1253:
1219:
1598:. Throughout the 1990s a continuous power struggle ensued over political representation in parliament and oil revenues, resulting in an armed conflict in 1994. Fighting again broke out in 1996, the KDP looked for assistance from the central Iraqi government and the PUK sought out support for the United States. This clash divided the two rival zones into "Barzanistan" and "Talabanistan", establishing two administrations, cabinets, parliaments, and state flags. Political party infighting ruined a chance for the Kurdish peoples to unify and establish an autonomous state, completely separate from the Iraqi central government. Within a factionalized atmosphere, other groups established a presence, such as the Turkey-based
1067:
1154:, Kurdish cultural, social and political rights were recognised within fifteen points. But these rights were not implemented due to the willingness of the Arabs but rather because of political developments. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. Most KDP members chose to live in exile and the KDP declared the end of their insurgency. Therefore, in 1975, another political party emerged in Iraqi Kurdistan, led by
1468:, for example the merchants helps the clergy by financing the opening of new mosques and other religious affairs. Islam is thought to be a religion of governance as well as spirituality, Kurds make sure to keep both their spiritual identity and national identity strong. Today, many Muslim Kurds consider themselves religious when it comes to adhering to the call to prayer as they often try to keep up and pray all five prayers, also secondary practices of Islam have a stronghold in Kurdish culture. Such as, following Islamic food restrictions, refraining from the consumption of alcohol, circumcising male newborns, and wearing a veil are all very popular customs and rituals among Kurds.
1694:
Kurdish populations are gaining international support and relief. For Iraqi Kurds, this international network was established after the Gulf War of 1991. They had new forms of financial and political support as well as the resources and the legal geographic space to advance their nationalist agenda. This access allowed
Kurdish language publications, texts, educational programs, and cultural organizations to flourish—benefits that Kurds only were experiencing within the state of Iraq and in European academic institutions. Transnational social and cultural networks for Kurds were still tied to characteristics of certain states.
1719:, Turkey has been moving to grant these rights. With this improved relationship, Turkish Kurds have accepted their place within the Turkish state. This is just one instance of how Kurds are focusing on improving their livelihood within already established state lines rather than pushing for a restructuring of political borders in the Middle East. Though Iraqi Kurds have the greatest opportunity to push for autonomy because of the Iraqi state's government restructuring, Kurds in neighboring countries do not have the leverage to push for the independence that would threaten pre-existing states.
1555:
1190:
continued to be ruled by the KDP and PUK and began to establish a stable economy and national identity. Iraqi
Kurdistan built a socioeconomic infrastructure from scratch, completely independent from the centralized framework of Ba'athist Iraq. Though civil war broke out in the north between Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party and Talabani's Patriotic Union of Kurdistan from 1994 to 1998, Kurds were still able to maintain a democratic and prosperous foundation for their region.
1282:
1682:, rather than focus on their collective development as Kurds. Nationalism was also hindered by divisions of tribes, languages, and geography that prevented the Kurdish people from identifying completely as one unit. No leader has yet to rise above this tribal status and the infighting hurts those fighting for Kurdish autonomy because they are divided by other factions or political boundaries. For example, during the
3287:
52:
3016:
3148:
3299:
1388:
224:
1614:. The KDP holds the representation of tribes along the Turkish border, so favorable relations with them ensures trading for Iraqi goods. Turkey then shifted its relationships to favor the now social-democratic PUK party. Since this party sat in the southern region of northern Iraq, it had stronger relations with the central Iraqi government. After the
1547:
1269:
majority areas below the Green line be attached to the KRG immediately, and 'mixed areas' should be questioned on a case-by-case basis. Sunnis felt as if Kurds should gain no additional land as a result of the US invasion. Reattaching Kirkuk districts to reflect the 1975 boundaries posed many problems to Iraqis and brought along
1522:, so internal language factions are not common. Kirmanji was the favored dialect up until the World Wars, but by the 1960s Sorani became the dominant dialect among Iranian and Iraqi Kurds. A problem among Kurdish people is that they do not have a unified script for their language. Iranian and Iraqi Kurds have modified the
1374:
This was not an ideal form of reparation for many Kurds. After being displaced, many formerly
Kurdish regions lacked in development and agricultural upkeep. Educational and economic opportunities were often greater for Kurds outside of these disputed territories, so many people did not want to be forced to return.
1785:
A rough estimate in this edition gives populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in
Kurdistan or in adjacent regions. The CIA estimates are as of August 2015 –
1737:
On 1 July 2014, Massud
Barzani announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months." After previously opposing the independence for Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey has later given signs that it could recognize an independent Kurdish state. On 11 July 2014 KRG forces seized control
1268:
One of the major problems in trying to implement
Article 140 was a discrepancy in the definition of 'disputed area'. The article only refers to regions that would go through this normalization process as "Kirkuk and other disputed area". In 2003 Kurdish negotiator Mahmud Othman suggested that Kurdish
1198:
When the US invaded to oust the Iraqi government in 2003, the northern
Kurdish border with Iraqi central state was moved considerably southward. This gave Kurds more access to water and oil resources, therefore increasing priorities within the region to establish steady relations with the Kurds. This
1149:
which pushed for
Kurdish autonomy under the Iraqi government. In the year 1958 Abdul Karim Qasim made a coup against the British and the Republic of Iraq was established. The Kurds had hoped that now they would receive their promised rights, but the political environment was not favorable. So the KDP
1435:
who live in the central and eastern parts of Iraq. Their population is estimated to be around 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 in Iraq which is about 30% of the Iraqi
Kurdish population. They are known for being very wealthy businessmen, merchants, politicians, highly educated and have dominated the politics
1642:
Development of
Kurdish infrastructure has also become an integral aspect of their successful autonomy. Previously dependent on the socioeconomic infrastructure of Baghdad, Kurds were able to efficiently build up their region, physically and politically, from scratch. They built a fully functioning
1373:
In 2008, the Iraqi, Kurdish and US governments came to the consensus that these types of reparations to the Kurdish people would not be able to be carried out without further negotiations and political agreements on boundaries. The US government faced many problems trying to implement Article 140.
1189:
in 1991 condemned and forbade "the repression of the Iraqi civilian population... in Kurdish populated areas." After many bloody encounters, an uneasy balance of power was reached between the Iraqi forces and Kurdish troops, ultimately allowing Iraqi Kurdistan to function independently. The region
1493:
in the Qadhas of Kirkuk and Mosul. In Arbil of the 15 issues of the official gazette eight issues were in Arabic, six in Turkish and only one in Kurdish. By 1943 protests broke out either demanding the acknowledging of Kurdish as an official language or the independence of Kurdistan. Language has
1488:
Mosul, Arbil, Kirkuk and Suleimanya But the Language Law was not fully implemented, in the Governmental Offices in the Liwas of Kirkuk and Mosul the law has never been applied and following the release in independence of the Kingdom of Iraq by the British Empire in 1932, schools and Governmental
1819:
For Iraqi Kurdistan more precise figures are available. By 2016 there were 5.4 million Kurds in the three governorates (Erbil, Duhok, Suleimanieh) in the Federated Kurdistan Region and about 3 million Kurds in the adjoining Kurdish territories not officially located in the Kurdistan region. The
1605:
Kurdish leaders in Iraq have pushed for the prosperity of divided local governments rather than an independent state; this is because leadership is derived from tribal legitimacy, rather than political institutions. Talabani and Barzani, for instance, did not come from the most populous Kurdish
1693:
have helped Kurds to establish an ethno-national group, or self-defined national identity. Though this has developed a sense of pride and definition across political boundaries, it reveals a less promising scenario of Kurdish statehood. It has disclosed disparities across countries about which
1609:
From 1986 to the present, Turkey has held different alliances with the KDP and PUK parties of Iraqi Kurdistan. Turkey has protected the KDP from the PKK and PUK. Turkey has also attacked the political parties PUK and PKK, while keeping good relations with the KDP, partially for access to cheap
1634:
was established, a stronger Kurdish identity began to form. This has stemmed from increased international support and the pull-out of the Iraqi central government from Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurdish language crossed over into the public sphere, taught and spoken in schools, universities, the
1226:
Kurdish people have played an important role in Iraqi state-building since the United States invaded in 2003. Many Kurds seek to build an autonomous federal state in the post-Hussein era, however, a solution for Kurdish problems in Iraq was not even mentioned in the 2004 UN resolution that
1264:
Disputed internal boundaries have been a core concern for Arabs and Kurds, especially since US invasion and political restructuring in 2003. Kurds gained territory to the south of Iraqi Kurdistan after the US-led invasion in 2003 to regain what land they considered historically theirs.
1207:. After the invasion, however, no evidence of mass destruction weapons was found to prove the US claim. After the fall of the government, the United States government, with the help of ethnic leaders had to confront three issues: the nature of the future Iraqi government, how
1150:
began an insurgency against the Government in Baghdad in 1961. Their insurgency was in part successful as in 1966 official Kurdish groups gained some rights with the Bazzaz Declaration and with the 1970 Peace Accord a principle of Kurdish autonomy was reached. In the
1530:
use a Latinized alphabet. This creates unity within modern political borders but strains relations and effective communications transnationally. This lack of unity in scripture parallels Kurdish cultural history, for isolated Kurdish mountain tribes were often
1252:
1710:
have migrated outside of their historic homeland in the southeast of Turkey, westward for more prosperous lives. Turkish Kurds have also come to an agreement with the Turkish government. Since the capture of their leader
1218:
1057:
were kept away, and a space was carved out to develop Kurdish culture, language, and identity. Arabs applied the name "Kurds" to the people of the mountains after they had conquered and Islamicized the region.
1170:. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. The campaign culminated in the
1606:
tribe, but rather from well-organized tribes. This could be an inhibitor to democracy in the region since those trying to preserve the status quo hold power but do not represent the majority.
1162:(PUK). Since the PUK was established, it lacked cooperation and engaged in violent conflict with the KDP over differing philosophies, demographics, and goals. From March 1987 until 1989 the
1602:(PKK), radical Islamist groups, and other Turkish political groups. The PKK has been a major party seeking state autonomy and cultural, linguistic, and ethnic rights for Kurds in Turkey.
1460:” is used against the feylis to degrade them. Despite that many feylis are secular or moderate, the alienation by their fellow sunni Kurds have pushed them closer to the Shia regime in
1674:
Though Kurdish people had some success in forming a national identity, there have been factors that have stunted its growth. Under the state of Iraq, Kurds were subjugated to the
1738:
of the Bai Hassan and Kirkuk oilfields, prompting a condemnation from Baghdad and a threat of "dire consequences," if the oilfields were not relinquished back to Iraq's control.
2634:
1215:
or not, how the US should respond to civil conflict between the Arabs and Kurds, and how previous promises to the Kurdish and Iraqi people would be achieved in a future state.
1211:
representation was to be achieved in the government, and how Sunni re-enfranchisement was to be managed. Different opinions emerged on whether the Iraqi government should be
1480:, still a part of the British Empire, issued a Language Law declaring Kurdish language of instruction in elementary and primary schools and the official language in several
1786:
Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15–20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million.
1350:
Article 140 was not implemented by 2007. At this time the Presidency Council also recommended to reattach all previously detached districts of Kirkuk. The Chemchamal and
3359:
1651:. With these developments, the de facto Kurdish government gained recognition for the first time in the international sphere. They have quasi-official representation in
1538:
After political changes in Iraq in the 1990s, however, Kurdish was increasingly used in the regional administration and education system, given their greater autonomy.
1335:. The normalization phase was supposed to undo the 'Arabization' policies Kurds faced from 1968 to 2003 that were designed to alter the demographic in the city of
2772:
1444:. The feylis have been a subject of discrimination by their fellow sunni Kurds and even sunni Arabs for belonging to the Shiite faith, the common terms such as “
1186:
1347:
were also to be reversed. After this normalization process, a census would talk place and the populace would choose to be governed by either the KRG or Baghdad.
1151:
3005:
1615:
1041:
is a semi-autonomous region in northern Iraq has a population of approximately 6 million people. Kurdish populations occupy the territory in and around the
1772:
1181:
and an unsuccessful Kurdish uprising in 1991, Kurds fled back to the mountains to seek refuge from the government forces. The United States established a
1686:, from 1980 to 1988, Turkey supported one Iraqi Kurdish group over another in order to play the Iraqi Kurds off against Turkey's own rebellious Kurds.
1199:
new access also encouraged more investment within the region, softening political tensions and polarization. The US invaded Iraq in order to take down
3354:
1716:
1796:
1037:. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in the world that do not have a state of their own. This geo-cultural region means "Land of the Kurds".
1574:, leans toward conservative nationalism and has a strong presence in the north. Given their geographic location, they have historically relied on
1562:
A major weakness of Kurdish national cohesiveness has been the strength of tribal and regional factions, often resulting in strong breaks between
1066:
3334:
2391:
1715:
in 1999, Kurds have limited their activism to fighting for cultural, social and educational rights within the state of Turkey. Due to Turkey's
2694:
2667:
2618:
2194:
2112:
2053:
2028:
1921:
1896:
1844:
1236:
657:
85:
3344:
1304:
2765:
2722:
2741:
2219:
2162:
2137:
1590:
ideals during their liberation struggle and has a stronghold in the southern Iraqi Kurdistan. They have tended to seek support from
1507:
1647:. They were able to manage local governments, establish free and active Kurdish political parties, and institutionalize a Kurdish
2998:
1370:
district would be reattached from the Salah ad-Din district. In 2008, the 140 Committee announced inaction on these initiatives.
777:
1013:
within Iraq have grappled with various political statuses over their history. Once assumed to receive full independence via the
1045:. These arid unwelcoming mountains have been a geographic buffer to cultural and political dominance from neighboring empires.
949:
3339:
2593:
2568:
2543:
2515:
3324:
2758:
1320:
1022:
859:
762:
495:
1583:
1159:
802:
3244:
2991:
2936:
2836:
1760:
1204:
884:
470:
1599:
3349:
3277:
2824:
2819:
1801:
1567:
702:
687:
1110:
1324:
1245:, Iraq's central government, and neighboring countries, previous political agreements, disputed territories, and
1105:
In the 1500s most Kurds fell under Ottoman Rule. Iraqi Kurds developed as a subgroup of the Kurdish peoples when
1554:
3329:
3209:
1355:
1222:
Flickr – The U.S. Army – 1st 'Panthers' Battalion prepares to replace 'Warriors,' assume mission in east Rashid
1142:
415:
99:
1343:, displacement, house demolition, and property confiscation. Institutionalized boundaries as a result of past
1366:
governorate in 1976 was to be reattached, although it had been under Kurdish control since 1991. Lastly, the
2715:
Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania
1270:
1171:
2431:
Bartu, Peter (2010). "Wrestling With the Integrity of A Nation: The Disputed Internal Boundaries in Iraq".
2364:
Bartu, Peter (2010). "Wrestling With the Integrity of A Nation: The Disputed Internal Boundaries in Iraq".
1411:
beliefs. Kurds were assimilating these religious practices into their cultural domain as early as 800 BCE.
1241:
Factors that play into their future include Kurdish diversity and factions, Kurdish relationships with the
3319:
3095:
2677:
Mazaheri, Mas‘ud Habibi; Gholami, Rahim (2008). "Ayyūbids". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.).
1806:
1090:
614:
589:
390:
1436:
and economy of Iraq especially during the 60s and 70s. Unlike the other sunni Kurds the feylis speak the
3137:
1523:
1146:
872:
455:
2734:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East From the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
1678:
process for all Iraqis, given the arbitrary state lines. Kurds were starting to think of themselves as
1319:
Article 140 of the 2005 Iraqi constitution vowed to place disputed areas under the jurisdiction of the
1097:. The Ayyubid dynasty, was a powerful Islamic dynasty of Kurdish origin and also ruled northern Iraq.
3234:
2967:
2814:
2781:
2482:
2458:
1130:
682:
667:
488:
209:
3169:
3112:
3080:
2904:
2802:
1415:, however, began in the seventh century AD, eventually overpowering Kurdish resistance. Over time,
1246:
1118:
1014:
942:
692:
662:
405:
345:
135:
123:
115:
107:
1117:. The Kurdish people were expecting to soon gain independence from what they were promised in the
3147:
3122:
3019:
2807:
2324:; Robert Olson; Nihat Ali Ozcan; Khaled Salih; M. Hakan Yavuz (March 2004). "The Kurds in Iraq".
1820:
Kurdish population in Iraq thus amounts to 8.4 million, or 26.5% of the total population of Iraq.
1703:
1690:
1363:
1126:
1122:
792:
652:
425:
253:
131:
119:
111:
1683:
1635:
administration, and the media. There has also been an influx of national symbols, including the
1754:
3264:
3259:
3219:
3127:
2899:
2894:
2737:
2718:
2690:
2663:
2614:
2589:
2564:
2539:
2511:
2215:
2190:
2158:
2133:
2108:
2078:
2049:
2024:
1917:
1892:
1840:
1764:
1734:
system within post-Saddam Iraq in order to ensure the future wellbeing of the Kurdish people.
1644:
1563:
1495:
1428:
987:
823:
815:
787:
782:
772:
722:
717:
697:
475:
430:
332:
288:
278:
150:
127:
103:
95:
3291:
3239:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3161:
3117:
3085:
3075:
2789:
2682:
2440:
2373:
2333:
1503:
1441:
1437:
1042:
967:
844:
752:
727:
711:
677:
672:
465:
410:
370:
360:
355:
349:
341:
327:
318:
308:
159:
57:
2635:"Kurds in Iraq to make their strongest push for independence yet | Al Jazeera America"
3229:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3189:
3132:
3107:
3090:
3062:
3045:
2983:
2972:
2829:
1712:
1707:
1499:
1477:
1074:
1038:
1003:
975:
757:
747:
740:
707:
604:
574:
554:
460:
450:
435:
420:
400:
375:
365:
337:
298:
213:
80:
2070:
1311:
and the surrounding area, as well as most of the disputed territories in Northern Iraq.
1185:
initiative in Iraqi Kurdistan for the Kurds as an asylum away from the Iraqi government.
3102:
3057:
1727:
1723:
1664:
1579:
1571:
1412:
1400:
1344:
1281:
1200:
1163:
1155:
1018:
1010:
935:
921:
536:
445:
395:
201:
1017:, Iraqi Kurds have experienced a recent troubled political history. After the fall of
3313:
3040:
2951:
2797:
2444:
2377:
2337:
2321:
1668:
1527:
1485:
1432:
1242:
1106:
1054:
999:
854:
849:
797:
767:
629:
439:
385:
240:
2686:
1323:(KRG) by the end of 2007. The three phases that were going to aid this process were
2941:
2909:
1636:
1445:
1367:
1086:
896:
891:
609:
579:
911:
1129:
over Kurdistan's borders. Also the Anglo Iraqi treaty of 1929 which outlined the
3303:
3015:
2887:
2872:
2212:
Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and International Relations: Theory and Ethnic Conflict
1675:
1631:
1490:
1465:
1416:
1351:
1340:
1212:
1182:
1167:
1114:
1034:
599:
175:
51:
1339:
and other disputed areas to favor the Arab population. These policies included
2086:
1731:
1648:
1332:
569:
180:
2082:
1768:
70:
5.6 million to 8.4 million (or 15%– 26.5% of the Iraqi population in 2015–16)
2856:
2851:
2846:
1611:
1404:
906:
901:
594:
559:
549:
519:
269:
1618:
the relations between Turkey and political parties in the KRG cooled down.
1387:
17:
2841:
1627:
1519:
1515:
1464:. The Feyli Kurdish merchant establishment have very close ties with the
1453:
1178:
1082:
1025:(KRG), face a crossroads in the political trajectory of Iraqi Kurdistan.
995:
916:
834:
624:
584:
524:
514:
184:
2155:
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity
2946:
2929:
2924:
2882:
2750:
1626:
Throughout the 1990s, when Kurds were given regional control after the
1587:
1532:
1070:
634:
619:
529:
223:
1291: Disputed and part of the Kurdish Regional Government since 1991.
2919:
2877:
1679:
1660:
1652:
1575:
1511:
1506:. Kurdish belongs to the Iranian language group and is rooted in the
1449:
1336:
1328:
1308:
1046:
991:
839:
564:
274:
1546:
1595:
1553:
1545:
1420:
1419:
became the dominant religion of the Kurdish people, following the
1408:
1396:
1386:
1359:
1285:
Disputed areas in Iraq prior to the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive.
1280:
1257:
1251:
1217:
1094:
1065:
1050:
879:
639:
304:
233:
1989:
az, Arafat (2020). "Mervânî Devleti'nin Kurucusu Bâd b. Dostık".
1656:
1639:, a Kurdish hymn, and public recognition of the Kurdish people.
1591:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1424:
1208:
1033:
The Kurdish people are an ethnic group whose origins are in the
983:
294:
284:
90:
2987:
2754:
1722:
Even at a crossroads for the political future of Iraqi Kurds,
1089:(or Hasanuyids, 959–1015) ruled in northern Iraq. The Kurdish
2262:
Bengio, Ofra (Summer 2003). "Iraqi Kurds: Hour of Power?".
1706:, legitimizing a Kurdish state is even more unlikely. Many
1297: Disputed and under the control of central government.
1121:
in 1920, but this was quickly overturned in 1923, when the
2392:"Kurdish Troops Seize Iraq's Kirkuk, Bai Hassan Oilfields"
1949:
1947:
1945:
3275:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1535:
and therefore had a very limited written tradition.
1133:, didn't see any provisions for a Kurdish autonomy.
160:
Arabic (Mesopotamian Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic)
3252:
3155:
3033:
3026:
2960:
2865:
2788:
2130:
Kurdish Politics in Turkey: From the PKK to the KCK
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
168:
141:
74:
64:
38:
2588:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 118.
2563:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 118.
2538:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 337.
2510:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 114.
1502:, for the vast majority of Kurdish peoples speak
1166:lasted, with which the Kurds were supposed to be
2586:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985
2561:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985
2536:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985
2508:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985
2006:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
1187:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688
2999:
2766:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
943:
8:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2189:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 14.
2107:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 13.
2071:"La nouvelle donne kurde au regard du passé"
2048:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 12.
2023:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 11.
1830:
1828:
33:
2613:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 6.
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
2098:
2096:
1916:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 3.
3030:
3006:
2992:
2984:
2773:
2759:
2751:
1093:dynasty (983–1096) temporarily ruled over
1021:in 2003, Iraqi Kurds, now governed by the
950:
936:
191:
50:
32:
1759:(Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US
1558:KDP and PUK-controlled areas of Kurdistan
1077:, was born in Tikrit in present-day Iraq.
982:) are the second largest ethnic group of
3360:Kurdish people by country of citizenship
2708:. Vol. II. Fasc. 1. pp. 97–98.
1965:
1423:school. There is a significant minority
3282:
1953:
1746:
1494:been foundational to the building of a
1358:in 1976 were to be returned to Kirkuk.
1227:established Iraq's interim government.
194:
2529:
2527:
1977:
1936:
1775:from the original on 22 December 2015
1307:, Iraqi Kurdistan seized the city of
1237:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
1109:created the state of Iraq out of the
658:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
86:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
7:
2153:Romano, David; Romano (2006-03-02).
1440:dialect which is more closer to the
151:Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji and Feyli)
75:Regions with significant populations
2637:. America.aljazeera.com. 2014-07-15
1730:have both opted for establishing a
979:
971:
2704:Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS".
1081:Several Kurdish dynasties such as
25:
1643:autonomous government, free from
1508:Indo-European family of languages
1354:districts that were allocated to
1073:, of Kurdish origin, who founded
3355:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
3297:
3285:
3146:
3014:
2487:European Union Agency for Asylum
2463:European Union Agency for Asylum
2445:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00946.x
2378:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00946.x
2338:10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00145.x
1839:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
222:
2687:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0323
1616:independence referendum of 2017
1399:, many Kurds were followers of
2717:. Cambridge University Press.
1586:(PUK) has aligned itself with
1:
3335:History of the Kurdish people
2662:. Columbia University Press.
1321:Kurdistan Regional Government
1023:Kurdistan Regional Government
496:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
2210:Černy, Hannes (2017-07-28).
2128:Saeed, Seevan (2016-09-13).
1584:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1578:for international leverage.
1305:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1277:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1203:and dissolve any threats of
1160:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1137:Kurdish nationalist movement
972:Kurdanî Êraq \ کوردانی عێراق
3345:Kurdish diaspora by country
2736:(3nd ed.). Routledge.
2069:Tejel, Jordi (2017-01-24).
2007:Mazaheri & Gholami 2008
1761:Central Intelligence Agency
1205:weapons of mass destruction
986:. They traditionally speak
3376:
2952:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)
2214:. Routledge. p. 170.
1802:Kurdish Institute of Paris
1568:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1256:Pro-independence rally in
1234:
1101:Ottoman conquest and after
703:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
688:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
3144:
3034:Traditional Kurdish areas
2660:The New Islamic Dynasties
2584:Hsssanpour, Amin (1992).
2559:Hsssanpour, Amin (1992).
2534:Hsssanpour, Amin (1992).
2506:Hsssanpour, Amin (1992).
2132:. Routledge. p. 35.
1518:are the main two Kurdish
1427:population following the
173:
146:
79:
69:
49:
2609:Gunter, Michael (2008).
2185:Gunter, Michael (2008).
2103:Gunter, Michael (2008).
2077:(in French) (2): 19–29.
2044:Gunter, Michael (2008).
2019:Gunter, Michael (2008).
1912:Gunter, Michael (2008).
1835:Gunter, Michael (2008).
1797:"The Kurdish population"
1600:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1356:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
1143:Kurdish Democratic Party
1891:. London: I.B. Tauris.
1271:unintended consequences
2732:Kennedy, Hugh (2016).
2713:Vacca, Alison (2017).
2658:Bosworth, C.E (1996).
1805:. 2016. Archived from
1717:pending EU application
1559:
1551:
1392:
1300:
1261:
1223:
1078:
3340:Ethnic groups in Iraq
2942:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati
2679:Encyclopedia Islamica
2483:"2.15.9. Fayli Kurds"
2459:"2.15.9. Fayli Kurds"
2433:International Affairs
2366:International Affairs
2264:Middle East Quarterly
1557:
1549:
1524:Perso-Arabic alphabet
1395:Before the spread of
1390:
1378:Culture and diversity
1284:
1255:
1221:
1147:Mulla Mustafa Barzani
1145:(KDP) was founded by
1111:Sykes–Picot Agreement
1069:
988:the Kurdish languages
3325:Demographics of Iraq
2782:Demographics of Iraq
2706:Encyclopædia Iranica
1887:Aziz, Mahir (2011).
1489:Administration were
803:Kurdish philosophers
683:Kingdom of Kurdistan
509:Karduchian dynasties
2611:The Kurds Ascending
2187:The Kurds Ascending
2105:The Kurds Ascending
2046:The Kurds Ascending
2021:The Kurds Ascending
1914:The Kurds Ascending
1837:The Kurds Ascending
1431:school, called the
1247:Kurdish nationalism
1194:US invasion of Iraq
693:Republic of Mahabad
663:Simko Shikak revolt
35:
3020:Kurdish population
2326:Middle East Policy
1756:The World Factbook
1691:telecommunications
1570:(KDP), founded by
1560:
1552:
1393:
1301:
1262:
1224:
1131:Iraqi independence
1127:Republic of Turkey
1123:Treaty of Lausanne
1079:
653:Kurdistansky Uyezd
299:Southern Kurdistan
279:Northern Kurdistan
3350:Ethnic minorities
3273:
3272:
3071:
3070:
2981:
2980:
2961:Foreign nationals
2830:Roman Catholicism
2825:Oriental Orthodox
2696:978-90-04-16860-2
2669:978-0-231-10714-3
2620:978-0-230-60370-7
2320:Gunter, Michael;
2196:978-0-230-60370-7
2114:978-0-230-60370-7
2055:978-0-230-60370-7
2030:978-0-230-60370-7
1923:978-0-230-60370-7
1898:978-1-84885-546-5
1889:The Kurds of Iraq
1846:978-0-230-60370-7
1622:National identity
1564:political parties
1542:Political parties
1496:national identity
1362:, annexed to the
1260:in September 2017
1152:1970 Peace Accord
1085:(990/1–1117) and
960:
959:
824:Kurdish languages
723:Turkish Kurdistan
718:Iranian Kurdistan
698:Al-Anfal campaign
668:Koçgiri Rebellion
309:Western Kurdistan
289:Eastern Kurdistan
190:
189:
94:Governorates of:
16:(Redirected from
3367:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3150:
3031:
3018:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2700:
2673:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2439:(6): 1329–1343.
2428:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2372:(6): 1329–1343.
2361:
2342:
2341:
2317:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1939:, p. 97–98.
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1884:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1751:
1704:Kurdish diaspora
1476:In May 1931 the
1442:Persian language
1438:southern Kurdish
1296:
1290:
1172:Halabja massacre
1125:established the
1119:Treaty of Sèvres
1062:Classical period
1043:Zagros mountains
1015:Treaty of Sèvres
981:
973:
952:
945:
938:
826:
778:Historical sites
728:Syrian Kurdistan
712:Kurdistan Region
678:Dersim Rebellion
673:Ararat rebellion
510:
226:
216:
205:
197:
192:
65:Total population
58:Kurdistan Region
54:
36:
21:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3330:Society of Iraq
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3248:
3151:
3142:
3067:
3022:
3012:
2982:
2977:
2956:
2861:
2784:
2779:
2744:
2731:
2725:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2676:
2670:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2430:
2429:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2319:
2318:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2229:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1991:Turkish Studies
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1776:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1713:Abdullah Öcalan
1700:
1689:Technology and
1624:
1544:
1500:Iraqi Kurdistan
1478:Kingdom of Iraq
1474:
1385:
1380:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1239:
1233:
1196:
1174:in March 1988.
1139:
1103:
1075:Ayyubid dynasty
1064:
1039:Iraqi Kurdistan
1031:
956:
927:
926:
875:
865:
864:
829:
822:
818:
808:
807:
748:Kurdish culture
743:
733:
732:
708:Iraqi Kurdistan
648:
555:Mir Jafar Dasni
545:
513:
508:
504:
491:
481:
480:
256:
246:
245:
236:
217:
214:Kurdish culture
210:Kurdish history
208:
207:
206:
199:
195:
178:
164:
155:
93:
89:
84:
81:Iraqi Kurdistan
60:
45:
44:العراقيين الكرد
43:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:United Kingdom
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2729:
2724:978-1107188518
2723:
2710:
2701:
2695:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2626:
2619:
2601:
2594:
2576:
2569:
2551:
2544:
2523:
2516:
2498:
2474:
2450:
2404:
2383:
2343:
2332:(1): 106–131.
2269:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2163:
2145:
2138:
2120:
2113:
2092:
2061:
2054:
2036:
2029:
2011:
1999:
1993:(in Turkish).
1982:
1970:
1958:
1956:, p. 215.
1941:
1929:
1922:
1904:
1897:
1852:
1845:
1824:
1809:on 25 May 2023
1788:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1699:
1696:
1645:Ba'athist Iraq
1623:
1620:
1580:Jalal Talabani
1572:Masoud Barzani
1543:
1540:
1473:
1470:
1413:Arab conquests
1401:Zoroastrianism
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1345:gerrymandering
1316:
1313:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1232:
1229:
1201:Saddam Hussein
1195:
1192:
1164:Anfal campaign
1156:Jalal Talabani
1138:
1135:
1102:
1099:
1063:
1060:
1030:
1027:
1019:Saddam Hussein
1011:Kurdish people
958:
957:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:Zoroastrianism
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
888:
887:
876:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
830:
827:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
540:
539:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
511:
499:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
471:United Kingdom
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
335:
330:
324:
323:
313:
312:
302:
292:
282:
272:
266:
265:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
237:
232:
231:
228:
227:
219:
218:
198:
188:
187:
174:Predominantly
171:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
156:
154:
153:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
40:کوردانی عێراق
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3372:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Kurds in Iraq
3318:
3317:
3315:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3265:United States
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:North America
3251:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:Ethnic groups
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2745:
2743:9781317376392
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Denise Natali
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
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2221:9781138676176
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2139:9781138195295
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2040:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:(2): 724-726.
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1968:, p. 89.
1967:
1966:Bosworth 1996
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
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1946:
1942:
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1708:Turkish Kurds
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1681:
1677:
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1669:United States
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1550:PDK Kurdistan
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1541:
1539:
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1528:Turkish Kurds
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1492:
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1466:Shiite clergy
1463:
1459:
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1391:Yazidi temple
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1382:
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1371:
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1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
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1326:
1325:normalization
1322:
1314:
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1283:
1276:
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1259:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:United States
1238:
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1206:
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1191:
1188:
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1148:
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1112:
1108:
1107:Great Britain
1100:
1098:
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1052:
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903:
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568:
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531:
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523:
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476:United States
474:
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467:
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462:
459:
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454:
452:
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447:
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306:
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296:
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290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
242:
241:List of Kurds
239:
238:
235:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
203:
193:
186:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
158:
157:
152:
149:
148:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
87:
82:
78:
73:
68:
63:
59:
53:
48:
42:Kurdanî Êraq
37:
19:
3138:Turkmenistan
3052:
2968:Palestinians
2914:
2815:Christianity
2733:
2714:
2705:
2678:
2659:
2639:. Retrieved
2629:
2610:
2604:
2585:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2535:
2507:
2501:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2436:
2432:
2396:. Retrieved
2386:
2369:
2365:
2329:
2325:
2263:
2211:
2205:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2123:
2104:
2085:– via
2074:
2064:
2045:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:, p. 7.
1973:
1961:
1954:Kennedy 2016
1932:
1913:
1907:
1888:
1836:
1818:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1800:
1791:
1777:. Retrieved
1755:
1749:
1736:
1721:
1701:
1688:
1673:
1641:
1637:Kurdish flag
1625:
1608:
1604:
1561:
1537:
1475:
1394:
1372:
1349:
1318:
1302:
1267:
1263:
1240:
1225:
1197:
1176:
1141:In 1946 the
1140:
1104:
1087:Hasanwayhids
1080:
1032:
1008:
980:أكراد العراق
963:
961:
892:Christianity
763:Celebrations
645:
644:
580:Hasanwayhids
542:
541:
501:
500:
456:Turkmenistan
380:
317:
316:
261:
260:
100:Sulaymaniyah
30:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
3235:Switzerland
3210:Netherlands
2905:Circassians
2888:Marsh Arabs
2873:Afro-Iraqis
2820:Evangelical
1676:nationalism
1632:no-fly zone
1417:Sunni Islam
1407:, or local
1341:deportation
1315:Article 140
1303:During the
1213:centralized
1183:no fly zone
1115:World War I
1035:Middle East
964:Iraqi Kurds
600:Hazaraspids
416:Netherlands
176:Sunni Islam
34:Iraqi Kurds
3314:Categories
3170:Azerbaijan
3113:Kazakhstan
3081:Azerbaijan
2641:2015-09-21
2595:0773498168
2570:0773498168
2545:0773498168
2517:0773498168
2492:2023-11-16
2468:2023-11-16
2398:2015-09-21
2394:. NBC News
1978:Vacca 2017
1937:Aḥmad 1985
1742:References
1732:federalist
1667:, and the
1649:parliament
1333:referendum
1235:See also:
1177:After the
793:Literature
570:Shaddadids
406:Kazakhstan
346:Azerbaijan
254:Population
181:Shia Islam
18:Iraqi Kurd
3292:Kurdistan
3123:Palestine
2900:Assyrians
2895:Armenians
2857:Shabakism
2852:Mandaeism
2847:Yarsanism
2790:Religions
2681:. Brill.
2083:0014-1941
1769:1553-8133
1612:Iraqi oil
1405:Mithraism
1002:and also
912:Yazdânism
907:Yarsanism
902:Shabakism
816:Languages
595:Hadhabani
590:Marwanids
560:Aishanids
550:Shahrizor
520:Zabdicene
426:Palestine
270:Kurdistan
179:Minority
142:Languages
3220:Portugal
3128:Pakistan
3046:Khorasan
2973:Sudanese
2910:Persians
2883:Bedouins
2842:Yazidism
1779:2 August
1773:Archived
1763:. 2015.
1728:Talabani
1698:Autonomy
1628:Gulf War
1520:dialects
1516:Kurmanji
1491:arabized
1472:Language
1456:” or “
1383:Religion
1231:Politics
1179:Gulf War
1168:arabized
1091:Marwanid
1083:Annazids
1055:Ottomans
1047:Persians
996:Kurmanji
917:Yazidism
873:Religion
835:Kurmanji
788:Folklore
783:Language
753:Clothing
605:Ayyubids
585:Annazids
575:Rawadids
543:Medieval
537:Kayusids
525:Cyrtians
515:Corduene
440:Chechnya
431:Pakistan
338:Caucasia
319:Diaspora
262:Homeland
202:a series
200:Part of
185:Yazidism
169:Religion
56:Flag of
3278:Portals
3240:Ukraine
3200:Germany
3195:Georgia
3185:Finland
3180:Denmark
3175:Belgium
3166:Austria
3162:Armenia
3118:Lebanon
3086:Georgia
3076:Armenia
2947:Solluba
2930:Yazidis
2925:Shabaks
2652:Sources
1813:16 June
1724:Barzani
1702:With a
1665:Britain
1588:Marxist
1533:nomadic
1504:Kurdish
1484:in the
1454:Persian
1450:Rafidah
1446:Safavid
1429:Ja'fari
1071:Saladin
1029:History
968:Kurdish
897:Judaism
758:Cuisine
741:Culture
635:Mokryan
625:Badinan
620:Ardalan
530:Moxoene
502:Ancient
489:History
466:Ukraine
411:Lebanon
371:Germany
361:Finland
356:Denmark
350:Georgia
342:Armenia
328:Belgium
136:Baghdad
124:Saladin
116:Nineveh
108:Halabja
3260:Canada
3230:Sweden
3225:Russia
3215:Norway
3205:Greece
3190:France
3156:Europe
3133:Russia
3108:Jordan
3091:Israel
3063:Turkey
2920:Feylis
2740:
2721:
2693:
2666:
2617:
2592:
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2542:
2514:
2218:
2193:
2161:
2136:
2111:
2081:
2075:Études
2052:
2027:
1920:
1895:
1843:
1767:
1680:Iraqis
1661:France
1653:Turkey
1630:and a
1576:Turkey
1566:. The
1526:, and
1512:Sorani
1482:Qadhas
1433:Feylis
1364:Diyala
1337:Kirkuk
1331:, and
1329:census
1309:Kirkuk
1295:
1289:
1053:, and
1004:Gorani
992:Sorani
976:Arabic
885:Spread
860:Gorani
845:Xwarin
840:Sorani
646:Modern
615:Badlis
565:Daisam
461:Turkey
451:Sweden
436:Russia
421:Norway
401:Jordan
391:Israel
376:Greece
366:France
333:Canada
275:Turkey
234:People
196:
132:Maysan
120:Diyala
112:Kirkuk
3103:Japan
3058:Syria
2915:Kurds
2878:Arabs
2803:Sunni
2798:Islam
2435:. 6.
2368:. 6.
2087:Cairn
1596:Syria
1486:Liwas
1421:Shafi
1409:pagan
1397:Islam
1360:Kifri
1352:Kalar
1258:Erbil
1158:—the
1095:Mosul
1051:Arabs
1000:Feyli
880:Islam
798:Music
768:Dance
640:Baban
630:Soran
610:Zands
446:Syria
396:Japan
305:Syria
128:Wasit
104:Duhok
96:Erbil
3304:Iraq
3096:Jews
3053:Iraq
3041:Iran
3027:Asia
2937:Jews
2837:Jews
2808:Shia
2738:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2691:ISBN
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2590:ISBN
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2079:ISSN
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1918:ISBN
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1781:2015
1765:ISSN
1726:and
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1594:and
1592:Iran
1514:and
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1452:”, “
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1009:The
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962:The
855:Laki
850:Zaza
773:Flag
386:Iran
381:Iraq
295:Iraq
285:Iran
212:and
91:Iraq
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