299:, I have the honour to inform you that Articles 5 and 6 are intended to apply only to cases in which preparations have been made for a considerable armed attack upon Russia or the Soviet Republics allied to her, by the partisans of the regime which has been overthrown or by its supporters among those foreign Powers which are in a position to assist the enemies of the Workers' and Peasants' Republics and at the same time to possess themselves, by force or by underhand methods, of part of the Persian territory, thereby establishing a base of operations for any attacks—made either directly or through the counter-revolutionary forces—which they might meditate against Russia or the Soviet Republics allied to her. The Articles referred to are therefore in no sense intended to apply to verbal or written attacks directed against the Soviet Government by the various Persian groups, or even by any Russian emigres in Persia, in so far as such attacks are generally tolerated as between neighboring Powers animated by sentiments of mutual friendship.
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and if the
Persian Government should not be able to put a stop to such menace after having been once called upon to do so by Russia, Russia shall have the right to advance her troops into the Persian interior for the purpose of carrying out the military operations necessary for its defence. Russia undertakes, however, to withdraw her troops from Persian territory as soon as the danger has been removed.".
264:(1) To prohibit the formation or presence within their respective territories, of any organization or groups of persons, irrespective of the name by which they are known, whose object is to engage in acts of hostility against Persia or Russia, or against the Allies of Russia. They will likewise prohibit the formation of troops or armies within their respective territories with the aforementioned object.
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place any restrictions upon the progress and prosperity of Persia. I myself fully share this attitude, and would be prepared, should friendly relations be maintained between the two countries to promote negotiations with a view to a total or partial revision of these
Articles on the lines desired by the Persian Government, as far as the interests of Russia permit.
270:(3) To prevent by all means in their power the presence within their territories or within the territories of their Allies of all armies or forces of a third party in cases in which the presence of such forces would be regarded as a menace to the frontiers, interests or safety of the other Contracting Party.
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from attacking the
Soviets from Iranian territory as had happened as late as 1918. The passage of the treaty, and particularly articles 5 and 6, was subject to vigorous debate in the Persian parliament; anti-British sentiment, however, lead to its acceptance without alteration. The treaty would serve
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With regard to
Article 13 and the small error to which you draw attention in Article 3 with reference to the Convention of 1881, I am in a position to state categorically, as I have always stated, that my Government, whose attitude towards the Persian nation is entirely friendly, has never sought to
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Treaty of
Friendship, Feb. 26, 1921, Persia-Russ. SFSR, 9 LNTS 383. Article 11 stated: As Article 1 of the present treaty abrogates the treaty signed by the high contracting parties in February 1828, including Article 8 of that treaty, which deprived Iran of maintaining a naval force in the Caspian
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If a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of usurpation by means of armed intervention in Persia, or if such Power should desire to use
Persian territory as a base of operations against Russia, or if a Foreign Power should threaten the frontiers of Federal Russia or those of its Allies,
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Sea, the high contracting parties hereby declare that henceforth both parties will have equal rights to free shipping under their own flags in the
Caspian Sea. Quoted in Dabiri, supra note 10, at 5 (trans. from Persian by author).
267:(2) Not to allow a third party or organization, whatever it be called, which is hostile to the other Contracting Party, to import or to convey in transit across their countries material which can be used against the other party.
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In view of the preceding statements, I trust that, as you promised me in your letter, your
Government and the Mejlis will ratify the Treaty in question as soon as possible.
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along with the right to fly their respective national flags on their commercial vessels. Ratifications were exchanged in
Teheran on 26 February 1922. It was registered in
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The 1921 Treaty of
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Nejad, Kayhan A. (2021). "To break the feudal bonds: the Soviets, Reza Khan, and the Iranian left, 1921-25".
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were canceled. Moreover, both Russia and Iran were given full and equal shipping rights in the
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of Persia demanded Soviet clarification of Articles 5 & 6 of the Treaty of Friendship)
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Mehdiyoun, Kamyar. "Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea."
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was signed on 26 February 1921 in Moscow between representatives of
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on 7 June 1922. The original purpose of the treaty was to prevent
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Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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counter-revolutionary forces who fled to Iran after the
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261:The two High Contracting Parties undertake:
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321:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic"
292:"Tehran, 12 December 1931 Your Excellency,
135:ĘżAli-Qoli MasĘżud Ansari Moshaver al-Mamalek
295:In reply to your letter dated 20th day of
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475:Iran–Soviet Union relations
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485:Treaties concluded in 1921
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480:Iran–Soviet Union border
403:Middle Eastern Studies
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205:Treaty of Turkmenchay
525:Iran in World War II
515:February 1921 events
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314:ROTHSTEIN
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