618:(P/E), or earnings multiple, is a particularly significant and recognized fundamental ratio, with a function of dividing the share price of the stock, by its earnings per share. This will provide the value representing the sum investors are prepared to expend for each dollar of company earnings. This ratio is an important aspect, due to its capacity as measurement for the comparison of valuations of various companies. A stock with a lower P/E ratio will cost less per share than one with a higher P/E, taking into account the same level of
633:(P/B) is also a reliable indication of how much investors are willing to spend on each dollar of company assets. In the process of the P/B ratio, the share price of a stock is divided by its net assets; any intangibles, such as goodwill, are not taken into account. It is a crucial factor of the price-to-book ratio, due to it indicating the actual payment for tangible assets and not the more difficult valuation of intangibles. Accordingly, the P/B could be considered a comparatively conservative metric.
711:(DCA), also known in the UK as pound-cost averaging, is the process of consistently investing a certain amount of money across regular increments of time, and the method can be used in conjunction with value investing, growth investing, momentum investing, or other strategies. For example, an investor who practices dollar-cost averaging could choose to invest $ 200 a month for the next 3 years, regardless of the share price of their preferred stock(s),
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492:, for example, investors look for big profits on companies that have small market capitalizations but can be worth hundreds of millions quite quickly. The risk is high because approximately 90% of biotechnology products researched do not make it to market due to regulations and the complex demands within pharmacology as the average prescription drug takes 10 years and US$ 2.5 billion worth of capital.
56:
684:, momentum investing also involves short-selling securities of stocks that are experiencing a downward trend, because it is believed that these stocks will continue to decrease in value. Essentially, momentum investing generally relies on the principle that a consistently up-trending stock will continue to grow, while a consistently down-trending stock will continue to fall.
701:
559:, and particularly by the 1950s, the term investment had come to denote the more conservative end of the securities spectrum, while speculation was applied by financial brokers and their advertising agencies to higher risk securities much in vogue at that time. Since the last half of the 20th century, the terms
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Many investors believe that dollar-cost averaging helps minimize short-term volatility by spreading risk out across time intervals and avoiding market timing. Research also shows that DCA can help reduce the total average cost per share in an investment because the method enables the purchase of more
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An instance in which the price to earnings ratio has a lesser significance is when companies in different industries are compared. For example, although it is reasonable for a telecommunications stock to show a P/E in the low teens, in the case of hi-tech stock, a P/E in the 40s range is not unusual.
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was a major financial instrument. This was an arrangement between one or more investors and an agent where the investors entrusted capital to an agent who then traded with it in hopes of making a profit. Both parties then received a previously settled portion of the profit, though the agent was not
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multiple is also used for this type of investment; growth stock are likely to have a P/E higher than others in its industry. According to
Investopedia author Troy Segal and U.S. Department of State Fulbright fintech research awardee Julius Mansa, growth investing is best suited for investors who
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is traditionally defined as the "commitment of resources to achieve later benefits". If an investment involves money, then it can be defined as a "commitment of money to receive more money later". From a broader viewpoint, an investment can be defined as "to tailor the pattern of expenditure and
478:: if the currency of a savings account differs from the account holder's home currency, then there is the risk that the exchange rate between the two currencies will move unfavourably so that the value of the savings account decreases, measured in the account holder's home currency.
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A value investor buys assets that they believe to be undervalued (and sells overvalued ones). To identify undervalued securities, a value investor uses analysis of the financial reports of the issuer to evaluate the security. Value investors employ accounting ratios, such as
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Economists and financial analysts have not reached a consensus on the effectiveness of using the momentum investing strategy. Rather than evaluating a company's operational performance, momentum investors instead utilize trend lines, moving averages, and the
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A new form of investing that seems to have caught the attention of investors is
Venture Capital. Venture Capital is independently managed dedicated pools of capital that focus on equity or equity-linked investments in privately held, high growth companies.
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Even investing in tangible assets like property has its risk. And similar to most risks, property buyers can seek to mitigate any potential risk by taking out mortgage and by borrowing at a lower loan to security ratio.
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shares when their price is lower, and less shares when the price is higher. However, dollar-cost averaging is also generally characterized by more brokerage fees, which could decrease an investor's overall returns.
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Robert H. Hillman, "Limited
Liability in Historical Perspective", (Washington and Lee Law Review, Spring 1997), Benedikt Koehler, "Islamic Finance as a Progenitor of Venture Capital", (Economic Affairs, December
908:
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is a type of investment strategy that is designed to make investing regular, accessible and affordable, especially for those who may not have a lot of money to invest or who are new to investing.
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to make large-scale investments. Each individual investor holds an indirect or direct claim on the assets purchased, subject to charges levied by the intermediary, which may be large and varied.
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investments. When a low-risk investment is made, the return is also generally low. Similarly, high risk comes with a chance of high losses. Investors, particularly novices, are often advised to
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receipt of resources to optimise the desirable patterns of these flows". When expenditures and receipts are defined in terms of money, then the net monetary receipt in a time period is termed
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Dollar cost averaging: If an individual invested $ 500 per month into the stock market for 40 years at a 10% annual return rate, they would have an ending balance of over $ 2.5 million.
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Some investors attribute the introduction of the growth investing strategy to investment banker Thomas Rowe Price Jr., who tested and popularized the method in 1950 by introducing his
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Momentum investors generally seek to buy stocks that are currently experiencing a short-term uptrend, and they usually sell them once this momentum starts to decrease. Stocks or
853:. Investors compare a company's debt-to-equity ratio with those of other companies in the same industry, and examine trends in debt-to-equity ratios and free cashflow.
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later used in western Europe, though whether the qirad transformed into the commenda or the two institutions evolved independently cannot be stated with certainty.
664:, the T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund. Price asserted that investors could reap high returns by "investing in companies that are well-managed in fertile fields."
648:, growth investors often evaluate measures of current stock value as well as predictions of future financial performance. Growth investors seek profits through
396:, the value of which is determined by a contract and is derived by calculation from the performance of some other sort of underlying investment; these include
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1201:"Creating venture capital industries that co-evolve with high tech: Insights from an extended industry life cycle perspective of the Israeli experience"
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purchased for momentum investing are often characterized by demonstrating consistently high returns for the past three to twelve months. However, in a
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In contrast with savings, investments tend to carry more risk, in the form of both a wider variety of risk factors and a greater level of uncertainty.
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In the early 1900s, purchasers of stocks, bonds, and other securities were described in media, academia, and commerce as speculators. Since the
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1317:"The Innovators – Meet the 65 Companies and Their Owners Who Have Conjured Up the Latest Wave of Products, Services, and Technologies"
1129:"A growth stock is a company expected to rise faster than the overall market, offering bigger gains for investors who don't mind risk"
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The term "dollar-cost averaging" is believed to have first been coined in 1949 by economist and author
Benjamin Graham in his book,
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measures the cash a company generates which is available to its debt and equity investors, after allowing for reinvestment in
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Graham asserted that investors that use DCA are "likely to end up with a satisfactory overall price for all holdings."
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prefer relatively shorter investment horizons, higher risks, and are not seeking immediate cash flow through dividends.
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seek investments they believe are likely to have higher earnings or greater value in the future. To identify such
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For investors paying for each dollar of a company's earnings, the P/E ratio is a significant indicator, but the
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When making comparisons, the P/E ratio can give you a refined view of a particular stock valuation.
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Approaches to investment sometimes referred to in marketing of collective investments include
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1000:"AI-based Drug Discovery Market: Focus on Deep Learning and Machine Learning, 2020-2030"
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This article is about investment in finance. For investment in macroeconomics, see
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Industry to industry volatility is more or less of a risk depending. In
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and speculator have specifically referred to higher risk ventures.
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1207:. Triple helix Indicators of Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems.
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List of countries by gross fixed investment as percentage of GDP
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1104:"Is Growth Investing the Right Money-Making Method for You?"
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The intelligent investor : a book of practical counsel
1343:"E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts"
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is generated without investing capital or bearing risk.
1061:(2 ed.). New York; London: McGraw-Hill Education.
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to governments and businesses traded on public markets
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financial institutions. These intermediaries include
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Chan, Louis K.C.; Lakonishok, Josef (January 2004).
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are notable examples of value investors. Graham and
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692:to determine the existence and strength of trends.
80:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
544:liable for any losses. Many will notice that the
290:in businesses that are not publicly traded on a
27:Set of actions with the intent of earning profit
1268:"Investment Strategies to Learn Before Trading"
1154:"Value and Growth Investing: Review and Update"
1199:Avnimelech, Gil; Teubal, Morris (2006-12-01).
752:Investments are often made indirectly through
1382:
41:"Invest" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1057:Graham, Benjamin; Dodd, David (2002-10-31).
167:, the purpose of investing is to generate a
1059:Security Analysis: The Classic 1940 Edition
429:, which is the investment of borrowed money
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748:Intermediaries and collective investments
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
390:that use sophisticated techniques like:
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811:Valuation using discounted cash flows
548:is similar to the institution of the
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970:"The Ups and Downs of Biotechnology"
78:adding citations to reliable sources
1083:"Price-Earnings Ratio - P/E Ratio"
454:invested. Investment differs from
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607:, was written in the wake of the
217:effect of reducing overall risk.
1912:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
980:from the original on Nov 2, 2021
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450:of loss of some or all of their
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924:Mortgage investment corporation
874:Climate-related asset stranding
690:Average Directional Index (ADX)
414:collateralized debt obligations
65:needs additional citations for
934:Socially responsible investing
221:Types of financial investments
1:
1848:Critique of political economy
1297:. HarperBusiness Essentials.
1034:"The 1929 Stock Market Crash"
1217:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.017
998:ltd, Research and Markets.
939:Specialized investment fund
36:Investment (disambiguation)
32:Investment (macroeconomics)
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1986:Real business-cycle theory
1158:Financial Analysts Journal
1004:www.researchandmarkets.com
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373:Carbon offsets and credits
213:. Diversification has the
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1291:Graham, Benjamin (2003).
894:Foreign direct investment
879:Diversification (finance)
815:Valuation using multiples
609:Wall Street Crash of 1929
557:Wall Street crash of 1929
422:Tax Receivable Agreements
246:publicly traded companies
914:List of economics topics
729:The Intelligent Investor
197:generally expect higher
1626:Industrial organization
1456:Computational economics
1170:10.2469/faj.v60.n1.2593
841:. A high proportion of
654:price-to-earnings (P/E)
616:price to earnings ratio
446:An investor may bear a
281:Alternative investments
263:- holding a particular
227:traditional investments
43:Invest (disambiguation)
1831:Modern monetary theory
1496:Experimental economics
1466:Pluralism in economics
1451:Mathematical economics
705:
537:medieval Islamic world
377:Digital entities like
269:currency exchange rate
34:. For other uses, see
799:Further information:
785:dollar cost averaging
717:exchange-traded funds
709:Dollar cost averaging
703:
696:Dollar cost averaging
567:Investment strategies
476:foreign exchange risk
225:In modern economies,
1705:Social choice theory
1461:Behavioral economics
1239:"Momentum Investing"
949:Time-weighted return
899:Fundamental analysis
864:Capital accumulation
835:debt-to-equity ratio
795:Investment valuation
650:capital appreciation
418:credit default swaps
240:ownership, known as
177:capital appreciation
74:improve this article
1789:American (National)
1489:Economic statistics
944:Time value of money
837:is an indicator of
828:capital expenditure
801:Valuation (finance)
631:price-to-book ratio
442:Investment and risk
427:Leveraged investing
383:non-fungible tokens
304:equity crowdfunding
1341:Lucchetti, Aaron.
805:Business valuation
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672:Momentum investing
585:earnings per share
515:. You can help by
474:savings also bear
294:, often involving
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1993:New institutional
1211:(10): 1477–1498.
1127:Chandler, Simon.
869:Capital gains tax
839:capital structure
770:investment trusts
604:Security Analysis
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1586:Expeditionary
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1576:Environmental
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1323:. May 1, 2001
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511:This section
509:
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490:biotechnology
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433:Short selling
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130:February 2017
122:
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91: –
90:
86:
85:Find sources:
79:
75:
69:
68:
63:This article
61:
57:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2450:Publications
2406:Publications
2373:
1969:Neoclassical
1959:Mercantilism
1868:Evolutionary
1730:Sociological
1703: /
1601:Geographical
1581:Evolutionary
1556:Digitization
1521:Agricultural
1484:Econometrics
1424:Price theory
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1293:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1272:Investopedia
1271:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1164:(1): 71–86.
1161:
1157:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1108:Investopedia
1107:
1087:Investopedia
1086:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
982:. Retrieved
974:Investopedia
973:
963:
832:
818:
782:
754:intermediary
751:
740:
727:
725:
721:
713:mutual funds
707:
686:
675:
666:
659:
640:
628:
624:
613:
603:
589:
581:
554:
545:
534:
524:October 2018
521:
517:adding to it
512:
487:
484:
480:
470:
464:
445:
360:vintage cars
350:, including
348:Collectables
331:agricultural
312:, including
279:
224:
193:
162:
152:
151:
136:
127:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:"Investment"
84:
72:Please help
67:verification
64:
47:
2244:von Neumann
2013:Supply-side
1998:Physiocracy
1942:Marginalism
1631:Information
1571:Engineering
1551:Development
1546:Demographic
1429:Game theory
1406:Theoretical
1243:The Balance
904:Legal Alpha
774:unit trusts
682:bear market
662:mutual fund
561:speculation
458:, in which
394:Derivatives
388:Hedge funds
343:natural gas
319:Commodities
274:Real estate
215:statistical
2475:Investment
2401:Economists
2274:Schumacher
2179:Schumpeter
2149:von Wieser
2069:von ThĂĽnen
2029:Economists
1928:Circuitism
1893:Humanistic
1888:Historical
1863:Ecological
1853:Democratic
1826:Chartalism
1816:Behavioral
1779:Mainstream
1740:Statistics
1735:Solidarity
1656:Managerial
1621:Humanistic
1616:Historical
1561:Ecological
1526:Behavioral
1352:2023-04-20
1327:2023-04-20
1303:1035152456
1277:2022-10-05
1248:2022-10-05
1138:2022-10-05
1113:2022-10-05
1043:2020-01-16
1009:2021-12-15
984:2021-12-15
956:References
884:Divestment
809:See also:
678:securities
321:, such as
153:Investment
100:newspapers
2319:Greenspan
2284:Samuelson
2264:Galbraith
2234:Tinbergen
2174:von Mises
2169:Heckscher
2129:Edgeworth
2008:Stockholm
2003:Socialist
1903:Keynesian
1883:Happiness
1843:Classical
1804:Mutualism
1799:Anarchist
1784:Heterodox
1681:Personnel
1641:Knowledge
1606:Happiness
1596:Financial
1566:Education
1541:Democracy
1476:Empirical
1398:Economics
1225:0048-7333
1178:0015-198X
766:insurance
620:financial
456:arbitrage
314:mortgages
283:include:
229:include:
211:portfolio
207:diversify
195:Investors
181:dividends
158:cash flow
18:Investing
2469:Category
2430:Category
2410:journals
2396:Glossary
2349:Stiglitz
2314:Rothbard
2294:Buchanan
2279:Friedman
2269:Koopmans
2259:Leontief
2239:Robinson
2124:Marshall
1974:Lausanne
1878:Georgism
1873:Feminist
1821:Buddhist
1811:Austrian
1710:Regional
1686:Planning
1661:Monetary
1591:Feminist
1536:Cultural
1531:Business
978:Archived
857:See also
851:volatile
847:earnings
550:commenda
398:forwards
335:potatoes
265:currency
238:Business
185:interest
2445:Outline
2416:Schools
2408: (
2369:Piketty
2364:Krugman
2229:Kuznets
2219:Kalecki
2194:Polanyi
2084:Cournot
2079:Bastiat
2064:Ricardo
2054:Malthus
2044:Quesnay
1947:Marxian
1838:Chicago
1768:history
1763:Schools
1750:Welfare
1720:Service
1511:Applied
1186:5666307
535:In the
496:History
466:Savings
452:capital
406:options
402:futures
298:funds,
203:riskier
199:returns
165:finance
114:scholar
2354:Thaler
2334:Ostrom
2329:Becker
2324:Sowell
2304:Baumol
2209:Myrdal
2204:Sraffa
2199:Frisch
2189:Knight
2184:Keynes
2159:Fisher
2154:Veblen
2139:Pareto
2119:Menger
2114:George
2109:Jevons
2104:Walras
2094:Gossen
2018:Thermo
1696:Public
1691:Policy
1646:Labour
1611:Health
1301:
1223:
1184:
1176:
1065:
1038:eh.net
889:EBITDA
778:SICAVs
776:, and
764:, and
646:stocks
599:Dodd's
539:, the
460:profit
420:, and
366:, and
339:energy
337:, and
308:Other
242:equity
234:Stocks
209:their
169:return
116:
109:
102:
95:
87:
2440:Lists
2435:Index
2386:Lists
2359:Hoppe
2344:Lucas
2309:Solow
2299:Arrow
2289:Simon
2254:Lange
2249:Hicks
2224:Röpke
2214:Hayek
2164:Pigou
2134:Clark
2049:Smith
1964:Mixed
1923:Post-
1745:Urban
1725:Socio
1715:Rural
1182:S2CID
1023:2009)
762:banks
715:, or
546:qirad
541:qirad
410:swaps
356:coins
325:like
310:loans
302:, or
255:loans
251:Bonds
244:, in
201:from
173:asset
121:JSTOR
107:books
2375:more
2099:Marx
2089:Mill
2074:List
1952:Neo-
1908:Neo-
1299:OCLC
1221:ISSN
1174:ISSN
1063:ISBN
843:debt
833:The
826:and
813:and
803:and
787:and
614:The
593:and
448:risk
381:and
368:wine
327:gold
261:Cash
93:news
2339:Sen
2059:Say
1918:New
1651:Law
1347:WSJ
1213:doi
1166:doi
519:.
352:art
163:In
76:by
2471::
1345:.
1319:.
1270:.
1257:^
1241:.
1219:.
1209:35
1203:.
1180:.
1172:.
1162:60
1160:.
1156:.
1131:.
1106:.
1095:^
1085:.
1036:.
1002:.
976:.
972:.
791:.
772:,
760:,
719:.
611:.
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
329:,
253:-
236:-
191:.
183:,
2412:)
1914:)
1910:(
1770:)
1766:(
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:.
1251:.
1227:.
1215::
1188:.
1168::
1141:.
1116:.
1089:.
1071:.
1046:.
1012:.
987:.
731:.
526:)
522:(
143:)
137:(
132:)
128:(
118:·
111:·
104:·
97:·
70:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
