81:
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Historians have tried to analyze the factors that contributed to the demise of the Jangal movement. Some of the main studies including those by Gregor
Yeghikian and Ebrahim Fakhrayi (Minister of Culture in Kuchak Khan's Cabinet of the Soviet Republic) suggest a role for both extremist actions taken
680:
Cosroe
Chaqueri has suggested also that the change of policy on the Soviet side regarding pursuing global revolution versus establishing and protecting the Soviet Union was the main reason for them to withdraw support from the Gilan Republic. The second option got more support and therefore Soviets
560:
in protest and also to avoid military confrontation (which he had always avoided as much as possible, even while fighting with the central government forces) and opened the way for the
Communist (Edalat) party to set a coup d'état. The new administration, formally under Ehsanollah Khan but actually
564:
Conservative elements characterized these measures as simply the latest features of longstanding
Russian interference in the region, and the middle-class were antagonized by the level of violence, disrespect for property, and the Russian ties of the Jangali movement. The Republic also lost support
504:
This cooperation with the Soviet revolutionaries was based on some conditions including the announcement of the
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic under his leadership and lack of any direct intervention by the Soviets in the internal affairs of the republic. The Soviets agreed to support him with
127:
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132:
135:
134:
133:
119:
122:
689:, the Soviet ambassador in Tehran, and Mirza Kuchak Khan clearly supports this view. As part of his peace making efforts, Rothstein had also sent a message to the Soviet officers among Ehsanollah Khan's one thousand strong force that had made its way towards
131:
123:
125:
882:"Chaqueri, Cosroe. The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920–1921. Birth of the Trauma. [Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies.] University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh [etc.] n.d. [1995.] xxvii, 649 pp. Ill. $ 70.00"
118:
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Historian Kayhan A. Nejad counters that Soviet leaders in Moscow only began to withdraw support from the Gilan
Republic after months of infighting between its communist and non-communist factions, which set into motion a process of internal collapse.
129:
120:
136:
541:
677:
by the
Communist (Edalat) Party that provoked opposing religious sentiment among the public, and Mirza Kuchak Khan's religious and at times somewhat conservative views on collaboration with the Communist Party as possible factors.
1978:
1725:
668:, and died of frostbite. It is said that his body was decapitated by a local landlord and his head was displayed in Rasht to establish the government's new hegemony over revolution and revolutionary ideas.
641:
did not result in a resolution. By 1921, and particularly after the agreement achieved between the Soviet Union and
Britain, the Soviets decided not to further support the Soviet Republic of Gilan. The
521:
to poor peasants, to the dismay of the more radical forces of the Jangal movement. Therefore, soon disagreements arose between Mirza and his group of advisors on one side and the
Soviets and the
1971:
112:
1357:
389:
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under the influence of
Batyrbek Abukov (the Soviet Commissar) started a series of radical activities such as anti-religious propaganda, or forcing money out of the rich landlords.
1964:
2133:
147:
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from the general population due to the exceedingly high number of war refugees who began flooding the urban centers, thus posing a significant economic problem.
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and an ardent advocate of an alliance with the Bolsheviks. Kuchak Khan, though hesitant and cautious towards such an idea due to both his religious and
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463:, who had been given asylum by British forces in Anzali. The British garrison in Anzali soon evacuated the town without any resistance, retreating to
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Amongst the Jangalis, there were many who felt that the Bolsheviks offered a real solution to the problems shared by both Russia and
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Faced with the conflict between his movement and the united British and central government forces, the Iranian revolutionary
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Mirza's efforts to resolve the bloody disputes by sending a petition through a delegate of two of his men to Soviet premier
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considered several choices. Mirza had considered seeking support from Bolsheviks when a year before he traveled on foot to
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was then signed, ensuring peaceful relations between the two countries and resulting in the withdrawal of Soviet forces.
1831:
1530:
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1081:
Cronin, Stephanie, "Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge, 2004.
682:
1876:
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in north-west Persia, south of the Caspian sea. It lasted from June 1920 until September 1921 and was established by
2158:
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818:
756:
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1893:
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660:. The Soviet Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook (
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574:
452:. This mission was declared to be only in pursuit of the Russian vessels and ammunition taken to Anzali by the
421:
401:
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Nejad, Kayhan A. (2021). "To break the feudal bonds: the Soviets, Reza Khan, and the Iranian left, 1921-25".
1700:
1470:
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685:
with the British in London (1921) which required them to retreat from Northern Iran. Correspondence between
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ammunition and soldiers. Mirza offered to pay for the ammunition but the Soviets refused any payments.
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to meet with them but by the time he arrived in that city, the Red forces had been forced to evacuate.
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1047:(The Soviet Union and the Jungle Movement), Editor: Borzouyeh Dehgan, Tehran: Novin, 1984.
739:
Ervand Abrahamian (2008) «A history of modern Iran» Cambridge University Press, Page 59-61
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several days beforehand, then began reasserting central government control over Gilan and
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950:"Provincial Revolution and Regional Anti-Colonialism: The Soviets in Iran, 1920–1921"
501:
background, accepted and the Jangalis entered into an agreement with the Bolsheviks.
486:
1792:
1772:
1314:
1138:
A letter from the Revolutionary War Council of the Persian Red Army to Leon Trotsky
711:
548:- one hand holding a hammer, and the other anachronistically waving the Republic's
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1264:
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445:
1133:
Socialist Republic of Gilan: The First Offensive Move of the October Revolution
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Stamp of Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1920, showing the legendary rebel
425:
329:
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2009:
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Krasnaia Persiia: Bol'sheviki v Giliane, 1920-1921. Dokumental'naia khronika
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690:
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In May 1920, the Soviet Republic of Gilan, officially known as the
1637:
1607:
557:
539:
424:
that had started in 1914 gained momentum after the victory of the
179:
153:
30:"PSSR" redirects here. For Sony's image upscaling technology, see
400:, a leader of the "Constitutionalist Movement of Gilan", and his
1991:
1622:
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526:
482:
354:
157:
1960:
1146:
109:
619:
Mirza Shokrollah khan Tonekaboni (keyhan) – Research chief
586:
Seyyed Jafar Some'e sarai (Mohseni) – Foreign commissioner
1040:(The Commander of the Jungle), Tehran: Javidan, 1983.
485:, namely the domination of the upper classes and the
61:
1806:
1738:
1663:
1570:
1539:
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1442:
1371:
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1181:
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Abolghasem Rezazade (Fakhraei) – Trade commissioner
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39:
652:, who had initiated a successful coup d'état with
27:1920–1921 socialist state in Gilan Province, Iran
1053:The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-21
788:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1972:
1158:
97:
45:
8:
583:(Vagahr ol saltane) – Interial commissioner
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1979:
1965:
1957:
1803:
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36:
644:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)
156:, where the Persian SSR was declared, in
607:(Khomami) – Public benefits commissioner
517:, came into being. The Republic did not
2154:Former countries of the interwar period
732:
556:On June 9, 1920 Mirza Kuchak Khan left
886:International Review of Social History
404:partisans, with the assistance of the
63:Jomhuri-ye Šurâ-ye Sosiyâlisti-ye Irân
273:
260:
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208:
32:PlayStation Spectral Super Resolution
7:
616:Dr. Mansur Bavar – Health head chief
707:Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
601:– Post & telegraph commissioner
489:. Kuchak Khan's second-in-command,
371:
253:• Socialist Republic declared
98:
46:
1128:Brief summary of history with flag
1055:, University of Pittsburgh Press,
622:Amir taka – Head of war commission
378:Socialist Soviet Republic of Gilan
25:
2036:Autonomous Government of Khorasan
515:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
364:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
41:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
18:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
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2029:
2016:
2003:
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79:
2099:1921 disestablishments in Asia
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1671:Azerbaijan People's Government
819:Praeger Security International
757:Praeger Security International
1:
2139:Former unrecognized countries
1106:10.1080/00263206.2021.1897578
1045:Shooravi and jonbesh-e jangal
880:Atabaki, Turaj (April 1999).
373:جمهوری شورای سوسیالیستی ایران
47:جمهوری سوسیالیستی شوروی ایران
1014:Diplomatic History of Persia
683:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement
210:Chairman of the Commissariat
2129:Iran–Soviet Union relations
1711:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
995:Russia and the West in Iran
654:Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee
509:Declaration of the Republic
62:
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2109:Former socialist republics
814:Global Security Watch—Iran
752:Global Security Watch—Iran
630:
29:
2071:
1998:
1945:
1012:Nasrollah Fatemi (1952).
948:Nejad, Kayhan A. (2023).
898:10.1017/S0020859099610409
575:Mohammad taghi Pir bazari
523:Communist Party of Persia
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284:
247:
233:
217:
145:
92:
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2023:Soviet Republic of Gilan
1051:Cosroe Chaqueri (1994),
811:Mattair, Thomas (2008).
780:Hunter, Shireen (2004).
749:Mattair, Thomas (2008).
581:Mir shams el din vaghari
1721:North Korea (1947–1948)
1716:North Korea (1946–1947)
537:) Party) on the other.
491:Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
2149:Politics of Qajar Iran
2104:Early Soviet republics
1443:Current and historical
1094:Middle Eastern Studies
924:. SFSU. Archived from
843:"گیلانˇ شؤرایي جؤمۊري"
664:) fled alone into the
592:– Justice commissioner
577:– Finance commissioner
553:
416:Background and history
276:• Disestablished
140:
928:on February 18, 2008.
543:
457:counter-revolutionary
376:), also known as the
223:• 1920–21
186:Common languages
139:
1990:in the territory of
1948:History of socialism
1016:. Russell F. Moore.
966:10.1017/slr.2023.165
633:Iranian coup of 1921
546:Kaveh the Blacksmith
434:Soviet Caspian Fleet
388:) was a short-lived
386:گیلانˇ شؤرایي جؤمۊري
265:Russo-Persian Treaty
2062:Republic of Mahabad
1988:Unrecognized states
1884:Estonia (1918–1919)
1778:Hungary (1949–1989)
1043:Gregor Yaghikiyan,
997:. Greenwood Press.
672:Historical analysis
499:Iranian nationalist
440:and accompanied by
1849:Byelorussia (1919)
1036:Ebrahim Fakhrayi,
722:Avetis Sultan-Zade
687:Theodore Rothstein
626:
554:
525:(evolved from the
442:Sergo Orzhonikidze
438:Fyodor Raskolnikov
432:. In May 1920 the
390:unrecognized state
204:Socialist republic
170:Unrecognized state
141:
105:The Internationale
2159:History of Talysh
2144:Communism in Iran
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1953:
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1476:Congo-Brazzaville
1372:Regional variants
991:George Lenczowski
938:Ebrahim Fakhrayi.
650:Reza Khan Mirpanj
605:Mohammadali Gilak
519:redistribute land
472:Mirza Kuchak Khan
398:Mirza Kuchik Khan
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631:Main article:
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2014:
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1989:
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1864:Crimea (1919)
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1726:South Vietnam
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1653:North Vietnam
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1363:United States
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1320:United States
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1226:
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1199:New Australia
1197:
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1190:
1187:
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1023:
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1004:0-8371-0144-1
1000:
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988:
987:
983:
975:
971:
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954:Slavic Review
951:
944:
941:
935:
932:
927:
923:
922:
915:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:(1): 87–117.
891:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
862:
859:
848:
844:
838:
835:
830:
828:9781567207576
824:
821:. p. 7.
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
799:
797:9780765612823
793:
789:
785:
784:
776:
773:
768:
766:9781567207576
762:
759:. p. 7.
758:
754:
753:
745:
742:
736:
733:
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723:
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718:
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634:
621:
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612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:First Cabinet
568:
566:
562:
559:
551:
547:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:White Russian
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:Soviet Russia
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
379:
369:
365:
356:
353:
351:Today part of
349:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
318:
315:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:February 1921
269:
266:
256:
243:
240:
236:
232:
229:
226:
212:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
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171:
168:
164:
159:
155:
149:
144:
106:
95:
91:
82:
75:
70:
64:
55:
38:
33:
19:
2124:1921 in Iran
2119:1920 in Iran
2086:
2022:
1824:Baranya–Baja
1793:Soviet Union
1773:East Germany
1690:
1471:Burkina Faso
1097:
1093:
1075:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1013:
994:
957:
953:
943:
934:
926:the original
920:
914:
889:
885:
875:
861:
851:, retrieved
849:, 2022-10-14
846:
837:
813:
806:
782:
775:
751:
744:
735:
712:Jungle Party
695:
679:
675:
661:
648:
636:
563:
555:
534:
514:
512:
503:
480:
469:
419:
377:
363:
361:
299:Succeeded by
298:
293:
152:Location of
99:انترناسیونال
93:
1807:Short-lived
1664:Short-lived
1633:South Yemen
1618:North Korea
1578:Afghanistan
1295:New Zealand
1290:Netherlands
717:Tudeh Party
681:signed the
627:Coup d'état
590:Mahmud Reza
294:Preceded by
2093:Categories
1919:Tarnobrzeg
1844:Bessarabia
1798:Yugoslavia
1521:Seychelles
1516:Mozambique
1511:Madagascar
1434:Vietnamese
1429:Venezuelan
1419:Nicaraguan
1414:Melanesian
1331:Venezuela
1243:Kuomintang
1236:since 1978
1206:Bangladesh
1182:By country
1176:by country
1022:B0007DXLE2
984:References
853:2023-01-03
658:Mazandaran
611:Ali Habibi
426:Bolsheviks
330:Qajar Iran
317:Qajar Iran
200:Government
2051:(1945–46)
2025:(1920–21)
2010:Azadistan
1877:1939–1940
1832:1918–1919
1601:1982–1992
1596:1979–1992
1591:1975–1979
1587:Cambodia
1562:Nicaragua
1494:1987–1991
1489:1974–1987
1485:Ethiopia
1424:Tanzanian
1305:Sri Lanka
1248:Hong Kong
1231:Communist
1194:Australia
1189:Argentina
1174:Socialism
1114:233524659
1069:25431986M
1061:831417921
974:0037-6779
906:1469-512X
867:"Koochak"
495:communist
436:, led by
72:1920–1921
1929:Würzburg
1904:Naissaar
1868:Finland
1828:Bavaria
1766:Slovakia
1751:Bulgaria
1681:Far East
1628:Mongolia
1540:Americas
1404:European
1335:Chavismo
1300:Pakistan
1030:52011977
993:(1968).
701:See also
662:Hooshang
550:Red Flag
476:Lankaran
459:General
448:port of
410:Red Army
257:May 1920
1899:Ireland
1889:Galicia
1788:Romania
1746:Albania
1701:Jiangxi
1648:Vietnam
1552:Grenada
1526:Somalia
1409:Israeli
1399:Chinese
1394:Burmese
1389:British
1379:African
1351:History
1342:Vietnam
1310:Tunisia
1260:Finland
1255:Estonia
921:Behrooz
535:Justice
529:-based
461:Denikin
446:Caspian
402:Jangali
368:Persian
263:•
194:Talyshi
176:Capital
94:Anthem:
54:Persian
2064:(1946)
2038:(1921)
2012:(1920)
1909:Saxony
1854:Bremen
1783:Poland
1739:Europe
1706:Kuwait
1686:Fujian
1501:Guinea
1461:Angola
1454:Africa
1270:Greece
1265:France
1227:China
1223:Canada
1216:Lulism
1211:Brazil
1112:
1067:
1059:
1028:
1020:
1001:
972:
904:
825:
794:
763:
691:Qazvin
531:Edalat
465:Manjil
450:Anzali
430:Russia
382:Gilaki
213:
190:Gilaki
166:Status
96:
50:
1924:Užice
1859:Bihać
1819:Banat
1691:Gilan
1638:Syria
1608:China
1583:Burma
1557:Chile
1531:Sudan
1506:Libya
1481:Egypt
1466:Benin
1285:Italy
1275:India
1110:S2CID
728:Notes
558:Rasht
180:Rasht
154:Gilan
1992:Iran
1872:1918
1837:1919
1643:Tuva
1623:Laos
1613:Iraq
1571:Asia
1547:Cuba
1384:Arab
1280:Iran
1057:OCLC
1026:LCCN
1018:ASIN
999:ISBN
970:ISSN
902:ISSN
823:ISBN
792:ISBN
761:ISBN
527:Baku
483:Iran
420:The
392:, a
362:The
355:Iran
158:Iran
87:Flag
1102:doi
962:doi
894:doi
428:in
408:'s
380:, (
2095::
1108:.
1098:57
1096:.
1065:OL
1063:,
1024:.
968:.
958:82
956:.
952:.
900:.
890:44
888:.
884:.
845:,
817:.
786:.
755:.
467:.
412:.
384::
370::
192:;
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
1166:e
1159:t
1152:v
1116:.
1104::
1032:.
1007:.
976:.
964::
908:.
896::
869:.
831:.
800:.
769:.
552:.
533:(
366:(
160:.
56:)
52:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
