365:
1400:
1786:
906:
1805:
690:
40:
1824:
4174:
4184:
304:
1254:
951:: a scrawny old woman with a clay nose and red face who attacks pregnant women when they are alone and interferes with childbirth. It is believed that she carries a basket in which she puts the liver or lung of the mother, although a variety of other descriptions exist as well.
2008:
Parmi les contes les plus célèbres , citons: ... «La
Citrouille qui roule» (Kaduy-e qelqelehzan), «Tante Scarabée» (Khâleh suskeh), ... «Orange amère et bigarade» (Nârendj va torandj) ... «Le Poulain marin» (Korre-ye daryâ'i) ... «Fronte de lune» (Mâh-pishâni)
1146:): the most empathetic of listeners, which is believed to absorb the sorrows and pains of the person who confides in it. It is said that when the stone can no longer contain the pain it harbors, it bursts into pieces. It is also a very famous
936:
3357:, a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited. (...)
2688:...reflexivity defines the amen bird's mythic role: the bird verbalizes the people's wish and they respond with "Amen" ("So shall it be"), thereby echoing the bird's name and making the wish come true...
1331:), including interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, playing cards or chick-peas,
971:. It is believed that the creature knows about hidden treasures, and one would be told of one of them by grabbing the creature's nose. One can rescue oneself from the creature by wiggling one’s fingers.
1785:
980:): an evil creature that uses its flexible, leather-like legs as tentacles to grip and capture human beings. The captives will be enslaved and forced to carry the creature until they die of
994:-like mythical bird said to never come to rest, living its entire life flying invisibly high above the earth, and never alighting on the ground (in some legends it is said to have no legs)
939:
Griffin-like column capital statuary, from about 500 BC Persepolis, Iran. In local popular interpretation, the figures on these columns are perceived as representations of the Huma bird
1529:("king of Nowruz"), a festival that used to be held six days after Nowruz for a period of one to five days, during which a temporary commoner was elected to rule over the country.
396:
has an important presence in
Iranian culture. In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts and in public theaters. A minstrel was referred to by the
2783:
3231:
2894:
1355:"), a tradition between a lover and a beloved based on which the beloved hurts their lover by coquetry and the lover's response is supplication and insistence in love.
3610:
Marzolph, Ulrich (2009). "Storytelling as a
Constituent of Popular Culture: Folk Narrative Research in Contemporary Iran". In Nadjmabadi, Shahnaz R. (ed.).
1043:): a hideous monster with a feline head, forked tongue, hairy skin, and deformed legs that resemble the limp and skinny legs of a prematurely born infant.
1908:
515:
364:
332:
2718:
He does so initially by setting up a series of connections between the amen bird and other mythical birds known or imaginable to the poem's readers.
2543:
4088:
1804:
470:
1384:), next to foods and other traditional items. The first thing that the bridegroom sees in the mirror should be the reflection of his wife-to-be.
3070:
3619:
3497:
3815:
79:
203:
496:
2923:
4139:
3652:
Marzolph, Ulrich (2012). "Cultural
Property and the Right of Interpretation: Negotiating Folklore in the Islamic Republic of Iran".
3520:
3438:
3320:
3215:
3164:
3099:
2849:
2391:
2227:
2059:
2032:
3773:
3693:
460:
2003:
1147:
870:
864:
1880:
905:
3249:
4149:
2711:
2681:
2579:
Nile, Green (2006), "Ostrich Eggs and
Peacock Feathers: Sacred Objects as Cultural Exchange between Christianity and Islam",
1894:
1160:("Chief of the Snakes"): the intelligent queen of snakes who has human features above her waist and those of a serpent below.
2525:
1399:
1307:) and waft it around the head of those exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is also recited.
4063:
1915:
325:
2125:
4218:
4108:
1901:
1823:
1451:("Red Wednesday"), celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz by performing rituals such as jumping over
2106:
4008:
3448:
3181:
3053:
584:
2198:
3898:
3724:
2888:
2335:
1466:
4144:
3135:
4208:
4103:
74:
853:, a legendary hero who seeks to fight against the unjust, in the oral traditions of the Turkic-speaking peoples.
4213:
4113:
3978:
3830:
3808:
1063:, that is believed to have been created from smokeless fire and to exist invisibly alongside the visible world.
672:
318:
69:
4058:
4023:
3948:
3943:
3838:
2185:(...) the story of Auntie Cockroach, as narrated by grandmas and published in storybooks over the years (...)
2176:
4068:
4043:
3958:
3938:
3888:
3766:
3752:
3738:
3602:
1276:
541:
4154:
4033:
4028:
3372:
4098:
3983:
3873:
3858:
3848:
3480:
Friedl, Erika (1978). "32. Women in
Contemporary Persian Folktales". In Beck, Lois; Keddie, Nikki (eds.).
3407:
4073:
3988:
3968:
3853:
3843:
2461:
4118:
3953:
3933:
3923:
3908:
3883:
3868:
3863:
2777:
4159:
4078:
4038:
3893:
3998:
3918:
3717:
3590:
4048:
4003:
3973:
786:
559:
159:
3648:, 2010. pp. 208–364. (A History of Persian Literature. ed. E. Yarshater. vol. 18. Companion vol. 2).
2407:
630:("young man"), referred to a member of a class of warriors in Iran from the 9th to the 12th century.
4128:
3801:
3058:
The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers...
698:
555:
239:
221:
55:
4183:
2425:
689:
4053:
4018:
3669:
3625:
3579:
3468:
2596:
2507:
1849:
1102:
234:
164:
133:
110:
658:
compilation of the history of
Iranian kings and heroes from mythical times down to the reign of
455:
3637:
2219:
Farāmarz, the Sistāni Hero: Texts and
Traditions of the Farāmarznāme and the Persian Epic Cycle
1977:
4013:
3993:
3928:
3903:
3878:
3779:
3689:
3615:
3516:
3493:
3434:
3316:
3211:
3186:
3160:
3095:
2845:
2707:
2677:
2499:
2387:
2223:
2055:
2028:
1761:
1715:
1674:
1655:
1593:
1444:
1408:
1394:
1219:
1199:
1134:
981:
776:
573:
409:
207:
115:
92:
60:
1541:, marking "the longest night of the year" and commemorating the birth of the ancient goddess
3963:
3913:
3661:
3642:
Oral
Literature of Iranian Languages. Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik
3571:
3562:
3546:
3485:
3460:
3139:
2797:
2765:
2588:
2491:
2383:
2088:
1995:
1887:
1768:
1339:), mirrors and lenses, observation of the liver of a slain animal, the flame of a lamp, etc.
874:
850:
567:
128:
2927:
2150:
2077:"Explanation and Analysis of Mythical Themes in the Structure of the Tale of "MahPishani""
1859:
1546:
1486:
1373:
1300:
1202:. Traditionally, the stories of takam are recited in public theaters by a minstrel called
1003:
968:
554:("Book of Darab"), a 12th-century book by Abu Taher Tarsusi that recounts a fiction about
489:, at the end of winter, during which an old woman's flock is not impregnated. She goes to
427:
413:
397:
291:
286:
281:
268:
249:
194:
184:
50:
31:
3759:
2330:
1299:. Another way believed to protect one from an evil eye is to release a fragrant smoke of
3530:
1369:, defined as "the active, ritualized realization of differential status in interaction".
3731:
3595:
2970:
1873:
1534:
1478:
1232:
1171:
1076:
856:
730:
655:
589:
577:
522:
431:
423:
255:
244:
189:
39:
3606:. Beirut: Orient-Inst. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Ges.; Wiesbaden: Steiner , 1984.
3489:
3255:(in Persian). Iranian National Commission for UNESCO. 2011. p. 42. Archived from
3116:
2869:
2804:(in French). Vol. 2: G-O. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. p. 1703.
2293:
2269:
4202:
4177:
3745:
3673:
3583:
3201:
2734:
2600:
2379:
The Virgin and Her Lover: Fragments of an
Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian Epic Poem
1938:
1854:
1741:
1597:
1500:
1428:
1376:, it is customary to buy a silver mirror and two candles and place it on the wedding
1133:: was a beautiful supernatural female who was believed to have brought beauty to the
944:
840:
641:
623:
601:
377:
179:
169:
23:
3337:
3256:
493:
and asks for an extension of the cold winter days, so that her flock might copulate.
3783:
3677:
3645:
3512:
3291:
2945:
2806:
Parmi les contes les plus célèbres , citons: «La Pierre patiente» (Sang-e sabur)...
1729:
1352:
533:
393:
353:
146:
3464:
2561:
2358:
3310:
3205:
3156:
No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect
3154:
3089:
2839:
2769:
2753:
2701:
2671:
2443:
2377:
2244:
2217:
2049:
2022:
4187:
1664:
1456:
1439:
1332:
1287:), a curse believed to be cast by a malevolent glare. To protect one from it, a
435:
308:
199:
3009:
2820:
2652:
3028:
2592:
2311:
1959:
1829:
1709:
1699:
1629:
1565:
1435:
1310:
766:
741:
is linked to this epic, besides having roots in the ancient myth of archangel
659:
547:
3665:
3629:
3390:
3353:(...) Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called
2503:
2092:
2634:
2615:
2495:
1764:
1723:
1687:
1677:
1658:
1619:
1508:
1460:
1366:
1237:
1153:
1085:
1066:
987:
954:
910:
891:
836:
633:
572:, also known as "The Persian Alexander Romances", an Iranianized version of
529:
Below are a number of historical tale books that contain Iranian folktales.
369:
2808:[Among the most famous tales , we cite: "The Stone of Patience"...]
3575:
3395:(in Persian). Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. 2014. p. 56.
2076:
1253:
3074:
2926:[Esfand] (in Persian). Great Islamic Encyclopedia. Archived from
1424:
1348:
1292:
1266:
1258:
1242:
1204:
1088:
with the head of a human and the body of a lion, similar to the Egyptian
860:
748:
742:
645:
611:
349:
1218:: an evil spirit in the folklore of Iran's southern coastal regions who
3472:
2511:
1810:
1647:
1573:
1452:
1404:
1288:
1180:
1163:
1009:
991:
795:
173:
3681:
1198:: the king of goats, in the folklore of the Turkic-speaking people of
3551:
3534:
1791:
1753:
1611:
1542:
1512:
1420:
1358:
1296:
1089:
1060:
928:
878:
813:
803:
802:("border-guardian"), best known for his mournful battle with his son
791:
738:
702:
677:
486:
441:
The following are a number of folktales known to the people of Iran:
401:
381:
2021:
McDonald, Margaret Read (1994). "The Old Woman in a Pumpkin Shell".
1211:
807:
3793:
3612:
Conceptualizing Iranian Anthropology: Past and Present Perspectives
540:("Amir Arsalan the Famous"), a popular legend that was narrated to
2939:
2937:
1681:
1623:
1398:
1377:
1336:
1252:
1191:
1116:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1012:
997:
964:
934:
918:
904:
832:
734:
720:
694:
688:
490:
363:
2051:
The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World 2e
3560:
Khadish, Pegah (2009). "The Morphology of Persian Fairy Tales".
1108:
1046:
1024:
3797:
3509:
Folktales and Storytellers of Iran: Culture, Ethos and Identity
2703:
Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran
935:
2633:
Omidsalar, Mahmoud; Omidsalar, Teresa P. (February 24, 2012).
1056:
1257:
A stone depicting an eye that is made to protect one from an
839:
who devoted his life to fighting for justice, representing a
2673:
Essays On Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism In Persian Poetry
1281:
1174:
1079:
757:), a dragon-slaying hero in Iranian legends, now honored as
649:
593:
417:
775:), praised for her daringly martial role in the tragedy of
3309:
During, Jean; Mirabdolbaghi, Zia; Safvat, Dariush (1991).
3182:"In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice"
2838:
Kapovi, Mate; Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (2017).
2754:"Clustering of narratives of the 'Sang-e Saboor' folktale"
3088:
Chanchreek, Jain; Chanchreek, K. L.; Jain, M. K. (2007).
1192:
3694:"Magic in literature and folklore in the Islamic period"
2752:
Saadat, Mostafa; Khosrawy, Ahmad Reza (22 August 2020).
3406:
Schädler, Ulrich; Dunn-Vaturi, Anne-Elizabeth (2016).
402:
2568:. Vol. VII. November 18, 2011. pp. 128–129.
2109:[ii(d). THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY SHORT STORY].
1945:. Vol. VII. November 18, 2011. pp. 102–103.
1833:
1811:
1792:
1774:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1716:
1703:
1691:
1668:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1612:
1603:
1587:
1579:
1566:
1550:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1470:
1445:
1409:
1359:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1270:
1212:
1183:
1164:
1154:
1141:
1119:-like spirit ranking between angels and evil spirits.
1109:
1105:
that flies continuously and fulfills people's wishes.
1096:
1070:
1050:
1038:
1013:
1001:
975:
958:
945:
922:
911:
841:
826:
796:
777:
770:
758:
752:
724:
711:
665:
634:
624:
617:
609:
602:
588:, the frame-story of which derives from the now lost
565:
548:
534:
506:
497:
480:
471:
453:
445:
370:
3733:
Folklore studies of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan
3379:. Vol. IV. December 15, 1990. pp. 802–803.
3094:. Shree Publishers & Distributors. p. 150.
1966:. Vol. Xi. February 17, 2012. pp. 167–170.
4127:
4087:
3829:
2414:. Vol. III. August 18, 2011. pp. 191–205.
2318:. Vol. III. August 18, 2011. pp. 159–163.
2113:. Vol. IX. January 26, 2012. pp. 597–599.
3298:. Vol. IV. December 15, 1989. pp. 60–65.
3071:"Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire"
2659:. Vol. X. February 7, 2012. pp. 418–422.
2432:. Vol. XII. March 23, 2012. pp. 515–516.
3644:. Ed. P. G. Kreyenbroek and U. Marzolph. London:
3207:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
2782:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
16:Folk traditions that have evolved in Greater Iran
3614:(NED ed.). Berghahn Books. pp. 30–42.
2728:
2726:
2550:. Vol. III. December 15, 1988. p. 539.
3703:Iranian Folk Narrative: A Survey of Scholarship
3312:Contemporary master's lesson from Darius Safvat
3136:"Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice"
2863:
2861:
2670:Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad; Talattof, Kamran (2004).
2532:. Vol. I. July 29, 2011. pp. 741–742.
1984:. Vol. VI. October 26, 2011. pp. 1–4.
616:that was written down during the 12th century.
485:("Old Woman's Cold"), a period in the month of
3705:. New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc.
2581:Al Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean
1295:or likewise that depicts an eye is used as an
1055:): a supernatural creature, comparable to the
644:of Iran, written by 10th-century Persian poet
576:. Not to be confused with the classic book of
3809:
2706:. The University of Utah Press. p. 268.
2153:[iii. Hedayat and Folklore Studies].
1933:
1931:
368:A storytelling performance of the stories of
326:
8:
3315:. Vol. 1. Mage Publishers. p. 89.
2893:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2482:Asatrian, Garnik (2001). "Āl Reconsidered".
1511:13, usually coincided with April 1 or 2) by
877:reemerged after two centuries of eclipse by
3816:
3802:
3794:
2912:(in Persian) (3rd ed.). p. 4752.
733:to settle a land dispute between Iran and
333:
319:
18:
3550:
2177:"New films to hit Iranian silver screens"
2027:. New York: H.W. Wilson. pp. 61–70.
670:, a derivation from the Greek romance of
3451:(1982). "Collecting Folktales in Iran".
3367:
3365:
3115:Epinette, Michèle (September 15, 2014).
2868:Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar, Ebrāhīm, Mahmoud.
2614:Omidsalar, Mahmoud (November 28, 2011).
1555:; usually falling on December 20 or 21).
1188:; "raptor"): a benevolent mythical bird.
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
2998:(5/2 ed.). Luqmân. pp. 77–86.
2802:Dictionnaire universel des litteratures
2359:"Greece ix. Greek and Persian Romances"
2000:Dictionnaire universel des litteratures
1954:
1952:
1927:
1781:
729:), who shot his arrow from the peak of
264:
217:
142:
124:
106:
88:
30:
3603:Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens
2886:
2819:Schmidt, Hanns-Peter (July 20, 2002).
2775:
2002:(in French). Vol. 2: G-O. Paris:
1798:cards. Brooklyn Museum, New York City.
676:that was written down by Persian poet
3210:. Oneworld Publications. p. 29.
3134:Rezaian, Lachin (December 20, 2015).
3056:. Financial Tribune. March 12, 2017.
2994:de Fouchécour, Charles-Henri (1989).
2844:. Taylor & Francis. p. 447.
2733:Habibi, Faranguis (August 30, 2011).
477:("Bitter Orange and Bergamot Orange")
7:
3016:(online ed.). December 5, 2017.
2490:(1). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 150.
2357:Davis, Richard (February 23, 2012).
1280:
3778:, on Iranian folkloric songs among
3719:Iran: Daily life and social customs
3408:"BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia"
3054:"Call for Safe Yearend Celebration"
2996:Nâz-o niyâz, ou l'amour et l'Orient
2199:"The best children's books on Iran"
2197:Bashi, Golbarg (October 28, 2014).
1507:, celebrated 13 days after Nowruz (
3535:"Aus dem persischen Märchenschatz"
3336:Jacoby, Oswald; Morehead, Albert.
3180:Hamedy, Saba (December 20, 2013).
2735:"SYNGUÉ SABUR: PIERRE DE PATIENCE"
2622:. Vol. VII. pp. 428–431.
2408:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
3490:10.4159/harvard.9780674733091.c36
3238:(online ed.). July 29, 2011.
3159:. R&L Education. p. 89.
2676:. Brill Publishers. p. 128.
2641:. Vol. XI. pp. 393–395.
2157:. Vol. XII. pp. 121–135
4182:
4173:
4172:
3091:Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals
2464:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2004:Presses universitaires de France
1822:
1803:
1784:
967:or an evil creature that causes
917:miniature painting, depicting a
302:
38:
3701:Radhayrapetian, Juliet (1990).
2216:van Zutphen, Marjolijn (2014).
1817:cards. Moghadam Museum, Tehran.
859:, a 14th-century champion from
825:Hossein the Kurd of Shabestar (
4140:British Indian Ocean Territory
3764:by Peter Chelkowski. From the
3761:The passion (taʿzia) of Ḥosayn
2800:(1994). "Iranien (folklore)".
2376:Hägg, Tomas; Utas, Bo (2003).
1998:(1994). "Iranien (folklore)".
1115:: a type of exquisite, winged
873:, under the court of whom the
863:, regarded as a role model by
608:, a folktale about an Iranian
1:
3465:10.1080/0015587X.1982.9716224
2700:Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad (1995).
1916:Yasmin and the Serpent Prince
881:("Two Centuries of Silence").
3654:Journal of Folklore Research
3250:"بازیهای بومی و محلی ایران"
2770:10.22103/jis.2020.13108.1891
1902:The Snake-Prince Sleepy-Head
1282:
1249:Social beliefs and practices
1175:
1080:
650:
594:
418:
403:
3788:In The Back Alleys of Exile
3431:Culture and customs of Iran
2841:The Indo-European Languages
2426:"ḤOSAYN-E KORD-E ŠABESTARI"
2126:"ČELLA In Persian Folklore"
1834:
1812:
1793:
1775:
1755:
1746:
1734:
1717:
1704:
1692:
1669:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1613:
1604:
1588:
1580:
1572:("peg bat"), identical to
1567:
1551:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1502:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1446:
1410:
1360:
1343:
1335:(e.g., using the poetry of
1327:
1321:
1315:
1271:
1213:
1193:
1184:
1165:
1155:
1142:
1110:
1097:
1071:
1051:
1039:
1014:
1002:
976:
959:
946:
923:
912:
842:
827:
797:
778:
771:
759:
753:
725:
712:
666:
635:
625:
622:, at times synonymous with
618:
610:
603:
585:One Thousand and One Nights
566:
549:
535:
507:
498:
481:
472:
454:
446:
371:
4235:
3638:Persian Popular Literature
2758:Journal of Iranian Studies
1427:'s day, celebrated on the
1392:
4168:
3482:Women in the Muslim World
3429:Daniel, Elton L. (2006).
3392:دانشنامۀ فرهنگ مردم ایران
3338:"poker Origin and spread"
3153:Roessing, Lesley (2012).
2593:10.1080/09503110500222328
2075:Heidari, Morteza (2017).
2054:. Springer. p. 190.
1423:("new day"), the Iranian
1374:Iranian wedding tradition
3889:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3666:10.2979/jfolkrese.49.1.1
2462:"Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari"
2093:10.22108/LIAR.2017.21405
1523:("prince of Nowruz") or
1135:Northern jungles of Iran
673:Metiochus and Parthenope
574:The Romance of Alexander
426:. Since the time of the
4150:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3725:Encyclopædia Britannica
3511:. London and New York:
3342:Encyclopædia Britannica
2496:10.1163/157338401X00189
2484:Iran & the Caucasus
2336:Encyclopædia Britannica
1909:The Wonderful Sea-Horse
1596:, used as a children's
828:Hoseyn Kord-e Šabestari
640:("Book of Kings"), the
516:The Wonderful Sea-Horse
3790:(vol. 2; p. 304).
3507:Friedl, Erika (2014).
2772:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1608:("sunshine-moonlight")
1416:
1262:
1101:): a mythical bird in
940:
932:
783:("Rostam and Sohrab").
706:
503:("Shangul and Mangul")
385:
3576:10.1515/FABL.2009.023
2930:on December 18, 2010.
2222:. BRILL. p. 70.
2183:. December 18, 2010.
2081:University of Isfahan
1767:that is identical to
1680:that is identical to
1622:that is identical to
1584:("uncle chain-maker")
1434:Traditional heralds:
1402:
1256:
1220:possesses individuals
938:
908:
692:
536:Amir Arsalān e Nāmdār
367:
352:that have evolved in
4064:United Arab Emirates
3767:Encyclopædia Iranica
3753:Encyclopædia Iranica
3739:Encyclopædia Iranica
3484:. pp. 629–650.
3449:Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
3412:Encyclopædia Iranica
3377:Encyclopædia Iranica
3296:Encyclopædia Iranica
3236:Encyclopædia Iranica
3204:(October 22, 2013).
3121:Encyclopædia Iranica
3033:Encyclopædia Iranica
3027:Omidsalar, Mahmoud.
3014:Encyclopædia Iranica
2975:Encyclopædia Iranica
2950:Encyclopædia Iranica
2944:OMIDSALAR, MAHMOUD.
2910:A Persian Dictionary
2874:Encyclopædia Iranica
2825:Encyclopædia Iranica
2739:Encyclopædia Iranica
2657:Encyclopædia Iranica
2639:Encyclopædia Iranica
2620:Encyclopædia Iranica
2566:Encyclopædia Iranica
2548:Encyclopædia Iranica
2530:Encyclopædia Iranica
2448:Encyclopædia Iranica
2430:Encyclopædia Iranica
2412:Encyclopædia Iranica
2363:Encyclopædia Iranica
2329:Boyle, John Andrew.
2316:Encyclopædia Iranica
2298:Encyclopædia Iranica
2274:Encyclopædia Iranica
2268:HANAWAY, WILLIAM L.
2249:Encyclopædia Iranica
2243:HANAWAY, WILLIAM L.
2155:Encyclopædia Iranica
2130:Encyclopædia Iranica
2124:Omidsalar, Mahmoud.
2111:Encyclopædia Iranica
1982:Encyclopædia Iranica
1964:Encyclopædia Iranica
1943:Encyclopædia Iranica
1467:Problem-solving nuts
806:. He was the son of
787:Kaveh the Blacksmith
680:in the 11th century.
598:("Thousand Nights").
511:("Auntie Cockroach")
80:World Heritage Sites
4219:Folklore by country
4091:limited recognition
3636:Marzolph, Ulrich. "
3539:Ethnologia Europaea
3433:. Greenwood Press.
2024:Celebrate the World
1489:on the occasion of
1407:on the occasion of
1140:The Patient Stone (
886:Characters in jokes
556:Alexander the Great
450:("Rolling Pumpkin")
430:, storytellers and
3414:(online ed.).
3123:(online ed.).
2450:. August 15, 2006.
2048:Zipes, J. (2016).
1850:Iranian folk music
1545:on the eve of the
1472:ājil-e moškel-gošā
1417:
1263:
1103:Persian literature
1019:): an evil being,
941:
933:
737:. The festival of
707:
386:
208:Miniature painting
200:Visual art history
4196:
4195:
4133:other territories
3780:Iranian Americans
3690:Omidsalar, Mahmud
3678:Project MUSE
3621:978-0-85745-651-9
3499:978-0-674-73309-1
3187:Los Angeles Times
3077:. March 19, 2014.
2889:cite encyclopedia
1866:Iranian folktales
1838:) dice and beads.
1594:counting-out game
1589:Atal matal tutule
1552:čelle-ye zemestān
1455:and lighting off
1395:Iranian festivals
542:Naser-ed-Din Shah
434:have appeared at
343:
342:
4226:
4209:Iranian folklore
4186:
4176:
4175:
4145:Christmas Island
3831:Sovereign states
3824:Folklore of Asia
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3706:
3697:
3685:
3633:
3599:
3591:Marzolph, Ulrich
3587:
3570:(3–4): 283–292.
3556:
3554:
3552:10.16995/ee.3146
3526:
3503:
3476:
3444:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:Mehr News Agency
3131:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2971:"ḴOSROW O ŠIRIN"
2969:Orsatti, Paola.
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2798:Gaffary, Farrokh
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2384:Brill Publishers
2373:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:. July 20, 2009.
2294:"SAMAK-E ʿAYYĀR"
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2181:Mehr News Agency
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2151:"HEDAYAT, SADEQ"
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:. p. 1703.
1996:Gaffary, Farrokh
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1888:Leaves of Pearls
1837:
1826:
1815:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1778:
1758:
1749:
1737:
1720:
1708:), a two-player
1707:
1695:
1672:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1616:
1607:
1591:
1583:
1570:
1554:
1539:
1528:
1526:Padešāh-e Nowruz
1522:
1505:
1494:
1483:
1474:
1449:
1413:
1382:a piece of cloth
1363:
1346:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1216:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1145:
1113:
1100:
1083:
1074:
1054:
1042:
1017:
1007:
979:
962:
949:
926:
915:
875:Persian language
845:
830:
800:
781:
774:
762:
756:
728:
721:Arash the Archer
715:
695:Arash the Archer
669:
653:
638:
628:
621:
615:
606:
597:
571:
552:
538:
510:
501:
484:
482:Sarmā ye Pirezan
475:
466:
464:
449:
421:
406:
374:
348:encompasses the
346:Iranian folklore
335:
328:
321:
307:
306:
305:
42:
19:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4214:Culture of Iran
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4164:
4132:
4123:
4104:Northern Cyprus
4090:
4083:
3825:
3822:
3714:
3709:
3700:
3688:
3651:
3622:
3609:
3593:
3559:
3529:
3523:
3506:
3500:
3479:
3447:
3441:
3428:
3424:
3422:Further reading
3419:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3290:
3289:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3117:"MIR-E NOWRUZI"
3114:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2774:
2764:(37): 163–184.
2751:
2750:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2714:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2270:"ESKANDAR-NĀMA"
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1939:"DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ"
1937:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1860:Persian theatre
1846:
1839:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1562:
1547:winter solstice
1487:fortune-telling
1397:
1391:
1305:peganum harmala
1251:
1229:
1222:and harms them.
969:sleep paralysis
903:
892:Molla Nasreddin
888:
822:
794:, a celebrated
779:Rostam o Sohrāb
763:("chief hero").
726:Āraš-e Kamāngir
717:
687:
499:Šangul o Mangul
473:Nāranj o Toranj
458:
447:Kadu Qelqelezan
428:Safavid dynasty
391:
362:
350:folk traditions
339:
309:Iran portal
303:
301:
296:
292:Kurdish cuisine
287:Caspian cuisine
282:Balochi cuisine
273:
260:
226:
213:
151:
138:
120:
102:
84:
65:
32:Culture of Iran
17:
12:
11:
5:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3771:
3757:
3743:
3729:
3713:
3712:External links
3710:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3686:
3649:
3634:
3620:
3607:
3588:
3557:
3545:(1): 184–193.
3531:Horálek, Karel
3527:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3477:
3445:
3439:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3398:
3382:
3361:
3328:
3321:
3301:
3272:
3241:
3223:
3216:
3202:Foltz, Richard
3193:
3172:
3165:
3145:
3126:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3062:
3045:
3019:
3001:
2986:
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2789:
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2722:
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2535:
2517:
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2208:
2189:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2098:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2033:
2013:
1987:
1969:
1948:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1874:The Black Colt
1863:
1862:
1857:
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1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1809:
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1783:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1713:
1697:
1685:
1662:
1645:
1641:gorgam-be-havā
1627:
1609:
1601:
1585:
1577:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1516:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1442:
1429:vernal equinox
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1356:
1340:
1308:
1277:Middle Persian
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Mount Damavand
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1189:
1172:Middle Persian
1161:
1151:
1138:
1120:
1106:
1093:
1077:Middle Persian
1064:
1044:
1032:
995:
985:
974:Himantopodes (
972:
952:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
887:
884:
883:
882:
868:
857:Pourya-ye Vali
854:
848:
847:("young man").
821:
818:
817:
816:
811:
789:
784:
764:
760:jahān-pahlavān
746:
716:
708:
693:The statue of
686:
683:
682:
681:
663:
656:Middle Persian
631:
599:
590:Middle Persian
581:
563:
545:
527:
526:
523:The Black Colt
519:
512:
504:
494:
478:
468:
451:
432:poetry readers
424:Middle Persian
390:
387:
376:, the Iranian
361:
358:
341:
340:
338:
337:
330:
323:
315:
312:
311:
298:
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136:
131:
125:
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113:
107:
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53:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4231:
4220:
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4215:
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4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:South Ossetia
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4077:
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4057:
4055:
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4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3950:
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3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
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3459:(1): 98–104.
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3262:on 2016-10-20
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2562:"DAVĀL-PĀ(Y)"
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2034:9780824208622
2030:
2026:
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2017:
2014:
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1978:"COFFEEHOUSE"
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1742:Hide-and-seek
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1581:Amu zanjirbāf
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1406:
1403:Jumping over
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931:into the sea.
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642:national epic
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604:Samak-e Ayyār
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568:Eskandar-nāme
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467:("Moon-brow")
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412:, and by the
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37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4129:Dependencies
4059:Turkmenistan
4024:Saudi Arabia
3787:
3784:Homa Sarshar
3774:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3732:
3723:
3718:
3702:
3657:
3653:
3646:I. B. Tauris
3641:
3611:
3601:
3567:
3561:
3542:
3538:
3513:I. B. Tauris
3508:
3481:
3456:
3452:
3430:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3376:
3373:"CARD GAMES"
3354:
3352:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:
3331:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3264:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3244:
3235:
3232:"ALAK-DOLAK"
3226:
3206:
3196:
3185:
3175:
3155:
3148:
3129:
3120:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3038:November 15,
3036:. Retrieved
3032:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:
2964:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:
2946:"DIVINATION"
2928:the original
2918:
2909:
2903:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2778:cite journal
2761:
2757:
2747:
2738:
2717:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2628:
2619:
2609:
2587:(1): 27–78,
2584:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2245:"ĀBĀN DOKHT"
2238:
2218:
2211:
2203:The Guardian
2202:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2135:December 21,
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1942:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1762:trick-taking
1730:Knucklebones
1722:, a fishing
1675:trick-taking
1656:trick-taking
1635:bālā-bolandi
1605:Āftāb-mahtāb
1485:, an act of
1457:firecrackers
1381:
1365:, a sort of
1353:supplication
1304:
1203:
1185:mərəγō saēnō
1143:sang-e sabur
1130:
1126:
1122:
820:Other heroes
671:
667:Vāmeq o Ozrā
583:
528:
521:
514:
440:
436:coffeehouses
394:Storytelling
392:
360:Oral legends
354:Greater Iran
345:
344:
160:Architecture
97:
4188:Asia portal
4089:States with
4009:Philippines
3949:South Korea
3944:North Korea
3839:Afghanistan
3750:. From the
3747:Folk poetry
3736:. From the
3722:. From the
3660:(1): 1–24.
3594: [
3347:January 18,
2870:"ČAŠM-ZAḴM"
1895:Molla Badji
1747:qāyem-mušak
1665:Court piece
1344:Nāz o niyāz
1333:bibliomancy
1098:morğ-e āmin
1095:Amen Bird (
927:) throwing
660:Chosroes II
651:Xwadāynāmag
648:, based on
595:Hazār Afsān
459: [
240:Calligraphy
222:Handicrafts
4203:Categories
4069:Uzbekistan
4044:Tajikistan
3959:Kyrgyzstan
3939:Kazakhstan
3859:Bangladesh
3849:Azerbaijan
3266:2018-02-25
2980:2011-02-13
2955:2009-04-05
2713:0874804922
2683:9004138099
2468:2007-07-15
2444:"ZUR-ḴĀNA"
2382:. Leiden:
2331:"Ferdowsī"
2279:2009-01-25
2254:2009-01-25
2161:October 1,
1923:References
1830:Backgammon
1710:board game
1700:Backgammon
1568:Alak-dolak
1560:Folk-games
1513:picnicking
1503:Sizdebedar
1440:Haji Firuz
1436:Amu Nowruz
1389:Ceremonies
1311:Divination
1200:Azerbaijan
1081:martyaxwar
772:Gordāfarid
767:Gordafarid
710:Heroes in
560:Darius III
550:Dārāb-nāme
508:Xāle Suske
456:Māh-pišāni
235:Embroidery
204:Modern art
165:Literature
134:Irreligion
111:Philosophy
4155:Hong Kong
4109:Palestine
4034:Sri Lanka
4029:Singapore
3909:Indonesia
3674:144964948
3584:162077992
3010:"TAʿĀROF"
2908:Moin, M.
2601:154129150
2504:1609-8498
2107:"FICTION"
1881:Grünkappe
1765:card game
1724:card game
1688:Hopscotch
1678:card game
1659:card game
1620:card game
1509:Farvardin
1461:fireworks
1367:etiquette
1272:češm-zaxm
1238:Mount Qaf
1227:Locations
1156:Šāh-mārān
1086:man-eater
1067:Manticore
955:Night hag
901:Creatures
867:athletes.
843:javānmard
837:Shabestar
626:javānmard
419:huniyāgar
414:Sasanians
398:Parthians
389:Folktales
116:Astronomy
93:Mythology
75:Festivals
61:Languages
4178:Category
4099:Abkhazia
4049:Thailand
4004:Pakistan
3984:Mongolia
3979:Maldives
3974:Malaysia
3874:Cambodia
3692:(2005).
3533:(1969).
3453:Folklore
3075:NBC News
2879:June 30,
2821:"SIMORḠ"
2544:"BAḴTAK"
2342:July 18,
2312:"ʿAYYĀR"
1844:See also
1735:qāp-bazi
1453:bonfires
1425:New Year
1405:bonfires
1349:coquetry
1293:gemstone
1267:Evil eye
1259:evil eye
1243:Paristan
1205:takamchi
1148:folktale
1059:and the
865:zurkhane
861:Khwarezm
851:Koroghlu
749:Garshasp
743:Tishtrya
731:Damavand
699:Saadabad
646:Ferdowsi
410:Parthian
129:Religion
98:Folklore
24:a series
22:Part of
4074:Vietnam
3989:Myanmar
3969:Lebanon
3899:Georgia
3854:Bahrain
3844:Armenia
3782:, from
3640:". In:
3473:1260144
3029:"SOFRA"
2924:"اسفند"
2653:"GENIE"
2512:4030855
1960:"GŌSĀN"
1813:Ganjafe
1693:ley-ley
1650:Ganjafe
1574:tip-cat
1289:pendant
1283:duščašm
1181:Avestan
1176:Sēnmurw
1075:: from
1072:mardxâr
1061:goblins
1010:Avestan
1008:; from
992:Griffin
982:fatigue
977:davālpā
913:Šāhnāme
833:Kurdish
798:marzbān
754:Garšāsp
713:Šāhnāme
636:Šāhnāme
384:, Iran.
372:Šāhnāme
269:Cuisine
256:Jewelry
250:Pottery
195:Gardens
185:Theater
174:Dastgah
70:Symbols
51:History
4119:Taiwan
4054:Turkey
4019:Russia
3954:Kuwait
3934:Jordan
3924:Israel
3884:Cyprus
3869:Brunei
3864:Bhutan
3682:481770
3680:
3672:
3628:
3618:
3582:
3563:Fabula
3519:
3496:
3471:
3437:
3355:as nas
3319:
3292:"BĀZĪ"
3214:
3163:
3098:
2848:
2710:
2680:
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