618:(P/E), or earnings multiple, is a particularly significant and recognized fundamental ratio, with a function of dividing the share price of the stock, by its earnings per share. This will provide the value representing the sum investors are prepared to expend for each dollar of company earnings. This ratio is an important aspect, due to its capacity as measurement for the comparison of valuations of various companies. A stock with a lower P/E ratio will cost less per share than one with a higher P/E, taking into account the same level of
633:(P/B) is also a reliable indication of how much investors are willing to spend on each dollar of company assets. In the process of the P/B ratio, the share price of a stock is divided by its net assets; any intangibles, such as goodwill, are not taken into account. It is a crucial factor of the price-to-book ratio, due to it indicating the actual payment for tangible assets and not the more difficult valuation of intangibles. Accordingly, the P/B could be considered a comparatively conservative metric.
711:(DCA), also known in the UK as pound-cost averaging, is the process of consistently investing a certain amount of money across regular increments of time, and the method can be used in conjunction with value investing, growth investing, momentum investing, or other strategies. For example, an investor who practices dollar-cost averaging could choose to invest $ 200 a month for the next 3 years, regardless of the share price of their preferred stock(s),
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492:, for example, investors look for big profits on companies that have small market capitalizations but can be worth hundreds of millions quite quickly. The risk is high because approximately 90% of biotechnology products researched do not make it to market due to regulations and the complex demands within pharmacology as the average prescription drug takes 10 years and US$ 2.5 billion worth of capital.
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684:, momentum investing also involves short-selling securities of stocks that are experiencing a downward trend, because it is believed that these stocks will continue to decrease in value. Essentially, momentum investing generally relies on the principle that a consistently up-trending stock will continue to grow, while a consistently down-trending stock will continue to fall.
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559:, and particularly by the 1950s, the term investment had come to denote the more conservative end of the securities spectrum, while speculation was applied by financial brokers and their advertising agencies to higher risk securities much in vogue at that time. Since the last half of the 20th century, the terms
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Many investors believe that dollar-cost averaging helps minimize short-term volatility by spreading risk out across time intervals and avoiding market timing. Research also shows that DCA can help reduce the total average cost per share in an investment because the method enables the purchase of more
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An instance in which the price to earnings ratio has a lesser significance is when companies in different industries are compared. For example, although it is reasonable for a telecommunications stock to show a P/E in the low teens, in the case of hi-tech stock, a P/E in the 40s range is not unusual.
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was a major financial instrument. This was an arrangement between one or more investors and an agent where the investors entrusted capital to an agent who then traded with it in hopes of making a profit. Both parties then received a previously settled portion of the profit, though the agent was not
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multiple is also used for this type of investment; growth stock are likely to have a P/E higher than others in its industry. According to
Investopedia author Troy Segal and U.S. Department of State Fulbright fintech research awardee Julius Mansa, growth investing is best suited for investors who
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is traditionally defined as the "commitment of resources to achieve later benefits". If an investment involves money, then it can be defined as a "commitment of money to receive more money later". From a broader viewpoint, an investment can be defined as "to tailor the pattern of expenditure and
478:: if the currency of a savings account differs from the account holder's home currency, then there is the risk that the exchange rate between the two currencies will move unfavourably so that the value of the savings account decreases, measured in the account holder's home currency.
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A value investor buys assets that they believe to be undervalued (and sells overvalued ones). To identify undervalued securities, a value investor uses analysis of the financial reports of the issuer to evaluate the security. Value investors employ accounting ratios, such as
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Economists and financial analysts have not reached a consensus on the effectiveness of using the momentum investing strategy. Rather than evaluating a company's operational performance, momentum investors instead utilize trend lines, moving averages, and the
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A new form of investing that seems to have caught the attention of investors is
Venture Capital. Venture Capital is independently managed dedicated pools of capital that focus on equity or equity-linked investments in privately held, high growth companies.
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Even investing in tangible assets like property has its risk. And similar to most risks, property buyers can seek to mitigate any potential risk by taking out mortgage and by borrowing at a lower loan to security ratio.
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shares when their price is lower, and less shares when the price is higher. However, dollar-cost averaging is also generally characterized by more brokerage fees, which could decrease an investor's overall returns.
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Robert H. Hillman, "Limited
Liability in Historical Perspective", (Washington and Lee Law Review, Spring 1997), Benedikt Koehler, "Islamic Finance as a Progenitor of Venture Capital", (Economic Affairs, December
908:
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is a type of investment strategy that is designed to make investing regular, accessible and affordable, especially for those who may not have a lot of money to invest or who are new to investing.
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to make large-scale investments. Each individual investor holds an indirect or direct claim on the assets purchased, subject to charges levied by the intermediary, which may be large and varied.
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investments. When a low-risk investment is made, the return is also generally low. Similarly, high risk comes with a chance of high losses. Investors, particularly novices, are often advised to
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receipt of resources to optimise the desirable patterns of these flows". When expenditures and receipts are defined in terms of money, then the net monetary receipt in a time period is termed
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Dollar cost averaging: If an individual invested $ 500 per month into the stock market for 40 years at a 10% annual return rate, they would have an ending balance of over $ 2.5 million.
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Some investors attribute the introduction of the growth investing strategy to investment banker Thomas Rowe Price Jr., who tested and popularized the method in 1950 by introducing his
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Momentum investors generally seek to buy stocks that are currently experiencing a short-term uptrend, and they usually sell them once this momentum starts to decrease. Stocks or
853:. Investors compare a company's debt-to-equity ratio with those of other companies in the same industry, and examine trends in debt-to-equity ratios and free cashflow.
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later used in western Europe, though whether the qirad transformed into the commenda or the two institutions evolved independently cannot be stated with certainty.
664:, the T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund. Price asserted that investors could reap high returns by "investing in companies that are well-managed in fertile fields."
648:, growth investors often evaluate measures of current stock value as well as predictions of future financial performance. Growth investors seek profits through
396:, the value of which is determined by a contract and is derived by calculation from the performance of some other sort of underlying investment; these include
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1201:"Creating venture capital industries that co-evolve with high tech: Insights from an extended industry life cycle perspective of the Israeli experience"
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purchased for momentum investing are often characterized by demonstrating consistently high returns for the past three to twelve months. However, in a
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In contrast with savings, investments tend to carry more risk, in the form of both a wider variety of risk factors and a greater level of uncertainty.
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In the early 1900s, purchasers of stocks, bonds, and other securities were described in media, academia, and commerce as speculators. Since the
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1317:"The Innovators – Meet the 65 Companies and Their Owners Who Have Conjured Up the Latest Wave of Products, Services, and Technologies"
1129:"A growth stock is a company expected to rise faster than the overall market, offering bigger gains for investors who don't mind risk"
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The term "dollar-cost averaging" is believed to have first been coined in 1949 by economist and author
Benjamin Graham in his book,
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measures the cash a company generates which is available to its debt and equity investors, after allowing for reinvestment in
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Graham asserted that investors that use DCA are "likely to end up with a satisfactory overall price for all holdings."
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prefer relatively shorter investment horizons, higher risks, and are not seeking immediate cash flow through dividends.
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For investors paying for each dollar of a company's earnings, the P/E ratio is a significant indicator, but the
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When making comparisons, the P/E ratio can give you a refined view of a particular stock valuation.
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Approaches to investment sometimes referred to in marketing of collective investments include
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1000:"AI-based Drug Discovery Market: Focus on Deep Learning and Machine Learning, 2020-2030"
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This article is about investment in finance. For investment in macroeconomics, see
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bear the (normally remote) risk that the financial provider may default.
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Industry to industry volatility is more or less of a risk depending. In
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and speculator have specifically referred to higher risk ventures.
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1207:. Triple helix Indicators of Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems.
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List of countries by gross fixed investment as percentage of GDP
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1104:"Is Growth Investing the Right Money-Making Method for You?"
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The intelligent investor : a book of practical counsel
1343:"E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts"
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is generated without investing capital or bearing risk.
1061:(2 ed.). New York; London: McGraw-Hill Education.
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to governments and businesses traded on public markets
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financial institutions. These intermediaries include
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Chan, Louis K.C.; Lakonishok, Josef (January 2004).
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are notable examples of value investors. Graham and
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692:to determine the existence and strength of trends.
80:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
544:liable for any losses. Many will notice that the
290:in businesses that are not publicly traded on a
27:Set of actions with the intent of earning profit
1268:"Investment Strategies to Learn Before Trading"
1154:"Value and Growth Investing: Review and Update"
1199:Avnimelech, Gil; Teubal, Morris (2006-12-01).
752:Investments are often made indirectly through
1382:
41:"Invest" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1057:Graham, Benjamin; Dodd, David (2002-10-31).
167:, the purpose of investing is to generate a
1059:Security Analysis: The Classic 1940 Edition
429:, which is the investment of borrowed money
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748:Intermediaries and collective investments
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
390:that use sophisticated techniques like:
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811:Valuation using discounted cash flows
548:is similar to the institution of the
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970:"The Ups and Downs of Biotechnology"
78:adding citations to reliable sources
1466:Agent-based computational economics
1083:"Price-Earnings Ratio - P/E Ratio"
454:invested. Investment differs from
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607:, was written in the wake of the
217:effect of reducing overall risk.
1924:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
980:from the original on Nov 2, 2021
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450:of loss of some or all of their
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924:Mortgage investment corporation
874:Climate-related asset stranding
690:Average Directional Index (ADX)
414:collateralized debt obligations
65:needs additional citations for
934:Socially responsible investing
221:Types of financial investments
1:
1860:Critique of political economy
1297:. HarperBusiness Essentials.
1034:"The 1929 Stock Market Crash"
1217:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.017
998:ltd, Research and Markets.
939:Specialized investment fund
36:Investment (disambiguation)
32:Investment (macroeconomics)
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1998:Real business-cycle theory
1158:Financial Analysts Journal
1004:www.researchandmarkets.com
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373:Carbon offsets and credits
213:. Diversification has the
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1291:Graham, Benjamin (2003).
894:Foreign direct investment
879:Diversification (finance)
815:Valuation using multiples
609:Wall Street Crash of 1929
557:Wall Street crash of 1929
422:Tax Receivable Agreements
246:publicly traded companies
914:List of economics topics
729:The Intelligent Investor
197:generally expect higher
1638:Industrial organization
1461:Computational economics
1170:10.2469/faj.v60.n1.2593
841:. A high proportion of
654:price-to-earnings (P/E)
616:price to earnings ratio
446:An investor may bear a
281:Alternative investments
263:- holding a particular
227:traditional investments
43:Invest (disambiguation)
1843:Modern monetary theory
1508:Experimental economics
1478:Pluralism in economics
1451:Mathematical economics
705:
537:medieval Islamic world
377:Digital entities like
269:currency exchange rate
34:. For other uses, see
799:Further information:
785:dollar cost averaging
717:exchange-traded funds
709:Dollar cost averaging
703:
696:Dollar cost averaging
567:Investment strategies
476:foreign exchange risk
225:In modern economies,
1717:Social choice theory
1473:Behavioral economics
1456:Complexity economics
1239:"Momentum Investing"
949:Time-weighted return
899:Fundamental analysis
864:Capital accumulation
835:debt-to-equity ratio
795:Investment valuation
650:capital appreciation
418:credit default swaps
240:ownership, known as
177:capital appreciation
74:improve this article
1801:American (National)
1501:Economic statistics
944:Time value of money
837:is an indicator of
828:capital expenditure
801:Valuation (finance)
631:price-to-book ratio
442:Investment and risk
427:Leveraged investing
383:non-fungible tokens
304:equity crowdfunding
1341:Lucchetti, Aaron.
805:Business valuation
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672:Momentum investing
585:earnings per share
515:. You can help by
474:savings also bear
294:, often involving
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2005:New institutional
1211:(10): 1477–1498.
1127:Chandler, Simon.
869:Capital gains tax
839:capital structure
770:investment trusts
604:Security Analysis
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511:This section
509:
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490:biotechnology
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130:February 2017
122:
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91: –
90:
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85:Find sources:
79:
75:
69:
68:
63:This article
61:
57:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2462:Publications
2418:Publications
2385:
1981:Neoclassical
1971:Mercantilism
1880:Evolutionary
1742:Sociological
1715: /
1613:Geographical
1593:Evolutionary
1568:Digitization
1533:Agricultural
1496:Econometrics
1424:Price theory
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1293:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1272:Investopedia
1271:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1164:(1): 71–86.
1161:
1157:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1108:Investopedia
1107:
1087:Investopedia
1086:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
982:. Retrieved
974:Investopedia
973:
963:
832:
818:
782:
754:intermediary
751:
740:
727:
725:
721:
713:mutual funds
707:
686:
675:
666:
659:
640:
628:
624:
613:
603:
589:
581:
554:
545:
534:
524:October 2018
521:
517:adding to it
512:
487:
484:
480:
470:
464:
445:
360:vintage cars
350:, including
348:Collectables
331:agricultural
312:, including
279:
224:
193:
162:
152:
151:
136:
127:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:"Investment"
84:
72:Please help
67:verification
64:
47:
2256:von Neumann
2025:Supply-side
2010:Physiocracy
1954:Marginalism
1643:Information
1583:Engineering
1563:Development
1558:Demographic
1429:Game theory
1406:Theoretical
1243:The Balance
904:Legal Alpha
774:unit trusts
682:bear market
662:mutual fund
561:speculation
458:, in which
394:Derivatives
388:Hedge funds
343:natural gas
319:Commodities
274:Real estate
215:statistical
2487:Investment
2413:Economists
2286:Schumacher
2191:Schumpeter
2161:von Wieser
2081:von ThĂĽnen
2041:Economists
1940:Circuitism
1905:Humanistic
1900:Historical
1875:Ecological
1865:Democratic
1838:Chartalism
1828:Behavioral
1791:Mainstream
1752:Statistics
1747:Solidarity
1668:Managerial
1633:Humanistic
1628:Historical
1573:Ecological
1538:Behavioral
1352:2023-04-20
1327:2023-04-20
1303:1035152456
1277:2022-10-05
1248:2022-10-05
1138:2022-10-05
1113:2022-10-05
1043:2020-01-16
1009:2021-12-15
984:2021-12-15
956:References
884:Divestment
809:See also:
678:securities
321:, such as
153:Investment
100:newspapers
2331:Greenspan
2296:Samuelson
2276:Galbraith
2246:Tinbergen
2186:von Mises
2181:Heckscher
2141:Edgeworth
2020:Stockholm
2015:Socialist
1915:Keynesian
1895:Happiness
1855:Classical
1816:Mutualism
1811:Anarchist
1796:Heterodox
1693:Personnel
1653:Knowledge
1618:Happiness
1608:Financial
1578:Education
1553:Democracy
1488:Empirical
1398:Economics
1225:0048-7333
1178:0015-198X
766:insurance
620:financial
456:arbitrage
314:mortgages
283:include:
229:include:
211:portfolio
207:diversify
195:Investors
181:dividends
158:cash flow
2481:Category
2442:Category
2422:journals
2408:Glossary
2361:Stiglitz
2326:Rothbard
2306:Buchanan
2291:Friedman
2281:Koopmans
2271:Leontief
2251:Robinson
2136:Marshall
1986:Lausanne
1890:Georgism
1885:Feminist
1833:Buddhist
1823:Austrian
1722:Regional
1698:Planning
1673:Monetary
1603:Feminist
1548:Cultural
1543:Business
978:Archived
857:See also
851:volatile
847:earnings
550:commenda
398:forwards
335:potatoes
265:currency
238:Business
185:interest
2457:Outline
2428:Schools
2420: (
2381:Piketty
2376:Krugman
2241:Kuznets
2231:Kalecki
2206:Polanyi
2096:Cournot
2091:Bastiat
2076:Ricardo
2066:Malthus
2056:Quesnay
1959:Marxian
1850:Chicago
1780:history
1775:Schools
1762:Welfare
1732:Service
1523:Applied
1186:5666307
535:In the
496:History
466:Savings
452:capital
406:options
402:futures
298:funds,
203:riskier
199:returns
165:finance
114:scholar
2366:Thaler
2346:Ostrom
2341:Becker
2336:Sowell
2316:Baumol
2221:Myrdal
2216:Sraffa
2211:Frisch
2201:Knight
2196:Keynes
2171:Fisher
2166:Veblen
2151:Pareto
2131:Menger
2126:George
2121:Jevons
2116:Walras
2106:Gossen
2030:Thermo
1708:Public
1703:Policy
1658:Labour
1623:Health
1301:
1223:
1184:
1176:
1065:
1038:eh.net
889:EBITDA
778:SICAVs
776:, and
764:, and
646:stocks
599:Dodd's
539:, the
460:profit
420:, and
366:, and
339:energy
337:, and
308:Other
242:equity
234:Stocks
209:their
169:return
116:
109:
102:
95:
87:
18:Invest
2452:Lists
2447:Index
2398:Lists
2371:Hoppe
2356:Lucas
2321:Solow
2311:Arrow
2301:Simon
2266:Lange
2261:Hicks
2236:Röpke
2226:Hayek
2176:Pigou
2146:Clark
2061:Smith
1976:Mixed
1935:Post-
1757:Urban
1737:Socio
1727:Rural
1182:S2CID
1023:2009)
762:banks
715:, or
546:qirad
541:qirad
410:swaps
356:coins
325:like
310:loans
302:, or
255:loans
251:Bonds
244:, in
201:from
173:asset
121:JSTOR
107:books
2387:more
2111:Marx
2101:Mill
2086:List
1964:Neo-
1920:Neo-
1299:OCLC
1221:ISSN
1174:ISSN
1063:ISBN
843:debt
833:The
826:and
813:and
803:and
787:and
614:The
593:and
448:risk
381:and
368:wine
327:gold
261:Cash
93:news
2351:Sen
2071:Say
1930:New
1663:Law
1347:WSJ
1213:doi
1166:doi
519:.
352:art
163:In
76:by
2483::
1345:.
1319:.
1270:.
1257:^
1241:.
1219:.
1209:35
1203:.
1180:.
1172:.
1162:60
1160:.
1156:.
1131:.
1106:.
1095:^
1085:.
1036:.
1002:.
976:.
972:.
791:.
772:,
760:,
719:.
611:.
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
329:,
253:-
236:-
191:.
183:,
2424:)
1926:)
1922:(
1782:)
1778:(
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:.
1251:.
1227:.
1215::
1188:.
1168::
1141:.
1116:.
1089:.
1071:.
1046:.
1012:.
987:.
731:.
526:)
522:(
143:)
137:(
132:)
128:(
118:·
111:·
104:·
97:·
70:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
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