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462:. The elevation of the gorge is approximately 2,950 metres (9,680 ft) above sea level. The village of Erkeshtam is situated about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Kyrgyz-Chinese border. Both Erkeshtam and the village of Simuhana, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) on the Chinese side of the border, are situated along the river
702:
On May 20, 2002, Erkeshtam Port was officially opened. In 2002, the border post processed 8,071 travelers, 7,066 vehicles and 76,000 tons of cargo. In 2008, Erkeshtam processed 58,900 travelers and 520,000 tons of cargo. In
December 2011, the customs office on the Chinese side of the border was
641:
In the territory of the Sakai there rises the already mentioned mountain region of the
Komedai – the ascent to this mountain region of Sogdiana lies at 125° / 43°, the position of its terminal point near the ravine of the Komedai is at 130° / 39°; the so-called Stone Tower lies at 135° / 43°.
489:
Valleys to the west and north. On the Kyrgyz side of the border, the A371 road (now EM-05) goes west first over the
Erkeshtam Pass (3,005 m) and then over the old Taunmurun (a.k.a. Taukmurun and Tongmurun) Pass (3,536 m) or now the New Silk Road Pass (3,760 m) into the Alay Valley. At
707:, which is about 1,000 m lower in elevation. In the first eleven months of 2013, 39,045 travelers, 32,554 vehicles and 464,00 tons of goods passed through the Erkeshtam Border Crossing, which ranked fourth among border crossings in Xinjiang by the tonnage of goods processed.
1210:
1133:. Ostiran und Zentralasien. Teil I. Containing Greek and Latin texts. Translated and annotated in German with English translation by Italo Ronca. Instituto Italiano per il medio ed estremo Oriente. Rome 1971.
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and China. On July 21, 1997, the border crossing was opened on a temporary basis. On
January 26, 1998, the border crossing was officially opened. Russian troops were stationed at the post until 1999.
558:
Erkeshtam, being located at the natural dividing line between major geographic and cultural regions, has been an important border control point for millennia. It was known during the
403:. The border crossing is also called Simuhana (斯姆哈纳), after the first settlement on the Chinese side of the border, but Erkeshtam is now the more common name used in both countries.
637:
where
Ptolemy gives the coordinates for the Stone Tower is given below (it was under the control of Sai or Sakai people, and the Komedai referred to is probably the Alai Valley):
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518:. From the border till Kansu the road is labeled G581 and connects in Ulugqat to the G30, with 4,243 km Chinas longest expressway up to the Pacific Ocean.
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rebels in 1931. Before 1952, Erkeshtam was a trading port between China and the Soviet Union. For decades , the
Erkeshtam Border Crossing was closed due to
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China in
Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
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Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han
Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. Volumes I & II
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Erkeshtam is the westernmost border crossing in China. It is one of two border crossings between
Kyrgyzstan and China, the other being
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600:, Juandu contained "380 households, 1,100 individuals and 500 persons able to bear arms" and the inhabitants were originally of the
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During Soviet times, the border post was named in honor of Andrei
Bescennov, a frontier guard, who was killed in a clash with the
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629:. Some researchers have gone further to suggest it is one of multiple possible locations which he refers to as the
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679:'s Soviet-backed government in Xinjiang. Ma Zhongying also left Xinjiang for the Soviet Union via Erkeshtam.
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and retreated via Erkeshtam, where he signed an agreement that dissolved the ETR and pledged support for
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633:. Ptolemy specifically stated that the Hormeterium lay 5 degrees further east. The passage in the
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846:身毒, which was one of the names used to refer to northwestern India. Hill (2009), pp. 31, 356.
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took control of Central Asia, the horse path from Osh to Erkestam was developed in 1893.
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From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
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Erkeshtam is thought to be the Hormeterium (merchants' station) by historians which
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relocated to a larger facility about 100 km to the east, outside the town of
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Erkeshtam Border Crossing is located about 230 kilometres (140 mi) west of
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The Stone Tower : Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-year-old Riddle
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The Erkeshtam Border Crossing controls the main trade routes between the
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399:, named after a village on the Kyrgyz side of the border in southern
867:
The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle
1103:. John E. Hill. CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina. Volume I:
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1091:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
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Trucks waiting to cross into China in the village of Erkeshtam
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and followed "the water and pastures" and kept close to the "
869:. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 134–36 (Map 4), 148, 151.
502:(elevation 3,615 metres (11,860 ft) to Osh and the
430:
Map including Irkeshtam and surrounding region from the
550:
On Mondays and Tuesdays, a bus runs through the pass.
928:
Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History
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Parts from broken vehicles on Kyrgyz side of border
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535:to Kashgar, China, passes through Erkeshtam. The
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724:, westernmost township of China; near Erkeshtam
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8:
1122:Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979.
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442:, 250 kilometres (160 mi) southeast of
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2098:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
1722:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
1188:
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1073:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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594:'Tax Control'). According to the
566:era (2nd third of the 3rd century CE) as
506:. On the Chinese side of the border, the
446:and 550 kilometres (340 mi) east of
412:
1301:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1083:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
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498:highway, which leads north through the
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311:
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1253:Chief Official of the Western Regions
1093:Draft annotated English translation.
472:Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture
329:
7:
2155:
1340:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
925:Clarke, Michael E. (March 8, 2011).
1248:Protectorate of the Western Regions
604:race, who wore the clothing of the
285:
2093:East Turkistan Government in Exile
1901:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
508:G3013 Kashgar–Irkeshtam Expressway
25:
2923:China–Kyrgyzstan border crossings
833:Hill (2004), notes 9.18 and 9.19.
494:, the A371 (now EM-05) meets the
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1600:Xinjiang Agricultural University
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808:"Thorn Tree is coming to an end"
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41:Chinese border post at Erkeshtam
35:
1926:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1095:Weilue: The Peoples of the West
387:, is a border crossing between
293:
255:Place in Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan
2908:Populated places in Osh Region
1846:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
1470:Second East Turkestan Republic
1424:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1156:Satellite map at Maplandia.com
432:International Map of the World
1:
2918:Mountain passes of Kyrgyzstan
1738:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
1465:First East Turkestan Republic
1392:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
1131:Ptolemaios. Geographie 6,9-21
855:Hulsewé (1979), pp. 105, 139.
842:It must not be confused with
659:First East Turkestan Republic
623:writes about in his treatise
210:Show map of Southern Xinjiang
1891:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1876:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
1434:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
905:"Irkeshtam Pass, Kyrgyzstan"
657:, the titular leader of the
344:3,005 m (9,859 ft)
2913:Mountain passes of Xinjiang
1916:Assassination of Juma Tayir
1605:Xinjiang Medical University
1019:中国伊尔克什坦口岸进出口货物量超46万吨 Xinhua
2939:
2120:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
2115:China–Kazakhstan relations
1482:People's Republic of China
2903:Sites along the Silk Road
2882:List of gaps in Hong Kong
2872:
2210:
2138:
1921:Xinjiang internment camps
1204:
961:(in Simplified Chinese).
957:Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠 (2003).
941:– via Google Books.
889:Ronca (1971): p. 38, 108.
575:
300:
277:
269:
249:
183:
34:
2204:Mountain passes of China
2125:China–Pakistan relations
1906:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
1886:June 2013 Shanshan riots
1816:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
1577:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
958:
931:. Taylor & Francis.
514:and the Tarim Basin via
1881:April 2013 Bachu unrest
1701:Chinese Islamic cuisine
717:China–Kyrgyzstan border
2130:China–Turkey relations
1911:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
1841:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
1446:Reconquest of Xinjiang
1306:Four Garrisons of Anxi
1126:. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
683:Modern border crossing
644:
466:. Simuhana belongs to
435:
418:
240:Show map of Kyrgyzstan
2110:World Uyghur Congress
2103:Independence movement
2073:Migration to Xinjiang
1866:Pishan hostage crisis
1099:Hill, John E. (2015)
661:(ETR) was driven out
639:
547:, ends at Erkeshtam.
481:to the east, and the
429:
416:
1861:2011 Kashgar attacks
1806:1992 Ürümqi bombings
1758:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
1537:Gurbantünggüt Desert
1313:Beiting Protectorate
1152:at Wikimedia Commons
1081:Hill, John E. 2004.
824:Hill (2009), p. 169.
761:克州史志办 (2007-10-05).
2047:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
1896:2014 Kunming attack
1871:2012 Yecheng attack
1831:2008 Kashgar attack
1731:Visitor attractions
1595:Xinjiang University
1557:Karakoram Mountains
1429:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1335:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1041:Dean, Riaz (2022).
865:Dean, Riaz (2022).
771:Government Website)
539:, originating from
164: /
2877:Landforms of China
2504:
2213:Geography of China
1826:2008 Uyghur unrest
1821:2007 Xinjiang raid
1796:1989 Ürümqi unrest
1643:Tocharian clothing
1024:2014-04-21 at the
769:Kizilsu Prefecture
537:European route E60
527:, which runs from
436:
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52:2,950 m (9,678 ft)
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2739:Kirgizjangal Pass
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2170:
2169:
2083:Chinese Turkestan
1856:2011 Hotan attack
1851:2010 Aksu bombing
1836:Shaoguan incident
1788:Xinjiang conflict
1743:Flaming Mountains
1633:Meshrep gathering
1552:Turpan Depression
1547:Taklamakan Desert
1531:Southern Xinjiang
1487:PRC incorporation
1453:Republic of China
1397:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1260:Kingdom of Khotan
1148:Media related to
1052:978-0-670-09362-5
909:www.advantour.com
795:口岸下迁，迎接边贸大发展 解放军报
767:www.xjkz.gov.cn (
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464:Eastern Kyzyl-Suu
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1567:Kunlun Mountains
1402:Dzungar genocide
1362:Chagatai Khanate
1325:Uyghur Khaganate
1265:Sixteen Kingdoms
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1045:. New York, NY.
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1997:Saifuddin Azizi
1930:
1811:Ghulja incident
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1717:Cotton industry
1705:
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1572:Pamir Mountains
1562:Altai Mountains
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1387:Dzungar Khanate
1382:Yarkent Khanate
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994:"伊尔克什坦陆运（公路）口岸"
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969:. p. 196.
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2592:
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2589:
2583:
2581:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2535:
2533:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Karakoram Pass
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Khunjerab Pass
2369:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:Irkeshtam Pass
2272:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2088:East Turkestan
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:Zhang Chunxian
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Ehmetjan Qasim
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Jahangir Khoja
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
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1878:
1873:
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1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Barin uprising
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
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1780:
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1765:
1760:
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1625:
1623:Doppa Festival
1619:
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1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1441:General of Ili
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1377:Turpan Khanate
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:Tibetan Empire
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1293:
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1262:
1257:
1256:
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1215:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:Irkeshtam Pass
1158:
1153:
1139:
1138:External links
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:Ronca, Italo.
1127:
1120:
1117:978-1503384620
1109:978-1500696702
1097:
1079:
1051:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1010:
997:
982:
975:
944:
937:
914:
891:
882:
876:978-0670093625
875:
857:
848:
835:
826:
817:
799:
783:
752:
750:
747:
744:
743:
733:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
719:
712:
709:
693:poor relations
684:
681:
648:Tsarist Russia
564:Three Kingdoms
555:
552:
468:Ulugqat County
423:
420:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
338:
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332:
328:
327:
314:
310:
309:
306:
298:
297:
264:
261:
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251:
250:
247:
246:
234:Irkeshtam Pass
233:
232:
225:
224:
218:
217:
216:
215:
204:Irkeshtam Pass
203:
202:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
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148:
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141:
132:
126:
125:
100:
96:
95:
58:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
30:Irkeshtam Pass
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2880:
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2871:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
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2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2809:Tanggula Pass
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2756:
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2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:(Shanhaiguan)
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:Pingxing Pass
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Jingxing Pass
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2561:Isu Razi Pass
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Lipulekh Pass
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
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2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
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2366:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2316:Nezatash Pass
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2287:
2281:
2280:Torugart Pass
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2220:On the border
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2163:
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2118:
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2100:
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2094:
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2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Uyghur people
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Salih Hudayar
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Rebiya Kadeer
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Sabit Damolla
1975:
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1763:Id Kah Mosque
1761:
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1542:Kumtag Desert
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:Junggar Basin
1515:
1513:
1510:
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1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1485:
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1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Ili Rebellion
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:Xinjiang Wars
1456:
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1409:Kumul Khanate
1407:
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1363:
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1355:
1353:
1352:Mongol Empire
1350:
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1118:
1114:
1111:; Volume II:
1110:
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1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:伊尔克什坦百年口岸喜迁新址
1001:
998:
995:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:7-228-08004-1
972:
968:
964:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:9781136827068
934:
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861:
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849:
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836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
813:
812:Lonely Planet
809:
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790:
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569:
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561:
553:
551:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
522:Asian Highway
519:
517:
513:
510:runs east to
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
475:
474:of Xinjiang.
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
428:
421:
415:
411:
409:
404:
402:
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394:
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275:
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192:
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177:
149:
147:
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140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
112:
101:
97:
94:
85:
81:
76:
67:
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2855:Lazikou Pass
2845:Jianmen Pass
2658:Shanhai Pass
2647:Niangzi Pass
2632:Huangya Pass
2484:Spanggur Gap
2388:Mustagh Pass
2383:Mintaka Pass
2342:Wakhjir Pass
2159:
2147:
2052:Rahile Dawut
2037:Sattar Sawut
1982:Sheng Shicai
1967:Yang Zengxin
1962:Zuo Zongtang
1768:Karakul Lake
1748:Jiaohe ruins
1414:Qing dynasty
1357:Yuan dynasty
1296:Tang dynasty
1130:
1123:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1042:
1013:
1000:
927:
908:
885:
866:
860:
851:
843:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
775:. Retrieved
773:(in Chinese)
766:
756:
737:
701:
697:Soviet Union
695:between the
686:
677:Sheng Shicai
673:Ma Zhongying
652:
645:
640:
634:
625:
618:
595:
583:
567:
557:
549:
520:
476:
470:, under the
437:
405:
376:
364:
360:
359:
173:39.68; 73.91
57:Traversed by
2850:Kunlun Pass
2750:Muzart Pass
2669:Yanmen Pass
2642:Juyong Pass
2454:Kongka Pass
2414:Bum La Pass
2334:Afghanistan
2027:Ilham Tohti
2017:Wang Lequan
1773:Kizil Caves
1527:Tarim Basin
1367:Moghulistan
1347:Qara Khitai
1243:Han dynasty
655:Khoja Niyaz
631:Stone Tower
610:Ts'ung-ling
597:Book of Han
560:Han dynasty
500:Taldyk Pass
479:Tarim Basin
294:Йиркәшынтан
171: /
146:Coordinates
135:Pamir Range
2897:Categories
2840:Hulao Pass
2835:Hangu Pass
2755:Sanju Pass
2745:Mazar Pass
2701:(Tongguan)
2693:Dasan Pass
2674:Yumen Pass
2627:Jiayu Pass
2609:Great Wall
2556:Diphu Pass
2434:Indira Col
2429:Dongkha La
2424:Diphu Pass
2378:Kilik Pass
2311:Kulma Pass
2306:Beyik Pass
2298:Tajikistan
2270:Bedel Pass
2262:Kyrgyzstan
2236:Kazakhstan
1972:Jin Shuren
1778:Niya ruins
1696:Tunurkawab
1228:Tocharians
1087:by Yu Huan
1061:1317696314
1035:References
1028:2014-01-02
1017:(Chinese)
1008:2011-12-09
1004:(Chinese)
992:(Chinese)
797:2009-07-11
793:(Chinese)
777:2017-02-02
580:Wade–Giles
533:Uzbekistan
458:meets the
452:Tajikistan
401:Osh Region
389:Kyrgyzstan
377:Erkech-Tam
335:Osh Region
325:Kyrgyzstan
286:ئەركېچ-تام
111:Kyrgyzstan
2825:Biandukou
2799:North Col
2789:Lhagba La
2774:Cherko la
2729:Hindutash
2699:Tong Pass
2695:(Sanguan)
2684:Guanzhong
2664:Yang Pass
2617:Dajingmen
2530:South Col
2525:Nangpa La
2489:Tulung La
2479:Shipki La
2474:Rezang La
2464:Mana Pass
2449:Kepang La
2078:Altishahr
2007:Nur Bekri
1992:Wang Zhen
1957:Yaqub Beg
1587:Education
1521:Dzungaria
1512:Tian Shan
1499:Geography
1419:Qing rule
1150:Erkeshtam
1069:cite book
763:"伊尔克什坦口岸"
749:Footnotes
653:In 1934,
635:Geography
626:Geography
492:Sary-Tash
456:Tian Shan
365:Irkeshtam
363:, called
361:Erkeshtam
350:Time zone
341:Elevation
270:Эркеч-Там
262:Erkeshtam
139:Tian Shan
48:Elevation
18:Irkeshtam
2860:Mei Pass
2794:Mayum La
2784:Lanak La
2779:Laken La
2741:(Heiqia)
2724:Dehra La
2715:Xinjiang
2622:Gubeikou
2469:Nathu La
2439:Jelep La
2365:Pakistan
2149:Category
1942:Amursana
1753:Gaochang
1686:Pamirdin
1372:Kara Del
1275:Göktürks
1270:Gaochang
1197:Xinjiang
1022:Archived
711:See also
689:Basmachi
585:chüan-tu
562:and the
487:Ferghana
448:Dushanbe
422:Location
408:Torugart
393:Xinjiang
99:Location
2804:Semo La
2705:Wu Pass
2607:On the
2579:Vietnam
2548:Myanmar
2161:Commons
2061:Related
1947:Mingrui
1710:Economy
1681:Youtazi
1661:Dapanji
1653:Cuisine
1615:Culture
1287:Eastern
1283:Western
1238:Xiongnu
1220:History
1211:capital
967:新疆人民出版社
705:Ulugqat
670:warlord
665:by the
663:Kashgar
621:Ptolemy
572:Chinese
554:History
516:Ulugqat
512:Kashgar
440:Kashgar
369:Chinese
313:Country
274:Chinese
159:73°55′E
156:39°41′N
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2012:Li Zhi
1935:People
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1207:Ürümqi
1199:topics
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545:France
529:Termez
434:(1966)
385:Kyrgyz
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354:UTC +6
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729:Notes
722:Jigin
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541:Brest
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1105:ISBN
1075:link
1057:OCLC
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