399:
91:
733:
northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an
Afroasiaticlanguage Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28, 29).
44:
379:. This population movement is reportedly consistent with the date of the Engaruka site's desertion, which is estimated at somewhere between 1700 and 1750. It also roughly coincides with the start of the diminishment of the Engaruka River's flow as well as those of other streams descending from the
732:
We incorporated geographic data into a
Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and
524:
has been examined in a comprehensive study by
Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the Iraqw generally grouped with other Afroasiatic-speaking populations inhabiting the Great Lakes region, with these
435:
Comprehensive anthropological analyses of the ethnic Iraqw by Ikeda et al. (1982) suggests that they share significant affinities with other
Cushitic-speaking populations generally. However, due to intermarriage with the surrounding Tanzanian populations, the Iraqw also have some
525:
lacustrine groups forming a cluster distinct from that of the
Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa, North Africa and the Sahara. This difference was attributed to marked genetic exchanges between the Iraqw and neighboring
56:
362:
and furrows that are found at
Engaruka. Iraqw historical traditions likewise relate that their last significant migration to their present area of inhabitation occurred about two or three centuries ago after conflicts with the
315:, who were later decimated by pestilence. According to the Marakwet, the Sirikwa "built the furrows, but they did not teach us how to build them; we only know how to keep them as they are." Iraqw oral tradition also refers
500:
in 56% of the studied Iraqw, which is typical of Afro-Asiatic males from North and
Northeast Africa, who possess the haplogroup at high frequencies. The second most frequent paternal lineage among the Iraqw was
876:
Snyder, K. A. (2005). The Iraqw of
Tanzania. Negotiating rural development. New York: Westview Press. Thornton, R. J. (1980). Space, time and culture among the Iraqw of Tanzania. New York: Academic Press.
297:, among other neighboring areas, there are vestiges of the Neolithic tillers' civilization in the form of elaborate irrigation systems. Although these particular structures are today maintained by the
484:, although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Iraqw.
1014:
406:
In 2001, the Iraqw population was estimated to number around 462,000 individuals. Current estimates suggest the population of Iraqw people to the region of 1,000,000.
390:, who are the present-day occupants of Engaruka, the Iraqw also already inhabited the site when their own ancestors first entered the region during the 18th century.
505:, which is commonly found in Nilotic populations; it was observed in 22% of Iraqw males. The third most frequently observed paternal DNA marker in the Iraqw was the
413:
in northern
Manyara Region. It has long been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an "island" within a matrix of less intensive cultivation.
2408:
509:(E-P1), which is now very common among Bantus; it was found in 11% of the Iraqw samples. IN a larger sample haplogroup T y-dna was found in 11% of Iraqw.
2403:
496:
study by Wood et al. (2005) tested various populations in Africa for paternal lineages, including 9 Iraqw males from
Tanzania. The authors observed the
351:, Arusha Region, Tanzania. The modern Iraqw practice an intensive form of self-contained agriculture that bears a remarkable similarity to the ruins of
2092:
1007:
2413:
2044:
2418:
2398:
1000:
818:
791:
764:
233:, Arusha Region, where the majority of them still reside. In the Manyara region, the Iraqw are a major ethnic group, specifically in
948:
Hassan (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".
668:
2130:
923:
888:"The Hadza and the Iraqw in northern Tanzania: Dermatographical, Anthropological, Odontometrical and Osteological Approaches"
611:
2155:
2125:
2318:
2049:
887:
2085:
1023:
921:
Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes
432:
Based on articles about the Mbulu area of Tanzania, some Iraqw traditions are similar to those of Jewish people.
398:
2145:
2140:
1806:
506:
497:
453:
437:
319:
as "Tlawta Moyar tsar" meaning "Second Lake Moya." The legend says the first Lake Moya is far north probably
2313:
2135:
2078:
1880:
1624:
1482:
853:
A History under Siege: Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present
526:
259:
2339:
2150:
457:
2344:
2323:
1074:
683:
590:
502:
2294:
2054:
595:
380:
271:
2237:
1320:
935:
281:. Most of these early northern migrants are believed to have been absorbed by later movements of
275:
202:
311:, the latter aver that they were the work of a northern people of peculiar language called the
2354:
1705:
1424:
965:
814:
787:
760:
709:
481:
226:
222:
781:
343:
Additionally, the Iraqw's ancestors are often credited with having constructed the sprawling
1816:
1791:
957:
699:
691:
572:
461:
372:
348:
267:
175:
113:
2359:
1936:
1931:
1834:
1672:
1540:
1515:
1414:
1356:
1285:
927:
410:
364:
308:
305:
298:
282:
242:
238:
230:
151:
61:
737:
687:
2191:
2026:
2021:
1994:
1984:
1941:
1862:
1781:
1758:
1715:
1606:
1591:
1573:
1477:
1396:
1386:
1371:
1361:
1305:
1247:
1204:
1130:
1110:
1082:
1044:
704:
547:
449:
368:
312:
234:
214:
143:
109:
865:
717:
2392:
2349:
2222:
2206:
2171:
2101:
1989:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1923:
1913:
1898:
1890:
1875:
1870:
1852:
1844:
1829:
1824:
1773:
1753:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1616:
1601:
1583:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1492:
1434:
1429:
1381:
1376:
1300:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1229:
1214:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1153:
1148:
1120:
1105:
1097:
1087:
1064:
1039:
1031:
920:
607:
530:
421:
387:
376:
286:
210:
159:
155:
2364:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2008:
1974:
1969:
1951:
1908:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1763:
1748:
1735:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1596:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1502:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1366:
1348:
1333:
1328:
1310:
1242:
1237:
1219:
1158:
1140:
1125:
1059:
1049:
585:
559:
493:
477:
320:
316:
302:
290:
147:
127:
20:
808:
2377:
2263:
1743:
1700:
1662:
1652:
1553:
1487:
1462:
1444:
1404:
1338:
1290:
1275:
1209:
1176:
1115:
263:
2242:
2036:
1695:
1409:
1054:
352:
1903:
1280:
992:
695:
553:
383:; water sources around which Engaruka's irrigation practices were centered.
206:
969:
713:
639:
409:
Their core area of inhabitation is Iraqw’ar Da/aw (or Mama Issara) in the
2232:
2004:
518:
465:
344:
332:
218:
96:
834:
2289:
2227:
1295:
961:
620:
616:
476:
Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the
43:
55:
2284:
2279:
2247:
2176:
2111:
2016:
669:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"
417:
324:
2372:
2059:
397:
355:
328:
294:
131:
16:
Cushitic ethnic group from Arusha and Manyara Regions of Tanzania
2070:
2074:
996:
521:
359:
193:
187:
178:
258:
The Iraqw have traditionally been viewed as remnants of
274:— a succession of societies collectively known as the
190:
915:
Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret
371:
Nilotes, herders who are known to have occupied the
225:. The Iraqw people then settled in the southeast of
184:
2332:
2303:
2272:
2256:
2215:
2164:
2118:
2035:
2003:
1950:
1922:
1889:
1861:
1843:
1815:
1772:
1734:
1686:
1643:
1615:
1582:
1539:
1501:
1443:
1395:
1347:
1319:
1266:
1228:
1195:
1167:
1139:
1096:
1073:
1030:
181:
137:
120:
103:
81:
68:
34:
936:Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies
662:
660:
556:- Former Minister and Member of the parliament
2086:
1008:
750:
748:
746:
533:communities over the past 5,000 or so years.
424:are also predominantly settled by the Iraqw.
8:
29:
911:
909:
907:
375:above Engaruka prior to the arrival of the
2093:
2079:
2071:
1015:
1001:
993:
54:
42:
28:
950:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
703:
562:- Former Ambassador of Tanzania to China
631:
759:. Penguin Classics. pp. 275–276.
209:regions. They dwells in southwestern
7:
667:Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009).
82:Regions with significant populations
2409:Indigenous peoples of Arusha Region
783:A History of Africa, Fourth Edition
780:J.D. Fage, William Tordoff (2002).
575:, Former Prime Minister of Tanzania
932:European Journal of Human Genetics
813:. Rough Guides. pp. 437–438.
460:family. Iraqw speakers also speak
14:
2404:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
174:
89:
2131:Arusha District Council, Arusha
610:- President of the Catholic's
440:ties with local Bantu groups.
1:
612:Tanzania Episcopal Conference
74:
886:Ikeda, Jiro; Hayama, Sugio.
855:. 2004, Stockholm University
2304:National Parks and Reserves
2126:Arusha City Council, Arusha
810:The Rough Guide to Tanzania
757:The Tree Where Man Was Born
755:Matthiessen, Peter (2010).
464:, the national language of
162:and Other Cushitic people
2435:
2414:People from Manyara Region
2319:Lake Manyara National Park
339:Engaruka, Monduli District
18:
2419:Cushitic-speaking peoples
2399:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2108:
1024:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
934:(2005) 13, 867–876. (cf.
786:. Routledge. p. 29.
550:- Politician and Diplomat
142:
125:
108:
86:
73:
53:
41:
619:- Iraqw Folk Religion's
205:inhabiting the northern
48:Flag of the Iraqw people
19:Not to be confused with
2314:Tarangire National Park
2216:National Historic Sites
696:10.1126/science.1172257
452:, which belongs to the
2273:Major Cities and Towns
864:Rekdal, O. B. (2007).
416:The areas surrounding
403:
262:peoples who practiced
985:Mous, Maarten. 1993.
867:. Bergen: GeGCA-NUFU.
480:of the Iraqw people.
401:
203:Cushitic ethnic group
138:Related ethnic groups
2324:Arusha National Park
807:Finke, Jens (2003).
596:Gabriel Gerald Geay
591:John Stephen Akhwari
448:The Iraqw speak the
381:Ngorongoro highlands
2156:Ngorongoro District
688:2009Sci...324.1035T
254:Kerio Valley, Kenya
31:
2333:National Landmarks
2238:Nasera Rockshelter
2050:Chinese Tanzanians
987:A Grammar of Iraqw
962:10.1002/ajpa.20876
926:2010-12-27 at the
738:Supplementary Data
404:
272:Great Lakes region
60:An Iraqw man from
2386:
2385:
2355:Ngorongoro Crater
2345:Monduli Mountains
2310:Mount Meru Forest
2068:
2067:
2055:Indian Tanzanians
989:. Hamburg: Buske.
682:(5930): 1035–44.
482:Genetic genealogy
386:According to the
367:sub-group of the
227:Ngorongoro Crater
166:
165:
2426:
2360:Ngurudoto Crater
2257:Rivers and Lakes
2146:Monduli District
2141:Longido District
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2045:White Tanzanians
1017:
1010:
1003:
994:
974:
973:
945:
939:
913:
902:
901:
899:
897:
892:
883:
877:
874:
868:
862:
856:
849:
843:
842:
831:
825:
824:
804:
798:
797:
777:
771:
770:
752:
741:
735:
729:
728:
722:
716:. Archived from
707:
673:
664:
655:
654:
652:
650:
636:
602:Religious People
573:Frederick Sumaye
507:E1b1a haplogroup
498:E1b1b haplogroup
402:Iraqw homestead.
373:Crater Highlands
349:Monduli District
301:subgroup of the
289:peoples. In the
279:cultural complex
268:animal husbandry
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
99:
95:
93:
92:
76:
69:Total population
58:
46:
32:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2369:Ol Donyo Lengai
2328:
2299:
2268:
2252:
2211:
2160:
2136:Karatu District
2114:
2104:
2099:
2069:
2064:
2031:
1999:
1946:
1918:
1885:
1857:
1839:
1811:
1768:
1730:
1682:
1639:
1611:
1578:
1535:
1497:
1439:
1391:
1343:
1315:
1262:
1224:
1191:
1163:
1135:
1092:
1069:
1026:
1021:
982:
977:
947:
946:
942:
928:Wayback Machine
914:
905:
895:
893:
890:
885:
884:
880:
875:
871:
863:
859:
850:
846:
833:
832:
828:
821:
806:
805:
801:
794:
779:
778:
774:
767:
754:
753:
744:
726:
724:
720:
671:
666:
665:
658:
648:
646:
638:
637:
633:
629:
604:
582:
569:
544:
539:
515:
490:
474:
446:
430:
411:Mbulu Highlands
396:
341:
256:
251:
243:Hanang District
239:Babati District
231:Karatu District
177:
173:
90:
88:
87:
64:
62:Karatu District
49:
37:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2165:Native Peoples
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
981:
978:
976:
975:
940:
903:
878:
869:
857:
844:
826:
820:978-1858287836
819:
799:
793:978-0415252485
792:
772:
766:978-0143106241
765:
742:
656:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
614:
603:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
581:
578:
577:
576:
568:
565:
564:
563:
557:
551:
548:Willibrod Slaa
543:
540:
538:
535:
514:
511:
489:
486:
473:
470:
456:branch of the
454:South Cushitic
450:Iraqw language
445:
442:
429:
426:
395:
392:
388:Maasai Nilotes
340:
337:
255:
252:
250:
247:
235:Mbulu District
164:
163:
140:
139:
135:
134:
126:Predominantly
123:
122:
118:
117:
106:
105:
101:
100:
84:
83:
79:
78:
77:603,000 (2009)
71:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Olduvai Gorge
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Olduvai Gorge
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Meru District
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2102:Arusha Region
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
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2028:
2025:
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2018:
2015:
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1500:
1494:
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1479:
1476:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
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1119:
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1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1075:Dar es Salaam
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
988:
984:
983:
979:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(3): 316–23.
955:
951:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
904:
889:
882:
879:
873:
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
851:Börjeson, L.
848:
845:
840:
836:
830:
827:
822:
816:
812:
811:
803:
800:
795:
789:
785:
784:
776:
773:
768:
762:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
723:on 2017-08-08
719:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
663:
661:
657:
645:
641:
635:
632:
626:
622:
618:
615:
613:
609:
608:Wolfgang Pisa
606:
605:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
574:
571:
570:
566:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
537:Notable Iraqw
536:
534:
532:
528:
523:
520:
513:Autosomal DNA
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
438:morphological
433:
427:
425:
423:
422:Arusha region
419:
414:
412:
407:
400:
393:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
171:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
133:
129:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
85:
80:
72:
67:
63:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
22:
2365:Mungu Crater
2201:
2182:Chaga people
1419:
986:
953:
949:
943:
931:
916:
894:. Retrieved
881:
872:
860:
852:
847:
838:
829:
809:
802:
782:
775:
756:
731:
725:. Retrieved
718:the original
679:
675:
649:19 September
647:. Retrieved
643:
634:
586:Filbert Bayi
567:Statespeople
560:Philip Marmo
527:Nilo-Saharan
517:The Iraqw's
516:
503:Haplogroup B
494:Y-chromosome
491:
478:ethnogenesis
475:
458:Afro-Asiatic
447:
434:
431:
420:town in the
415:
408:
405:
394:Distribution
385:
353:stone-walled
342:
321:Lake Turkana
317:Lake Manyara
291:Kerio Valley
276:
260:Afro-Asiatic
257:
229:in northern
170:Iraqw people
169:
167:
128:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
21:Iraqi people
2378:Lake Natron
2264:Lake Duluti
1321:Kilimanjaro
542:Politicians
347:complex in
323:of western
264:agriculture
223:Rift Valley
221:, near the
217:regions of
130:; minority
2393:Categories
2340:Mount Meru
2243:Mumba Cave
2037:Immigrants
1706:Ndengereko
980:References
839:Ethnologue
835:"Tanzania"
727:2017-12-07
644:Ethnologue
277:Stone Bowl
2295:Usa River
2119:Districts
2110:Capital:
1937:Nyanyembe
1904:Nyamwanga
1817:Shinyanga
1792:Ndendeule
736:Also see
580:Sportsmen
554:Mary Nagu
519:autosomal
207:Tanzanian
116:, English
104:Languages
2233:Engaruka
2172:Waarusha
2005:Zanzibar
1932:Nyamwezi
1835:Nyamwezi
1541:Morogoro
1516:Nyakyusa
1415:Barabaig
1357:Machinga
1286:Holoholo
970:18618658
924:Archived
896:30 March
714:19407144
472:Genetics
466:Tanzania
444:Language
345:Engaruka
335:border.
333:Ethiopia
306:Kalenjin
299:Marakwet
219:Tanzania
201:) are a
152:Rendille
121:Religion
97:Tanzania
36:Wa Iraqw
2290:Namanga
2228:Laetoli
2192:Datooga
2187:Hadzabe
2027:Swahili
2022:Shirazi
1995:Swahili
1942:Swahili
1881:Nyaturu
1863:Singida
1782:Matengo
1759:Tumbuka
1716:Swahili
1607:Swahili
1592:Makonde
1574:Vidunda
1478:Ngurimi
1425:Kw'adza
1397:Manyara
1387:Swahili
1372:Makonde
1362:Matumbi
1306:Swahili
1296:Manyema
1248:Konongo
1205:Hangaza
1131:Sandawe
1111:Burunge
1083:Swahili
1045:Datooga
705:2947357
684:Bibcode
676:Science
640:"Iraqw"
621:Prophet
617:Saigilo
462:Swahili
428:Culture
365:Barbaig
327:around
313:Sirikwa
309:Nilotes
283:Nilotic
270:in the
249:History
215:Manyara
144:Burunge
114:Swahili
2285:Karatu
2280:Arusha
2248:Peninj
2207:Maasai
2112:Arusha
2017:Hadimu
2007:&
1990:Zigula
1985:Sambaa
1980:Segeju
1965:Dhaiso
1960:Bondei
1924:Tabora
1914:Lambya
1899:Malila
1891:Songwe
1876:Isanzu
1871:Iramba
1853:Sukuma
1845:Simiyu
1830:Sukuma
1825:Iramba
1774:Ruvuma
1754:Mambwe
1726:Zigula
1721:Zaramo
1711:Rufiji
1673:Pangwa
1645:Njombe
1635:Sukuma
1630:Kerewe
1617:Mwanza
1602:Maviha
1584:Mtwara
1569:Sagara
1564:Pogolo
1559:Luguru
1549:Kaguru
1493:Zanaki
1435:Mbugwe
1430:Maasai
1382:Ngindo
1377:Ndonde
1329:Chagga
1301:Tongwe
1268:Kigoma
1258:Rungwa
1253:Pimbwe
1230:Katavi
1215:Nyambo
1197:Kagera
1187:Ndamba
1182:Mbunga
1169:Iringa
1154:Sumbwa
1149:Sukuma
1121:Gorowa
1106:Alagwa
1098:Dodoma
1088:Zaramo
1065:Maasai
1040:Arusha
1032:Arusha
968:
917:et al.
817:
790:
763:
712:
702:
418:Karatu
377:Maasai
356:canals
325:Moyale
211:Arusha
160:Gorowa
156:Alagwa
94:
2373:Gelai
2202:Iraqw
2197:Sonjo
2060:Arabs
2009:Pemba
1975:Ngulu
1970:Mbugu
1952:Tanga
1909:Ndali
1802:Nindi
1797:Ngoni
1787:Mpoto
1764:Wanda
1749:Lungu
1736:Rukwa
1688:Pwani
1678:Wanji
1668:Manda
1658:Kinga
1597:Makua
1531:Sangu
1526:Safwa
1521:Nyiha
1511:Kimbu
1503:Mbeya
1473:Kuria
1468:Kabwa
1458:Ikoma
1453:Ikizu
1420:Iraqw
1367:Mwera
1349:Lindi
1334:Ngasa
1311:Vinza
1243:Bende
1238:Bembe
1220:Shubi
1159:Zinza
1141:Geita
1126:Rangi
1060:Sonjo
1050:Hadza
891:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
627:Notes
531:Bantu
488:Y DNA
369:Datog
329:Kenya
303:Nandi
295:Kenya
287:Bantu
148:Oromo
132:Islam
110:Iraqw
30:Iraqw
2177:Meru
1744:Fipa
1701:Kami
1663:Kisi
1653:Bena
1625:Kara
1554:Kutu
1488:Ware
1483:Suba
1463:Jita
1445:Mara
1405:Akie
1339:Pare
1291:Jiji
1276:Goma
1210:Haya
1177:Hehe
1116:Gogo
1055:Meru
966:PMID
898:2016
815:ISBN
788:ISBN
761:ISBN
710:PMID
651:2018
529:and
360:dams
285:and
266:and
241:and
213:and
168:The
1807:Yao
1696:Doe
1410:Asa
958:doi
954:137
930:",
919:, "
700:PMC
692:doi
680:324
522:DNA
293:of
2395::
1281:Ha
964:.
952:.
906:^
837:.
745:^
730:.
708:.
698:.
690:.
678:.
674:.
659:^
642:.
492:A
468:.
358:,
245:.
237:,
194:uː
188:ɑː
158:•
154:•
150:•
146:•
112:,
75:c.
2094:e
2087:t
2080:v
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
972:.
960::
938:)
900:.
841:.
823:.
796:.
769:.
740:.
694::
686::
653:.
331:-
197:/
191:k
185:r
182:ˈ
179:ɪ
176:/
172:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
