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philosophy, and the
Islamic religious views. On the other hand, a relatively strong translation movement has been shaped in which the Iranian readers are provided by some of the important sources of contemporary philosophy in Persian including both the analytic and continental traditions. In the former, Wittgenstein, Searle, and Kripke, and in the latter, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Foucault can be mentioned. There have also been concentrations on a local polar contrast between Popper and Heidegger, and, due to the religious atmosphere, on the philosophy of religion."
640:
625:, a philosophy founded by Mazdak. Under this dualism, there were two original principles of the universe: Light, the good one; and Darkness, the evil one. These two had been mixed by a cosmic accident, and man's role in this life was through good conduct to release the parts of himself that belonged to Light. Mani saw the mixture of good and bad as a cosmic tragedy, while Mazdak viewed this in a more neutral, even optimistic way.
40:
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influence later faiths. He was a priest of the Early
Iranian Religion who received a vision from Ahura Mazda – the chief deity of that faith's pantheon – telling him to correct the error of polytheistic religious understanding and proclaim the existence of only one true god – Ahura Mazda – the Lord of Wisdom.
968:
Philosophy was and still is a popular subject of study in Iran. Previous to
Western-style universities, philosophy was a major field of study in religious seminaries. Comparing the number of philosophy books currently published in Iran with that in other countries, Iran possibly ranks first in this
1100:
imagination—imagination in the thing itself—what this thing might have been but didn't become; what is a secret potential in the thing. So, to understand a thing means not only forget about your mind, focus just on what that thing really is. To understand a thing means to include into its identity,
985:
has stated "One part of philosophical endeavor in Iran today, and perhaps the main one is concerned with the local philosophy which is dominated by the school of Mulla Sadra. He has provided a philosophy in line with the old metaphysical inclination but in the feature of a combination of mysticism,
1854:
Zarathustra (also given as
Zoroaster, Zartosht, Zarathustra Spitama, l. c. 1500-1000 BCE) was the Persian priest-turned-prophet who founded the religion of Zoroastrianism (also given as Mazdayasna "devotion to Mazda"), the first monotheistic religion in the world, whose precepts would come to
740:
resulted from the doctrine of limited time with the implication that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe and that the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. According to the
523:
Zarathustra was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical
Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late eighteenth century. By this time his name was associated with lost ancient wisdom and was appropriated by
2005:
551:
In 2005, the Oxford
Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zarathustra as first in the chronology of philosophers. Zarathustra's impact lingers today due in part to the system of rational ethics he founded called Mazda-Yasna. The word Mazda-Yasna is
697:
is characterized by the element of its First
Principle which is Time, "Zurvan", as a primordial creator. According to Zaehner, Zurvanism appears to have three schools of thought all of which have classical Zurvanism as their foundation:
372:, the chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians, dating this event to 1500 BC. The Oxford dictionary also states, "Zarathustra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through
1049:
means to me. Maybe this is a little bit of a wild reading but I will brutally impose my view. In her dealings of imagination, she demonstrates that already ancient
Islamic philosophy went this way; namely she goes beyond
775:
continued after Islam and was of great influence on the further development of
Iranian Philosophy. The main schools for such studies were, and to some extents still are, Shiraz, Khurasan, Maragheh, Isfahan, Tehran.
1077:, maybe this identity is not fully known to us but it exists out there. And then imagination is subjective. We project something on the objects, we fill in the gaps in our knowledge and so on.
1752:
Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and
Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
609:, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism, which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be influential among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox
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Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), p. 80-81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)",
1736:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Amin Razavi, An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Volume 2: "Ismaili Thought in the Classical Age", I.B. Tauris/Ismaili Studies, October 2008
836:
by the 12th century. Avicenna had become a central authority on philosophy by then, and several scholars in the 12th century commented on his strong influence at the time:
1761:
Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
1720:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Amin Razavi, An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Volume 1: "From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam" I.B. Tauris/Ismaili Studies, February 2008.
572:
Little is known of the situation of philosophy during the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. We know that the Persian culture had an influence on the creation of
1057:
Aristotle has a theory of imagination and if we take away some subversive hints it's a pretty traditional theory of imagination. My main point is this one: In the
713:
kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into reason (a male principle) and concupiscence (a female principle).
1128:
published by Daftar Tablighat in Qom, which often includes articles on philosophical topics and other issues of interest to religious thinkers and intellectuals.
840:"People nowadays that truth is whatever says, that it is inconceivable for him to err and that whoever contradicts him in anything he says cannot be rational."
3145:
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1638:. Some philosophers did not offer a new philosophy, rather they had some innovations: Mirdamad, Khajeh Nasir and Qutb al-Din Shirazi belong to this group.
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and how Iranian philosophers had already beaten the path which was later completed by modern philosophy. In this regard he has emphasized the role of
388:
332:
917:'s philosophy and ancient Iranian philosophy, along with many new innovative ideas of Suhrawardi. It is often described as having been influenced by
1711:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Edited by Mehdi Amin. Razavi. (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1996). Pp. xv, 375
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of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions extending from Old Iranian and mainly
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79:
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philosophy. Zarathustra was the first who treated the problem of evil in philosophical terms. He is also believed to be one of the oldest
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published by the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute in Qom, and many others. Also worthy of mention is the journal,
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369:
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1692:
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1096:, is that objectively also things are not simply what they are. What a thing is imminently implies the space of some kind of
532:("Die Zauberflöte") under the variant name "Sarastro", who represents moral order in opposition to the "Queen of the Night".
1947:
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1936:
Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A. G., Wilson, J. A., & Jacobsen, T. (1964). Before Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
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Greco-Roman Culture and the New Testament: Studies Commemorating the Centennial of the Pontifical Biblical Institute
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In history of Islamic philosophy, there were a few Persian philosophers who had their own schools of philosophy:
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There are some instances where the effect of Iranian philosophy is traceable in contemporary world philosophers.
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Dobroruka, Vicente (April 2020). "Mithridates and the Oracle of Hystaspes: Some dating issues (Cambridge)".
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allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets."
513:
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1986:. Vol. 1. (translated into English by Katherine Judelson). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 182.
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is another example who has expressed the significance of Iranian and Islamic philosophy in the case of
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3013:
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1575:
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533:
508:
159:
1972:
Wherry, Rev. E. M. "A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran and Preliminary Discourse", 1896. pp 66.
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all its potentialities. Maftouni demonstrates that already ancient Islamic philosophy went this way.
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in the 17th century. Mulla Sadra bought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of
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221:
55:
564:, used a similar term, philosophy, or “love of wisdom” to describe the search for ultimate truth.
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833:
809:
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234:
164:
133:
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2009:
1987:
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1721:
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1471:
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1205:) considered one of the pivotal figures in the development of the political philosophy of the
1093:
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115:
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60:
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Human Station in the Baháʼí Faith: Selected Sections: Philosophy and Knowledge of the Divine.
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at some point during the period 1700-1800 BCE. His wisdom became the basis of the religion
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2040:
1927:
Blackburn, S. (2005). p 409, The Oxford dictionary of philosophy. Oxford University Press.
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learnt of Zoroastrian philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated much of it into his own
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31:
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1300:
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954:" in Islamic philosophy, several centuries before this occurred in Western philosophy.
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889:
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good thoughts (andiše-e-nik), good words (goftâr-e-nik), and good deeds (kerdâr-e-nik).
465:
451:
396:
255:
244:
189:
39:
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published by the department of philosophy of the University of Tehran since 1972 and
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in the history of religion. He espoused an ethical philosophy based on the primacy of
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3816:
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3348:
3282:
3239:
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2006:
Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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1212:
1092:, up to—if I may engage in this wild speculation—up to philosophical implications of
861:
746:
473:
361:
179:
169:
23:
3081:
2257:
1167:, Old Iranian nobleman, regarded as one of the first Iranian philosophers, see also
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and other groups who claimed access to such knowledge. He appears in Mozart's opera
4005:
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2435:
1606:
1492:
1336:
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1004:
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in the East. Its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint
598:
545:
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promoted research into Zoroastrianism in the belief that it was a form of rational
146:
4000:
3939:
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3130:
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2619:
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2240:
1951:
1635:
1556:
1541:
1295:
1238:
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in shedding the light on early views of Islamic philosophers about Imagination:
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885:
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are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia.
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308:
199:
2173:
Magic, witchcraft, and ghosts in the Greek and Roman worlds : a sourcebook
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3623:
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3333:
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3120:
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2753:
2667:
2496:
2443:
2407:
2311:
2135:
1444:
1434:
1331:
1259:
873:
869:
785:
673:
561:
525:
517:
477:
400:
399:-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as
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3383:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3155:
2951:
2511:
2473:
1627:
1547:
1419:
1409:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1307:
1274:
1263:
1206:
1159:
1051:
853:
737:
726:
706:
694:
689:
677:
654:
457:
404:
3086:
2053:"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037)"
2052:
1991:
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field but it is definitely on top in terms of publishing philosophy books.
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1841:
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3598:
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1623:
1424:
1097:
914:
813:
795:
618:
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573:
537:
486:
The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on
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of God and instituted communal possessions and social welfare programs.
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3292:
3287:
3229:
3224:
3056:
2944:
2939:
2898:
2720:
2566:
2448:
1827:
1233:
1228:
1180:
1080:
But I think what we learn from the tradition which is close to me from
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817:
666:
553:
503:
373:
173:
2095:
http://eepat.net/doku.php?id=interviews:islam_philosophy_and_education
672:
In many ways Mazdak's teaching can be understood as a call for social
560:
claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with
556:
and is translated as "Worship of Wisdom" in English. The encyclopedia
407:
as well as various post-Islamic schools. Iranian philosophy after the
3583:
3504:
3234:
2893:
2883:
2581:
2483:
1517:
1449:
1322:
1317:
1288:
1283:
1251:
1244:
1164:
1008:
990:
772:
650:
644:
634:
622:
461:
1819:
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distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in
2110:
1007:
is one such instance whose major work on Central Asian and Iranian
993:
has had a great amount of influence on Iranian/Persian philosophy.
729:
challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing.
3399:
3061:
2347:
1806:
Whitley, C.F. (Sep 1957). "The Date and Teaching of Zarathustra".
1202:
865:
829:
789:
638:
602:
576:
school of thought, but nothing has been left in Persian writings.
541:
495:
360:
philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient
1771:
Jalal-e-din Ashtiyani. "Zarathushtra, Mazdayasna and Governance".
1527:
1507:
1110:
Among journals being published in Iran on philosophy, there are
849:
4042:
2784:
2322:
2284:
1659:. This text has been analyzed by Baháʼí scholars Ian Kluge and
3244:
2280:
657:
Persian reformer who gained influence under the reign of the
387:
and due to remarkable political and social changes such as
1909:
Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland
1868:
Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland
1334:. Borzouye wrote several books such as the translation of
1888:
The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization
2107:
En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques
1120:
published by Allamah Tabataba'i University in Tehran,
1021:
En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques
981:
On the diversity and expansion of philosophy in Iran,
411:, is characterized by different interactions with the
913:
in the 12th century. This school is a combination of
832:, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of
2223:
Some Answered Questions: A Philosophical Perspective
2123:"UT's Colloquium: Slavoj Žižek on Iranian Tradition"
1143:
Ancient philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy
441:
Ancient Philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy
4292:
4192:
4154:
4101:
4068:
4059:
3988:
3900:
3738:
3729:
3662:
3436:
3414:
3369:
3311:
3263:
3217:
3208:
3171:
3042:
2907:
2854:
2845:
2795:
2719:
2691:
2648:
2600:
2557:
2510:
2482:
2434:
2406:
2333:
1653:, has explained the Baháʼí philosophy in the work
848:, particularly his doctrines on the nature of the
468:, and generally influenced the development of the
1320:, Persian philosopher, physician and Chancellor (
2074:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 9 & 39.
613:. An important principle of Manichaeism was its
2175:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 36.
1911:by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl",
1870:by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl",
1073:are out there, they are what they are in their
938:is the school of Islamic philosophy founded by
838:
909:was a school of Islamic philosophy founded by
2296:
2196:Edward Aune, David; Brenk, Frederick (2012).
326:
8:
2136:Slavoj Žižek on Iran, philosophy to politics
1348:. His philosophical ideas were described by
1462:Persian genius Philosopher in 12th century.
1061:we usually reduce imagination to something
709:which was apparently not as popular as the
4065:
4056:
4039:
3735:
3442:
3214:
2851:
2792:
2781:
2330:
2319:
2303:
2289:
2281:
1649:, son and successor of the founder of the
1112:FALSAFEH-The Iranian Journal of Philosophy
364:roots and were considerably influenced by
333:
319:
18:
2166:
2164:
2162:
1982:Manfred, Albert Zakharovich, ed. (1974).
1844:. World History Encyclopedia. 28 May 2020
1801:
1799:
1948:"Pliny Natural History Vol 8; Book XXX"
1704:
946:" and created "a major transition from
725:created the universe with his thought,
264:
217:
142:
124:
106:
88:
30:
16:Philosophical traditions of Iran/Persia
1785:
1774:
2072:Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy
1673:Intellectual movements in modern Iran
676:, and has been referred to as early "
512:of plagiarizing parts of Zoroaster's
7:
2149:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
864:. This was particularly the case in
820:) successful reconciliation between
2027:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
1201:, influential Persian high priest (
876:and theory of knowledge influenced
844:Avicennism was also influential in
1508:Mowlana Jalal ad-Din Balkhi (Rumi)
1013:The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism
989:It is also important to note that
502:. In the 3rd century BC, however,
14:
1688:Religious intellectualism in Iran
1277:, Iranian proto-socialism in the
1045:Now I come with what the work of
4360:
4359:
4346:
2244:Juxta Publishing Co., Hong Kong.
2226:, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 10.
1132:List of schools and philosophers
356:can be traced back as far as to
302:
38:
2271:Persian Religion and Philosophy
1913:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1872:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
958:Contemporary Iranian philosophy
370:Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
368:'s teachings. According to the
2200:. Leiden: Brill. p. 197.
1693:International rankings of Iran
1430:Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
1023:. It has been translated into
771:The intellectual tradition in
1:
1886:David N. Livingstone (2002),
1612:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1415:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
868:, where Avicennism was later
3832:Ordinary language philosophy
1984:A Short History of the World
653:(d. 524/528 CE) was a proto-
419:and with the development of
3882:Contemporary utilitarianism
3797:Internalism and externalism
1950:. Heinemann. Archived from
1404:List of Muslim philosophers
872:in 1210. Nevertheless, his
4408:
3146:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1435:Imam Mohammad Ghazali Tusi
1389:
1224:Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan
1140:
1137:Ancient Iranian philosophy
997:Impact on World Philosophy
961:
928:
907:Illuminationist philosophy
902:Illuminationist philosophy
899:
888:influenced the thought of
816:'s (Ibn Sina's; born near
783:
760:
687:
632:
583:
449:
438:
435:Ancient Iranian Philosophy
4340:
4055:
4038:
3445:
2791:
2780:
2368:Philosophy of mathematics
2358:Philosophy of information
2329:
2318:
1890:, p. 144-145, iUniverse,
1642:Iranian Baháʼí philosophy
1400:Modern Islamic philosophy
1313:University of Gundishapur
964:Modern Islamic philosophy
409:Muslim conquest of Persia
2070:Kamal, Muhammad (2006).
2031:University of Notre Dame
1632:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1533:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1468:known as Imam Fakhr Razi
1396:Early Islamic philosophy
1366:philosophical discourses
1209:based on the concept of
911:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
767:Early Islamic philosophy
757:Classical Islamic period
460:(Zoroaster) appeared in
3837:Postanalytic philosophy
3778:Experimental philosophy
1656:Some Answered Questions
1561:Transcendent Philosophy
1523:Nematollah Vali Kermani
1498:Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
1440:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
1356:Bakhtshooa Gondishapuri
1229:Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan
621:, which is shared with
597:, was influential from
558:Natural History (Pliny)
429:Transcendent Philosophy
3970:Social constructionism
2982:Hellenistic philosophy
2398:Theoretical philosophy
2373:Philosophy of religion
2363:Philosophy of language
2171:Ogden, Daniel (2002).
1946:Jones, W.H.S. (1963).
1784:Cite journal requires
1587:Hossein Elahi Ghomshei
1544:Dashtaki Shiraz School
1106:Philosophical Journals
1103:
936:Transcendent theosophy
931:Transcendent Theosophy
925:Transcendent theosophy
842:
805:
680:" or proto-socialism.
647:
413:Old Iranian philosophy
4353:Philosophy portal
3872:Scientific skepticism
3852:Reformed epistemology
2378:Philosophy of science
2105:Corbin, Henry (1978)
2008:", SUNY Press, 2006,
2004:Seyyed Hossein Nasr,"
1043:
793:
727:materialist Zurvanism
717:Materialist Zurvanism
665:. He claimed to be a
642:
3773:Critical rationalism
3480:Edo neo-Confucianism
3324:Acintya bheda abheda
3303:Renaissance humanism
3014:School of the Sextii
2388:Practical philosophy
2383:Political philosophy
1907:A. D. Nock (1929), "
1866:A. D. Nock (1929), "
1582:Reza Davari Ardakani
1578:and Neyshabor School
1576:Mulla Hadi Sabzevari
1460:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1220:("Good Sovereignty")
738:Fatalistic Zurvanism
733:Fatalistic Zurvanism
80:World Heritage Sites
3344:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3255:Korean Confucianism
3002:Academic Skepticism
2220:Kluge, Ian (2009).
1537:Illumination School
1518:Shams al-Din Lahiji
1186:Sortes Astrampsychi
1122:Ma'rifat-e Falsafeh
1027:twice from French.
1019:is the four volume
878:William of Auvergne
707:Aesthetic Zurvanism
702:Aesthetic Zurvanism
615:dualistic cosmology
425:Illumination School
376:, and therefore on
352:: فلسفه ایرانی) or
4392:Philosophy in Iran
4387:Iranian philosophy
3965:Post-structuralism
3867:Scientific realism
3822:Quinean naturalism
3802:Logical positivism
3758:Analytical Marxism
2977:Peripatetic school
2889:Chinese naturalism
2416:Aesthetic response
2343:Applied philosophy
2276:Persian philosophy
2263:2006-06-18 at the
2258:Iranian philosophy
2109:Gallimard, Paris,
2039:2015-04-04 at the
1683:Ancient philosophy
1678:Eastern philosophy
1602:Abdolkarim Soroush
1513:Mahmoud Shabestari
1482:Farid al-Din Attar
1392:Islamic philosophy
1379:Pahlavi literature
1118:Hikmat va Falsafeh
1088:and others in the
834:Islamic philosophy
810:Islamic Golden Age
806:
763:Islamic philosophy
721:While Zoroaster's
648:
607:Augustine of Hippo
421:Islamic philosophy
354:Persian philosophy
346:Iranian philosophy
208:Miniature painting
200:Visual art history
4374:
4373:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
3753:Analytic feminism
3725:
3724:
3687:Kierkegaardianism
3649:Transcendentalism
3609:Neo-scholasticism
3455:Classical Realism
3432:
3431:
3204:
3203:
3019:Neopythagoreanism
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2393:Social philosophy
2236:Davudi, Ali Murad
2016:, Chapters 10-13.
1877:(1), p. 111-116 .
1742:978-1-84511-542-5
1726:978-1-84511-541-8
1566:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
1528:Abdol-Rahman Jami
1484:(Attar Nishapuri)
1472:Nasir al-Din Tusi
1466:Fakhr al-Din Razi
1363:Emperor Khosrau's
1067:objective reality
862:scholastic Europe
801:Canon of Medicine
568:Greco-Persian Era
456:The teachings of
343:
342:
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3930:Frankfurt School
3877:Transactionalism
3827:Normative ethics
3807:Legal positivism
3783:Falsificationism
3768:Consequentialism
3763:Communitarianism
3736:
3604:New Confucianism
3443:
3250:Neo-Confucianism
3215:
3024:Second Sophistic
3009:Middle Platonism
2852:
2793:
2782:
2625:Epiphenomenalism
2492:Consequentialism
2426:Institutionalism
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1617:Abdolhamid Ziaei
1477:Zakariya Qazwini
1455:Qutb-al-din Razi
1371:Paul the Persian
1289:Mazdak the Elder
601:in the West, to
544:, preferable to
536:writers such as
506:accused Plato's
500:Platonic realism
492:Roman philosophy
488:Greek philosophy
417:Greek philosophy
393:Mongol invasions
378:Middle Platonism
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3945:New Historicism
3910:Critical theory
3896:
3892:Wittgensteinian
3788:Foundationalism
3721:
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3639:Social contract
3495:Foundationalism
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3394:Illuminationism
3379:Aristotelianism
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1207:Sassanian state
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3191:Zoroastrianism
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1065:as opposed to
1047:Nadia Maftouni
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3975:Structuralism
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3400:ʿIlm al-Kalām
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3283:Scholasticism
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2734:Conceptualism
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2663:Particularism
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2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Functionalism
2628:
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2615:Eliminativism
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2520:Compatibilism
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2014:0-7914-6799-6
2011:
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1954:on 2017-01-01
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1893:
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1842:"Zarathustra"
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1270:Persian Sibyl
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748:
747:Menog-i Khrad
744:
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724:
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711:materialistic
708:
701:
699:
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664:
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646:
643:Execution of
641:
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593:, founded by
592:
587:
579:
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555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
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534:Enlightenment
531:
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501:
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59:
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52:
49:
48:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4358:
4344:
4163:
4015:
4006:Postcritique
3996:Kyoto School
3955:Posthumanism
3935:Hermeneutics
3790: /
3731:Contemporary
3707:Newtonianism
3670:Cartesianism
3629:Reductionism
3465:Conservatism
3460:Collectivism
3398:
3172:
3126:Sarvāstivadā
3104:Anekantavada
3029:Neoplatonism
2997:Epicureanism
2930:Pythagoreans
2869:Confucianism
2835:Contemporary
2825:Early modern
2729:Anti-realism
2683:Universalism
2640:Subjectivism
2436:Epistemology
2267:(in Persian)
2239:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2172:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2117:
2111:OCLC 6776221
2106:
2101:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2026:
2021:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1958:December 28,
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1941:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1848:December 23,
1846:. Retrieved
1836:
1811:
1807:
1777:cite journal
1766:
1757:
1748:
1732:
1716:
1707:
1654:
1651:Baháʼí Faith
1647:`Abdu'l-Bahá
1645:
1621:
1607:Ahmad Fardid
1503:Ali Hamedani
1493:Umar Khayyam
1450:Zakaria Razi
1377:
1345:
1337:Panchatantra
1335:
1321:
1250:
1243:
1217:
1210:
1174:Jamasp Namag
1172:
1126:Naqd o Nazar
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1090:20th century
1079:
1056:
1044:
1035:subjectivity
1031:Slavoj Žižek
1029:
1020:
1012:
1005:Henry Corbin
1003:
1000:
988:
980:
967:
948:essentialism
934:
919:Neoplatonism
905:
843:
839:
826:Neoplatonism
807:
799:
770:
736:
720:
710:
705:
693:
671:
649:
599:North Africa
589:
571:
550:
546:Christianity
522:
509:The Republic
507:
485:
481:
474:Indo-Iranian
455:
382:
362:Indo-Iranian
353:
345:
344:
160:Architecture
110:
4001:Objectivism
3940:Neo-Marxism
3902:Continental
3812:Meta-ethics
3792:Coherentism
3697:Hegelianism
3634:Rationalism
3594:Natural law
3574:Materialism
3500:Historicism
3470:Determinism
3361:Navya-Nyāya
3136:Sautrāntika
3131:Pudgalavada
3067:Vaisheshika
2920:Presocratic
2820:Renaissance
2759:Physicalism
2744:Materialism
2650:Normativity
2635:Objectivism
2620:Emergentism
2610:Behaviorism
2559:Metaphysics
2525:Determinism
2464:Rationalism
1636:Mulla Sadra
1557:Mulla Sadra
1542:Sadr al-Din
1296:Manichaeism
1266:philosopher
1239:Azar Kayvan
1194:Patizeithes
1156:(Zoroaster)
1154:Zarathustra
1098:ontological
1017:magnum opus
1011:appears in
977:Main Trends
940:Mulla Sadra
886:metaphysics
828:along with
611:theologians
591:Manichaeism
586:Manichaeism
580:Manichaeism
478:monotheists
458:Zarathustra
383:Throughout
366:Zarathustra
358:Old Iranian
240:Calligraphy
222:Handicrafts
4381:Categories
4300:Amerindian
4207:Australian
4146:Vietnamese
4126:Indonesian
3675:Kantianism
3624:Positivism
3614:Pragmatism
3589:Naturalism
3569:Liberalism
3547:Subjective
3485:Empiricism
3389:Avicennism
3334:Bhedabheda
3218:East Asian
3141:Madhyamaka
3121:Abhidharma
2987:Pyrrhonism
2754:Nominalism
2749:Naturalism
2678:Skepticism
2668:Relativism
2658:Absolutism
2587:Naturalism
2497:Deontology
2469:Skepticism
2454:Naturalism
2444:Empiricism
2408:Aesthetics
2312:Philosophy
1699:References
1445:Iranshahri
1390:See also:
1332:Backgammon
1260:Anacharsis
1141:See also:
1063:subjective
962:See also:
884:, and his
874:psychology
870:proscribed
786:Avicennism
780:Avicennism
761:See also:
674:revolution
562:Pythagoras
526:Freemasons
518:Myth of Er
472:branch of
439:See also:
401:Manicheism
235:Embroidery
204:Modern art
165:Literature
134:Irreligion
111:Philosophy
4179:Pakistani
4141:Taiwanese
4088:Ethiopian
4061:By region
4047:By region
3862:Scientism
3857:Systemics
3717:Spinozism
3644:Socialism
3579:Modernism
3542:Objective
3450:Anarchism
3384:Averroism
3273:Christian
3225:Neotaoism
3196:Zurvanism
3186:Mithraism
3181:Mazdakism
2952:Cyrenaics
2879:Logicians
2512:Free will
2474:Solipsism
2421:Formalism
2155:(2): 188.
1628:al-Farabi
1548:Mir Damad
1420:Miskawayh
1410:Al-Farabi
1326:) of the
1308:Zurvanism
1275:Mazdakism
1218:huxwadāīh
1160:Hystaspes
1052:Aristotle
854:existence
812:, due to
695:Zurvanism
690:Zurvanism
684:Zurvanism
678:communism
659:Sassanian
655:socialist
629:Mazdakism
623:Mazdakism
514:On Nature
405:Mazdakism
116:Astronomy
93:Mythology
75:Festivals
61:Languages
4365:Category
4320:Yugoslav
4310:Romanian
4217:Scottish
4202:American
4131:Japanese
4111:Buddhist
4093:Africana
4083:Egyptian
3925:Feminist
3847:Rawlsian
3842:Quietism
3740:Analytic
3692:Krausism
3599:Nihilism
3564:Kokugaku
3527:Absolute
3522:Idealism
3510:Humanism
3298:Occamism
3265:European
3210:Medieval
3156:Yogacara
3116:Buddhist
3109:Syādvāda
2992:Stoicism
2957:Cynicism
2945:Sophists
2940:Atomists
2935:Eleatics
2874:Legalism
2815:Medieval
2739:Idealism
2693:Ontology
2673:Nihilism
2577:Idealism
2335:Branches
2324:Branches
2261:Archived
2238:(2013).
2037:Archived
1667:See also
1624:Avicenna
1425:Avicenna
1318:Borzouye
1264:Scythian
1213:kshathra
1075:identity
915:Avicenna
852:and his
814:Avicenna
796:Avicenna
663:Kavadh I
619:theology
538:Voltaire
427:and the
389:the Arab
129:Religion
98:Folklore
24:a series
22:Part of
4315:Russian
4284:Spanish
4279:Slovene
4269:Maltese
4264:Italian
4244:Finland
4212:British
4194:Western
4184:Turkish
4169:Islamic
4164:Iranian
4116:Chinese
4103:Eastern
4070:African
4017:more...
3702:Marxism
3532:British
3475:Dualism
3371:Islamic
3329:Advaita
3319:Vedanta
3293:Scotism
3288:Thomism
3230:Tiantai
3173:Persian
3161:Tibetan
3151:Śūnyatā
3092:Cārvāka
3082:Ājīvika
3077:Mīmāṃsā
3057:Samkhya
2972:Academy
2925:Ionians
2899:Yangism
2856:Chinese
2847:Ancient
2810:Western
2805:Ancient
2764:Realism
2721:Reality
2711:Process
2592:Realism
2572:Dualism
2567:Atomism
2449:Fideism
2057:utm.edu
1992:1159025
1828:3269345
1190:Gobryas
1181:Ostanes
1025:Persian
944:reality
858:essence
818:Bukhara
808:In the
751:Ohrmazd
667:prophet
554:Avestan
504:Colotes
470:Iranian
374:Judaism
350:Persian
269:Cuisine
256:Jewelry
250:Pottery
195:Gardens
185:Theater
174:Dastgah
70:Symbols
51:History
4274:Polish
4254:German
4249:French
4234:Danish
4224:Canada
4174:Jewish
4136:Korean
4121:Indian
3663:People
3584:Monism
3537:German
3505:Holism
3438:Modern
3416:Jewish
3339:Dvaita
3312:Indian
3235:Huayan
3087:Ajñana
3044:Indian
2909:Greco-
2894:Taoism
2884:Mohism
2830:Modern
2797:By era
2786:By era
2701:Action
2582:Monism
2502:Virtue
2484:Ethics
2204:
2179:
2078:
2012:
1990:
1894:
1826:
1740:
1724:
1402:, and
1323:vizier
1284:Mazdak
1252:Gathas
1245:Avesta
1199:Tansar
1165:Jamasp
1071:Things
1015:. His
1009:Sufism
991:Sufism
773:Persia
723:Ormuzd
651:Mazdak
645:Mazdak
635:Mazdak
462:Persia
423:. The
415:, the
245:Carpet
190:Cinema
56:People
26:on the
4305:Aztec
4259:Greek
4239:Dutch
4229:Czech
4078:Bantu
3515:Anti-
3062:Nyaya
3052:Hindu
2912:Roman
2706:Event
2348:Logic
1824:JSTOR
1808:Numen
1340:into
1211:vohu
1203:mobad
1171:book
1086:Hegel
866:Paris
830:Kalam
745:work
661:king
603:China
574:Stoic
542:Deism
496:Plato
180:Dance
170:Music
3406:Sufi
3240:Chan
3099:Jain
3072:Yoga
2602:Mind
2542:Hard
2530:Hard
2202:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1988:OCLC
1960:2016
1892:ISBN
1850:2021
1790:help
1738:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1634:and
1559:and
1550:and
1535:and
1344:and
1301:Mani
1262:, a
1059:West
880:and
850:soul
824:and
765:and
595:Mani
490:and
403:and
391:and
147:Arts
3680:Neo
3245:Zen
1816:doi
1216:or
950:to
798:'s
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380:."
4383::
2161:^
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2029:,
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1798:^
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1779:}}
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2033:.
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1962:.
1898:.
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1792:)
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