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142:
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262:. These monuments, which first appeared in the ninth century, usually (though not always) take the form of a ringed cross on a stepped or pyramidal base. The form has obvious structural advantages, reducing the length of unsupported side arms. There are a number of theories as to its origin in Ireland and Britain. Some scholars consider the ring a holdover from earlier wooden crosses, which may have required struts to support the crossarm. Others have seen it as deriving from indigenous Bronze Age art featuring a wheel or disc around a head, or from early
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126:
1948:
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1823:
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232:
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40:
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1793:
4104:
3628:
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2706:
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865:
White supremacist use of the long and short Celtic cross represents only a small minority of the symbol's use. The symbol in both forms is used by non-extremists in contexts such as
Christianity, neo-Paganism, and Irish patriotism. The vast majority of uses of the Celtic cross are not associated with
559:
New versions of the high cross were designed for fashionable cemetery monuments in
Victorian Dublin in the 1860s. From Dublin, the revival spread to the rest of the country and beyond. Since the Celtic Revival, the ringed cross became an emblem of Celtic identity, in addition to its more traditional
377:
to give pagan followers an idea of the importance of the cross. By linking it with the idea of the life-giving properties of the sun, these two ideas were linked to appeal to pagans. Other interpretations claim that placing the cross on top of the circle represents Christ's supremacy over the pagan
303:, an Irish monastery off the Scottish coast. The Ahenny group is generally earlier. However, it is possible that St. Johns Cross at Iona was the first high cross; Iona's influence as a center of pilgrimage may have led this cross to inspire the Ahenny group as well as other ringed crosses in
314:, an early medieval Irish alphabet. Standing crosses in Ireland and areas under Irish influence tend to be shorter and more massive than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents, which have mostly lost their headpieces. Irish examples with a head in cross form include the Cross of
693:
Since its revival in the 1850s, the Celtic cross has been used extensively as grave markers, straying from medieval usage, when the symbol was typically used for a public monument. The Celtic cross now appears in various retail items. Both the
628:
613:
4073:
749:, and other white supremacist groups. In general, white supremacists use a version of the symbol with a square cross as opposed to the traditional elongated cross. This symbol forms part of the logo of
547:
of the mid-19th century led to an increased use and creation of Celtic crosses in
Ireland. In 1853, casts of several historical high crosses were exhibited at the Dublin Industrial Exhibition. In 1857,
86:
with a nimbus surrounding the intersection of the arms and stem. Scholars have debated its exact origins, but it is related to earlier crosses featuring rings. The form gained new popularity during the
682:
896:
180:
834:. The field was dominated by Catholic scout movements, the leaders of which were put in charge of Secretariat-General of Youth. In 1941, the symbol of Doncœur, now named
141:
196:
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699:
843:
1728:
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and other motifs from
Insular art, became popular for funerary monuments and other uses, and has remained so, spreading well beyond Ireland.
1241:
776:
571:
in
Scotland from 1899 to 1940 and popularised use of the Celtic cross in jewelry. Using the Celtic cross in fashion is still popular today.
4287:
4214:
2488:
637:
592:
373:, though there are no examples from this early period. It has often been claimed that Patrick combined the symbol of Christianity with the
295:
It is not clear where the first high crosses originated. The first examples date to about the ninth century and occur in two groups: at
109:
2503:
1916:
1809:
780:
1849:
1768:
1746:
1673:
1586:
405:
250:
similar to older
Continental forms appeared in Ireland, England and Scotland in incised stone slab artwork and artifacts like the
203:
2574:
884:
756:
It is suggested that adoption of the symbol in the context of right-wing politics is linked with the activity of Jesuit priest
160:
2320:
564:
652:
549:
667:
125:
2513:
2422:
354:
and
Scotland, and further south in England, where they merge with the similar Anglo-Saxon cross making tradition, in the
4292:
3723:
3641:
3429:
2498:
1842:
911:
851:
489:
56:
1663:
622:
607:
556:. These two events stimulated interest in the Celtic cross as a symbol for a renewed sense of heritage within Ireland.
4277:
2341:
819:, should consist of a circle, representing the material world, supported by a square Christian cross intersecting it.
695:
659:
219:
91:
of the 19th century; the name "Celtic cross" is a convention dating from that time. The shape, usually decorated with
1209:
775:
in general elections caused the mobilisation of right-wing forces, with Doncœur playing a major role in formation of
577:
3389:
3209:
3064:
2605:
2567:
644:
1648:
Cadet et cadettes de la Légion: mouvement de jeunesse d'action civique et sociale / Jeunesse légionnaire d'Algérie
1911:
1797:
1067:
411:
2845:
2025:
3289:
2899:
2590:
2523:
1546:
978:
270:. However, Michael W. Herren, Shirley Ann Brown, and others believe it originates in earlier ringed crosses in
72:
3713:
3493:
4307:
3779:
3757:
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2099:
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831:
791:
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2170:
960:
811:
526:
4282:
4159:
3789:
3655:
3169:
2915:
2849:
2517:
2437:
2389:
802:
399:
3419:
3205:
3040:
1931:
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830:
relied on pre-existing organisations to implement its youth policy according to the principles of the
4272:
3591:
3479:
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3369:
3014:
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2334:
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3459:
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2747:
2508:
2394:
2306:
2114:
1865:
1630:
315:
187:
3237:
757:
338:, which may be the earliest to survive in good condition. Surviving, free-standing crosses are in
3920:
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3611:
3409:
2629:
2442:
2369:
2165:
1975:
1152:
1144:
984:
917:
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734:
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2727:
2457:
2404:
2257:
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2205:
2066:
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2035:
1995:
1957:
1901:
1764:
1742:
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147:
60:
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2200:
2124:
2109:
1985:
1936:
1874:
1752:
1461:
1398:
1136:
846:, a veteran organisation which the government hoped could be transformed to function as the
823:
806:
283:
275:
236:
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2000:
1888:
1828:
1213:
847:
710:
703:
484:
335:
288:
92:
52:
3199:
2005:
254:. However, the shape achieved its greatest popularity by its use in the monumental stone
4195:
3795:
2980:
4145:
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3843:
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2010:
1921:
1774:
839:
544:
355:
279:
251:
247:
88:
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4053:
3995:
3765:
3743:
3617:
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3115:
2835:
2805:
2793:
2753:
1721:
Christ in Celtic
Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century
1689:
1183:
762:
4261:
3942:
3895:
3819:
3747:
3687:
3439:
3241:
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2941:
2829:
2699:
2689:
2364:
2313:
2289:
2220:
2195:
2094:
1757:
Early
Christian symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland before the thirteenth century.
1156:
1029:
1017:
436:
366:
323:
304:
271:
171:
4155:
4125:
3733:
3693:
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3465:
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3285:
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2695:
4175:
3999:
3937:
3910:
3885:
3880:
3863:
3825:
3753:
3677:
3601:
3375:
3355:
3335:
3279:
3251:
3247:
3227:
3139:
3129:
3125:
3109:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2909:
2877:
2819:
2783:
2615:
2327:
2235:
2230:
2185:
2175:
2144:
2139:
1906:
1632:
National regeneration in Vichy France: the appeals to renewal and sirens of decline
1424:
Les Scouts de France: l'évolution du mouvement des origines aux années quatre-vingt
1055:
1035:
996:
990:
966:
859:
855:
827:
674:
584:
442:
362:. By about A.D. 1200 the initial wave of cross building came to an end in Ireland.
327:
263:
240:
132:
64:
4135:
4113:
3597:
3539:
3455:
3175:
3070:
3000:
2905:
2665:
1646:
554:
Illustrations of the Most
Interesting of the Sculptured Crosses of Ancient Ireland
231:
1603:
1497:
1480:
1422:
1359:
1332:
1300:
1225:
4246:
4005:
3979:
3952:
3868:
3549:
3349:
3231:
3195:
3179:
3165:
3145:
3074:
3004:
2809:
2679:
2669:
2447:
2417:
2134:
2030:
1980:
1926:
1061:
1050:
417:
359:
351:
347:
259:
83:
79:
4043:
3673:
3519:
3485:
3415:
3080:
4199:
4107:
4097:
4009:
3975:
3875:
3567:
3533:
3034:
2971:
2857:
2384:
2119:
2089:
2020:
1818:
1386:
1206:
1193:
1008: – Free-standing Christian cross made of stone and often richly decorated
1005:
935:
501:
475:
255:
224:
167:
68:
1026: – Tall wooden pole erected as a part of various European folk festivals
4229:
4179:
3965:
3667:
3577:
3489:
3425:
3365:
3345:
3020:
2867:
2733:
2374:
2215:
2104:
2015:
1970:
1805:
1387:"Les jésuites et la jeunesse catholique en France dans l'entre-deux-guerres"
1127:
Werner, Martin (1990). "On the Origin of the Form of the Irish High Cross".
1072:
742:
599:
423:
374:
31:
3815:
3683:
3090:
2947:
2825:
2685:
1465:
702:
have used versions of the Celtic cross in their logos and advertising. The
358:
for example. Most examples in Britain were destroyed during the Protestant
17:
3663:
3607:
3155:
3105:
3030:
2815:
1792:
1651:(in French). Légion française des combattants Union provinciale (Algérie).
850:
of the state. Then it was used as insignia of Equipes nationales, a youth
725:
365:
Popular legend in Ireland says that the Christian cross was introduced by
4189:
4169:
4149:
4067:
3621:
3543:
2861:
2472:
2452:
2427:
1965:
1947:
1078:
1011:
972:
768:
746:
343:
339:
116:
4033:
2763:
2675:
1403:
741:
in Norway in the 1930s and 1940s, and more recently it has been used by
39:
4103:
4087:
4057:
3989:
3969:
3956:
3627:
3319:
1990:
1023:
931:
1834:
1148:
3581:
2951:
2462:
1531:. Lectures poétiques et mystiques de l'øeuvre de Péguy (84): 211–228.
494:
393:
387:
296:
151:
4063:
2705:
2655:
1605:
Youth Mobilization in Vichy Indochina and Its Legacies, 1940 to 1970
981: – Variations on the religious symbol through Christian history
805:, he founded its local equivalent, Cadets. Doncœur, inspired by the
4083:
1524:
1140:
2467:
2279:
2129:
738:
724:
457:
430:
311:
230:
218:
38:
71:
erected across the islands, especially in regions evangelised by
59:
or ring that emerged in Ireland, France and Great Britain in the
4037:
3932:
1041:
568:
331:
300:
267:
2563:
1838:
858:
appropriated the symbol as an emblem of the far-right movement
706:
since 1954 have used a flag with a Celtic cross in the centre.
4016:
4013:
987: – Stone cross set up where a murder or accident happened
1391:
Histoire@Politique: Revue du Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po
688:
Snow-covered Celtic cross in a Presbyterian memorial garden
2559:
1064: – Type of Christian monument found in Central Europe
1032: – Ornate slab of stone from ancient Northern Europe
350:, and Wales. Other stone crosses are found in the former
1499:
Paul Doncœur, s.j. (1880-1961): un croisé dans le siècle
838:, was adopted as an emblem for Cadets of the LĂ©gion in
969: – Type of Christian stone cross found in Germany
467:
Notable high crosses with the Celtic shape in Scotland
382:
Notable high crosses with the Celtic shape in Ireland:
733:
A version of the Celtic cross is used as a symbol by
1525:"Péguy, un maître du Père Doncoeur et de ses Cadets"
1014: – Sacred, pillar-like object in Saxon paganism
1001:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
282:. The "cosmological cross" is an important motif in
67:, it became widespread through its use in the stone
4025:
3951:
3836:
3511:
2597:
2481:
2403:
2355:
2298:
2256:
2153:
2080:
2049:
1956:
1887:
1081: – Ancient Eurasian icon and later Nazi symbol
563:Modern interest in the symbol increased because of
1046:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
1361:Religious Differences in France: Past and Present
771:in France. In 1924, the victory of anti-clerical
4210:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1228:, Alexander Ritchie website, accessed 20 Nov 208
1216:, Celtic Arts website, accessed 22 November 2008
1719:Herren, Michael W.; Brown, Shirley Ann (2002).
1302:Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940-1945
1242:"A Look at Racist Skinhead Symbols and Tattoos"
993: – Cross associated with Coptic Christians
878:A Celtic Cross Flag used by White Supremacists
2575:
1850:
1075: – Circle containing four or more spokes
75:, from the ninth through the 12th centuries.
8:
1122:
1120:
854:institution founded in 1942. After the war,
1169:
1111:
1099:
815:, decided that the symbol of the movement,
292:, known in Ireland by the seventh century.
2582:
2568:
2560:
2262:
1857:
1843:
1835:
709:A Celtic cross is often used to represent
310:A variety of crosses bear inscriptions in
1402:
934:, the Celtic cross is represented by the
186:Modern Celtic cross of a war monument in
1207:Stephen Walker, "Celtic Revival Crosses"
1038: – Cross enclosed in a ring or halo
963: – Ancient Armenian national symbol
27:Christian cross superimposed on a circle
1450:"Le pèlerinage du Puy, 12-15 août 1942"
1092:
902:White Pride World Wide symbol, logo of
868:
700:Northern Ireland national football team
573:
451:Clonmacnoise South Cross, County Offaly
448:Clonmacnoise North Cross, County Offaly
274:. Crosses with a ring representing the
258:, a distinctive and widespread form of
105:
1739:An introduction to Irish high crosses.
1454:Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France
1358:Long, Kathleen Perry (25 March 2006).
1236:
1234:
445:Cross of the Scriptures, County Offaly
1759:Whiting, London 1887. Neuauflage als
1570:
1568:
1540:
1538:
1416:
1414:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1294:
1292:
1266:
1264:
1262:
801:, a Catholic organisation within the
767:, a prominent figure of the interwar
223:Early forms: cross slab, St. Madoes,
7:
4215:List of tallest crosses in the world
2489:Federation of Old Cornwall Societies
82:, the Celtic cross is essentially a
1502:(in French). Les Editions du Cerf.
1058: – Symbol representing the Sun
278:developed from the writings of the
2504:Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society
1665:L' Algérie sous le régime de Vichy
1548:Histoire de la jeunesse sous Vichy
975: – Georgian symbol of the Sun
567:. The two worked on the island of
25:
1578:France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944
1226:"A Brief History of the Ritchies"
715:US Department of Veterans Affairs
4240:
4228:
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2704:
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2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2542:
1946:
1821:
1791:
910:
895:
883:
871:
844:Légion Française des Combattants
681:
666:
651:
636:
621:
606:
591:
576:
420:County Wicklow St. Kevin's Cross
195:
179:
159:
140:
124:
108:
1427:(in French). Editions du Cerf.
1305:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
777:Fédération Nationale Catholique
519:Notable Celtic crosses in India
326:, the Cross of the Scriptures,
2321:Come, all ye jolly tinner boys
790:. The same year, impressed by
729:White nationalist Celtic cross
565:Alexander and Euphemia Ritchie
1:
2514:Royal Institution of Cornwall
1781:Habelt, Bonn, 3 Baende, 1991.
598:Decorative Celtic cross with
583:Ornamental Celtic cross with
509:Govan Old Parish Church Cross
2499:Institute of Cornish Studies
1779:The high crosses of Ireland.
1761:The High Crosses of Ireland.
1629:Lackerstein, Debbie (2007).
490:Massacre of Glencoe Monument
4288:National symbols of Ireland
2342:The Song of the Western Men
1814:. 29:16 minutes in. BBC 1.
1581:. Oxford University Press.
1421:Laneyrie, Philippe (1985).
1246:Southern Poverty Law Center
1182:Langdon, Arthur G. (1896).
721:White supremacist symbolism
696:Gaelic Athletic Association
660:Flag of the Church in Wales
235:Early forms: pillar stone,
4324:
1763:Felinfach: Llanerch 1992,
1696:(in French). 12 April 2013
1668:(in French). Odile Jacob.
1485:. Paris: l'Art catholique.
890:Neo-nazi Celtic cross flag
862:, founded by him in 1949.
842:, a youth movement within
645:Irish Football Association
204:Cimetière du Père-Lachaise
29:
4223:
3500:
2537:
2265:
1943:
1912:Cornish kilts and tartans
1872:
1690:"Entretien: Pierre Sidos"
1662:Cantier, Jacques (2002).
1545:Giolitto, Pierre (1991).
1331:Bouzard, Thierry (2006).
1068:Stone crosses in Cornwall
330:and those in Scotland at
4010:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
2524:Movyans Skolyow Meythrin
2062:Cornish pilot-gig racing
1575:Jackson, Julian (2001).
1523:Avon, Dominique (1998).
1496:Avon, Dominique (2001).
1448:Avon, Dominique (1997).
979:Christian cross variants
30:Not to be confused with
4235:Christianity portal
2247:The Pirates of Penzance
2161:List of Cornish writers
2072:Rugby union in Cornwall
1479:Doncoeur, Paul (1924).
1170:Herren & Brown 2002
1112:Herren & Brown 2002
1100:Herren & Brown 2002
506:St Gordian's Kirk Cross
202:Modern Celtic cross at
4048:Armenian eternity sign
2620:Anchored/Saint Clement
2171:Cornwall Film Festival
1529:L'Amitié Charles Péguy
1466:10.3406/rhef.1997.1288
1299:Hellman, John (1993).
1276:Anti-Defamation League
1212:1 October 2016 at the
1020: – Heraldic cross
999: – Y-shaped cross
973:Georgian eternity sign
961:Armenian eternity sign
812:The Ball and the Cross
730:
643:Original crest of the
527:Mateer Memorial Church
500:St. Martin's Cross at
412:Dysert O'Dea Monastery
244:
228:
100:Celtic cross monuments
44:
4160:Shield of the Trinity
3242:Portate/Saint Gilbert
2518:Royal Cornwall Museum
2438:Jack the Giant Killer
2390:Prayer Book Rebellion
1811:Seven Ages of Britain
1602:Raffin, Anne (2005).
1385:Colon, David (2008).
1337:(in French). Pardès.
803:German Youth Movement
728:
631:headstone emblem 46
560:religious symbolism.
400:Carndonagh high cross
234:
222:
43:A Celtic cross symbol
42:
3933:Rood/Triumphal cross
3370:Saint James/Santiago
3320:Saltire/Saint Andrew
2995:Grapevine/Saint Nino
2335:Hail to the Homeland
1800:at Wikimedia Commons
1364:. Penn State Press.
866:white supremacists.
4293:Nationalist symbols
4200:Triskelion/Triskele
3642:Cuthbert's pectoral
3065:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
3055:Jerusalem/Crusaders
2549:Cornwall portal
2509:Royal Cornwall Show
2395:Radyo an Gernewegva
2307:Bro Goth agan Tasow
2285:Fisherman's Friends
2115:Cornish Gilliflower
1866:Culture of Cornwall
1608:. Lexington Books.
1404:10.3917/hp.004.0007
1185:Old Cornish Crosses
1172:, pp. 199–200.
1102:, pp. 193–195.
832:National Revolution
713:, including by the
616:headstone emblem 41
454:Kells, County Meath
299:in Ireland, and at
188:Limburg-Dietkirchen
4278:Crosses by culture
2370:Cornish literature
2166:Tristan and Iseult
1976:Chewidden Thursday
1932:Saint Piran's Flag
985:Conciliation cross
918:National-anarchist
807:G. K. Chesterton's
773:Cartel des Gauches
735:white supremacists
731:
390:, County Tipperary
245:
229:
115:Croix celtique de
73:Irish missionaries
45:
4255:
4254:
4170:Sunwheel swastika
3553:Blanc croix rouge
2557:
2556:
2458:Mermaid of Zennor
2351:
2350:
2226:Rosamunde Pilcher
2206:Daphne du Maurier
2105:Cornish cream tea
2067:Cornish wrestling
2041:Tom Bawcock's Eve
1996:Kernewek Lowender
1917:Jonathan Trelawny
1880:Gonisogeth Kernow
1806:"Age of Conquest"
1796:Media related to
1730:978-0-85115-889-1
1723:. Boydell Press.
1615:978-0-7391-1146-8
1558:978-2-262-00800-0
1551:. Paris: Perrin.
1509:978-2-204-06562-7
1434:978-2-204-02318-4
1371:978-0-271-09083-2
1344:978-2-86714-380-9
1334:La croix celtique
1312:978-0-7735-0973-3
737:. It was used by
472:Campbeltown Cross
426:, County Kilkenny
322:, the crosses at
320:Ardboe High Cross
131:Early crosses at
61:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
4315:
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3622:Cross cramponnée
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3480:Syriac (Western)
3478:
3470:Syriac (Eastern)
3468:
3458:
3450:Serbian Orthodox
3448:
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3408:
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3300:Russian Orthodox
3298:
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2529:Akademi Kernewek
2380:Beunans Meriasek
2270:Cornish bagpipes
2263:
2201:Barbara Hepworth
2110:Cornish fairings
1951:
1950:
1937:Scillonian Cross
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1826:
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1815:
1804:David Dimbleby.
1795:
1753:J. Romilly Allen
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828:Vichy government
800:
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625:
610:
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580:
481:Inchbraoch Cross
460:, County Kildare
433:, County Donegal
402:, County Donegal
284:Coelius Sedulius
276:celestial sphere
237:Gallarus Oratory
199:
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2778:Catherine wheel
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2477:
2433:Cruel Coppinger
2413:Beast of Bodmin
2399:
2347:
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2252:
2211:William Golding
2191:Charles Causley
2149:
2100:Cornish cheeses
2076:
2057:Cornish hurling
2045:
2001:Montol Festival
1952:
1945:
1941:
1883:
1868:
1863:
1829:Cornwall portal
1827:
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1737:H. Richardson:
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711:Presbyterianism
704:Church in Wales
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662:
656:
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641:
632:
626:
617:
611:
602:
596:
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581:
541:
536:
529:, Kerala, India
512:Weem, Aberfeldy
485:Kildalton Cross
336:Kildalton Cross
289:Carmen Paschale
217:
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53:Christian cross
35:
28:
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4321:
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4308:Celtic crosses
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4130:Solomon's knot
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3800:Teutonic Order
3792:
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3700:
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3112:
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3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3057:
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3037:
3027:
3017:
3015:Greek Orthodox
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2874:
2872:Cruciform halo
2864:
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2812:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2770:
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2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2650:Archiepiscopal
2642:
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2612:
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2599:
2595:
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2579:
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2494:Gorsedh Kernow
2491:
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2275:Brenda Wootton
2272:
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2241:Minack Theatre
2238:
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2181:St Ives School
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2036:St Piran's Day
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Nickanan Night
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Michael An Gof
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Cornish chough
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1798:Celtic crosses
1787:
1786:External links
1784:
1783:
1782:
1775:Peter Harbison
1772:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1714:
1711:
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1272:"Celtic Cross"
1258:
1230:
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1199:
1188:. J. Pollard.
1174:
1162:
1141:10.2307/767104
1116:
1114:, p. 199.
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909:
907:
901:
894:
892:
889:
882:
880:
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870:
836:croix celtique
824:Fall of France
769:scout movement
722:
719:
691:
690:
687:
680:
678:
672:
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663:
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545:Celtic Revival
540:
539:Celtic Revival
537:
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439:, County Louth
434:
429:Kloster Fahan
427:
421:
415:
414:, County Clare
409:
408:, County Sligo
403:
397:
391:
356:Ruthwell Cross
305:Pictish stones
280:Church Fathers
264:Coptic crosses
252:Ardagh chalice
248:Ringed crosses
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26:
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4298:Stone crosses
4296:
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4268:Christian art
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3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3495:
3494:Saint Anthony
3491:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:Saint Patrick
3387:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:Saint Florian
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:In modern use
2596:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:Organisations
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Anglo-Cornish
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:Camborne Hill
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:H. C. McNeile
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Newlyn School
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Hog's pudding
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Clotted cream
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Cornish heath
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:0-7661-9262-8
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:0-85342-941-3
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1695:
1694:Revue Charles
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:9782738110572
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1635:(PhD thesis).
1634:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1588:9780198207061
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1393:(in French).
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:(1): 98–110.
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:Picture stone
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:Maltese cross
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
953:
951:
937:
933:
925:
919:
913:
908:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
798:
793:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
764:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
684:
679:
676:
669:
664:
661:
654:
649:
646:
639:
634:
630:
624:
619:
615:
609:
604:
601:
594:
589:
586:
579:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
555:
551:
550:Henry O'Neill
546:
538:
533:
528:
525:
524:
521:
518:
516:
515:
511:
508:
505:
503:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:Monasterboice
435:
432:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:County Tyrone
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:Saint Declan
368:
367:Saint Patrick
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Monasterboice
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Christian art
269:
266:based on the
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
242:
238:
233:
226:
221:
215:Early history
214:
205:
198:
193:
189:
182:
177:
173:
172:Monasterboice
169:
162:
157:
153:
149:
143:
138:
134:
127:
122:
118:
111:
106:
96:
94:
90:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:is a form of
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4283:High crosses
4117:
4000:Signum manus
3953:Christograms
3921:Processional
3854:Conciliation
3780:Saint Julian
3592:Consecration
3430:Saint Thomas
3410:Saint Philip
3360:Saint George
2797:
2787:
2630:Anuradhapura
2328:Delkiow Sivy
2245:
2236:D. M. Thomas
2231:Derek Tangye
2186:W. J. Burley
2176:Tate St Ives
2145:Cornish Yarg
2140:Stargazy pie
2006:Mummer's Day
1897:Celtic cross
1896:
1879:
1878:
1810:
1778:
1760:
1756:
1738:
1720:
1713:Bibliography
1698:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1664:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1547:
1528:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1481:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1423:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1360:
1353:
1333:
1301:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1221:
1202:
1184:
1177:
1165:
1132:
1128:
1107:
1095:
1056:Solar symbol
1036:Ringed cross
997:Forked cross
991:Coptic cross
967:Basalt cross
948:CELTIC CROSS
929:
864:
860:Jeune Nation
856:Pierre Sidos
848:single party
835:
821:
816:
810:
758:Paul Doncœur
755:
732:
708:
692:
675:Isle of Skye
673:Flag of the
585:Celtic knots
562:
558:
553:
542:
534:Modern times
443:Clonmacnoise
381:
380:
369:or possibly
364:
346:'s cross at
342:, including
328:Clonmacnoise
309:
294:
287:
256:high crosses
246:
241:County Kerry
133:Clonmacnoise
78:A staple of
77:
69:high crosses
65:ringed cross
63:. A type of
55:featuring a
49:Celtic cross
48:
46:
36:
4273:Insular art
4140:Scientology
3980:IX monogram
3837:By function
3770:Saint Alban
3572:Carolingian
3460:Short Sword
3420:Saint Piran
3400:Saint Peter
3340:Saint David
3222:Patriarchal
3075:Latin/Roman
2900:Evangelists
2680:Balkenkreuz
2670:Arrow/Barby
2448:King Arthur
2418:Blunderbore
2135:Saffron bun
2031:Picrous Day
1981:Furry Dance
1927:Saint Piran
1700:4 September
1062:Stone cross
1051:Shaft cross
817:croix cadet
795: [
784: [
761: [
418:Glendalough
360:Reformation
352:Northumbria
348:Perranporth
260:Insular art
84:Latin cross
80:Insular art
18:Irish cross
4303:Celtic art
4262:Categories
3810:Two-barred
3512:Historical
3380:Saint John
3330:Saint Chad
3271:Resistance
3085:Macedonian
2974:'s variant
2972:Archbishop
2768:Canterbury
2640:Archangels
2385:Bewnans Ke
2299:Folk songs
2120:Hevva cake
2090:Cloam oven
2026:'Obby 'Oss
2021:Noze looan
1194:1008359745
1087:References
1006:High cross
936:code point
904:Stormfront
822:After the
781:Ligue DRAC
751:Stormfront
600:triquetras
552:published
502:Iona Abbey
476:Iona Abbey
227:, Scotland
225:Perthshire
168:high cross
3957:Chrismons
3916:Preaching
3758:Quarterly
3728:Nestorian
3668:Gammadion
3651:Engrailed
2890:Ethiopian
2738:Byzantine
2718:Bulgarian
2405:Mythology
2375:Ordinalia
2216:Alan Kent
2016:Nos Lowen
1971:Allantide
1958:Festivals
1157:192024681
1073:Sun cross
945:🕈
792:Quickborn
743:neo-Nazis
424:Killamery
406:Drumcliff
375:sun cross
243:, Ireland
190:, Germany
174:, Ireland
154:, England
148:Kingswood
135:, Ireland
93:interlace
32:Sun cross
4190:Swastika
4150:Shamrock
4078:Kolovrat
4068:Irminsul
4026:See also
3926:Lalibela
3906:Pectoral
3901:Necklace
3891:Memorial
3859:Heraldry
3849:Blessing
3708:Lorraine
3678:Jewelled
3524:Avellane
3262:Quadrate
3150:Novgorod
3120:Maronite
3045:Jeremiah
3025:Huguenot
2862:Crucifix
2840:Crosslet
2810:Cercelée
2758:Camargue
2728:Burgundy
2660:Armenian
2473:Spriggan
2453:Lyonesse
2428:Cormoran
2357:Language
1966:AberFest
1397:(4): 7.
1210:Archived
1079:Swastika
1012:Irminsul
954:See also
747:Klansmen
698:and the
344:St Piran
340:Cornwall
334:and the
286:'s poem
119:, France
117:Lugasson
4098:Mjölnir
4088:Lauburu
4058:Ichthys
3990:Labarum
3970:Chi Rho
3943:Wayside
3896:Mission
3820:Victory
3790:Templar
3748:Pierced
3738:Peñalba
3698:Lazarus
3688:Katanga
3659:Erminée
3440:Serbian
3290:Russian
3210:Fitchée
3190:Patonce
3160:Occitan
3095:Maltese
2985:Gnostic
2942:Fourchy
2830:Cossack
2798:Variant
2748:Calvary
2700:Bottony
2690:Bolnisi
2610:Alcoraz
2591:Crosses
2443:Knocker
2082:Cuisine
1991:Guldize
1986:Golowan
1889:Symbols
1875:Cornish
1024:Maypole
940:U+1F548
932:Unicode
926:Unicode
840:Algeria
497:1 Cross
478:Crosses
206:, Paris
3938:Summit
3911:Plague
3886:Mercat
3881:Market
3864:Nordic
3829:Voided
3602:Coptic
3582:Chouan
3562:Brigid
3280:Ringed
3252:Potent
3200:Pattée
3140:Nordic
3130:Moline
3110:Marian
3100:Marada
2952:Fylfot
2932:Forked
2920:Fitchy
2910:Fleury
2881:Double
2850:Fitchy
2820:Coptic
2788:Celtic
2709:Branch
2468:Piskie
2463:Owlman
2290:Crowns
2050:Sports
1767:
1745:
1741:1990,
1727:
1672:
1612:
1585:
1555:
1506:
1482:Cadets
1431:
1368:
1341:
1309:
1281:31 May
1251:31 May
1192:
1155:
1149:767104
1147:
942:
809:novel
495:Meigle
394:Ardboe
388:Ahenny
297:Ahenny
152:Surrey
57:nimbus
3869:Pisan
3844:Altar
3718:Neith
3632:Crown
3544:Black
3310:Salem
3232:Pommy
3180:Papal
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