643:
677:
936:
536:, as approximately 90% of ingested iodine is excreted in the urine. For the standardized 24-hour test, a 50 mg iodine load is given first, and 90% of this load is expected to be recovered in the urine of the following 24 hours. Recovery of less than 90% is taken to mean high retention, that is, iodine deficiency. The recovery may, however, be well less than 90% during pregnancy, and an intake of
24:
823:
present in more than half of breastfeeding women; in contrast, the majority of their newborns had iodine excess, mostly due to neonatal exposure to iodine-containing disinfectants. A 2014 meta-analysis found that iodine supplementation "improves some maternal thyroid indices and may benefit aspects of cognitive function in school-age children, even in marginally iodine-deficient areas".
797:
in recent years. A proposal to mandate the use of iodized salt in most commercial breadmaking was adopted in
Australia in October 2009. In a study of the United Kingdom published in 2011, almost 70% of test subjects were found to be iodine deficient. The study's authors suggested an investigation regarding "evidence-based recommendations for iodine supplementation".
556:
483:. There is a total of 15–20 mg of iodine in the human body, primarily concentrated in thyroid tissue and hormones. Thirty percent of iodine is distributed in other tissues, including the mammary glands, eyes, gastric mucosa, choroid plexus, arterial walls, the cervix, and salivary glands. In the cells of these tissues, iodide enters directly by
278:) may be elevated in the presence of low levels of levothyroxine, as the body converts more of the levothyroxine to triiodothyronine as a compensation. Some such patients may have a goiter, without an elevated TSH. The introduction of iodized salt since the early 1900s has eliminated this condition in many affluent countries; however, in
920:"Individuals in whom the chronic iodine deficiency has induced thyroid hyperplasia and goitre with autonomous thyroid follicular cells may respond to excessive intake with resultant hyperthyroidism." A similar short term increase in deaths happened in the UK with the (unintentional) iodisation of milk, peaking in 1931–1940.
863:
fish were an important part of the diet, and because of the presence of iodine in seawater, goiter was less common than in the inland districts. From the 1950s, Norwegians started adding iodine to dairy cow feed. Since milk was an essential part of the
Norwegian diet, the incidence of goiter decreased in the population.
862:
Iodine deficiency was previously a common disease in Norway, because the content of iodine in the drinking water was low. Before 1950 goiter was a widespread disease caused by iodine deficiency. Up to 80 per cent of the population were affected in inland areas. In the coastal communities, saltwater
858:
Iodine deficiency is also a problem in certain areas of Europe. In
Germany it has been estimated to cause a billion dollars in health care costs per year. A modelling analysis suggests universal iodine supplementation for pregnant women in England may save ÂŁ199 (2013 UK pounds) to the health service
796:
Iodine deficiency has largely been confined to the developing world for several generations, but reductions in salt consumption and changes in dairy processing practices eliminating the use of iodine-based disinfectants have led to increasing prevalence of the condition in
Australia and New Zealand
527:
Sequence of 123-iodide human scintiscans after an intravenous injection, (from left) after 30 minutes, 20 hours, and 48 hours. A high and rapid concentration of radio-iodide is evident in the periencephalic and cerebrospinal fluid (left), salivary glands, oral mucosa and the stomach. In the thyroid
294:
Goiter is said to be endemic when the prevalence in a population is > 5%, and in most cases goiter can be treated with iodine supplementation. If goiter is untreated for around five years, however, iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because
614:
With iodine supplementation, goiters caused by iodine deficiency decrease in size in very young children and pregnant women. Generally, however, long-standing goiters caused by iodine deficiency respond with only small amounts of shrinkage after iodine supplementation, and patients are at risk for
546:
A general idea of whether a deficiency exists can be determined through a functional iodine test in the form of an iodine skin test. In this test, the skin is painted with an iodine solution: if the iodine patch disappears quickly, this is taken as a sign of iodine deficiency. However, no accepted
822:
In iodine-deficient or mildly iodine-deficient areas of Europe, iodine deficiency is frequent during pregnancy despite the widespread use of iodised salt, posing risks to the neurodevelopment of foetuses. In one study performed in a mildly iodine-deficient area, iodine deficiency was found to be
290:
countries, iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem. It is more common in developing countries. Public health initiatives to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease have resulted in lower discretionary salt use at the table. Additionally, there is a trend towards consuming more
767:
Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in 187 million people globally as of 2010 (2.7% of the population). Certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and unavailability of iodine, are severely affected by iodine deficiency, which affects approximately two billion people
547:
norms exist on the expected time interval for the patch to disappear, and in persons with dark skin color the disappearance of the patch may be difficult to assess. If a urine test is taken shortly after, the results may be altered due to the iodine absorbed previously in a skin test.
385:. In rats treated with estradiol, iodine deficiency has been shown to lead to changes similar to benign breast changes that are reversible by increased iodine in the diet. In a few studies, iodine supplementation had beneficial effects (such as reducing the presence of
274:(TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical processes; the cellular growth and proliferation can result in the characteristic swelling or hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, or goiter. In mild iodine deficiency, levels of triiodothyronine (T
207:
contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil.
792:
has not. Successful campaigns for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public. The cost of adding iodine to salt is negligible—"Only a few cents a ton."
395:
have been postulated from epidemiologic evidence and described in animal models. In view of the antiproliferative properties of iodine in breast tissue, molecular iodine supplementation has been suggested as an adjuvant in breast cancer therapy.
2433:
819:). The same study documented "a large increase in thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with high prevalence of iodine deficiency" between 1910–1960.
854:
by a lack of the element. The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in the wealthier nations, but as of March 2006, iodine deficiency remained a serious public health problem in the developing world.
327:
As a result of restricted diet, isolation, intermarriage, etc., as well as low iodine content in their food, children often had peculiar stunted bodies and retarded mental faculties, a condition later known to be associated with
896:
239:
have become more ubiquitous. In particular, around 1980 the practice of using potassium iodate as dough conditioner in bread and baked goods was gradually replaced by the use of other conditioning agents such as
811:. A study of U.S. military data collected during the First and Second World Wars found that the introduction of salt iodization in the U.S. in the 1920s resulted in an increase in IQ, by approximately one
1129:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
247:
Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in 187 million people globally as of 2010 (2.7% of the population). It resulted in 2700 deaths in 2013, up from 2100 deaths in 1990.
1836:
Chorazy PA, Himelhoch S, Hopwood NJ, Greger NG, Postellon DC (July 1995). "Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature".
316:, is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goiter, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deafness, squint, disorders of stance and gait and stunted growth due to
831:
In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas and semi-arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency gives rise to
532:
The diagnostic workup of a suspected iodine deficiency includes signs and symptoms as well as possible risk factors mentioned above. A 24-hour urine iodine collection is a useful
543:
If a 24-hour urine collection is not practical, a random urine iodine-to-creatinine ratio can alternatively be used. However, the 24-hour test is found to be more reliable.
1975:
Qian M, Wang D, Watkins WE, Gebski V, Yan YQ, Li M, et al. (2005). "The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China".
1906:
524:
363:, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age." A conclusion was made that the single most preventable cause of
2145:
3676:
2387:
Kotwal A, Priya R, Qadeer I (2007). "Goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders: A systematic review of epidemiological studies to deconstruct the complex web".
291:
processed foods in western countries. The noniodized salt used in these foods means that people are less likely to obtain iodine from adding salt during cooking.
1930:
Vanderpump MP, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, Laurberg P, Holder RL, Boelaert K, et al. (11 June 2011). "Iodine status of UK schoolgirls: a cross-sectional survey".
1080:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
4115:
815:, for the quarter of the U.S. population most deficient in iodine, explaining about "one decade's worth of the upward trend in IQ" in the U.S. (i.e., the
2610:
606:
for maintenance of normal thyroid function. In pregnant women, the amount increases to 220 ÎĽg; in breastfeeding women, the amount is 290 ÎĽg.
2653:
2515:
3568:
528:
gland, I-concentration is more progressive, also in the reservoir (from 1% after 30 minutes, to 5.8% after 48 hours, of the total injected dose.
2699:
803:, including iodine deficiency, impair the development of intelligence. Lacking iodine during human development causes a fall, in average, of 12
342:, described these patients as "crétins". In French, the term "crétin des Alpes" also became current, since the condition was observed in remote
2620:
3512:
2315:"Costs and benefits of iodine supplementation for pregnant women in a mildly to moderately iodine-deficient population: a modelling analysis"
2283:
1820:
1787:
1749:
1722:
1379:
1059:
623:
309:
304:
171:
642:
4427:
2231:"Therapy of endocrine disease: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3669:
1639:
Venturi S, Donati F, Venturi A, Venturi M (2000). "Environmental Iodine
Deficiency: A Challenge to the Evolution of Terrestrial Life?".
2886:
41:
2675:
2138:"Mild iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Europe and its consequences for cognitive and psychomotor development of children: A review"
2054:
107:
4108:
2778:
1903:
3751:
3693:
1553:
Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Bülow I, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T (October 2002). "Risk factors for goiter and thyroid nodules".
1425:
88:
3979:
3947:
3201:
523:
60:
4562:
3662:
2314:
1234:
45:
4664:
2572:
2508:
781:
680:
67:
4422:
3756:
3561:
2773:
2763:
270:(one of the two thyroid hormones) in the blood, due to lack of dietary iodine to make it, gives rise to high levels of
4101:
4026:
3529:
3210:
3192:
271:
2182:"Maternal and neonatal urinary iodine status and its effect on neonatal TSH levels in a mildly iodine-deficient area"
1255:
676:
217:. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency.
2796:
2648:
376:
74:
2097:"Iodine, milk, and the elimination of endemic goitre in Britain: the story of an accidental public health triumph"
1314:
Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C (2000). "Hypothesis: iodine, selenium and the development of breast cancer".
34:
2839:
2741:
2597:
2550:
1765:
439:
360:
175:
1865:
4049:
3023:
2501:
1510:
Aceves C, Anguiano B, Delgado G (April 2005). "Is iodine a gatekeeper of the integrity of the mammary gland?".
800:
224:
In the U.S., the use of iodine has decreased over concerns of overdoses since mid-20th century, and the iodine
571:
in daily food consumption, or drinking more milk, or eating egg yolks, and saltwater fish. For a salt and/or
56:
2137:
1178:"Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency"
4138:
3761:
3554:
3517:
2806:
2665:
2567:
847:
484:
450:
364:
183:
4542:
3839:
2879:
2801:
2790:
2068:
Woodside JV, Mullan KR (April 2021). "Iodine status in UK–An accidental public health triumph gone sour".
958:
4168:
3999:
3932:
3800:
2783:
2048:
982:
804:
2007:"The Cognitive Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency: Evidence from Salt Iodization in the United States"
324:
was the first to point out the relation between goitrous parents and their mentally disabled children.
1219:
4567:
4557:
4153:
3910:
3904:
3896:
3881:
3862:
3608:
3478:
3258:
2982:
2834:
2768:
2719:
1838:
1225:
178:, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important
505:
Pellerin P (1961). "La tecnique d'autoradiographie anatomique a la temperature de l'azote liquide".
4437:
4016:
4004:
3994:
3372:
2709:
411:
343:
225:
2271:
595:)) may be incorporated regularly into a diet as a good source of iodine. In more remote settings,
381:
There is preliminary evidence that iodine deficiency enhances the sensitivity of breast tissue to
4608:
4522:
4497:
4467:
4324:
4208:
4188:
4163:
4124:
4067:
3924:
3723:
3628:
3618:
3151:
3046:
2734:
1957:
1890:
1535:
1347:
1285:
812:
431:
421:
193:
155:
2724:
2714:
2688:
1369:
81:
4512:
4246:
4039:
4034:
3984:
3826:
3813:
3438:
3413:
2872:
2643:
2615:
2602:
2452:
2404:
2337:
2279:
2252:
2211:
2162:
2036:
1984:
1949:
1847:
1816:
1783:
1745:
1739:
1718:
1712:
1656:
1621:
1570:
1527:
1489:
1440:
1407:
1375:
1339:
1331:
1277:
1199:
1158:
1109:
1055:
1049:
1030:
901:
836:
392:
131:
4537:
4447:
4255:
3952:
3867:
3448:
3423:
3343:
3123:
3118:
3113:
2704:
2580:
2396:
2329:
2242:
2201:
2193:
2154:
2136:
Trumpff C, De
Schepper J, Tafforeau J, Van Oyen H, Vanderfaeillie J, Vandevijvere S (2013).
2116:
2108:
2077:
2026:
2018:
1941:
1808:
1773:
1648:
1611:
1601:
1562:
1519:
1481:
1323:
1269:
1189:
1148:
1140:
1099:
1091:
1020:
204:
159:
4659:
4507:
4182:
4158:
3974:
3969:
3453:
3010:
2995:
2635:
2524:
1910:
1885:
773:
616:
564:
353:
While reporting recent progress towards overcoming iodine-deficiency disorders worldwide,
329:
197:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
1078:
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (Dec 15, 2012).
338:
4592:
4547:
4291:
4009:
3577:
3523:
3443:
3156:
2969:
2851:
2846:
2829:
2729:
2660:
2532:
2206:
2181:
2121:
2096:
2031:
2006:
1812:
1616:
1589:
1194:
1177:
1153:
1128:
1104:
1079:
882:, which lacks any legislation on iodine fortification of table salt or drinking water.
832:
572:
444:
317:
167:
2333:
1945:
1273:
1144:
1095:
4653:
4628:
4457:
4442:
4177:
4044:
3942:
3598:
3588:
3292:
3282:
3267:
2987:
2930:
2925:
2670:
2562:
1448:
867:
769:
333:
211:
Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as
179:
148:
136:
2299:
1539:
389:, fibrous tissue plaques and breast pain) in women with fibrocystic breast changes.
182:
issue, especially for fertile and pregnant women. It is also a preventable cause of
4633:
4143:
3962:
3937:
3891:
3685:
3593:
3498:
3418:
3377:
3330:
3297:
3277:
3272:
3133:
3061:
3051:
3041:
2899:
2585:
2481:
1961:
1351:
1289:
891:
871:
816:
568:
533:
213:
404:
Following is a list of potential risk factors that may lead to iodine deficiency:
2400:
1683:
Stephanie L. Lee, Elizabeth N. Pearce, Sonia
Ananthakrishnan (16 December 2015).
4552:
4532:
4527:
4487:
4082:
4072:
3957:
3713:
3703:
3430:
3287:
3108:
3000:
2755:
2158:
851:
596:
461:
456:
386:
283:
232:
23:
2358:
1684:
1566:
626:
in the newborn. This disease can only be managed by lifelong administration of
622:
Being pregnant while iodine-deficient additionally carries the risk of causing
4623:
4577:
4379:
4374:
4264:
4237:
4223:
4148:
3774:
3732:
3368:
3360:
3353:
3317:
3310:
3237:
3183:
3165:
3081:
3056:
3030:
3005:
2964:
2457:
1932:
1652:
1523:
1327:
1260:
785:
355:
321:
1590:"Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy: The Effect on Neurodevelopment in the Child"
1335:
1034:
1025:
1008:
850:, a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered
4638:
4587:
4517:
4492:
4462:
4432:
4384:
4369:
4364:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4218:
4173:
3613:
3473:
3465:
3382:
3348:
3174:
3143:
3073:
2950:
2940:
2917:
2545:
2476:
2446:
2442:
1472:
Venturi S (October 2001). "Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases?".
843:, mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures.
627:
603:
563:
Iodine deficiency is treated by ingestion of iodine salts, such as found in
537:
427:
416:
279:
267:
200:
2408:
2341:
2313:
Monahan M, Boelaert K, Jolly K, Chan S, Barton P, Roberts TE (2015-01-01).
2256:
2215:
2166:
2040:
1988:
1953:
1660:
1625:
1574:
1531:
1493:
1485:
1444:
1411:
1343:
1281:
1203:
1162:
1113:
2425:
2112:
2022:
1851:
555:
4472:
4452:
4389:
4349:
4334:
4228:
4077:
3787:
3746:
3708:
3251:
2557:
1866:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
382:
236:
2247:
2230:
859:
per pregnant woman and save ÂŁ4476 per pregnant woman in societal costs.
4618:
4572:
4502:
4482:
4329:
4203:
4193:
3886:
3638:
3633:
2935:
2895:
1778:
1398:
Patrick L (2008). "Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations".
875:
241:
228:
218:
48: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4093:
2197:
2081:
1606:
602:
The recommended daily intake of iodine for non-pregnant adults is 150
4613:
4477:
4399:
4394:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4282:
4273:
3875:
3603:
3408:
3395:
3325:
2824:
2437:
879:
840:
789:
777:
580:
287:
261:
189:
163:
151:
897:
International
Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
986:
3643:
3623:
2590:
2493:
1013:
Journal of
Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
808:
675:
641:
592:
584:
554:
522:
3546:
2864:
1803:
Medeiros-Neto G, Rubio IG (2016). "Iodine-Deficiency
Disorders".
1176:
Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, de Benoist B (2005).
4582:
4404:
4359:
588:
576:
466:
Age (for different types of iodine deficiency at different ages)
4097:
3658:
3654:
3550:
2868:
2497:
1741:
Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine
1714:
Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine
17:
2229:
Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH (January 2014).
957:
Creswell J. Eastman, Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014).
646:
Deaths due to iodine deficiency per million persons in 2012
1706:
1704:
1368:
Joseph E. Pizzorno, Michael T. Murray (14 September 2012).
1363:
1361:
683:
for iodine deficiency per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
2005:
James Feyrer, Dimitra Politi, David N. Weil (April 2017).
2186:
Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
1886:"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"
846:
Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable
1309:
1307:
1305:
780:. Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency,
2415:
475:
Iodine accounts for 65% of the molecular weight of T
4601:
4413:
4202:
4131:
4060:
4025:
3923:
3854:
3731:
3722:
3692:
3491:
3464:
3236:
3227:
3142:
3072:
2949:
2916:
2907:
2817:
2754:
2687:
2634:
2531:
2467:
2419:
130:
125:
2300:"Micronutrients — Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A"
1218:
2146:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology
2180:Yaman AK, Demirel F, ErmiĹź B, PiĹźkin IE (2013).
2000:
1998:
1925:
1923:
1768:(2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.).
1505:
1503:
1073:
1071:
4308:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
2101:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
1738:Richard S. Lord, J. Alexander Bralley (2008).
1711:Richard S. Lord, J. Alexander Bralley (2008).
1512:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
1393:
1391:
1220:"Paracelsus on What the Physician Should Know"
874:is considered treif (non-kosher) according to
162:. It may result in metabolic problems such as
4109:
3670:
3562:
2880:
2509:
393:Protective effects of iodine on breast cancer
8:
2011:Journal of the European Economic Association
768:worldwide. It is particularly common in the
1913:, article appearing on March 5, 2013, from
1009:"Iodine: Health Implications of Deficiency"
492:Venturi S, Guidi A, Venturi M (1996). """.
4116:
4102:
4094:
3728:
3677:
3663:
3655:
3569:
3555:
3547:
3233:
3006:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
2913:
2887:
2873:
2865:
2684:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2416:
1977:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1772:. World Health Organization. p. 499.
1717:. Metametrix Institute. pp. 107–108.
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1374:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1371.
122:
2654:Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
2246:
2205:
2120:
2030:
1777:
1615:
1605:
1193:
1152:
1103:
1024:
196:for neurodevelopment among children. The
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2322:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
928:
913:
221:is also a well known source of iodine.
2270:Felig P, Frohman, Lawrence A. (2001).
2046:
2353:
2351:
1744:. Metametrix Institute. p. 106.
624:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
567:. Mild cases may be treated by using
310:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
305:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
299:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
172:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
7:
2700:Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
1888:, article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr.,
295:the thyroid is permanently damaged.
46:adding citations to reliable sources
3202:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
1813:10.1016/B978-0-323-18907-1.00091-3
1805:Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric
866:Iodine deficiency is common among
426:Increased intake/plasma levels of
14:
2676:Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
2235:European Journal of Endocrinology
1256:"Iodine deficiency—way to go yet"
959:"The Iodine Deficiency Disorders"
878:, and is especially prominent in
575:restricted diet, sea vegetables (
835:, symptoms of which are extreme
788:have begun taking action, while
436:Sex (higher occurrence in women)
22:
494:Le Basi Razionali della Terapia
33:needs additional citations for
3629:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
3211:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3193:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
2361:[Facts about iodine].
2276:Endocrinology & metabolism
1235:American Academy of Pediatrics
1127:Murray PC (17 December 2014).
937:"Risiko For Jodmangel i Norge"
367:is that of iodine deficiency.
1:
2334:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00212-0
2095:Phillips DI (1 August 1997).
2053:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1946:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60693-4
1274:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61009-0
1217:T.E.C. Jr. (August 1, 1974).
1145:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1096:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
681:Disability-adjusted life year
453:(reduced prevalence in users)
447:(reduced prevalence in users)
350:appeared in English in 1779.
2401:10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.08.006
2365:(in Norwegian). 11 July 2018
2278:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
1371:Textbook of Natural Medicine
1054:. CRC Press. pp. 273–.
540:can alter the test results.
3752:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2159:10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.01.002
1433:Alternative Medicine Review
1254:The Lancet (12 July 2008).
1048:K. Smith (24 August 1988).
272:thyroid stimulating hormone
4681:
4428:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
4318:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
2649:Thyroid hormone resistance
1567:10.1089/105072502761016502
946:(in Norwegian). June 2016.
801:Micronutrient deficiencies
377:Fibrocystic breast changes
374:
371:Fibrocystic breast changes
302:
259:
4303:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
3757:Wernicke's encephalopathy
3584:
3507:
3001:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
2840:Toxic multinodular goiter
2598:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
2573:Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
2551:Congenital hypothyroidism
1894:, December 16, 2006.
1873:World Health Organization
1766:World Health Organization
1653:10.1089/10507250050137851
1524:10.1007/s10911-005-5401-5
1316:Cancer Causes and Control
361:World Health Organization
176:congenital hypothyroidism
1904:l "Iodine Fortification"
1770:WHO Model Formulary 2008
1182:Bull. World Health Organ
1026:10.1177/2156587211414424
346:in particular. The word
4139:Bodybuilding supplement
2666:Thyrotoxicosis factitia
2568:Euthyroid sick syndrome
1588:ASkeaff SA (Feb 2011).
1328:10.1023/A:1008925301459
1051:Trace Minerals in Foods
963:Thyroid Disease Manager
848:intellectual disability
485:sodium-iodide symporter
365:intellectual disability
184:intellectual disability
4313:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
2742:Graves' ophthalmopathy
2070:Clinical Endocrinology
1486:10.1054/brst.2000.0267
764:
673:
560:
529:
312:, previously known as
3933:Electrolyte imbalance
3801:Pyridoxine deficiency
3775:Riboflavin deficiency
3609:Essential fatty acids
3024:Dihydroergocalciferol
2680:Hyperthyroid myopathy
2607:Hypothyroid myopathy
2363:Folkehelseinstituttet
2113:10.1136/jech.51.4.391
870:due to the fact that
827:Deficient populations
805:intelligence quotient
679:
645:
558:
526:
422:Exposure to radiation
359:noted: "According to
4665:Mineral deficiencies
4513:Japanese honeysuckle
3911:Vitamin K deficiency
3905:Vitamin E deficiency
3882:Vitamin D deficiency
3863:Vitamin A deficiency
3762:Korsakoff's syndrome
3479:Dehydroascorbic acid
2983:7-Dehydrocholesterol
2835:Toxic nodular goiter
2779:Subacute lymphocytic
1439:(3): 273–278. 2010.
42:improve this article
4438:Chondroitin sulfate
4256:Pantothenic acid (B
4219:Retinol (Vitamin A)
4189:Protein supplements
4125:Dietary supplements
3373:Pyridoxal phosphate
2696:Signs and symptoms
2577:Signs and symptoms
2248:10.1530/EJE-13-0651
2023:10.1093/jeea/jvw002
1685:"Iodine Deficiency"
1007:Meletis CD (2011).
983:"Iodine in Seaweed"
876:Jewish dietary laws
451:Oral contraceptives
412:Selenium deficiency
344:valleys of the Alps
57:"Iodine deficiency"
4609:Codex Alimentarius
4498:Grape seed extract
4159:Herbal supplements
3925:Mineral deficiency
3724:Vitamin deficiency
3534:Never to phase III
3047:Dihydrotachysterol
2735:Pretibial myxedema
2468:External resources
1909:2013-04-10 at the
1891:The New York Times
1846:(1 Pt 1): 148–50.
1426:"Iodine Monograph"
813:standard deviation
765:
674:
561:
559:Iodine supplements
530:
408:Low dietary iodine
251:Signs and symptoms
166:, sometimes as an
156:essential nutrient
4647:
4646:
4292:Cyanocobalamin (B
4209:chemical elements
4091:
4090:
4040:Failure to thrive
4035:Delayed milestone
3919:
3918:
3897:Harrison's groove
3827:Folate deficiency
3814:Biotin deficiency
3652:
3651:
3544:
3543:
3487:
3486:
3439:Adenosylcobalamin
3414:Dihydrofolic acid
3223:
3222:
2862:
2861:
2750:
2749:
2644:Hyperthyroxinemia
2616:Hoffmann syndrome
2603:Pickardt syndrome
2581:Queen Anne's sign
2541:Iodine deficiency
2491:
2490:
2285:978-0-07-022001-0
2198:10.4274/Jcrpe.997
2082:10.1111/cen.14368
1940:(9782): 2007–12.
1822:978-0-323-18907-1
1789:978-92-4-154765-9
1751:978-0-9673949-4-7
1724:978-0-9673949-4-7
1607:10.3390/nu3020265
1381:978-1-4377-2333-5
1139:(9963): 117–171.
1090:(9859): 2163–96.
1061:978-0-8247-7835-4
174:due to untreated
147:is a lack of the
145:Iodine deficiency
142:
141:
126:Iodine deficiency
120:Medical condition
118:
117:
110:
92:
4672:
4602:Related articles
4508:Iron supplements
4448:Copper gluconate
4118:
4111:
4104:
4095:
3729:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3449:Hydroxocobalamin
3424:Levomefolic acid
3344:Pantothenic acid
3234:
3157:Phylloquinone (K
2914:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2764:Acute infectious
2710:Dalrymple's sign
2685:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2417:
2412:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2272:"Endemic Goiter"
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1927:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1807:. p. 1597.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1447:. Archived from
1430:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
985:. Archived from
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
948:
947:
941:
933:
921:
918:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
669:
663:
657:
651:
565:food supplements
514:
501:
266:A low amount of
205:triiodothyronine
198:thyroid hormones
192:is an essential
123:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4597:
4415:
4409:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4210:
4207:
4198:
4183:Bifidobacterium
4127:
4122:
4092:
4087:
4056:
4021:
3915:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3743:
3718:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3653:
3648:
3580:
3575:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3524:Clinical trials
3503:
3483:
3460:
3454:Methylcobalamin
3434:
3405:
3392:
3364:
3340:
3321:
3307:
3262:
3248:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3166:Menaquinones (K
3160:
3138:
3068:
3034:
3020:
3011:Calcitroic acid
2996:Cholecalciferol
2991:
2979:
2961:
2945:
2909:
2903:
2893:
2863:
2858:
2813:
2746:
2725:Griffith's sign
2715:Stellwag's sign
2689:Graves' disease
2683:
2636:Hyperthyroidism
2630:
2527:
2525:Thyroid disease
2522:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2463:
2462:
2428:
2386:
2383:
2381:Further reading
2378:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2045:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
939:
935:
934:
930:
925:
924:
919:
915:
910:
888:
829:
807:(IQ) points in
774:South-East Asia
770:Western Pacific
763:
762:
758:
756:
752:
750:
746:
744:
740:
738:
734:
732:
728:
726:
722:
720:
716:
714:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
672:
671:
667:
665:
661:
659:
655:
653:
649:
640:
633:
617:hyperthyroidism
612:
553:
521:
504:
491:
482:
478:
473:
471:Pathophysiology
440:Smoking tobacco
402:
379:
373:
330:thyroid hormone
307:
301:
277:
264:
258:
253:
194:dietary mineral
121:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4593:Zinc gluconate
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:St John's wort
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4548:Red yeast rice
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:Keshan disease
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:Protein-energy
3690:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:Food chemistry
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Cyanocobalamin
3441:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3152:Naphthoquinone
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:Ergocalciferol
2967:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:Colloid nodule
2847:Thyroid nodule
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Endemic goitre
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Hashitoxicosis
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2533:Hypothyroidism
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:Classification
2414:
2413:
2389:Arch. Med. Res
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2359:"Fakta om jod"
2347:
2328:(9): 715–722.
2305:
2291:
2284:
2262:
2221:
2172:
2153:(3): 174–183.
2128:
2107:(4): 391–393.
2087:
2076:(4): 692–699.
2060:
2017:(2): 355–387.
1994:
1967:
1919:
1915:Food Standards
1896:
1878:
1857:
1828:
1821:
1795:
1788:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1700:
1666:
1631:
1600:(2): 265–273.
1580:
1561:(10): 879–88.
1545:
1499:
1464:
1417:
1400:Altern Med Rev
1387:
1380:
1357:
1322:(2): 121–127.
1301:
1246:
1209:
1168:
1119:
1067:
1060:
1040:
1019:(3): 190–194.
999:
974:
949:
944:Ernæringsrådet
927:
926:
923:
922:
912:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
902:Lugol's iodine
899:
894:
887:
884:
833:hypothyroidism
828:
825:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
684:
666:
660:
654:
648:
647:
639:
636:
631:
611:
608:
573:animal product
552:
549:
520:
517:
516:
515:
502:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
459:
454:
448:
442:
437:
434:
424:
419:
414:
409:
401:
398:
375:Main article:
372:
369:
336:, in his 1754
318:hypothyroidism
303:Main article:
300:
297:
286:, and several
275:
260:Main article:
257:
254:
252:
249:
168:endemic goiter
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
119:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4677:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Nutraceutical
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Dietary fiber
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Cod liver oil
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:Other common
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4283:Folic acid (B
4281:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4265:Pyridoxine (B
4263:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4238:Riboflavin (B
4236:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Lactobacillus
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:Short stature
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:Bitot's spots
3866:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Fortification
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Carbohydrates
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3499:Multivitamins
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Ascorbic acid
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Prosultiamine
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Fursultiamine
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Acefurtiamine
3266:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:De Quervain's
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Boston's sign
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Thyroid storm
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2625:Atrophic type
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Myxedema coma
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2241:(1): R1–R15.
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:(2): 189–96.
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:(5): 379–82.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1454:on 2015-08-07
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:(2): 116–27.
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1188:(7): 518–25.
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
989:on 2012-07-31
988:
984:
978:
975:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
938:
932:
929:
917:
914:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Jewish people
864:
860:
856:
853:
852:hypothyroidic
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761: >750
755: 500-750
749: 450-500
743: 400-450
737: 350-400
731: 300-350
725: 250-300
719: 200-250
713: 150-200
707: 100-150
689: no data
682:
678:
644:
637:
635:
629:
625:
620:
618:
609:
607:
605:
600:
599:may be used.
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
550:
548:
544:
541:
539:
535:
525:
518:
513:(9): 233–252.
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
489:
488:
486:
470:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
399:
397:
394:
390:
388:
384:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
273:
269:
263:
255:
250:
248:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
227:
222:
220:
216:
215:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
185:
181:
180:global health
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
149:trace element
146:
138:
137:Endocrinology
135:
133:
129:
124:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4634:Multivitamin
4558:Saw palmetto
4538:Milk thistle
4211:("minerals")
4144:Energy drink
3989:
3892:Osteomalacia
3696:malnutrition
3686:Malnutrition
3492:Combinations
3419:Folinic acid
3378:Pyridoxamine
3349:Dexpanthenol
3298:Sulbutiamine
3278:Benfotiamine
3273:Allithiamine
3175:Menadione (K
3134:Tocofersolan
3062:Paricalcitol
3052:Calcipotriol
3042:Alfacalcidol
3038:D analogues
2988:Previtamin D
2586:Woltman sign
2540:
2475:
2451:
2432:
2392:
2388:
2367:. Retrieved
2362:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2294:
2275:
2265:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2049:cite journal
2014:
2010:
1983:(1): 32–42.
1980:
1976:
1970:
1937:
1931:
1914:
1899:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1860:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1804:
1798:
1769:
1760:
1740:
1733:
1713:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1647:(8): 727–9.
1644:
1640:
1634:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1515:
1511:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1436:
1432:
1420:
1403:
1399:
1370:
1319:
1315:
1293:. Retrieved
1268:(9633): 88.
1265:
1259:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1230:
1224:
1212:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1087:
1083:
1050:
1043:
1016:
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
977:
966:. Retrieved
962:
952:
943:
931:
916:
892:Basil Hetzel
872:iodised salt
865:
861:
857:
845:
830:
821:
817:Flynn effect
799:
795:
766:
701: 50-100
695: <50
638:Epidemiology
621:
613:
601:
569:iodized salt
562:
545:
542:
534:medical test
531:
510:
506:
497:
493:
479:and 59% of T
474:
462:Thiocyanates
457:Perchlorates
403:
400:Risk factors
391:
380:
354:
352:
347:
339:Encyclopédie
337:
332:deficiency.
326:
313:
308:
293:
265:
246:
223:
214:iodized salt
212:
210:
188:
144:
143:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4553:Royal jelly
4533:Lipoic acid
4528:Linseed oil
4488:Glucosamine
4416:ingredients
4229:Thiamine (B
4154:Fatty acids
4083:Underweight
4073:Weight loss
3714:Catabolysis
3704:Kwashiorkor
3520:from market
3331:Niacinamide
3288:Octotiamine
3109:Tocotrienol
2818:Enlargement
2797:Hashimoto's
2756:Thyroiditis
2730:Möbius sign
2395:(1): 1–14.
2192:(2): 90–4.
1779:10665/44053
615:developing
597:iodized oil
387:breast cyst
284:New Zealand
233:perchlorate
226:antagonists
170:as well as
4654:Categories
4624:Herbal tea
4578:Wheatgrass
4478:Folic acid
4380:Phosphorus
4375:Molybdenum
4224:B vitamins
4174:Probiotics
4169:Prebiotics
4149:Energy bar
4050:Idiopathic
4000:Molybdenum
3844:deficiency
3733:B vitamins
3409:Folic acid
3369:Pyridoxine
3354:Pantethine
3311:Riboflavin
3184:Various (K
3082:Tocopherol
3057:Tacalcitol
2965:Ergosterol
2931:β-Carotene
2926:α-Carotene
2802:Postpartum
2791:Autoimmune
2453:DiseasesDB
2369:2018-07-11
2237:(review).
1933:The Lancet
1839:Pediatrics
1694:2016-12-11
1514:(review).
1458:2014-11-14
1318:(review).
1295:2008-12-05
1261:The Lancet
1240:2008-12-05
1226:Pediatrics
993:2008-01-04
968:2016-12-11
908:References
786:Kazakhstan
670: 4-18
591:(found in
538:goitrogens
500:: 267–275.
430:, such as
428:goitrogens
356:The Lancet
322:Paracelsus
98:March 2008
68:newspapers
4639:Nutrition
4588:Yohimbine
4583:Wolfberry
4563:Spirulina
4543:Melatonin
4518:Krill oil
4493:Glutamine
4463:Echinacea
4433:Carnitine
4385:Potassium
4370:Manganese
4365:Magnesium
4274:Biotin (B
4247:Niacin (B
3980:Manganese
3958:Potassium
3953:Phosphate
3948:Magnesium
3840:Vitamin B
3589:Additives
3530:Phase III
3518:Withdrawn
3383:Pyritinol
3263:analogues
2941:Tretinoin
2793:/chronic
2784:Palpation
2546:Cretinism
2477:eMedicine
2302:. UNICEF.
1594:Nutrients
1336:0957-5243
1035:1533-2101
664: 2-3
658: 1-1
652: 0-0
628:thyroxine
610:Prognosis
551:Treatment
519:Diagnosis
507:Path Biol
417:Pregnancy
314:cretinism
280:Australia
268:thyroxine
201:thyroxine
132:Specialty
4473:Fish oil
4453:Creatine
4390:Selenium
4350:Fluorine
4335:Chromium
4204:Vitamins
4194:Vitamins
4164:Minerals
4078:Cachexia
4068:Anorexia
4017:Fluorine
4005:Selenium
3995:Chromium
3943:Chloride
3788:Pellagra
3747:Beriberi
3709:Marasmus
3639:Vitamins
3634:Proteins
3599:Coloring
3252:Thiamine
2896:Vitamins
2807:Riedel's
2769:Subacute
2591:Myoedema
2558:Myxedema
2482:med/1187
2409:17174717
2342:26268911
2257:24088547
2216:23748060
2167:23395294
2041:31853231
1989:15734706
1954:21640375
1907:Archived
1689:Medscape
1661:11014322
1626:22254096
1575:12487770
1540:16838840
1532:16025225
1494:14965610
1445:21155628
1412:18590348
1344:10710195
1282:18620930
1204:16175826
1163:25530442
1114:23245607
886:See also
383:estrogen
288:European
237:fluoride
4619:Hadacol
4573:Taurine
4523:Lingzhi
4503:Guarana
4483:Ginseng
4468:Ephedra
4330:Choline
4325:Calcium
4061:General
3938:Calcium
3887:Rickets
3614:Flavors
3604:Enzymes
3230:soluble
2936:Retinol
2910:soluble
2720:lid lag
2207:3701928
2122:1060507
2032:6919660
1962:2234051
1875:. 2002.
1852:7596704
1641:Thyroid
1617:3257674
1555:Thyroid
1352:2665461
1290:5416860
1195:2626287
1154:4340604
1105:6350784
837:fatigue
487:(NIS).
445:Alcohol
432:calcium
334:Diderot
242:bromide
229:bromine
219:Seafood
158:in the
82:scholar
4660:Iodine
4614:Enzyte
4400:Sulfur
4395:Sodium
4355:Iodine
4345:Copper
4340:Cobalt
4027:Growth
3990:Iodine
3985:Copper
3963:Sodium
3876:Scurvy
3624:Lipids
3513:WHO-EM
3396:Biotin
3326:Niacin
3228:Water
2825:Goitre
2407:
2340:
2282:
2255:
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2204:
2165:
2119:
2039:
2029:
1987:
1960:
1952:
1850:
1819:
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1748:
1721:
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1538:
1530:
1492:
1474:Breast
1443:
1410:
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1350:
1342:
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1288:
1280:
1202:
1192:
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1133:Lancet
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1084:Lancet
1058:
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880:Israel
841:goiter
790:Russia
778:Africa
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348:cretin
262:Goiter
256:Goiter
190:Iodine
164:goiter
152:iodine
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4132:Types
3855:Other
3644:Water
3128:Delta
3124:Gamma
3114:Alpha
3102:Delta
3097:Gamma
3087:Alpha
2318:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
1958:S2CID
1869:(xls)
1536:S2CID
1452:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
1348:S2CID
1286:S2CID
1233:(2).
940:(PDF)
809:China
782:China
593:sushi
585:dulse
154:, an
89:JSTOR
75:books
4423:AAKG
4405:Zinc
4360:Iron
3975:Zinc
3970:Iron
3119:Beta
3092:Beta
2908:Fat
2621:LEMS
2611:KDSS
2458:6933
2405:PMID
2338:PMID
2280:ISBN
2253:PMID
2212:PMID
2163:PMID
2055:link
2037:PMID
1985:PMID
1950:PMID
1848:PMID
1817:ISBN
1784:ISBN
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1571:PMID
1528:PMID
1490:PMID
1441:PMID
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1200:PMID
1159:PMID
1110:PMID
1056:ISBN
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160:diet
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2155:doi
2117:PMC
2109:doi
2078:doi
2027:PMC
2019:doi
1942:doi
1938:377
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