Iranian Enlightenment - Knowledge (XXG)

1882:, in which he explained his controversial theory of libertarianism. For Akhundov, libertarianism meant that every human being who enters the world should enjoy complete freedom. He considered complete freedom to consist of two types of freedom: spiritual freedom and physical freedom. He believed that religion had taken away spiritual freedom from the people. Regarding physical freedom, he believed that authoritarian governments take it from the people for their own benefits. He considered the sum of these two spiritual and physical freedoms as complete freedom and said that these cases are explained in general in Western books. He believed that the people of Asia had been deprived of complete freedom, were completely deprived of the enjoyment of equality and the blessings of human rights, and were unable to understand this deprivation. 3902: 1687:. On the eve of the Constitutional Revolution, 15% of the country's exports and 25% of the country's imports passed through Tabriz. The merchants of Tabriz had become acquainted with modernity through their travels to Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and some of them were considered intellectuals. Hence, they called for an advisory and law-based political structure. In Tabriz, a class of constitutionalist and anti-monarchist intellectuals was formed, led by several teachers, clerics, and merchants. Tabriz had two telegraph lines to Tehran; one was state-owned and the other belonged to the Indo-European Telegraph Company. Therefore, residents of Tabriz were always informed of the developments in the capital very quickly. On the eve of the Constitutional Revolution, a large number of 1912:. In this book, Talibov pursued two goals: first, to introduce society to new knowledge and sciences; and second, to institutionalize a critical view in society and especially in children. Contrary to the old tradition of education, which did not allow criticism and controversy, Talibov in his book tried to encourage questioning and teach conversation with the child as the only normal way to treat the child. Talibov was very interested in nationalism and, for the first time among Iranians, found freedom in nationalism and saw the concept of nationalism not on the basis of racism, but on the basis of "knowing one's own history and past." Talbov also considered all the people who lived in Iran to be the inheritors of the culture of ancient Iran. 2002: 3552: 2269:, and others, realized that in order to eliminate oppression from the world, the oppressor should not be dealt with at all, but the oppressed should be told that Donkey! You who are more oppressive in strength, number, wealth, Why do you tolerate oppression? When the oppressed became aware of such rational thoughts, they removed the oppressor, made the laws for their own comfort, and then made every person in charge of the implementation of the same laws, then there will be no opportunity for oppression to the subordinates at all." 2492: 4884: 4179: 2148:. The aim of the publication was to acquaint women with literary works, superstition, housekeeping and childcare tips, and to try to improve women's morale. Over time, the magazine's tone became sharper and its protests against the social situation more explicit, such as criticizing the tradition of underage girls marrying and even protesting the interventions of superpowers and encouraging national independence. One of the most important actions of Amid, as the editor-in-chief of 4892: 2471:. From the very beginning, there were two policies in the party: the faction that gathered around Sultan-zadeh considered Iran on the eve of the socialist revolution. The more moderate faction, which favored the views of Haydar Khan, believed that Iran was still not ready for a socialist revolution and worked towards a national and democratic revolution. During the Iranian Communists' joining the Jungle Movement, Haydar Khan's policy prevailed and he became the leader of the 1836: 47: 3974: 2996: 2815:. The successful coup led to the establishment of a government led by Prime Minister Zia al-Din Tabatabai and War Minister Reza Khan Sardar Sepah. Tabatabai was unpopular in the Majlis due to the arrest of many of his opponents and was finally dismissed after a hundred days, leading to Sardar Sepah's installation as the new prime minister. Reza Khan Sardar Sepah's reforms began during his tenure as prime minister, which many intellectuals, including 1716: 5536: 2230: 3529: 1276: 2165: 3224: 3067: 3044: 1645:. In order to realize this dream, Sardar Rafi invited European orientalists to explore Gorgan and its surroundings. The first excavations were carried out around 1900 under an artificial hill near the city of Gorgan, where the Astarabad treasury was discovered. Experts believe that some of the objects in the treasury, which are very similar to the discoveries of 4234: 2116: 2373: 4555: 2101:

modern Western-style system of government in Iran. Taghizadeh is a controversial figure in the field of opinion and practice during the Qajar era. He praised the scientific achievements of the West in their various dimensions, and he considered unquestioning surrender to Western civilization as the solution to end Iran's backwardness.

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of modernity were based on reducing the power of the absolute monarchy, which had been the most powerful ruling class in Iran for centuries. This goal seemed impracticable without recruiting other powerful classes in Iran and involving them in political participation. For this reason, Mirza Malkam Khan, in the second issue of the

1971:, known as "the father of modern Iranian education". After acquiring new educational techniques, in addition to establishing schools in a new style, Roshdieh introduced new ideas into the Iranian education system and changed the way of reading the alphabet and writing various books for children. He had the support of people like 3997: 4685: 3928: 1649:, belong to the third millennium BC and nearly 5,000 years ago. Since then, Gorgan became one of the favorite centers of orientalists, and as a result, caused the arrival of modern science in Gorgan. Sardar Rafie was very interested in the ancient history of Iran and wished to re-introduce the ancient values of Iran. 4812: 4265: 3833: 3173: 2356:

Since the French Revolution was a valuable example for Iranian revolutionaries and intellectuals, they saw the formation of Faramosh Khaneh and the joining of Freemasonry organizations as a means of transformation and revolution in Iran. The Faramosh Khaneh was first established with the permission of

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in the Levant before joining Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi and Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. In Istanbul, due to the availability of printing presses, he became the editor of Iranian activist publications from Iran and Britain, and he also corresponded with Bábists and endangered politicians and brought many of them

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of assassinating him. Haydar Khan was initially an extremist socialist who believed in a sweeping reform in Iran. However, after returning from Russia, he turned to moderate communism and worked hard to establish this ideology in Iran. Many leftist thinkers in Iran are still influenced by him because

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Although Malkam Khan in the last decades of his life focused most of his efforts on political activism and building modern institutions in the socio-political structure of Iran, his emphasis on the need for awakening and Iranian activity continued unabated until the end of his life. While Malkam Khan

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State bureaucracy, organizing tax affairs, establishing democratic institutions, legalism, moving towards science and technology, establishing a free press, and reforming the army were among the issues that Mirza Malkam Khan sought to pursue and turn into political programs. Mirza Malkam Khan's ideas

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Women were deprived of many of their basic rights for many years, but during the constitutional movement, secret and non-secret women's associations were formed. The goals of these associations were more freedom for women in society and civil equality. At this time, intellectual constitutionalist men

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began to function. Newspapers and books were published with less censorship, and thinkers no longer saw their lives in danger. With the establishment of the first legislature and the adoption of the constitution, a new round of strife broke out between the proponents of the ancient tradition and the

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Since there was no basis for creating an intellectual society in Qajar Iran, early thinkers followed the example of their French counterparts. During this period, Iranian intellectuals looked to France. France was a base for Iranians to study and reside in because it had no direct involvement in the

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dynasty. Due to the unrest in the Safavid and Qajar governments, the economy of Iran collapsed. The Qajars inherited a country whose economy had long been based on land and agriculture. The Qajars sought to stabilize the economy and expand industry and carpet weaving, trade and limited foreign trade

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was educated and had political beliefs opposed to the general public and politicians, so he did not engage in political activity, occasionally writing poetry and pursuing careers in government and journalism. But during the constitutional movement, he began composing poems in support of the people.

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The thoughts of Mostashar al-Dowleh were incompatible with the temperament of Naser al-Din Shah, so he was afflicted with the same fate that befell all libertarians at that time. He was chained and imprisoned in the Rokniyeh mansion in 1891 by the Shah. He was alone in prison and was not allowed to

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is known as the first written document of the beginning of modernity in Iran. It was written in 1868, nearly 36 years before the Constitutional Revolution, in Paris. Mustashar al-Dawla, himself a member of the Grand Orian Masonic Lodge, selected articles from the French constitution and the French

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in terms of his passionate speeches and political ideas. Taghizadeh was one of the few intellectuals and politicians active in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution who, in addition to political struggle, was involved in discussions in the field of new political thought and the need to establish a

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was one of the intellectuals before the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, who, following Akhundov, at the age of 55, began writing works on social, nationalist and religious criticism. During his long life, Talibov went through a period of using Western civilization, especially France, as a model

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Mirza Malkam Khan was influenced by Rousseau's ideas, which placed a strong emphasis on the awakening of human beings and believed that without freedom and spontaneity, no society would have real value. However, Mirza Malkam Khan soon came to believe that the implementation of Rousseau's ideas in

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The formation of the Majlis was a great change not only in Iran, but also in the Middle East. This was the first time that power was divided among different people from different classes in the Middle East. According to Iranian historian Mohammad Amini, the 1906 constitution was recognized in its

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Amir Kabir fought against bribery during his ministry. He ordered that the incalculable receipts and unreasonable benefits courtiers and princes received from government agencies be cut off. He reduced the king's salary to two thousand tomans a month. He ended the corruption of the previous prime

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newspaper became the first modern Iranian newspaper with the publication of world news articles, an events page, a children and adolescents page, and translation of foreign articles. After the removal of Amir Kabir, the management fell into the hands of others, but until the newspaper was banned,

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The intellectuals of the Iranian Enlightenment had weaknesses that prevented them from ever achieving their goals. They did not have a proper understanding of the general public. Suggestions such as simplifying their concepts also failed to reach the public. In addition to these, there were many

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organization that had no purpose other than to fight against tyranny and to establish democracy. One of the important factors that attracted the intellectuals of this period to Freemasonry organizations, especially its French lodge, was the important role of its members in the French Revolution.

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The first generation of intellectual movements in Iran continued to prosper until Mohammad Ali Shah bombed the parliament in 1908. Mohammad Ali Shah dealt a fatal blow to the constitutional movement and the intellectual movement by executing many of the great intellectuals of the time, such as

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and several other intellectuals and wrote letters to all of them, the general intellectuals fell victim to infighting over small issues. Nor did the intellectuals succeed in defeating and dominating the spiritual and superstitious sections of society. One of the most important reasons for its

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Roshdieh built eight schools in Tabriz, seven of which were destroyed by clerics. But the eighth school, which was built with the support of Farrokh Khan Amin al-Dawla, remained. The development that Rushdie made in the Iranian education system was that, before him, schools belonged to the

1564:, familiarity with French was one of the requirements of the Iranian educated class, and in fact, French took the traditional place of Arabic as the specialized language of students. Almost all works of Western literature, philosophy and history were translated into Persian through French. 4211: 2080:

during the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah. In addition, the Social Democrats were the first party to present a clear political, social, and economic agenda and to describe their organizational form in detail in a code of conduct. The Social Democrats, unlike their conservative rivals in the

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The Social Democratic Party was the first political party, in the modern sense, to emerge in Iran and operate in the early years of parliament. The party had few members, and perhaps had branches in only a few cities. On the other hand, the Social Democrats helped organize a social and

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is known among contemporary Iranian writers, scholars, and intellectuals as the "father of the Iranian Enlightenment". Mirza Malkam Khan is one of the most prominent figures of the first generation of Iranian intellectuals, whose political thought eventually led to the victory of the

4476: 2214:. Mirzadeh Eshghi was also one of the first and most prominent intellectuals of the constitutional period to defend women's rights and defend women's freedom and presence in society. He criticized the low rights of women and believed that the hijab was a useless legacy of the past. 2348:. Despite Malkam Khan's preparations, the wave of opposition rose very quickly. Although the internal organization of Faramosh Khaneh was derived from Freemasonry lodges in Europe, Malkam Khan's Faramosh Khaneh was not connected organizationally with European Freemasonry circles. 3678: 2301:. Helvétius advised reformers not to argue with the common people, because during the years of absolute rule, the thinking of the people had not grown to the extent that they understood the reformists. Rather, reformers should work to advance the interests of the people. 1473:

with Russia, the military, scientific and economic backwardness of Iran became clear to the educated class. As a result, a number of French-speaking princes, students, and literates traveled to France in 1843 to study. Among them were a number of great thinkers such as

1388:. These groups spread their ideas by distributing leaflets and newspapers. These secret societies stressed the need to reform the land and administrative system and reduce the role of the clergy in society, as well as to limit the rulers within the framework of the law. 4292: 2038: 3479: 2899: 1889:

for the political, social and economic life of the Iranian people. Hence, one of the most important themes of his works was modeling on Western civilization and at the same time opposing the influence of colonialism. Talibov was best known for his famous book,

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The construction of schools in a new style and the spread of new educational ideas in Iran was one of the most important cultural developments that, despite the opposition of some individuals and groups, was finally accepted in the Iranian cultural system.

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broad front of modernists. In fact, with the victory of the constitutionalist movement, the traditional system was disrupted and the presence of modern concepts was transferred from the realm of thought to the social and political realities of Iran.

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and anti-scholarly. However, in the late Qajar period, the clergy succeeded in re-establishing themselves as intellectuals. Mostly because the repression of intellectuals was carried out by politicians who were also anti-scholarly and anti-intellectual.

1750:, religious reform, the fight against torture, and social reform. The construction of Dar ul-Funun was completed two days after the removal of Amir Kabir, who ordered the recruitment of professors from Europe. The arrival of foreign professors such as 1590:. After a while, Voltaire's books became available to the educated class of society. One of the significant factors in the growth of the Iranian Intellectual movement was the translation of the works of Western philosophers and, above all, Voltaire. 3783: 2819:, considered a "window of hope." On October 31, 1925, in a vote in the fifth parliament of the National Assembly, Reza Khan Sardar Sepah was elected king, which is considered to be the beginning of the second generation of intellectual movements. 4411: 5000:

Mohammad Ali Soltani, Secret Political Parties and Associations in Kermanshah from Faramosh Khaneh to the Black House: Periods of 5-1 National Assembly Elections and Shouters in the Name of Dictatorship from Kermanshah, Saha Publishing 1999,

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Other activities of Maryam Amid include the establishment of a girls' school, the establishment of the Hemmat Association, the elimination of superstitions and the boycott of foreign goods, and the prohibition of the import of such products.

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Aref Qazvini spent his whole life in poverty, but he did not stop composing poetry until he died of an illness. "Imprisoned Bird's Moaning", one of his most famous works, has a liberal aspect and encourages people to resist until victory.

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Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship, and tried to show Iranian clerics and elders that these laws did not contradict the Qur'an. The book accepted a law by which, according to Mostashar al-Dowleh, the king and a beggar were equal.

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annually through embezzlement, a simple worker was paid one toman a month plus a loaf of bread. Some large feudal lords and large wealthy people, using their position and political influence, acquired large agricultural estates. Prince

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and people like Prince Jalaluddin Mirza Qajar. The ideology of this association was rooted in Malkam Khan's interpretation of the socio-political ideals of nineteenth-century Europe, especially the French Revolution: ideals such as

4835: 4674:"Brown showed me his copy of the rare book, Hasht Behesht. I was amazed at how he managed to save this book from the clutches of short-sighted fanatics!" Biography of Mirza Malkam Khan, his life and political efforts, p. 234 (1934) 3856: 2296:

Mirza Malkam Khan was interested in spreading modernity and its values in Iran. Mirza Malkam Khan's way of thinking in the political struggle, which paid much attention to social mobilization, was very similar to the ideas of

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Mirza Jahangir Khan excelled in writing and journalism, fluent but sharp prose. Without any fear, he wrote about the deepest corruption within government institutions. He was always sympathetic to the ignorance of the people.

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As a prince, Iraj Mirza criticized Muhammad Ali Shah and Ahmad Shah. He was politically conservative to the extent that he did not harm his own self-interest; at the same time though, he had patriotic and nationalist ideas.

1571:. Secret societies were mostly formed in the homes of wealthy princes interested in science. Gradually, many people were attracted to these secret societies and had different political ideologies. In 1859, the works of 1395:, which on the one hand was mixed with superstitions, and on the other hand, according to Ali Akbar Velayati, the strictness and intellectual prejudice of some religious people caused intellectual-scientific decline. 2777:, the parliament was closed for fourteen years on his orders, causing political unrest. The political turmoil in the capital reached such a level that on the night of July 17, 1910, four people stormed the house of 2765:. Due to the lack of alternatives to these individuals, Shiite clerics and anti-constitutional politicians soon took over. They also continued to censor and suppress the constitutionalists. Intellectuals such as 2436:, Haydar Khan went to Baku, where he sent volunteers to fight Mohammad Ali Shah and help the resistance fighters of Tabriz, and he himself came to Tabriz. During the battles of Tabriz, he was involved in killing 5518: 4780: 4905:

On behalf of the Socialist faction of the Majles, since I see Reza Khan Sardar Sepah as a window of hope for Iran, I vote for the extinction of the Qajar monarchy and the transfer of power to Reza Khan Sardar

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were the important centers of this period. For various reasons, these cities were not affected by the socio-economic losses suffered by the rest of Iran. Kerman, due to the support of the last survivor of the

1869:. He considers the condition of being Iranian not to be a part of Iranian-Islamic culture, but to be a part of the Iranian nation and loyal to the homeland. One of Akhundov's greatest works is his treatise 1546:

All these dire economic conditions had degraded people's view of science and enlightenment, so the Qajar period, especially since the time of Nasser al-Din Shah, was a major setback for science in Iran.

1442:. Most of these intellectuals expressed their thoughts through poetry and fiction, simple stories and parables that were easy for people to understand and helped to spread Enlightenment throughout Iran. 4020: 2194:

These libertarians were greatly angered by the aristocratic rich who came to power through corruption and bribery. Based on a story that may not be true, Farrokhi Yazdi composed a poem criticizing

1816:; the efforts of these people eventually led to the dismissal of Amir Kabir from his position. Some courtiers, who saw him as against their own interests, slandered Amir Kabir's claim to kingship. 1744: 3651: 2283:

Iran would be impossible. For this reason, he turned to the more practical and applied ideas of modernity, which could be turned into political projects that would lead to social mobilization.

5072: 1979:. Thanks to their support and efforts, Roshdieh was able to contribute to the development of the education system and its generalization, and to advance the education process towards change. 2085:, called for sweeping reforms in Iran in the style of Western governments. They showed their extremism with several assassinations and political sabotages, including the assassination of 1785:" was the best way. Although Amir Kabir was the son of a cook and studied secretly, he hated the superstitions and abuses of the ulema. When Amir Kabir limited the power of the clergy, 2785:, was killed. Political turmoil and the escape, assassination, murder and execution of intellectuals all made the constitutional movement and the intellectual movement look broken. 4061: 2364:, one of the defenders of Freemasonry, and it flourished during this period. Mirza Aga Khan eventually ordered its closure, and Mirza Malkam Khan was arrested and exiled to Iraq. 2076:

anti-authoritarian struggle in Tehran, and were blamed for several terrorist acts. In Gilan and Azerbaijan, they aroused the movement of peasants and craftsmen and organized the

2406:, was formed. However, after a while, Taghizadeh and Amo-oghli clashed over the extremism and assassinations committed by Amo-oghli, which led to the dissolution of the party. 1630:, and to forget the past by erecting works such as the Ebrahim Khan collection. For this reason, Kerman became a city of science and many great thinkers of this period such as 1876: 1496: 3903:"Stage analysis such as methods of resolving disputes between the two parties, Social Democratic Party and Moderate Socialists Party in the Second National Assembly of Iran" 4640: 3366: 2560:(Awakening) movement. However, over time the observation of al-Afghani's lack of work and lack of struggle caused Mirza to despair, as he wrote in one of his letters: 4972: 4766: 4397: 2428:. After a while, Haydar Khan returned to Iran and the Hemmat Party became the Social Democratic Party. After that, Haydar Khan's terrorist activities began. In 1907, 2175:

An important influence of the constitutional movement was the existence of libertarians and thinkers who were from the poor or middle class of society. Poets such as

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and his family during this period. Sardar Rafi decided to modernize Gorgan because he came from an artistic and scientific family and traveled to big cities such as

5065: 1454: 5409: 2884: 2110: 2412:, known as "the greatest leftist thinker and theorist of Qajar Iran", was one of the most influential figures of the Constitutional Revolution and later of the 2390:

After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution in 1906, leftist ideologies entered Iran, supported by a number of emerging constitutional leaders such as

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Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Society and market in the era of Naser al-Din Shah with a look at the social and economic situation in the Qajar era, 2019, p. 34-40

3951: 2564:"Sheikh" Seyyed Jamal is sitting in his house and several workers are taken from morning to evening to receive people from different countries such as 3553:"An Introduction to the History of Transformation and Modernity in Iran and Egypt with Emphasis on the Views of Talibov Tabrizi and Rifa'a al-Tahtawi" 2781:

and killed him. Shortly afterwards, another political assassination took place in Tehran. Ali Mohammad Khan Tarbiat, a writer and journalist from the

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in 1843, there became acquainted with Western philosophy and after much effort translated Voltaire's works into Persian. He presented a manuscript to

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Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Society and market in the era of Naser al-Din Shah with a look at the social and economic situation in the Qajar era, 2019, p. 41

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were admitted to the Masonic lodges of England and Scotland. However, in 1859 Mirza Malkam Khan established the first Masonic lodge in Iran, called

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during his time as prime minister. They criticized Amir Kabir for opening the Dar al-Fonun, arguing that teaching in the same traditional way as "

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Mohammad Ali Akbari, Pioneers of New Thought in Iran: The Age of Iranian Enlightenment, Humanities Research and Development Publications, 2006,

1683:. Tabriz was the second most populous city in the country, with a population of 240,000 at the beginning of the twentieth century, according to 4180:"The effect of social class on the poetry of the poets of the constitutional period focusing on the poems of "Iraj Mirza" and "Farrokhi Yazdi"" 2680: 2417: 2618: 1703:

and turned to radical ideas. Thus, social democratic tendencies were widespread in the region and formed constitutionalist nuclei such as the

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newspaper, formally conceived the idea of forming an alliance between the clergy and the educated to break the domination of the monarchy.

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was a very powerful poet, writer, journalist and playwright, who always supported liberal Ideas. He wrote one of the first Iranian operas,

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are in this category. They strongly criticized the oppression of the people. Among the rich and aristocrats, there were intellectuals like

2090: 1626:. His successors tried to rebuild the city and appease the people by sending rulers such as Mohammad Esmail Khan Nouri, Vakil al-Mulk, and 5239: 4050:

Camron Michael Amin: The Making of the Modern Iranian Woman:Gender, State Policy, and Popular Culture, 1865–1946, Gainesville 2002, p. 41.

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Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, The emergence of Iranian nationalism: Race and the politics of dislocation, New York: Columbia University Press, 2016

2460: 1805:. He reorganized the tax laws and adjusted the income statement. Amir Kabir also confiscated the rights of those who did not pay taxes. 3342:, Amīr Kabīr made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper 2135:, Iraj Mirza, and others also supported the women's rights movement, especially the right to education and the abolition of the hijab. 5138: 2048:

The formation of parliament led to the emergence and growth of intellectual ideas that may not have been possible during the reign of

1862:. These three thinkers were very influential among their contemporaries with works on nationalism, secularism and constitutionalism. 1470: 1346: 1341:), brought new ideas into traditional Iranian society from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. During the rule of the 5081: 5043: 5023: 5006: 4994: 4980: 4868: 4716: 4525: 4332: 3741: 3661: 3462: 3437: 3412: 3022: 2844: 2629: 2416:. Amo-oghli, became acquainted with socialist ideas while studying at the Tbilisi Polytechnic University and became a member of the 2001: 1996: 1445:

The first generation of intellectuals in Iran went beyond the borders of the country and influenced neighboring countries such as

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In the beginning, many intellectuals of the Qajar period recognized the Freemasonry organization as a modern, revolutionary and

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and returned to Tehran in March 1911 where he lived secretly until his whereabouts were identified. He was exiled by order of

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aristocracy and government officials, and ordinary people were not allowed to study in schools, instead they had to study in

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took over all of Isfahan and its environs by poisoning and assassinating the Isfahan capitalists and seizing their property.

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Because of this, many intellectual customs in Qajar Iran were inspired by the French, including the tradition of setting up

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by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, relative freedom of expression was established in Iran. Parliamentary elections were held and the

5417: 5204: 2060:, and nationalism. These ideas were advanced in the first term of the parliament by one of the emerging politicians named 1297: 5482: 5462: 2997:"The role of the British East India Company in changing the political and economic position of Iran in the Persian Gulf" 2688: 2673:

beheaded them in the northern garden of Tabriz on charges of being Bábist and sent their heads full of straw to Tehran.

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Ali Gheissari, Iranian intellectuals in the twentieth century (from constitutionalism to the end of the monarchy), 2010

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History of British-Iranian trade and political relations from the time of the Ilkhanate to the end of the Qajar dynasty

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center of Iran. The city had a mint and a library. With the investment of the great capitalists of Iran at that time,

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had an immense influence on Iran's entry into political modernity, his legacy in the 20th century was controversial.

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At a time when reading and writing were forbidden for women and women's knowledge and research was considered a sin,

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Amir Kabir's presence in Naser al-Din Shah's court was always opposed by a number of the Shah's relatives, including

1489:. A native of Tabriz but a resident of Georgia, Russia, he nevertheless wrote important books in Persian, including 5264: 5229: 5194: 5158: 5102: 2726:

bombardment the parliament on the orders of Mohammad Ali Shah, Jahangir Khan, along with Malek al-Motakallemin and

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and included various strata of the people, businessmen, clerics, peasants and politicians. With the signing of the

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The intellectual background of many thinkers of this period is the work of three philosophers and writers named

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in Iran and the beginning of their work at Dar ul-Fonun University brought Western science and culture to Iran.

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began to work to promote liberal and nationalist ideas. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was a major figure of the Arab

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meet anyone, not even other prisoners in Qazvin. He was tortured in prison and died a few years later in 1895.

1786: 1623: 1576: 1290: 1252: 1247: 1237: 26: 4434:"Analysis of reports of the Mollasera incident and the murder of Haydar Khan Amo-oghli in the Jungle Movement" 2491: 152: 4113: 2604:. Kermani became an atheist at the end of his life, which was one of the reasons for his eventual execution. 1353:, cultural exchanges led to the formation of new ideas among the educated class of Iran.The establishment of 5422: 5399: 5339: 5324: 5269: 5214: 5107: 2782: 2734:. The three were arrested and executed on June 23, 1908, in front of the Bāgh-e Shāh, after being tortured. 2700: 2687:, one of the most influential secret societies during the constitutional movement. After the signing of the 2670: 2655: 2647: 2637: 2600:

ideas, wrote several books in which he expressed a wish to restore the empires which had existed before the

2553: 2421: 2357: 2184: 2049: 1759: 1739: 1730: 1700: 1587: 1531: 1458: 815: 2636:. In this book, he also described his vision of an ideal government. The book was saved from extinction by 1976: 1526:

Along with this feudal economy, the increasing influence of colonial and imperialist companies such as the

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Seyyd Javad Tabatabai, Fundamentals of Constitutional Theory: A Reflection on Iran, Minoy-e Kherad, 2015,

4125: 2613: 2533: 2519: 2504: 2437: 2077: 1908: 1794: 1769:

Amir Kabir made a significant contribution to the development of the Persian language as a modern medium.

1638: 1631: 1446: 1427: 635: 109: 2447:, Haydar Khan continued his secret revolutionary activity. In 1910 he went on a secret mission among the 2086: 1575:, one of the most famous French philosophers of the Enlightenment, were first translated into Persian by 1391:

Secular Iranian thinkers based their work on confronting religious traditions. They were confronted with

5432: 5374: 5344: 5219: 4356:

Hassan Qazi Muradi, Malkam Khan: Theorist of political modernization in the constitutional era, p. 58-64

3626: 2808: 2748: 2589: 2409: 2395: 2376: 2336: 2274: 2245: 1918:, is one of the pioneers and libertarians of Nasser al-Din Shah's era and the author of the famous book 1903: 1851: 1840: 1734: 1561: 1486: 1439: 1407: 1354: 513: 433: 371: 3068:"French melody, a passage in the relations between Iran and France in the contemporary history of Iran" 3045:"French melody, a passage in the relations between Iran and France in the contemporary history of Iran" 2253:

In 1863, he (Akhundov) heard and wrote from Mirza Malkam Khan that "Near the beginning of our century,

1920: 1891: 5259: 4750: 3822:

Muhammad Amini, The importance of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the Middle East, p.45, 2013

3144:

Astarabad and Gorgan in the context of Iranian history, a look at 5000 years of history of this region

5319: 5153: 5143: 3118: 2812: 2753: 2335:. Its members were from different classes; for example, both the urban middle-class graduates of the 1925: 1358: 1242: 4157: 4128:, Research on the life, thoughts, works and poems of Iraj Mirza and his family and ancestors, p. 213 2483:

the basis of the ideology of communism in Iran is the same moderation that Haydar Khan agreed with.

1766:, who was Iran's ambassador to Britain at the time, also returned to Iran to teach at Dar ul-Fonun. 1357:, the first modern university in Iran and the arrival of foreign professors, caused the thoughts of 5427: 5349: 5334: 5314: 5209: 5012: 2762: 2676: 2537: 2361: 2132: 1866: 1813: 1657: 1520: 1381: 975: 845: 274: 70: 3804:

Seyyd Javad Tabatabai, Fundamentals of Constitutional Theory: A Reflection on Iran, vol. 2, p. 213

3711:"A study of the evolution of the educational system of schools in the Qajar and Reza Shah periods" 3339: 1835: 1797:. In response, Amir Kabir assaulted the shrine and placed Abdul-qasem Tehrani under house arrest. 46: 5558: 5472: 5394: 5379: 5299: 5234: 4947: 4610: 4602: 3603: 3296: 3288: 2878: 2816: 2706: 2662:

extradited Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi, Mirza Hassan Khan, and Mirza Aga Khan, who had been imprisoned in

2608: 2545: 2530:, known as the Báb. Several thinkers among the Bábists were very influential during this period. 2508: 2468: 2021: 2006: 1984: 1809: 1751: 1527: 1178: 965: 585: 56: 1361:

to enter Iran, followed by the first signs of enlightenment and intellectual movements in Iran.

1871: 1491: 5487: 5304: 5284: 5244: 5128: 5039: 5019: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4939: 4864: 4722: 4712: 4627: 4521: 4511: 4328: 4094: 4067: 3762: 3737: 3657: 3630: 3595: 3515: 3458: 3433: 3408: 3254: 3200: 3018: 2932: 2920: 2840: 2744: 2479: 2444: 2425: 2289: 2240: 2233: 1763: 1568: 1475: 1399: 1377: 1005: 905: 895: 605: 595: 553: 453: 397: 5249: 5168: 5112: 4931: 4594: 3587: 3280: 2774: 2723: 2448: 2391: 2061: 1802: 1642: 1485:

One of the most important Iranian figures influencing the Iranian intellectual movement was

1431: 1334: 1322: 1035: 725: 695: 5457: 5309: 5279: 4801:

Kamyar Abedi, Sur-e Esrafil and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, a historical and literary study, p. 96

4463: 2766: 2597: 2581: 2332: 2314: 2205: 2180: 2168: 2128: 1688: 1675:

Tabriz became one of the most important centers of this period due to its trade routes to

1502:. This book can be considered an exciting statement against the Iranian traditions of the 1415: 1369: 1169: 1132: 1073: 915: 865: 765: 735: 675: 615: 571: 533: 503: 473: 443: 332: 238: 143: 83: 35: 4583:"The Constitutional Movement and the Baha'is of Iran: The Creation of an 'Enemy Within'" 3174:"The course of political and social developments in Yazd during the constitutional era" 2659: 2585: 2456: 2352: 2097: 2065: 1715: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1653: 1582:

Jalal al-Din Mirza, himself a student who had traveled to France to study on behalf of

1557: 1365: 1350: 1025: 705: 685: 625: 261: 172: 16:

A period of intellectual movements in Iran from the late 19th century to the early 20th

4739: 3530:"The initial confrontation of Iranian intellectuals with modernity: (a dual approach)" 5552: 5503: 5254: 5189: 4968: 4762: 4614: 3998:"A page from the history of constitutionalism: (Letter from Seyed Hassan Taghizadeh)" 3300: 2859:

Muhamad Muhit Tabbatabbai, "Collection of works of Mirza Malkam Khan", page, 125 1948

2695:, there was a relative freedom of expression, so Jahangir Khan founded the newspaper 2633: 2565: 2064:. Taghizadeh and his supporters were known for their extremism, intellectualism, and 1820: 1669: 1619: 1535: 1514:

The economy of the Qajar era was affected by the conflicts after the collapse of the

1373: 1342: 1104: 1093: 835: 755: 715: 162: 122: 5050: 2037: 5437: 5329: 4137: 2770: 2727: 2667: 2244:

constitutionalists and the establishment of parliament. There are writings left by

2176: 1972: 1692: 1627: 1615: 1515: 1419: 1222: 1151: 1114: 1082: 1045: 935: 775: 341: 1015: 5030: 4858: 4598: 4515: 2455:. Heydar Khan went to Russia and from there to France and Switzerland and joined 2152:, was the introduction of female candidates in the third parliamentary election. 5369: 5359: 5224: 3346:, which survived under different titles until the reign of Moẓaffar-al-dīn Shah. 3220: 2452: 2320: 2262: 2229: 2139: 2119: 1672:, this city made a lot of progress in a short period and even surpassed Tehran. 1646: 1280: 925: 885: 645: 523: 4556:"تاثیر انقلاب اکتبر روسیه بر جنبش‌های انقلابی در ایران | DW | November 6, 2017" 4386: 1733:

in 1848. He launched a plan for reform in Iran, including the establishment of

5364: 5294: 4935: 4726: 3834:"The first National Assembly and the attempt to explain constitutional rights" 3591: 3284: 2500: 2432:

was assassinated by Abbas Agha Tabrizi, a supporter of Haydar Khan. After the

2341: 2217: 2188: 2142:

succeeded in launching one of first Iranian women's magazines in 1910, called

2053: 1726: 1719: 1583: 1503: 1450: 1435: 1411: 1392: 1141: 1055: 875: 855: 825: 785: 745: 577: 543: 463: 417: 62: 4943: 4889:

Library, Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

4255:

Ali Asghar Haqdar, Letters of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazim al-Dawlah, p. 201, 2017

4235:"Mirza Malkam Khan Nazim al-Dawlah and a reflection on his educational ideas" 3599: 2379:, one of the leaders of the Constitutional Revolution and the founder of the 1368:

and secret associations. These secret societies included Mirza Malkam Khan's

4709:

175 years of persecution : a history of the Babis & Baha'is of Iran

2958: 2804: 2577: 2057: 1790: 985: 955: 945: 655: 493: 351: 2523: 2496: 2467:

and formed the first communist party in Iran called the Justice Party with

1959:, teacher and journalist, known as the "father of modern Iranian education" 4365:

Mohammad Ali Akbari, Challenges of the modern era in the Qajar Iran, p. 96

3929:"A sheet of constitutional history: Haydar Khan Amo-oghli and Rasoulzadeh" 3503:

The emergence of Iranian nationalism: Race and the politics of dislocation

3455:

The Thought of Freedom and the Introduction to the Constitutional Movement

3315: 2628:) in Iraq, in which he described the beliefs of Bábism and considered the 1523:

became a feudal economy due to the rise of Qajar princes throughout Iran.

1519:

and livestock products. The economic situation of Iran after the reign of

3269:"Nasir al-Din Shah and the Dar al-Funun: The Evolution of an Institution" 2541: 2345: 2258: 2254: 2144: 1696: 1572: 805: 795: 361: 248: 4686:"Malkam and Brown; The role of Qanun newspaper in Iranian Enlightenment" 4606: 4582: 4313:

Hujjatullah Asil, Treatises of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazim Al-Dawlah, p. 512

3710: 3109:

Pioneers of New Thought in Iran: The Age of Iranian Enlightenment, p. 17

2115: 4951: 4920:"The Reza Shah Period: Document Collections Recently Published in Iran" 4919: 4665:

Sayyd Muqdad Nabavi Rezai, "Once upon a time, Bábism's endeavors", 2014

3607: 3576:"Nationalism, Modernism and Islam in the Writings of Talibov-i Tabrizi" 3575: 3292: 3268: 2663: 2573: 1844: 1461:

collaborated with most of the great thinkers of this period from Iran.

995: 483: 314: 304: 294: 212: 185: 4885:"Session: 211 Detailed minutes of the Assembly dated October 31, 1925" 4542:

The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921: The Birth of Trauma.

4168:

Muhammad Qaeed, Mirzadeh Eshghi, the noble face of an anarchist, p. 19

4041:

Haqiqat Abdul'Rafie, The first female journalist in Iran, p. 137, 1973

2752:

formation was the struggle against superstitions and clerics who were

2372: 4347:

Esmaeel Raeen, Faramosh Khane and Freemasonry in Iran, vol. 1, p. 354

1824: 1782: 1665: 1606: 1602: 1598: 381: 284: 4433: 4374:

Ibrahim Sadeghi Nia, Freemasonry and secret societies in Iran, p. 24

2527: 1952: 5519:

Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution

5029:

Nazim al-Islam Kermani, History of the Iranian Enlightenment, 1909

4813:"Roads of Freedom Riders, in memory of: Jahangir Khan Sur Israfil" 2569: 2557: 2490: 2371: 2228: 2171:, one of the most influential poets of the constitutional movement 2163: 2114: 2036: 2000: 1951: 1834: 1778: 1714: 189: 3100:

Karim Mujtahedi, "Voltaire's historical reputation in Iran", 2004

3091:

Karim Mujtahedi, "Voltaire's historical reputation in Iran", 2004

2837:

Pioneers of New Thought in Iran: The Age of Iranian Enlightenment

1819:

Amir Kabir was assassinated on Saturday, January 10, 1852 in the

1530:

in Iran, caused a complete economic collapse during the reign of

4836:"A study of the intellectual currents of the constitutional era" 2947:"An overview of the social and economic structure of Qajar Iran" 2839:. Humanities Research and Development Publications. p. 10. 1610: 202: 5054: 4200:

Seyyd Hadi Haeeri, Thoughts and works of Iraj Mirza, p. 34 1987

4544:

Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995; pg. 476.

4501:

Gregor Yaghikian, Soviet Union and Jungle Movement, p. 49 1984

4293:"West and modernity from the perspective of Mirza Malkam Khan" 3132:

Ali Asghar Shamim, Iran during the Qajar dynasty, 1992, p. 386

2871:

Intellectual contexts of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

4266:"Malkum Khan was influenced by development ideas in Istanbul" 3759:

Mirza Hassan Rushdieh, the founder of modern schools in Iran

3551:

Dadkhah, Hassan; Alam, Mohammad Reza; Tangestani, Masoumeh.

2679:

was a journalist and writer who hid his religion during the

2526:. The Bábist movement began following the 1850 execution of 2033:

Formation of the Social Democratic Party and modernist ideas

2012:

The constitutional movement was formed during the reign of

2923:, The idea of progress and the rule of law, 1973, p. 10-11 2478:

Following Haydar Khan's death in 1921, his allies accused

4918:

Mafi), Mansoureh Ettehadieh (Nezam; Bayat, Kaveh (1993).

3734:

People of Azerbaijan during the Constitutional Revolution

2420:. Amo-oghli fled to the Caucasus after the defeat of the 4021:"The Constitutional Revolution and the Women's Movement" 3784:"Mirza Hassan Roshdieh, the father of Iranian education" 4382: 4380: 3732:

Taba'tabai Majd, Gholam-Reza; Mojtahedi, Mahdi (1994).

2743:

disagreements between intellectual leaders. Other than

2646:

was a writer and former politician who was Iran's

1364:

During this period, intellectual groups were formed in

4412:"The role of Haydar Khan Amo-oghli in Jungle movement" 3832:

Salmasizadeh, Mohammad; Aminnejad Najafian, Mohammad.

3699:

Azerbaijani writers in constitutional movement, p. 468

3505:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 36–38. 2596:

Kermani later broke with al-Afghani and, with his new

4233:

Taheri Moghaddam, Seyyed Mohammad; Buchani, Ebrahim.

1967:

One of the first founders of new schools in Iran was

4989:, Amir Kabir and Iran, Kharazmi Publications, 1975, 4114:

The biography of the first female Iranian journalist

3225:"Social Democracy and the Constitutional Revolution" 2236:, known as "the father of the Iranian Enlightenment" 5496: 5450: 5408: 5177: 5121: 5095: 5088: 4184:

Journal of Persian Language and Literature Research

3518:, Mirza Fath-Ali Akhundzadeh Thoughts, p. 234, 1970 2935:, "Mirza Fatali Akhundov's Thoughts", page, 16 1970 2089:and his son Shoja Lashkar and the assassination of 3715:Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture 2984:. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. p. 523. 1331:first generation of intellectual movements in Iran 3679:"A treatise by Mirza Yusef Khan Mustasharadullah" 3316:"Freemasonry and Persian constitutional movement" 3159:Sardar Rafie Yanehsari, a man who remains unknown 1987:. Roshdieh built schools for the general public. 4973:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 4767:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 4477:"A review of the story of Haydar Khan Amo-oghli" 4454:Esmaeel Raeen, Haydar Khan Amo-oghli, p. 86 1976 4398:History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 3838:Journal of the History of Islam and Iran New Era 1865:Akhundov is best known as the first theorist of 1556:developments in Iran and was a serious rival to 5015:, Faramosh Khaneh and Freemasonry in Iran, 1961 4063:Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic 3480:"Modernity and Mirza Fath Ali Khan Akhundzadeh" 2459:'s colleagues. Haydar Khan participated in the 2251: 2191:who, despite being rich, wrote in a newspaper. 4711:. London: Oneworld Publications. p. 134. 4297:Azad University Journal of Scientific-research 2900:"Recognition of intellectual currents in Iran" 2111:Women in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1948:Developments in the Iranian educational system 1774:there was no censorship in articles and news. 5066: 3146:. Derakhshesh Publications. pp. 165–170. 1699:to work. Many of them were influenced by the 1298: 8: 2773:fled to Istanbul to save their lives. Under 4630:, "Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani's Thoughts", 1978 4002:Yaghma Journal of Political History of Iran 3956:Yaghma Journal of Political History of Iran 3884:History Journal of Mahallat Azad University 3457:. Tehran: Sokhan Publications. p. 35. 2122:, known as "first famel iranian Journalist" 2068:. Taghizadeh's minority faction formed the 1707:and the Azerbaijan Provincial Association. 5092: 5073: 5059: 5051: 4090:Women in the Middle East: Past and Present 2883:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2699:and explicitly criticized the policies of 2632:as a precondition for the downfall of the 2424:and founded the Hemmat Party in Baku with 1534:. While a governor could earn one hundred 1345:, and especially after the defeat of Iran 1305: 1291: 20: 4587:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4438:Journal of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 3557:Journal of Comparative Literature Studies 2211:The Resurrection of the Shahriars of Iran 4327:. Tihran, Chap-i sharq. pp. 56–60. 3656:(in Persian). Nashr-e Nay. p. 119. 3001:Journal of the History of Islam and Iran 2811:staged a coup against the government of 2747:, who had a very good relationship with 2592:are busy and have nothing else to do." 2418:Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party 1991:Post-constitutional developments in Iran 4753:, Life of Malek al-Motakallemin, p. 300 3880:"About Social Democratic Party of Iran" 3623:Faramosh Khaneh and Freemasonry in Iran 3161:. Thoughtful Monthly. pp. 154–156. 2827: 2105:Increasing the role of women in society 1469:After the defeat of Iran in the war of 1398:Among the thinkers of this period were 34: 23: 4517:Russia and the West in Iran, 1918-1948 3857:"The plans of Social Democratic Party" 2951:Journal of Political Science Quarterly 2876: 2713:with Jahangir Khan, writes about him: 2323:existed in Iran, and Iranians such as 2160:Poets and socio-political developments 1777:Amir Kabir had many problems with the 4212:"Journalism and poetry of Iraj Mirza" 4148:Arshad Tahmasbi, Aref's Tasnifs, 1996 3922: 3920: 3367:"Secretary who became Prime Minister" 3335: 3333: 3087: 3085: 1737:, the establishment of the newspaper 1551:Influence of the French Enlightenment 7: 3390:History of the Iranian Enlightenment 2683:. He was one of the founders of the 4087:Keddie, Nikki R. (August 9, 2012). 3855:Aliyev, Saleh; Azmoudeh, Abolfazl. 3484:Persian Journal of History Research 3199:. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. p. 14. 3122:Ebrāhim Khan as governor of Kermān. 2945:Pahnadayan, Shahin (May 22, 2017). 1338: 1326: 5139:Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh 4060:Beck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (2004). 3709:Nasiri, Mehdi (January 20, 2009). 3430:The role of powerful women in Iran 2656:assassination of Naser al-Din Shah 1560:. From that time until the era of 1339:نسل اول جنبش های روشنفکری در ایران 14: 5240:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi 5082:Persian Constitutional Revolution 3407:. Tehran: Gostareh. p. 141. 2225:Mirza Malkam Khan and Freemasonry 1997:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1940:is very secular in this respect. 1886:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi 1856:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi 5535: 5534: 4781:"Review of Sur-e Esrafil Weekly" 4520:. Greenwood Press. p. 348. 4066:. University of Illinois Press. 3432:. Tehran: Ghatreh. p. 801. 3388:Kermani, Nazim al-Islam (1909). 3344:Rūz-nāma-ye waqāyeʿ-e ettefāqīya 2548:and another Bábist writer named 2096:Taghizadeh has been compared to 2029:time as a secular constitution. 1831:Pre-constitutional intellectuals 1722:known as "Iran's first reformer" 1637:Gorgan was under the control of 1274: 45: 5275:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 4178:Hassanzadeh Mir Ali, Abdullah. 3979:Journal of Historical Sociology 3907:Journal of Historical Sociology 3761:. Tehran: Danjeh Publications. 3172:Mir Hosseini, Mohammad Hassan. 2463:in 1917 after the formation of 2398:. It was at this time that the 1916:Yousuf Khan Mostashar al-Dowleh 1860:Yousuf Khan Mostashar al-Dowleh 5185:Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh 4860:Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 4554:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 4416:Journal of Historical Research 4239:Journal of Historical Research 4093:. Princeton University Press. 3901:Tolli, Zahra; Shipri, Maryam. 2795:Intellectual movements in Iran 1902:, in which he was inspired by 1: 5418:Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh 5205:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni 2980:Taheri, Abu al-Qasim (1976). 2957:(38): 173–194. Archived from 2835:Akbari, Mohammad Ali (2006). 2789:Transfer to second generation 2666:, to Iran. On July 17, 1896, 2325:Mirza Askar Khan Orumi Afshar 422: 386: 266: 253: 230: 217: 194: 177: 127: 114: 101: 88: 75: 5483:Russian occupation of Tabriz 5463:Persian Constitution of 1906 5134:Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan 4975:, Mazda Publications, 2006, 4891:(in Persian). Archived from 4599:10.1080/13530194.2012.726920 4158:ʿEŠQĪ, MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ MĪRZĀDA 3178:Journal of Document Treasure 3119:ẒAHIR-AL-DAWLA, EBRĀHIM KHAN 2904:Journal of Political Science 2869:Velayati, Ali Akbar (1995). 2607:Before fleeing to Istanbul, 1756:Alfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire 1541:Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan 1386:Mokhadarat Vatan Association 5350:Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil 4863:. I.B.Tauris. p. 319. 4025:Yad Ayam Journal of History 3653:Pillars of Qajar Government 3501:Zia-Ebrahimi, Reza (2016). 3453:Adamiyat, Fereydun (1961). 3428:Pooran, Farrokhzad (2002). 3355:Amir Kabir and Iran, p. 336 3340:AMĪR KABĪR, MĪRZĀ TAQĪ KHAN 3257:, Amir Kabir and Iran, 2005 3245:Amir Kabir and Iran, p. 334 3142:Mutufi, Assadollah (1996). 2730:, was writing a report for 2536:was one of the founders of 2528:Sayyid Ali Muhammad Shirazi 2329:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi 1579:, the freethinking prince. 5635: 5619:19th century in philosophy 5265:Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh 5230:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat 5195:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 5159:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 5103:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 3933:Yadegar Journal of History 3861:Ayandeh Journal of History 3683:Zamaneh Journal of History 3066:Madani, Sayed Jalaluddin. 3043:Madani, Sayed Jalaluddin. 2792: 2693:Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar 2422:Russian Revolution of 1905 2319:Before Mirza Malkam Khan, 2312: 2108: 1994: 1973:Farrokh Khan Amin al-Dawla 1969:Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh 1957:Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh 1729:became prime minister for 1701:Russian Revolution of 1905 1652:Yazd was and still is the 1562:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 5532: 5385:Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian 4936:10.1080/00210869308701813 4785:Tarikh Dar Ayeneh Journal 4707:Vahman, Fereydun (2019). 4481:Farafu Journal of History 3952:"Seyyed Hassan Taqizadeh" 3757:Sazmand, Dariush (2019). 3592:10.1080/00263209408700993 3285:10.1080/00210860108702002 3157:Torabi, Mohammad (2000). 2779:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani 2689:1906 constitution of Iran 2685:Anjoman-e Bagh-e Meykadeh 2644:Mirza Hassan Khan Tabrizi 2630:Constitutional Revolution 2550:Mirza Hassan Khan Tabrizi 2434:bombardment of the Majlis 2196:Zeygham al-Dawla Qashqa'i 2083:Moderate Socialists Party 1787:Mirza Abdul-qasem Tehrani 1662:Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian 1624:Agham Mohammad Khan Qajar 1404:Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov 5514:Jungle Movement of Gilan 5509:1921 Persian coup d'état 4840:Kharazmi History Journal 4444:: 54–65. April 15, 1399. 4323:Safa'i, Ibrahim (1963). 3405:Economic history of Iran 3267:Ekhtiar, Maryam (2001). 3195:Yazdani, Sohrab (2011). 2898:Mariji, Shams ol-allah. 2402:, a remnant of the Baku 2062:Seyyed Hassan Taghizadeh 1812:, the Shah's mother and 1577:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar 1532:Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar 1329:), sometimes called the 5423:Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi 5400:Edward Granville Browne 5340:Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi 5325:Mahammad Amin Rasulzade 5270:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 5215:Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari 5108:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 4690:Persian History Journal 4487:: 45–57. Archived from 3927:Navabi, Abdul'Hossayn. 3736:. Zarrin. p. 468. 3677:Pashazadeh, Qulam ali. 3650:Ejlali, Farzam (2004). 3621:Raeen, Esmaeel (1978). 3403:Azhand, Ya'qub (2009). 3365:Behbahani, Seyyed Ali. 3197:Constitutional patriots 2995:Dalini, Javad Mousavi. 2681:constitutional movement 2638:Edward Granville Browne 2554:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 2473:Communist Party of Iran 2400:Social Democratic Party 2385:Communist Party of Iran 2381:Social Democratic Party 2299:Claude Adrien Helvétius 2070:Social Democratic Party 2043:Social Democratic Party 2005:Representatives of the 1789:opposed him and sought 1731:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 1705:Social Democratic Party 1459:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 97:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 5390:William Morgan Shuster 5290:Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani 5149:Sheikh Fazlollah Noori 4581:Momen, Moojan (2012). 4291:Deilami Moezzi, Amin. 4210:Naser al-Din, Parvin. 4126:Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub 3580:Middle Eastern Studies 2720: 2594: 2534:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 2515: 2505:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 2387: 2271: 2237: 2172: 2123: 2045: 2009: 1960: 1847: 1795:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 1771:Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh 1760:Johann Louis Schliemer 1740:Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh 1723: 1695:, had migrated to the 1639:Sardar Rafie Yanehsari 1632:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 1428:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 636:Masmughans of Damavand 110:Zayandeh River Culture 5524:Iranian Enlightenment 5433:Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari 5375:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 5345:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 4857:Ghani, Cyrus (1998). 4811:Khosravi, Rokneddin. 4475:Khalatbari, Mustafa. 4464:ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMU-OḠLI 4400:, vol. 1 p. 334, 2003 3950:Afshar, Iraj (1975). 3574:Kia, Mehrdad (1994). 3314:Haqqani, Musa Faqih. 2873:. Tehran. p. 37. 2749:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 2715: 2602:Arab invasion of Iran 2562: 2494: 2410:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 2396:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 2377:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 2375: 2275:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 2232: 2167: 2118: 2040: 2004: 1977:Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi 1955: 1904:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1852:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 1841:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 1838: 1718: 1634:came from this city. 1487:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 1440:Haydar Khan Amo-oghli 1424:Mirza Hassan Roshdieh 1408:Mirza Fatali Akhundov 1319:Iranian Enlightenment 514:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 468:3rd-century BC–132 BC 434:Kingdom of Cappadocia 390: 6th century BC 372:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5320:Mohammad Ali Tarbiat 5154:Mirza Nasrullah Khan 4895:on November 30, 2020 4647:on November 11, 2013 4491:on February 2, 2018. 4387:EJTEMĀʿĪŪN, FERQA-YE 3973:Mohammadzadeh, Ali. 3788:Journal of Education 2813:Fathollah Khan Akbar 2809:Zia-ud-Din Tabatabai 2487:Bábist intellectuals 2438:Shojae Nezam Marandi 2360:during the reign of 2246:Mirza Fatli Akhundov 2014:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 1668:investors including 5428:Sediqeh Dowlatabadi 5335:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 5315:Mirza Alakbar Sabir 5210:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 4834:Pouzesh, Mohammad. 2763:Mirza Jahangir Khan 2677:Mirza Jahangir Khan 2544:with his colleague 2538:Iranian nationalism 2133:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 2087:Shoja Nizam Marandi 1867:Iranian nationalism 1814:Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri 1752:Jakob Eduard Polack 1658:Keikhosrow Shahrokh 1558:British colonialism 1521:Fath Ali Shah Qajar 1480:Abdul'Rahim Talibov 1382:Society of Humanity 1170:Contemporary period 1074:Early modern period 976:Jalayirid Sultanate 846:Khwarazmian dynasty 275:Neo-Assyrian Empire 153:Kura–Araxes culture 71:Baradostian culture 5574:Iranian philosophy 5478:Majlis Bombardment 5395:Howard Baskerville 5380:Mirza Reza Kermani 5300:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 5235:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 5178:Constitutionalists 4641:"ĀQĀ KHAN KERMĀNĪ" 4512:Lenczowski, George 4410:Aghazadeh, Jafar. 2817:Suleiman Eskandari 2707:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 2671:Mohammad Ali Mirza 2609:Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi 2546:Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi 2516: 2509:Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi 2469:Avetis Sultan-Zade 2388: 2358:Nasser al-Din Shah 2248:in which he says: 2238: 2173: 2124: 2046: 2010: 1961: 1848: 1810:Malik Jahan Khanom 1724: 1711:Amir Kabir reforms 1622:), was angered by 1588:Nasser al-Din Shah 1528:East India Company 1189:Interim Government 1179:Iranian Revolution 966:Muzaffarid dynasty 670:864 – 14th century 660:791 – 11th century 586:Rashidun Caliphate 408:Kingdom of Armenia 57:Prehistoric period 5546: 5545: 5488:Triumph of Tehran 5446: 5445: 5305:Rais al-Mojahedin 5285:Mohammad Khiabani 5245:Mirza Malkam Khan 5129:Abdol Majid Mirza 4987:Fereydun Adamiyat 4628:Fereydun Adamiyat 4540:Cosroe Chaqueri, 4325:Mirza Malkum Khan 4100:978-1-4008-4505-7 4073:978-0-252-02937-0 3878:Yazdani, Sohrab. 3768:978-600-250-211-7 3516:Fereydun Adamiyat 3255:Fereydun Adamiyat 3206:978-964-185-083-0 2933:Fereydun Adamiyat 2921:Fereydun Adamiyat 2805:Reza Khan Mirpanj 2801:February 21, 1921 2754:anti-intellectual 2745:Mirza Malkam Khan 2701:Mohammad Ali Shah 2552:, and there with 2513:Mirza Hassan Khan 2480:Mirza Kuchik Khan 2445:Triumph of Tehran 2426:Nariman Narimanov 2392:Hassan Taghizadeh 2241:Mirza Malkam Khan 2234:Mirza Malkam Khan 2078:Tabriz resistance 2050:Naser al-Din Shah 2018:1906 constitution 1892:The Book of Ahmed 1764:Mirza Malkam Khan 1620:Lotfali Khan Zand 1476:Mirza Malkam Khan 1400:Mirza Malkam Khan 1378:Anjoman-e Okhovat 1359:European thinkers 1315: 1314: 1207: 1206: 1160: 1159: 1123: 1122: 1064: 1063: 1006:Afrasiyab dynasty 906:Khorshidi dynasty 896:Pishkinid dynasty 786:Ghaznavid dynasty 606:Abbasid Caliphate 596:Umayyad Caliphate 562: 561: 558:550s–11th century 454:Kingdom of Pontus 398:Achaemenid Empire 362:Anshanite Kingdom 323: 322: 226:Oxus Civilization 134: 133: 5626: 5538: 5537: 5473:the First Majlis 5451:Important events 5260:Heydar Latifiyan 5250:Hassan Taqizadeh 5169:Vladimir Liakhov 5113:Ahmad Shah Qajar 5093: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5052: 4956: 4955: 4930:(3/4): 419–428. 4915: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4779:Sabzipur, Amir. 4776: 4770: 4760: 4754: 4751:Mehdi Malekzadeh 4748: 4742: 4740:ĀQĀ KHAN KERMĀNĪ 4737: 4731: 4730: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4684:Javadi, Hassan. 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4643:. Archived from 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4019:Parvin, Maryam. 4016: 4010: 4009: 3996:Khunia, Bardia. 3993: 3987: 3986: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3528:Vahdat, Farzin. 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3478:Pourzaki, Giti. 3475: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3279:(1/4): 153–163. 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2961:on April 7, 2022 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2832: 2783:Democratic Party 2709:, who worked on 2622: 2499:thinkers during 2465:Bolshevik Russia 2368:Leftist thinkers 2278: 1929: 1900: 1880: 1803:Haji Mirza Aqasi 1748: 1500: 1432:Hassan Taqizadeh 1366:secret societies 1340: 1328: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1248:Military history 1238:Economic history 1216:Related articles 1199:Islamic Republic 1175: 1174: 1138: 1137: 1079: 1078: 1036:Kar-Kiya dynasty 956:Chobanid dynasty 946:Ilkhanate Empire 726:Sallarid dynasty 696:Saffarid dynasty 582: 581: 427: 424: 392:–11th century AD 391: 388: 352:Scythian Kingdom 338: 337: 268: 255: 232: 219: 196: 179: 149: 148: 129: 116: 103: 90: 77: 67: 66: 49: 39: 21: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5569:Culture of Iran 5564:Intellectualism 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5528: 5492: 5468:Siege of Tabriz 5458:Tobacco Protest 5442: 5404: 5310:Mirzadeh Eshghi 5280:Hassan Modarres 5220:Colonel Pessian 5200:Ali Asghar Khan 5173: 5117: 5084: 5079: 5049: 5031:in Google Books 4964: 4962:Further reading 4959: 4924:Iranian Studies 4917: 4916: 4912: 4898: 4896: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4719: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3782:Samadi, Hamid. 3781: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3721:(150): 195–278. 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629:. p. 479. 3625:. Vol. 1. 3620: 3619: 3615: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3534:Goftogo Journal 3527: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3371:Zamaneh Journal 3364: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3338: 3331: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3273:Iranian Studies 3266: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3072:Zamaneh Journal 3065: 3064: 3060: 3049:Zamaneh Journal 3042: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3016: 3012: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2797: 2791: 2767:Mirzadeh Eshghi 2740: 2724:Colonel Liakhov 2616: 2611:wrote the book 2598:pan-nationalist 2489: 2449:Bakhtiari tribe 2414:Jungle Movement 2370: 2333:Faramosh Khaneh 2317: 2315:Faramosh Khaneh 2311: 2309:Faramosh Khaneh 2280: 2273: 2227: 2206:Mirzadeh Eshghi 2181:Mirzadeh Eshghi 2169:Mirzadeh Eshghi 2162: 2129:Mirzadeh Eshghi 2113: 2107: 2035: 1999: 1993: 1950: 1923: 1894: 1874: 1833: 1742: 1713: 1596: 1553: 1512: 1494: 1467: 1416:Mirzadeh Eshghi 1370:Faramosh Khaneh 1347:in its war with 1311: 1281:Iran portal 1275: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1253:Women's history 1217: 1209: 1208: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1135: 1125: 1124: 1076: 1066: 1065: 916:Qutlugh-Khanids 866:Atabegs of Yazd 766:Rawadid dynasty 736:Ziyarid dynasty 676:Tahirid dynasty 574: 572:Medieval period 564: 563: 548:6th century–785 534:Sasanian Empire 504:Kings of Persis 474:Parthian Empire 444:Seleucid Empire 425: 389: 335: 333:Imperial period 325: 324: 239:Akkadian Empire 186:Lullubi Kingdom 146: 136: 135: 84:Zarzian culture 59: 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5164:Amin al-Soltan 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5144:Sheikh Khaz'al 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5122:Authoritarians 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5016: 5010: 4998: 4984: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4910: 4876: 4869: 4849: 4826: 4817:Chista Journal 4803: 4794: 4771: 4769:, 1940, p. 243 4755: 4743: 4732: 4717: 4699: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4632: 4620: 4593:(3): 328–345. 4573: 4546: 4533: 4526: 4503: 4494: 4467: 4456: 4447: 4425: 4402: 4390: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4333: 4315: 4306: 4283: 4257: 4248: 4225: 4202: 4193: 4170: 4161: 4150: 4141: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4099: 4079: 4072: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4011: 3988: 3965: 3942: 3916: 3893: 3870: 3847: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3774: 3767: 3749: 3742: 3724: 3701: 3692: 3669: 3662: 3642: 3635: 3613: 3586:(2): 201–223. 3566: 3543: 3520: 3508: 3493: 3470: 3463: 3445: 3438: 3420: 3413: 3395: 3392:. p. 123. 3380: 3357: 3348: 3329: 3306: 3259: 3247: 3238: 3212: 3205: 3187: 3164: 3149: 3134: 3125: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3081: 3058: 3035: 3026: 3010: 2987: 2972: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2890: 2861: 2852: 2845: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2793:Main article: 2790: 2787: 2739: 2736: 2488: 2485: 2430:Amin al-Sultan 2369: 2366: 2362:Mirza Aga Khan 2313:Main article: 2310: 2307: 2250: 2226: 2223: 2185:Farrokhi Yazdi 2161: 2158: 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2091:Amin al-Sultan 2034: 2031: 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1949: 1946: 1832: 1829: 1712: 1709: 1681:Ottoman Empire 1643:St. Petersburg 1595: 1592: 1552: 1549: 1511: 1508: 1466: 1463: 1457:. People like 1374:Masonic lodges 1351:Russian Empire 1327:روشنگری ایرانی 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233:Heads of state 1230: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1026:Timurid Empire 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 972: 971: 968: 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 852: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 832: 831: 828: 822: 821: 818: 816:Nasrid dynasty 812: 811: 808: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 782: 781: 778: 772: 771: 768: 762: 761: 758: 752: 751: 748: 742: 741: 738: 732: 731: 728: 722: 721: 718: 712: 711: 710:pre-879 – 1215 708: 706:Ghurid dynasty 702: 701: 698: 692: 691: 688: 686:Samanid Empire 682: 681: 678: 672: 671: 668: 666:Alid dynasties 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 612: 611: 608: 602: 601: 598: 592: 591: 588: 575: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 559: 556: 550: 549: 546: 540: 539: 536: 530: 529: 526: 520: 519: 516: 510: 509: 506: 500: 499: 496: 490: 489: 486: 480: 479: 476: 470: 469: 466: 460: 459: 456: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 420: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 384: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357: 354: 348: 347: 344: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 307: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 264: 262:Avestan period 258: 257: 251: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 228: 222: 221: 215: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 192: 182: 181: 175: 173:Jiroft culture 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 155: 147: 144:Ancient period 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 131: 130:5th millennium 125: 119: 118: 117:6th millennium 112: 106: 105: 99: 93: 92: 86: 80: 79: 73: 60: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 32: 31: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5631: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:1920s in Iran 5612: 5610: 5609:1910s in Iran 5607: 5605: 5604:1900s in Iran 5602: 5600: 5599:1890s in Iran 5597: 5595: 5594:1880s in Iran 5592: 5590: 5589:1870s in Iran 5587: 5585: 5584:1860s in Iran 5582: 5580: 5579:1850s in Iran 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Qajar dynasty 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Saad ad-Daula 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255:Ahmad Kasravi 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Hassan Pirnia 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5045: 5044:9786006220215 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024:9789648168440 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013:Esmaeel Raeen 5011: 5008: 5007:9789646254299 5004: 4999: 4996: 4995:964-487-030-1 4992: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4981:1-56859-197-7 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969:Ahmad Kasravi 4967: 4966: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4870:9781860642586 4866: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763:Ahmad Kasravi 4759: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4718:9781786075864 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4527:0-8371-0144-1 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4334:1-84511-072-2 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 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He fled to 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:new religions 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:Baku Congress 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2440:with a bomb. 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098:George Danton 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821:Fin Bathhouse 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:Maktab Khaneh 1780: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691:, especially 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1670:Jamsetji Tata 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Qajar dynasty 1336: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133:Modern period 1129: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1105:Afsharid Iran 1103: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094:Hotak dynasty 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 994: 993: 989: 987: 984: 983: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 967: 964: 963: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 897: 894: 893: 889: 887: 884: 883: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 853: 849: 847: 844: 843: 839: 837: 836:Seljuk Empire 834: 833: 829: 827: 824: 823: 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 807: 804: 803: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 757: 756:Buyid dynasty 754: 753: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 717: 716:Sajid dynasty 714: 713: 709: 707: 704: 703: 699: 697: 694: 693: 689: 687: 684: 683: 679: 677: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 663: 659: 657: 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 633: 629: 627: 624: 623: 619: 617: 614: 613: 609: 607: 604: 603: 599: 597: 594: 593: 589: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 573: 568: 567: 557: 555: 552: 551: 547: 545: 542: 541: 537: 535: 532: 531: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 515: 512: 511: 508:132 BC–224 AD 507: 505: 502: 501: 498:141 BC–222 AD 497: 495: 492: 491: 488:147 BC–224 AD 487: 485: 482: 481: 478:247 BC–224 AD 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 455: 452: 451: 447: 445: 442: 441: 438:320s BC–17 AD 437: 435: 432: 431: 426: 323 BC 421: 419: 416: 415: 412:331 BC–428 AD 411: 409: 406: 405: 402:550 BC–330 BC 401: 399: 396: 395: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376:626 BC–539 BC 375: 373: 370: 369: 366:635 BC–550 BC 365: 363: 360: 359: 355: 353: 350: 349: 345: 343: 342:Median Empire 340: 339: 334: 329: 328: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 306: 303: 302: 298: 296: 293: 292: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 276: 273: 272: 265: 263: 260: 259: 252: 250: 247: 246: 242: 240: 237: 236: 229: 227: 224: 223: 216: 214: 211: 210: 206: 204: 201: 200: 193: 191: 187: 184: 183: 176: 174: 171: 170: 166: 164: 163:Proto-Elamite 161: 160: 156: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 139: 126: 124: 123:Dalma culture 121: 120: 113: 111: 108: 107: 100: 98: 95: 94: 91:20,000–10,000 87: 85: 82: 81: 78:36,000–18,000 74: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 58: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 33: 28: 22: 19: 5523: 5438:Zainab Pasha 5330:Aref Qazvini 4927: 4923: 4913: 4904: 4899:February 20, 4897:. 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Retrieved 4272:(in Persian) 4270:تاریخ ایرانی 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4219: 4216:Kelk Journal 4215: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4164: 4153: 4144: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4089: 4082: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3758: 3752: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3652: 3645: 3622: 3616: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3429: 3423: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3351: 3343: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3221:Afary, Janet 3215: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2963:. Retrieved 2959:the original 2954: 2950: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2836: 2830: 2798: 2771:Aref Qazvini 2759: 2741: 2731: 2728:Qazi Ardaghi 2721: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2675: 2668:Crown Prince 2653: 2642: 2625: 2612: 2606: 2595: 2563: 2532: 2522:in Iran was 2517: 2503:from right: 2495:three great 2477: 2442: 2408: 2404:Hemmat party 2389: 2350: 2337:Dar ul-Fonun 2318: 2303: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2252: 2239: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2177:Aref Qazvini 2174: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2125: 2095: 2074: 2047: 2027: 2022:first Majlis 2011: 2007:First Majlis 1981: 1966: 1962: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1890: 1884: 1870: 1864: 1849: 1818: 1807: 1799: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1738: 1735:Dar ul-Fonun 1725: 1693:Azerbaijanis 1674: 1651: 1636: 1628:Ebrahim Khan 1616:Zand dynasty 1597: 1581: 1566: 1554: 1545: 1525: 1513: 1490: 1484: 1468: 1444: 1420:Aref Qazvini 1397: 1390: 1363: 1355:Dar ul-Fonun 1330: 1318: 1316: 1243:LGBT history 1203:1979–present 1152:Pahlavi Iran 1115:Zand dynasty 1083:Safavid Iran 1046:Qara Qoyunlu 936:Kurt dynasty 776:Hasanwayhids 576: 554:Qarinvandids 458:281 BC–62 BC 448:312 BC–63 BC 61: 18: 5370:Nikol Duman 5360:Sattar Khan 5225:Yeprem Khan 5089:Key figures 2965:February 2, 2722:On the day 2617: [ 2518:One of the 2453:Yeprem Khan 2353:Libertarian 2321:Freemasonry 2263:Montesquieu 2140:Maryam Amid 2120:Maryam Amid 1924: [ 1895: [ 1875: [ 1743: [ 1654:Zoroastrian 1647:Tepe Hissar 1495: [ 1447:Afghanistan 926:Mihrabanids 886:Hazaraspids 646:Baduspanids 524:Paratarajas 518:19 AD–224/5 36:History of 5553:Categories 5365:Bāqer Khān 5295:Iraj Mirza 4823:: 801–814. 4791:: 123–130. 4727:1090469734 4303:: 127–140. 4245:: 165–180. 4222:: 239–241. 4190:: 123–130. 4008:: 132–145. 3985:: 122–157. 3913:: 132–161. 3890:: 153–161. 3867:: 176–180. 3794:: 188–189. 3636:9649102612 3540:: 125–165. 3235:: 407–420. 3229:Iran Nameh 3078:: 124–140. 3055:: 124–140. 2823:References 2775:Ahmad Shah 2654:After the 2501:Qajar Iran 2443:After the 2342:liberalism 2218:Iraj Mirza 2189:Iraj Mirza 2066:Westernism 2054:secularism 2052:, such as 2041:Emblem of 1801:minister, 1727:Amir Kabir 1720:Amir Kabir 1584:Amir Kabir 1465:Background 1451:Arab world 1436:Amir Kabir 1412:Iraj Mirza 1393:Shia Islam 1372:(based on 1142:Qajar Iran 1056:Aq Qoyunlu 1040:1370s–1592 876:Salghurids 856:Eldiguzids 826:Shabankara 800:990/1–1117 544:Zarmihrids 464:Fratarakas 418:Atropatene 356:652–625 BC 346:678–550 BC 5559:Modernity 4944:0021-0862 4846:: 93–117. 4615:144344939 3627:Amirkabir 3600:0026-3206 3301:159698289 2879:cite book 2578:Egyptians 2058:modernism 1872:Mukatebat 1839:Grave of 1791:sanctuary 1504:Qajar era 1492:Mukatebat 1471:1826–1828 1156:1925–1979 1146:1789–1925 1119:1751–1794 1109:1736–1796 1099:1722–1729 1087:1501–1736 1060:1468–1508 1050:1406–1468 1030:1370–1507 1020:1359–1596 1016:Mar'ashis 1010:1349–1504 1000:1335–1357 990:1337–1376 986:Sarbadars 980:1337–1376 970:1335–1393 960:1335–1357 950:1256–1335 940:1244–1396 930:1236–1537 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