephone exchanges and switching plug boards developed for telegraphy. Watson and other Bell engineers invented numerous other improvements to telephony. Bell succeeded where others failed to assemble a commercially viable telephone system. It can be argued that Bell invented the telephone industry. Bell's first intelligible voice transmission over an electric wire was named an
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the complete supply of stovepipe wire in
Brantford. With the help of two of his parents' neighbours, he tacked the stovepipe wire some 400 metres (a quarter mile) along the top of fence posts from his parents' home to a junction point on the telegraph line to the neighbouring community of Mount Pleasant, which joined it to the Dominion Telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario.
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the variable resistance feature before
January 18, 1876, "almost at the last moment" before sending his draft application to his lawyers. A book by Evenson argues that the seven sentences and claim 4 were inserted, without Bell's knowledge, just before Bell's application was hand carried to the Patent Office by one of Bell's lawyers on February 14, 1876.
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materials had been stored, and claimed that Bell must thus have had access to those materials. Manzetti claimed that Bell visited him and examined his device in 1865. In 1886 it was publicly alleged by Zenas Wilber, a patent examiner, that Bell paid him one hundred dollars, when he allowed Bell to look at Gray's confidential patent filing.
115:, a children's toy made by connecting the two ends of a string to the bottoms of two metal cans, paper cups or similar items. The essential idea of this toy was that a diaphragm can collect voice sounds for reproduction at a distance. One precursor to the development of the electromagnetic telephone originated in 1833 when
823:. Granted, this was a one-way long-distance call. The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876. During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company.
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did for the automobile. Although not the first to experiment with telephonic devices, Bell and the companies founded in his name were the first to develop commercially practical telephones around which a successful business could be built and grow. Bell adopted carbon transmitters similar to Edison's
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The next day on August 4 another call was made between
Brantford's telegraph office and Melville House, where a large dinner party exchanged "....speech, recitations, songs and instrumental music". To bring telephone signals to Melville House, Alexander Graham audaciously "bought up" and "cleaned up"
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In 1876, Bell became the first to obtain a patent for an "apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically", after experimenting with many primitive sound transmitters and receivers. Because of illness and other commitments, Bell made little or no telephone improvements or experiments
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filed the same day, February 14, 1876. A description of the variable resistance feature, consisting of seven sentences, was inserted into Bell's application. That it was inserted is not disputed. But when it was inserted is a controversial issue. Bell testified that he wrote the sentences containing
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The carbon microphone was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in
England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most
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on August 10, 1876. For that long-distance call
Alexander Graham Bell set up a telephone using telegraph lines at Robert White's Boot and Shoe Store at 90 Grand River Street North in Paris via its Dominion Telegraph Co. office on Colborne Street. The normal telegraph line between Paris and Brantford
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The first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on March 10, 1876, when Bell spoke into the device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson complied with the request. Bell tested Gray's liquid transmitter design in this experiment, but only
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for his invention and with the money, founded the Volta
Laboratory in Washington, where he continued experiments in communication, in medical research, and in techniques for teaching speech to the deaf, working with Helen Keller among others. In 1885 he acquired land in Nova Scotia and established a
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This background prepared Bell for work with spoken sound waves and electricity. He began his experiments in 1873–1874 with a harmonic telegraph, following the examples of
Bourseul, Reis, and Gray. Bell's designs employed various on-off-on-off make-break current-interrupters driven by vibrating steel
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tested the Reis equipment and found that "single words, uttered as in reading, speaking and the like, were perceptible indistinctly, notwithstanding here also the inflections of the voice, the modulations of interrogation, wonder, command, etc., attained distinct expression." He used Reis's work for
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was developed from 1857 onwards. Allegedly, the transmitter was difficult to operate, since the relative position of the needle and the contact were critical to the device's operation. Thus, it can be called a "telephone", since it did transmit voice sounds electrically over distance, but was hardly
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Champions of Meucci, Manzetti, and Gray have each offered fairly precise tales of a contrivance whereby Bell actively stole the invention of the telephone from their specific inventor. In the 2002 congressional resolution, it was inaccurately noted that Bell worked in a laboratory in which Meucci's
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Going to the small telephone box with its slender wire attachments, Mr. Bell coolly asked, as though addressing someone in an adjoining room, "Mr. Watson, are you ready!" Mr. Watson, five miles away in Somerville, promptly answered in the affirmative, and soon was heard a voice singing "America".
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with an armature of magnetized iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. A second membrane-device was built for use as a transmitter. This was the "gallows" phone. A few days later they were tried together, one at each end of
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Meucci studied the principles of electromagnetic voice transmission for many years and was able to realise his dream of transmitting his voice through wires in 1856. He installed a telephone-like device within his house in order to communicate with his wife who was ill at the time. Some of Meucci's
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The Bell Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city style itself
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of the bar-magnet pole, and thereby caused undulatory currents in the coil. These currents, after traveling through the wire to the distant receiver, were received in an identical apparatus. This design was patented by Bell on January 30, 1877. The sounds were weak and could only be heard when the
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described in Gray's caveat was strikingly similar to the experimental telephone transmitter tested by Bell on March 10, 1876, a fact which raised questions about whether Bell (who knew of Gray) was inspired by Gray's design or vice versa. Although Bell did not use Gray's water transmitter in later
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The first inventor of a telephone was Phillip Reis of Germany only musical not articulating. The first person to publicly exhibit a telephone for transmission of articulate speech was A. G. Bell. The first practical commercial telephone for transmission of articulate speech was invented by myself.
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Meucci separated the two directions of transmission in order to eliminate the so-called "local effect", adopting what we would call today a 4-wire-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator which short-circuited the instrument of the calling person, producing in
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In the 1880s Meucci was credited with the early invention of inductive loading of telephone wires to increase long-distance signals. Serious burns from an accident, a lack of English, and poor business abilities resulted in Meucci's failing to develop his inventions commercially in America. Meucci
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scientific experiment to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. Because a liquid transmitter was not practical for commercial products, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone after March 1876 and never
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Reis' new invention was articulated in a lecture before the Physical Society of Frankfurt on 26 October 1861, and a description, written by himself for Jahresbericht a month or two later. It created a good deal of scientific excitement in Germany; models of it were sent abroad, to London, Dublin,
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Bell's telephone transmitter (microphone) consisted of a double electromagnet, in front of which a membrane, stretched on a ring, carried an oblong piece of soft iron cemented to its middle. A funnel-shaped mouthpiece directed the voice sounds upon the membrane, and as it vibrated, the soft iron
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After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875, that movements of the reed alone in a magnetic field could reproduce the frequencies and timbre of spoken sound waves, Bell reasoned by analogy with the mechanical phonautograph that a skin diaphragm would reproduce sounds like the human ear when
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Contrary to the popular story, Gray's caveat was taken to the US Patent Office a few hours before Bell's application. Gray's caveat was taken to the Patent Office in the morning of February 14, 1876, shortly after the Patent Office opened and remained near the bottom of the in-basket until that
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Supplement No. 520 of December 19, 1885, based on reconstructions produced in 1885, for which there was no contemporary pre-1875 evidence. Meucci's 1871 caveat did not mention any of the telephone features later credited to him by his lawyer, and which were published in that Scientific American
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Meucci later claimed that he constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium dichromate and keeping a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was hosted in a
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Bourseul explained: "Suppose that a man speaks near a movable disc sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disc alternately makes and breaks the currents from a battery: you may have at a distance another disc which will simultaneously execute the same
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circuit. However, examination showed that his solution to sidetone was to maintain two separate telephone circuits and thus use twice as many transmission wires. The anti-sidetone circuit later introduced by Bell Telephone instead canceled sidetone through a feedback process.
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having a small coil or bobbin of fine wire surrounding one pole, in front of which a thin disc of iron was fixed in a circular mouthpiece. The disc served as a combined diaphragm and armature. On speaking into the mouthpiece, the iron diaphragm vibrated with the voice in the
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vibrations.... It is certain that, in a more or less distant future, a speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made experiments in this direction; they are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favorable result".
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Duquet obtained a patent on 1 Feb. 1878 for a number of modifications "giving more facility for the transmission of sound and adding to its acoustic properties," and in particular for the design of a new apparatus combining the speaker and receiver in a single
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at the US Patent Office. His caveat describes his invention, but does not mention a diaphragm, electromagnet, conversion of sound into electrical waves, conversion of electrical waves into sound, or other essential features of an electromagnetic
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Only a few months after receiving U.S. Patent No. 174465 at the beginning of March 1876, Bell conducted three important tests of his new invention and the telephone technology after returning to his parents' home at Melville House (now the
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that was related to the pressure. Thus, the grains could vary their resistance as the plates moved in response to sound waves, and reproduce sound with good fidelity, without the weak signals associated with electromagnetic transmitters.
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was a French telegraph engineer who proposed (but did not build) the first design of a "make-and-break" telephone in 1854. That is about the same time that Meucci later claimed to have created his first attempt at the telephone in Italy.
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passed an electric current through a coil of wire placed between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. He observed that connecting and disconnecting the current caused a ringing sound in the magnet. He called this effect "galvanic music".
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The instruments at present in Osborne are merely those supplied for ordinary commercial purposes, and it will afford me much pleasure to be permitted to offer to the Queen a set of Telephones to be made expressly for her Majesty's
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was recognized as the "inventor". In the United States, there are numerous reflections of Bell as a North American icon for inventing the telephone, and the matter was for a long time non-controversial. In June 2002, however, the
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in 2002 that said Meucci did pioneering work on the development of the telephone. The resolution said that "if Meucci had been able to pay the $ 10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell".
127:, in Lower Saxony, helping to create the fundamental basis for the technology that was later used in similar telecommunication devices. Gauss's and Weber's invention is purported to be the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
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referred to the calls as "the three great tests of the telephone". One Bell Homestead reviewer wrote of them, "No one involved in these early calls could possibly have understood the future impact of these communication firsts".
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and others. Meucci later claimed that he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph "make-and-break" method, but he looked for a "continuous" solution that did not interrupt the electric
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In 1864 Meucci later claimed that he realized his "best device", using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving-soap box, whose cover clamped the
868:, communication was established with Boston, eighteen miles distant, and Mr. Watson at the latter place sang "Auld Lang Syne", the National Anthem, and "Hail Columbia", while the audience at Salem joined in the chorus.
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On March 10, 1876, Bell had used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here – I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side.
945:) invention, as in his caveat of 14 February 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered."
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In the first test call at a longer distance in Southern Ontario, on August 3, 1876, Alexander Graham's uncle, Professor David Charles Bell, spoke to him from the Brantford telegraph office, reciting lines from
278:. A further discrepancy observed was that the device described in the 1871 caveat employed only a single conduction wire, with the telephone's transmitter-receivers being insulated from a 'ground return' path.
889:. The queen considered the process to be "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "quite faint". She later asked to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offered to make a model specifically for her.
964:(microphone) that provided a strong voice signal on the transmitting circuit that made long-distance calls practical. Edison discovered that carbon grains, squeezed between two metal plates, had a variable
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Shulman, pp. 36–37. Bell's lab notes dated March 9, 1876 show a drawing of a person speaking face down into a liquid transmitter very similar to the liquid transmitter depicted as Fig. 3 in Gray's caveat.
1167:'s design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was originally to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The
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They claim that Meucci was the actual inventor of the telephone, and base their argument on reconstructed evidence. What follows, if not otherwise stated, is a summary of their historic reconstruction.
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in recording the vibrations of speech. This apparatus consists essentially of a thin membrane vibrated by the voice and carrying a light-weight stylus, which traces an undulatory line on a plate of
353:", have devoted a Museum to Antonio Meucci, constructing a chronology of his invention of the telephone and tracing the history of the two legal trials involving Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell.
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In August 1870, Meucci later claimed that he obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper plait insulated by cotton. He called his device "
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Birth place of telephone, 109 Court St., Boston, On the top floor of this building in 1875, Professor Bell carried on his experiments and first succeeded in transmitting speech by electricity.
926:, that if the current could be made to more closely model the movements of the diaphragm, rather than simply opening and closing the circuit, greater fidelity might be achieved. Gray filed a
709:, some 13 kilometers away. This test was claimed by many sources as the world's first long-distance call. The final test certainly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.
310:(ADT) laboratory reportedly lost some of Meucci's working models, his wife reportedly disposed of others and Meucci, who sometimes lived on public assistance, chose not to renew his 1871
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Speech by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2, 1911: Historical address delivered by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2, 1911, at the first meeting of the Telephone Pioneers' Association
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On the basis of this prototype, Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of sound transmitting devices inspired by the telegraph model as did other pioneers of the telephone, such as
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Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances. A series of steps lead to the main section where the floating allegorical figure of
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cylindrical carton box. He said he constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife who was an
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connected by a taut string or wire. Sound waves are carried as mechanical vibrations along the string or wire from one diaphragm to the other. The classic example is the
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He made the UK's first publicly-witnessed long distance calls, calling Cowes, Southampton and London. Queen Victoria liked the telephone so much she wanted to buy it.
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as the inventor of the telephone. Others in Canada disagreed with the Congressional resolution, some of whom provided criticisms of both its accuracy and intent.
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was claim 4, a method of producing variable electric current in a circuit by varying the resistance in the circuit. That feature was not shown in any of Bell's
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Bell has been widely recognized as the "inventor" of the telephone outside of Italy, where Meucci was championed as its inventor, and outside of Germany, where
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connected to a steel or iron reed or hinged armature. On July 1, 1875, he instructed Watson to build a receiver consisting of a stretched diaphragm or drum of
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Bell made public demonstrations of his now patented invention, culminating in the world's first long distance call, to Paris, 13 kilometres away, on 10 August
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571:, to train teachers of the deaf. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology in 1873.
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Supplement, a major reason for the loss of the 'Bell v. Globe and Meucci' patent infringement court case, which was decided against Globe and Meucci.
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1327:(First electromagnetic telegraph in the world over the roofs of Göttingen), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen website. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
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received the first patent for the telephone. This caused Puskás to take a fresh look at his own work and he refocused on perfecting a design for a
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one of the Queen's staff wrote to Professor Bell to inform him "how much gratified and surprised the Queen was at the exhibition of the Telephone"
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423:". Drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci dated September 27, 1870, show coils of wire on long-distance telephone lines. The painting made by
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Harrington, Stephanie. "Bell Homestead: Home Offers In-depth Look At Inventor", Brantford and Brant County Community Guide, 2002–2003",
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In the third of his tests in Southern Ontario, on August 10, 1876, Bell made a call via the telegraph line from the family homestead in
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The concept of the telephone dates back to the string telephone or lover's telephone that has been known for centuries, comprising two
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reeds which sent interrupted current to a distant receiver electro-magnet that caused a second steel reed or tuning fork to vibrate.
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468:(STC). The results also confirmed it could transmit and receive speech with good quality (fidelity), but relatively low intensity.
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In 1834 Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "
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positioned at the other end of the tableau. Additionally, there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing
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had pioneered a system called visible speech, developed by his father, to teach deaf children. In 1872 Bell founded a school in
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who liked the design. According to Edison, "Tivadar Puskas was the first person to suggest the idea of a telephone exchange".
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described the three test calls in their September 9, 1876, article, "The Human Voice Transmitted by Telegraph". Historian
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2083:, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.
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The third and most important test was the world's first true long-distance telephone call, placed between Brantford and
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This primitive telephone was rapidly improved. The double electromagnet was replaced by a single permanently magnetized
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Telephones used throughout the world are mine and Bell's. Mine is used for transmitting. Bell's is used for receiving.
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recognized the lack of fidelity of the make-break transmitter of Reis and Bourseul and reasoned by analogy with the
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Bell's March 10, 1876, laboratory notebook entry describing his first successful experiment with the telephone
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was the culmination of work done by more than one individual, and led to an array of lawsuits relating to the
1872: Alexander Graham Bell: "Improvement in Telegraphy" filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.
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for a telephone on the very same day that Bell's lawyer filed Bell's patent application for a telephone. The
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A later telephone design was publicly exhibited on May 4, 1877, at a lecture given by Professor Bell in the
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was not quite 13 km (8 miles) long, but the connection was extended a further 93 km (58 miles) to
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589:. The line is a graphic representation of the vibrations of the membrane and the waves of sound in the air.
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Tiflis, and other places. It became a subject for popular lectures, and an article for scientific cabinets.
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considered the idea of a telephone as early as 1844, and may have made one in 1864, as an enhancement to an
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The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell Controversy and Its Many Players
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The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell Controversy and Its Many Players
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992:. The carbon microphone remained standard in telephony until the 1980s, and is still being produced.
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2548:: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
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telephones, evidence suggests that Bell's lawyers may have obtained an unfair advantage over Gray.
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positioned to the left and right of the memorial, one sending and the other receiving a message.
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The Meucci resolution by the US Congress was promptly followed by a Canada legislative motion by
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787:"). The young inventor, positioned at the A. Wallis Ellis store in the neighboring community of
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1396:
Dot-Dash to Dot.com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet.
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832:
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Bell himself claimed that the telephone was invented in Canada but made in the United States.
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1248:
Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917. Included on the main tableau are figures representing
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Picture of the acoustic telephone, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics
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3241:
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2205:
Butorac, Yvonne (June 29, 1995). "Bell's Brantford Homestead Celebrates Phone Invention".
1532:
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981:
942:
788:
748:(who would later be ennobled as the 1st Baron Kelvin). In August 1876 at a meeting of the
3216:
1607:
644:
summer home there where he continued experiments, particularly in the field of aviation.
2387:(short biography), Hungarian History website. Retrieved from Archive.org, February 2013.
2062:"Use of Stove Pipe Wire Is Related at Banquet: Graham Tells Of Some Early Experiments",
1372:
282:
notes purportedly written in 1857 describe the basic principle of electromagnetic voice
3816:
3688:
3663:
3623:
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3468:
3303:
3189:
3068:(carbon granules "candlestick" microphone) by W.W. Dean (Kellogg Co.) November 26, 1901
1459:
L'invenzione del telefono da parte di Meucci e la sua sventurata e ingiusta conclusione
1125:
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40:
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1159:
formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by
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When Gray applied for a patent for the variable resistance telephone transmitter, the
123:
invented an electromagnetic device for the transmission of telegraphic signals at the
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3738:
3728:
3643:
3533:
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3518:
3503:
3325:
3184:
2721:
2679:
2637:
The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy
2471:
1526:
Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics
1515:
Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics
1129:
1111:
countered with a symbolic motion attributing the invention of the telephone to Bell.
1065:
1049:
927:
878:
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568:
536:
475:
271:
251:
3042:(solid back carbon transmitter) by Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) November 1, 1892
2401:
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of several individuals and numerous companies. Notable people included in this were
3843:
3683:
3628:
3558:
3523:
3458:
3357:
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3199:
2651:"Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell"
2207:
2149:
2013:
1789:
1029:
733:
586:
409:
384:
291:
84:
941:
determined "while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the (
2294:"pdf, Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Sir Thomas Biddulph, February 1, 1878"
2226:
2078:
1409:
795:, a drawing made on a pen-like recording device that could produce the shapes of
4043:
3693:
3603:
3588:
3548:
3508:
3367:
2102:
960:
took the next step in improving the telephone with his invention in 1878 of the
919:
640:
525:
179:
92:
624:
in Boston showed that the telephone worked, but so far, only at a short range.
298:
that used wire. Meucci has been further credited with the invention of an anti-
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3288:
3266:
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2539:
1275:
898:
820:
579:
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369:
16:
Technical and legal issues surrounding the development of the modern telephone
3071:
3062:
3036:
2993:
2967:
2293:
2240:"140 YEARS SINCE FIRST TELEPHONE CALL TO QUEEN VICTORIA ON THE ISLE OF WIGHT"
1324:
1120:
4033:
3498:
3313:
2351:"Milestones: First Intelligible Voice Transmission over Electric Wire, 1876"
1454:
1325:
Erster elektromagnetischer Telegraph der Welt über den Dächern von Göttingen
1190:
1152:
1017:
741:
405:
368:
In 1848 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat
258:
152:
72:
68:
2325:. (Scientists who Made History). New York: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. pp.
1543:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1481:
681:
used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.
612:
On 10 March 1876, in a test, between two rooms in a single building, above
2011:"You Can Tour The House in Brantford Where Bell Worked on His Telephone",
4028:
4018:
3935:
3760:
3583:
2947:(local battery circuit with coil) by Alexander Graham Bell (May 10, 1881)
2212:
2101:"The Bell Homestead", Montreal, Canada: Telephone Historical Collection,
1350:
1021:
1013:
800:
299:
2777:(Bell's first telephone patent) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 7, 1876)
1469:
1254:
Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space
427:
in 1858 mentions the sentence "Electric current from the inductor pipe".
4023:
4008:
2828:(permanent magnet receiver) by Alexander Graham Bell (January 15, 1877)
1694:
1091:
passed a symbolic bill recognizing the contributions of Antonio Meucci
1041:
1032:– made the telephone the useful and widespread apparatus as it is now.
816:
397:
204: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2229:, London: The Religious tract society, 1891. Note: public domain text
1408:
Cleveland, Cutler (Lead Author) ; Saundry, Peter (Topic Editor).
791:, received and may possibly have transferred his uncle's voice onto a
4053:
4013:
3335:
3127:
3080:
3077:(for rotary dial phones) by A E Keith and C J Erickson March 13, 1906
1757:
A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850–1900
1745:
American Treasures of the Library of Congress ... Bell – Lab notebook
1672:
A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850–1900
779:
689:
564:
535:
On February 14, 1876, at the US Patent Office, Gray's lawyer filed a
270:
The first American demonstration of Meucci's invention took place in
736:
in June 1876, where it attracted the attention of Brazilian emperor
2999:(graphite transmitter) by Thomas Edison (Western Union) May 3, 1892
2879:(twisted pairs of wire) by Alexander Graham Bell (October 21, 1879)
2710:
2474:, Harper & Brothers, 1910, p. 71. Retrieved from Gutenberg.org.
1163:
in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, near Brantford.
635:
The master telephone patent, 174465, granted to Bell, March 7, 1876
4038:
3975:
3283:
2862:(frictional transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 11, 1879)
1219:
796:
698:
ear was close to the earphone/mouthpiece, but they were distinct.
662:
654:
630:
551:
446:
445:
346:
257:
2964:(cable of twisted pairs) by Alexander Graham Bell (July 19, 1881)
2896:(hollow ball transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell (June 8, 1880)
2265:"Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the newly invented telephone"
1188:, and also pointing to three floating figures, the messengers of
1107:), throwing the matter into some controversy. Ten days later the
349:), Basilio Catania, and the Italian Society of Electrotechnics, "
3980:
949:
Carbon microphone – Thomas Edison, Edward Hughes, Emile Berliner
3084:
2047:"Bell Emphatic in Declaring That Telephone Was Invented Here",
1052:
on a telegraph exchange. Puskás was working on his idea for an
659:
Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, March 7, 1876
3226:
2725:, Alexander Graham Bell – Lab notebook I, pp. 40–41 (image 22)
2524:, City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944.
1656:
1654:
1443:
1196:
803:
onto smoked glass or other media by tracing their vibrations.
173:
1919:"Alexander Graham Bell 1847–1922 Inventor of the Bell System"
1588:
2845:(receiver designs) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 19, 1878)
2760:(tuned steel reeds) by Alexander Graham Bell (April 6, 1875)
1232:. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by
596:
During a June 2, 1875, experiment by Bell and his assistant
2147:"A .G. Bell's Brantford House Is Museum of the Telephone",
1175:, ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on October 24, 1917.
886:
464:
In 1874, the Reis device was tested by the British company
2143:
2141:
1250:
Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space
1186:
Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space
232:
An early communicating device was invented around 1854 by
2730:
Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885
1556:
Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885
2794:(vibrating reed) by Alexander Graham Bell (June 6, 1876)
2680:
Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret
2580:, Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, November 1911, pp. 15–19;
2168:. New York: Popular Mechanics. August 1912. p. 186.
461:
a commercially practical telephone in the modern sense.
724:
Bell Telephone Company § Early promotional success
2129:
Korfmann, Margret. "Homestead's History Highlighted",
1429:
Gli Usa ammettono: Meucci è l' inventore del telefono.
930:
with the US patent office on February 14, 1876, for a
2990:
by Leroy Firman (Western Electric) (January 17, 1882)
2562:
The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone
2811:(magneto) by Alexander Graham Bell (August 29, 1876)
1941:"Invention of the Telephone National Historic Event"
1078:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
521:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
4062:
3999:
3921:
3885:
3842:
3783:
3717:
3426:
3118:
2623:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History
2030:, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Kids Can Press, 1999,
1630:Robert Bruce (1990), pp. 102–103, 110–113, 120–121
1303:, U.S. patent dispute and infringement court cases
1228:, commemorating the invention of the telephone by
1184:appears over a reclining male figure representing
750:British Association for the Advancement of Science
2609:Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude
1697:– Detroit Publishing Co. no. K 2597. www.loc.gov
1128:, but was shown in Elisha Gray's drawings in his
2758:Transmitter and Receiver for Electric Telegraphs
2189:"First Long Distance Telephone Call Recalled",
854:. According to a report quoted by John Munro in
290:demonstrated some sort of instrument in 1849 in
2470:Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin.
718:Early public demonstrations of Bell's telephone
502:
345:central telecommunications research institute (
3033:(carbon granules transmitter) by Thomas Edison
1595:, accessed 26 March 2006. LB020312 TAEM 83:170
1064:. He then got in touch with the U.S. inventor
1048:(1844–1893) in 1876, while he was working for
972:The carbon microphone was further improved by
676:after Bell's patent was granted and only as a
3096:
2988:Multiple Switch Board for Telephone Exchanges
2723:American Treasures of the Library of Congress
483:. Edison acknowledged his debt to Reis thus:
294:, however, this may have been a variant of a
8:
3016:(carbon button transmitter) by Thomas Edison
2541:Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell
1493:Basilio Catania's reconstruction, in English
4111:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2514:
2512:
2510:
2077:Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville.
510:Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers
431:The above information was published in the
4147:
3103:
3089:
3081:
1118:One of the valuable claims in Bell's 1876
1040:The telephone exchange was an idea of the
954:historians credit him with its invention.
728:Bell exhibited a working telephone at the
2930:by Alexander Graham Bell (March 15, 1881)
1399:Springer, 2010. p. 45. Web. 23 Sep. 2011.
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
3059:(dial) by A. E. Keith (January 11, 1898)
2913:by Alexander Graham Bell (July 20, 1880)
2682:, W.W. Norton & Co.; 1st ed., 2007,
2028:Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life
1782:"Ernest M. Skinner Will Be 90 Years Old"
1567:Meucci's 1871 patent caveat, pages 16-18
1242:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
1173:Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2694:Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone
2590:, Maclean's Magazine, February 4, 2008;
2495:Evenson, pp. 64–69, 86–87, 110, 194–196
2092:Patten & Bell, 1926, pp. 15–16, 19.
1719:Evenson, A Edward (November 10, 2000).
1709: :: University of Virginia Library
1317:
2586:Did Bell Steal the Idea for the Phone?
2534:
2532:
2530:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1848:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1841:
1780:Skinner, Ernest M. (January 1, 1956).
1603:
1601:
1089:United States House of Representatives
351:Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica
319:United States House of Representatives
4183:Discovery and invention controversies
3057:Calling Device for Telephone Exchange
2711:Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro
841:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
819:to allow the use of a battery in its
763:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
639:In 1880, Bell was awarded the French
7:
4157:
3075:Automatic Telephone Connector Switch
2973:by Francis Blake (November 29, 1881)
2696:, London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
2595:Transmission Ă©lectrique de la parole
1265:, City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada
1151:In 1906 the citizens of the City of
574:As Professor of Vocal Physiology at
202:adding citations to reliable sources
2639:, McFarland, North Carolina, 2000.
2625:, McFarland, North Carolina, 1995.
1546:; Affidavit of lawyer Michael Lemmi
996:Improvements to the early telephone
2611:, Cornell University Press, 1990.
2080:Pioneering The Telephone In Canada
1589:The Edison Papers, Digital Edition
1000:Additional inventions such as the
881:, Bell demonstrated the device to
756:Three great tests of the telephone
479:the successful development of the
341:A retired director general of the
286:or in other words, the telephone.
14:
4188:History of electronic engineering
2653:, HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006,
1024:, and wireless phones – at first
4156:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4125:
3746:Free-space optical communication
2574:Bell, Alexander Graham. (1911),
2179:First Phone Call 685 Main Street
2103:The Bell Telephone Co. of Canada
1648:Robert Bruce (1990), pp. 146–148
1639:Robert Bruce (1990), pp. 104–109
1278:
910:Variable resistance transmitters
897:Bell did for the telephone what
337:Chronology of Meucci's invention
178:
51:
32:
2792:Telephonic Telegraphic Receiver
2472:Edison, His Life And Inventions
2242:. Island Echo. January 14, 2018
1105:the invention of the telephone"
1097:the invention of the telephone"
317:A resolution was passed by the
189:needs additional citations for
2894:Electric Telephone Transmitter
2692:Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883),
915:Water microphone – Elisha Gray
893:Summary of Bell's achievements
705:, to his assistant located in
466:Standard Telephones and Cables
376:" (litt. "talking telegraph").
1:
2448:. Hunreal.com. Archived from
2105:, December 29, 1954, pp. 1–2.
2002:, November 17, 1971, pp. 4–5.
1759:. Beacon Press. p. 195.
1674:. Beacon Press. p. 195.
1621:, July/August 1998, pp. 26–28
263:
4132:Telecommunication portal
3913:Telecommunications equipment
2809:Generating Electric Currents
2546:National Academy of Sciences
2398:"Puskás Tivadar (1844–1893)"
1707:The History of the Telephone
1413:Encyclopedia of Earth, 2006.
1263:Brantford Heritage Inventory
892:
4203:Technological controversies
3649:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2860:Electric Speaking Telephone
2664:Josephson, Matthew (1992),
2635:Evenson, A. Edward (2000),
2355:IEEE Global History Network
1921:. Telecommunications Canada
1660:Robert Bruce (1990), p. 149
846:Later public demonstrations
308:American District Telegraph
284:transmission —
4226:
3353:Telecommunications history
2601:(Paris), August 26, 1854
2538:Osborne, Harold S. (1943)
2385:Puskás Tivadar (1844–1893)
2153:, April 25, 1987, p. H-23.
1998:"First Telephone Office",
1965:Evenson, A Edward (2000).
1238:Governor General of Canada
1169:Governor General of Canada
1144:
1075:
1006:central telephone exchange
962:carbon grain "transmitter"
838:
721:
518:
314:patent caveat after 1874.
18:
4120:
3961:Public Switched Telephone
3773:telecommunication circuit
3734:Fiber-optic communication
3479:Francis Blake (telephone)
3274:Optical telecommunication
2607:Bruce, Robert V. (1990),
2560:Baker, Burton H. (2000),
2400:. Mszh.hu. Archived from
2068:, August 10, 1936, p. 17.
2053:, August 10, 1936, p. 15.
1971:. McFarland. p. 99.
1725:. McFarland. p. 99.
1472:, ChezBasilio.org website
1355:garibaldimeuccimuseum.com
1307:Timeline of the telephone
1141:Memorial to the invention
717:
336:
250:. In 1871 Meucci filed a
4198:History of the telephone
3872:Orbital angular-momentum
3309:Satellite communications
3148:Communications satellite
2649:Gray, Charlotte, (2006)
2564:, St. Joseph, MI, 2000.
1797:(2): 1–2. Archived from
1444:Basilio Catania Homepage
1294:History of the telephone
873:On January 14, 1878, at
671:Centennial Issue of 1976
327:Canada's 37th Parliament
21:History of the telephone
3751:Molecular communication
3574:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3403:Undersea telegraph line
3138:Cable protection system
2583:Bethune, Brian, (2008)
2521:Bell Telephone Memorial
2375:Burton Baker, pp. 90–91
2227:Heroes of the Telegraph
1755:Puleo, Stephen (2011).
1670:Puleo, Stephen (2011).
1236:, was dedicated by the
1226:Bell Telephone Memorial
1147:Bell Telephone Memorial
856:Heroes of the Telegraph
650:
530:Highland Park, Illinois
276:1871 U.S. patent caveat
125:University of Göttingen
3893:Communication protocol
3679:Charles Sumner Tainter
3494:Walter Houser Brattain
3439:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3247:Information revolution
2678:Shulman, Seth, (2007)
2319:Ross, Stewart (2001).
2215:document ID 437257031.
1531:July 28, 2010, at the
1369:"House Resolution 269"
1268:
1258:Knowledge, Joy, Sorrow
871:
785:To be or not to be....
672:
660:
636:
557:
507:
490:
453:
267:
155:built by him in 1849.
4208:Technology in society
4193:History of inventions
3867:Polarization-division
3599:Narinder Singh Kapany
3564:Erna Schneider Hoover
3484:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3464:Alexander Graham Bell
3195:online video platform
3066:Telephone Transmitter
2911:Circuit for Telephone
2322:Alexander Graham Bell
2296:. Library of Congress
1230:Alexander Graham Bell
1223:
1216:'The Telephone City'.
1161:Alexander Graham Bell
1076:Further information:
1058:Alexander Graham Bell
966:electrical resistance
860:
839:Further information:
730:Centennial Exhibition
722:Further information:
713:Public demonstrations
666:
658:
634:
561:Alexander Graham Bell
555:
548:Alexander Graham Bell
485:
449:
331:Alexander Graham Bell
261:
97:Alexander Graham Bell
3709:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3669:Almon Brown Strowger
3639:Charles Grafton Page
3294:Prepaid mobile phone
3222:Electrical telegraph
2593:Bourseul, Charles,
2135:, February 22, 1985.
2026:MacLeod, Elizabeth.
2017:, December 26, 1970.
1830:on November 26, 2019
1432:Corriere della Sera.
1375:on December 29, 2015
1246:The Telephone City's
1157:its surrounding area
1054:electrical telegraph
866:Salem, Massachusetts
500:invents the handset.
363:Teatro della Pergola
198:improve this article
137:Charles Grafton Page
131:Charles Grafton Page
121:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
117:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3659:Johann Philipp Reis
3418:Wireless revolution
3380:The Telephone Cases
3237:Hydraulic telegraph
2945:Telephonic Receiver
2826:Electric Telegraphy
2666:Edison: A Biography
2621:Coe, Lewis (1995),
2484:The Washington Post
2192:Brantford Expositor
2132:Brantford Expositor
2117:Brantford Expositor
2065:Brantford Expositor
2050:Brantford Expositor
1804:on October 25, 2022
1300:The Telephone Cases
1121:U.S. patent 174,465
1109:Canadian parliament
1036:Telephone exchanges
943:variable resistance
828:Scientific American
746:Sir William Thomson
451:Johann Philipp Reis
442:Johann Philipp Reis
434:Scientific American
3857:Frequency-division
3834:Telephone exchange
3704:Charles Wheatstone
3634:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3609:Innocenzo Manzetti
3544:Reginald Fessenden
3279:Optical telegraphy
3112:Telecommunications
3014:Speaking Telephone
2997:Speaking Telegraph
2971:Speaking Telephone
2928:Electric Call-Bell
2843:Speaking Telephone
2504:Evenson, pp. 68–69
2404:on October 8, 2010
2271:. January 13, 2017
2195:, August 11, 1976.
2014:Toronto Daily Star
1593:Rutgers University
1586:Edison, Thomas A.
1434:Web. 21 Jul. 2012.
1415:Web. 22 Jul. 2012.
1269:
1153:Brantford, Ontario
1062:telephone exchange
958:Thomas Alva Edison
765:) for the summer.
703:Brantford, Ontario
673:
661:
637:
558:
454:
389:Innocenzo Manzetti
374:telegrafo parlante
268:
236:, who called it a
149:Innocenzo Manzetti
144:Innocenzo Manzetti
135:In 1840, American
4170:
4169:
3908:Store and forward
3903:Data transmission
3817:Network switching
3768:Transmission line
3614:Guglielmo Marconi
3579:Internet pioneers
3444:Mohamed M. Atalla
3413:Whistled language
2962:Telephone Circuit
2877:Telephone Circuit
2735:Telephone Patents
2716:Project Gutenberg
2688:978-0-393-06206-9
2659:978-0-00-200676-7
2452:on March 16, 2012
2424:"Puskás, Tivadar"
2336:978-0-7398-4415-1
2165:Popular Mechanics
1286:Telephones portal
1244:with Dr. Bell in
932:liquid microphone
924:lover's telegraph
852:Boston Music Hall
667:Bell's Prototype
606:goldbeater's skin
576:Boston University
541:water transmitter
481:carbon microphone
230:
229:
222:
113:tin can telephone
103:Early development
4215:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4001:Notable networks
3991:Wireless network
3931:Cellular network
3923:Types of network
3898:Computer network
3785:Network topology
3699:Thomas A. Watson
3554:Oliver Heaviside
3539:Philo Farnsworth
3514:Daniel Davis Jr.
3489:Charles Bourseul
3449:John Logie Baird
3158:Data compression
3153:Computer network
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3031:Carbon Telephone
3028:
3027:
3023:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2718:
2661:IBO: 621.385092;
2604:
2549:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2446:"Puskás Tivadar"
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1908:Evenson, p. 100.
1906:
1900:
1899:Evenson, p. 98.
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:. Archived from
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
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1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:Inventors Digest
1616:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1541:
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1506:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1427:Caretto, Ennio.
1426:
1422:
1416:
1410:Meucci, Antonio.
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1371:. Archived from
1365:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1123:
821:telegraph office
678:proof of concept
381:Charles Bourseul
296:string telephone
285:
265:
262:Antonio Meucci,
249:
247:
225:
218:
214:
211:
205:
182:
174:
159:Charles Bourseul
59:Reis's telephone
55:
36:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4058:
3995:
3917:
3881:
3838:
3787:
3779:
3720:
3713:
3619:Robert Metcalfe
3474:Tim Berners-Lee
3422:
3242:Information Age
3114:
3109:
3051:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3008:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2939:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2854:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2708:
2703:
2602:
2557:
2555:Further reading
2552:
2537:
2528:
2518:Whitaker, A.J.
2517:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
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2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
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2379:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
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2337:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2211:. p. G10.
2204:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2025:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1986:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:Evenson, p. 99.
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1824:"Archived copy"
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1753:
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1733:
1718:
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1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
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1669:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:DUQUET, Cyrille
1606:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:Wayback Machine
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1393:Wheen, Andrew.
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1149:
1143:
1126:patent drawings
1119:
1080:
1074:
1038:
1028:and then fully
998:
982:David E. Hughes
951:
917:
912:
895:
848:
843:
758:
726:
720:
715:
653:
620:, not far from
550:
523:
517:
512:
495:
444:
425:Nestore Corradi
339:
283:
248:"electrophone")
245:
240:
226:
215:
209:
206:
195:
183:
172:
146:
133:
105:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
56:
48:
47:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4205:
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4190:
4185:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4144:
4134:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Space-division
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Camille Tissot
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Claude Shannon
3661:
3656:
3654:Tivadar Puskás
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Antonio Meucci
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Charles K. Kao
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Harold Hopkins
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3469:Emile Berliner
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Videotelephony
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3304:Radiotelephone
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Internet video
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3043:
3034:
3017:
3000:
2991:
2974:
2965:
2948:
2931:
2914:
2897:
2880:
2863:
2846:
2829:
2812:
2795:
2778:
2761:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2701:External links
2699:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2676:
2662:
2647:
2633:
2619:
2605:
2599:L'Illustration
2591:
2581:
2572:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2526:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2486:, May 22, 1886
2476:
2463:
2437:
2426:. Omikk.bme.hu
2415:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2342:
2335:
2311:
2285:
2256:
2231:
2218:
2197:
2182:
2171:
2155:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2094:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2019:
2004:
1984:
1977:
1957:
1943:. Parks Canada
1932:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1855:
1815:
1772:
1766:978-0807001493
1765:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1681:978-0807001493
1680:
1662:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1611:
1597:
1579:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1536:
1518:
1507:
1496:
1485:
1482:aei.it website
1474:
1462:
1447:
1436:
1417:
1401:
1386:
1360:
1342:
1332:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1273:
1270:
1165:Walter Allward
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1073:
1070:
1056:exchange when
1046:Tivadar Puskás
1037:
1034:
1010:common battery
997:
994:
986:Henry Hunnings
974:Emile Berliner
950:
947:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:IEEE Milestone
894:
891:
883:Queen Victoria
847:
844:
833:Thomas Costain
812:Paris, Ontario
789:Mount Pleasant
757:
754:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:Paris, Ontario
695:magnetic field
652:
651:Bell's success
649:
622:Scollay Square
614:Palace Theatre
549:
546:
516:
513:
511:
508:
498:Cyrille Duquet
494:
493:Cyrille Duquet
491:
458:Reis telephone
443:
440:
429:
428:
417:
413:
401:
393:
377:
366:
343:Telecom Italia
338:
335:
234:Antonio Meucci
228:
227:
186:
184:
177:
171:
170:Antonio Meucci
168:
145:
142:
132:
129:
104:
101:
81:Antonio Meucci
57:
50:
49:
41:Antonio Meucci
38:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4135:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3877:Code-division
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Time-division
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:and switching
3786:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:optical fiber
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Coaxial cable
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Radia Perlman
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Lee de Forest
3532:
3530:
3529:Thomas Edison
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Donald Davies
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Claude Chappe
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Smoke signals
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:Semiconductor
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
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3185:Digital media
3183:
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2674:0-471-54806-5
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2645:0-7864-0883-9
2642:
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2631:0-7864-0138-9
2628:
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2620:
2618:
2617:0-8014-9691-8
2614:
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2600:
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2589:
2588:(Book Review)
2587:
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2571:
2570:0-615-11329-X
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2269:The Telegraph
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2225:Munro, John.
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2036:1-55074-456-9
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2016:
2015:
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1379:September 21,
1374:
1370:
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1297:
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1292:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:. (Courtesy:
1259:
1256:, as well as
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
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1199:
1198:
1193:
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1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:, Canada and
1154:
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1127:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1072:Controversies
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:Thomas Edison
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Thomas Edison
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:amplification
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
990:Anthony White
987:
983:
979:
978:Francis Blake
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
946:
944:
940:
939:Patent Office
935:
933:
929:
928:patent caveat
925:
921:
914:
909:
907:
905:
900:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:Isle of Wight
876:
875:Osborne House
870:
869:
867:
859:
857:
853:
845:
842:
837:
834:
830:
829:
824:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
770:
766:
764:
755:
753:
751:
747:
744:and engineer
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
712:
710:
708:
704:
699:
696:
691:
686:
682:
679:
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657:
648:
645:
642:
633:
629:
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623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
601:
599:
598:Thomas Watson
594:
590:
588:
584:
583:phonautograph
581:
577:
572:
570:
569:Massachusetts
566:
562:
554:
547:
545:
542:
538:
537:patent caveat
533:
531:
527:
522:
514:
509:
506:
501:
499:
492:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:Thomas Edison
473:
469:
467:
462:
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426:
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277:
273:
272:Staten Island
260:
256:
253:
252:patent caveat
244:
239:
235:
224:
221:
213:
210:November 2022
203:
199:
193:
192:
187:This section
185:
181:
176:
175:
169:
167:
163:
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156:
154:
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143:
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130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
102:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:patent claims
74:
70:
60:
54:
46:
42:
35:
26:
22:
3844:Multiplexing
3719:Transmission
3684:Nikola Tesla
3674:Henry Sutton
3629:Samuel Morse
3559:Robert Hooke
3524:Amos Dolbear
3459:John Bardeen
3378:
3358:Telautograph
3262:Mobile phone
3217:Edholm's law
3200:social media
3133:Broadcasting
3074:
3065:
3056:
3039:
3030:
3013:
2996:
2987:
2970:
2961:
2944:
2927:
2910:
2893:
2876:
2859:
2842:
2825:
2808:
2791:
2774:
2757:
2722:
2709:
2693:
2665:
2650:
2636:
2622:
2608:
2594:
2585:
2575:
2561:
2540:
2520:
2500:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2392:
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2298:. Retrieved
2288:
2280:
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2251:
2244:. Retrieved
2234:
2221:
2208:Toronto Star
2206:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2150:Toronto Star
2148:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1945:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1858:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1794:
1790:The Diapason
1788:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1721:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1614:
1587:
1582:
1577:Coe, page 23
1573:
1562:
1551:
1539:
1521:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1477:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1439:
1431:
1425:(in Italian)
1420:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1363:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1320:
1298:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1234:W.S. Allward
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1150:
1135:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1039:
999:
971:
956:
952:
936:
918:
896:
872:
862:
861:
855:
849:
826:
825:
809:
805:
793:phonautogram
784:
778:
771:
767:
759:
734:Philadelphia
727:
700:
687:
683:
674:
646:
638:
626:
618:Court Street
611:
602:
595:
591:
587:smoked glass
573:
559:
534:
524:
503:
496:
486:
474:
470:
463:
455:
432:
430:
420:
412:in RF coils.
410:Nikola Tesla
385:Philipp Reis
373:
362:
355:
350:
340:
329:, declaring
324:
316:
311:
305:
292:Havana, Cuba
288:
280:
269:
242:
238:telettrofono
237:
231:
216:
207:
196:Please help
191:verification
188:
164:
157:
147:
134:
106:
85:Philipp Reis
66:
45:telettrofono
44:
25:
4044:NPL network
3756:Radio waves
3694:Alfred Vail
3604:Hedy Lamarr
3589:Dawon Kahng
3549:Elisha Gray
3509:Yogen Dalal
3434:Nasir Ahmed
3368:Teleprinter
3232:Heliographs
2603:(in French)
2300:January 14,
2275:January 14,
2246:January 14,
1947:January 14,
1925:January 14,
1808:October 25,
1329:(in German)
1181:Inspiration
1022:trunk lines
920:Elisha Gray
797:sound waves
775:Shakespeare
641:Volta Prize
526:Elisha Gray
515:Elisha Gray
421:teletrofono
312:teletrofono
93:Elisha Gray
89:Simon Alles
39:Replica of
4177:Categories
4090:Antarctica
4049:Toasternet
3971:Television
3454:Paul Baran
3386:Television
3370:(teletype)
3363:Telegraphy
3341:transistor
3319:Phryctoria
3289:Photophone
3267:Smartphone
3257:Mass media
2775:Telegraphy
1978:0786408839
1732:0786408839
1313:References
899:Henry Ford
690:bar magnet
580:Leon Scott
519:See also:
416:diaphragm.
370:rheumatism
255:telephone.
109:diaphragms
4074:Americas
4063:Locations
4034:Internet2
3795:Bandwidth
3499:Vint Cerf
3396:streaming
3374:Telephone
3314:Semaphore
3205:streaming
3072:US 815176
3063:US 687499
3047:US 597062
3040:Telephone
3037:US 485311
3021:US 222390
3004:US 203016
2994:US 474230
2978:US 252576
2968:US 250126
2952:US 244426
2935:US 241184
2918:US 238833
2901:US 230168
2884:US 228507
2867:US 220791
2850:US 213090
2833:US 201488
2816:US 186787
2799:US 181553
2782:US 178399
2765:US 174465
2748:US 161739
2668:, Wiley,
1864:US 174465
1834:April 16,
1191:Knowledge
1044:engineer
1042:Hungarian
1014:ring tone
1002:call bell
877:, on the
801:waveforms
742:physicist
740:plus the
669:Telephone
616:, at 109
406:litz wire
153:automaton
73:telephone
69:invention
4142:Category
4029:Internet
4019:CYCLADES
3936:Ethernet
3886:Concepts
3810:terminal
3761:wireless
3584:Bob Kahn
3427:Pioneers
3252:Internet
3143:Cable TV
2361:July 27,
2213:ProQuest
2038:, p. 14.
1844:cite web
1529:Archived
1272:See also
1208:Humanity
1026:cordless
738:Pedro II
408:used by
392:current.
300:sidetone
4162:Commons
4152:Outline
4105:Oceania
4024:FidoNet
4009:ARPANET
3822:circuit
3391:digital
3120:History
2741:Patents
2456:July 1,
2430:July 1,
2408:July 1,
2120:, 2002.
817:Toronto
398:invalid
246:
71:of the
4100:Europe
4070:Africa
4054:Usenet
4014:BITNET
3951:Mobile
3827:packet
3336:MOSFET
3331:device
3128:Beacon
3052:
3026:
3009:
2983:
2957:
2940:
2923:
2906:
2889:
2872:
2855:
2838:
2821:
2804:
2787:
2770:
2753:
2686:
2672:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2615:
2568:
2357:. IEEE
2333:
2034:
1975:
1869:
1763:
1729:
1678:
1544:aei.it
1470:Meucci
1455:aei.it
1351:"Home"
1203:Sorrow
1200:, and
1130:caveat
1030:mobile
988:, and
780:Hamlet
565:Boston
4083:South
4078:North
4039:JANET
3976:Telex
3966:Radio
3805:Nodes
3800:Links
3721:media
3299:Radio
3284:Pager
3212:Drums
3178:video
3173:image
3163:audio
3055:
3029:
3012:
2986:
2960:
2943:
2926:
2909:
2892:
2875:
2858:
2841:
2824:
2807:
2790:
2773:
2756:
2327:21–22
1802:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1099:(not
528:, of
505:unit.
347:CSELT
4095:Asia
3981:UUCP
3941:ISDN
2684:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2627:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2458:2012
2432:2012
2410:2012
2363:2011
2331:ISBN
2307:use.
2302:2020
2277:2020
2248:2020
2032:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1949:2020
1927:2020
1850:link
1836:2019
1810:2022
1761:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1381:2017
1224:The
1084:Reis
456:The
266:1880
243:lit.
119:and
95:and
67:The
3986:WAN
3956:NGN
3946:LAN
3227:Fax
3168:DCT
2714:at
2000:CWB
1197:Joy
1103:for
799:as
777:'s
732:in
306:An
200:by
43:'s
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2597:,
2544:,
2529:^
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2329:.
2304:.
2279:.
2267:.
2250:.
2140:^
1987:^
1951:.
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1842:{{
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1793:.
1787:.
1653:^
1600:^
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1240:,
1214:as
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1171:,
1095:in
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2460:.
2434:.
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1981:.
1929:.
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1838:.
1812:.
1769:.
1735:.
1684:.
1383:.
1357:.
1267:)
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400:.
241:(
223:)
217:(
212:)
208:(
194:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
