290:
1681:. However, there was still sufficient dissatisfaction that when Warbeck arrived with a small force, he was accepted by many locals as Richard IV and soon raised a force of up to 8,000 rebels. With this army, he besieged Exeter. The fighting, over two days, was bloody, with the rebels making assaults on North and East gates. One or both gates were penetrated but the attackers were driven out after fierce street fighting. 300â400 rebels are alleged to have been killed during the attack. With the failure of the attack, the rebel army withdrew to
1319:
996:, to replace John as king. The first French troops arrived in November 1215, with 240 knights and a similar number of infantry following in January 1216. In May 1216 Louis himself arrived with his army and moved quickly to capture London. There was little resistance when the prince entered London and at St Paul's Cathedral, Louis was proclaimed King with great pomp and celebration in the presence of all of London. Even though he was not crowned, many nobles, as well as King
77:
2170:. Wallace was captured and executed afterward. Further campaigns by Edward in 1300 and 1301 led to a truce between the Scots and the English in 1302. After another campaign in 1303/1304, Stirling Castle, the last major Scottish held stronghold, fell to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to most of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. However, the Scots rose again under their new king,
2042:
1875:
1047:
2197:, Edward III also moved north. By 1333, much of Scotland was under English occupation, with eight of the Scottish lowland counties being ceded to England by Edward Balliol. In 1334, Edward III invaded again, but he accomplished little and retreated in February 1335 having failed to bring the Scots to battle. He and Edward Balliol returned again in July with an army of 13,000, and advanced through Scotland, first to
1236:
877:), discovering that Harold had been taken captive, sent messengers ordering Count Guy to hand over his prisoner. William persuaded Harold to support William's claim to the throne of England. Harold was forced to swear an oath of support for William. After the ceremony it was revealed that the box on which Harold had made his oath contained holy relics, making the promise especially binding.
1792:, over several days bombarded and captured the town of Sheerness, sailed up the Thames estuary to Gravesend, then sailed into the River Medway to Chatham and Gillingham, where they engaged fortifications with cannon fire, burned or captured three capital ships and ten more ships of the line, and captured and towed away the flagship of the English fleet, HMS Royal Charles.
35:
950:, in 1071. The marriage of Malcolm to Edgar's sister profoundly affected the history of both England and Scotland. The influence of Margaret and her sons brought about the anglicization of the Lowlands and also provided the Scottish king with an excuse for forays into England which he could claim were to redress the wrongs against his brother-in-law.
1528:, died, and in March 1399, Richard declared that Henry's inheritance was forfeit and that he was a traitor, permanently banished from the realm. Then, in what was to prove a major strategic error, Richard proceeded with his army to Ireland. This gave Henry the opportunity to return to England and, on 4 July 1399, he landed with a small force at
1015:. Soon after Louis' support began to wane as barons who had grievances with John took the opportunity to make peace with the new king. The French abandoned the siege of Dover Castle in November but the campaign continued in the south-east. In early 1217, the focus shifted northwards, culminating in a major French defeat at the
1498:. No battle however occurred and the Franco-Welsh force returned to Wales. Although some of the French returned home in November, most overwintered. Attempts were made to bring French reinforcements in 1406 but these were intercepted by the English fleet. The remaining French troops were withdrawn sometime during the year.
755:, which landed in the Kingdom of East Anglia that year. There is no proof that this legend has any basis in history; however, it is known that several of the Viking leaders grouped their bands together to form one great army that landed in the kingdom of East Anglia to start their attempted conquest of England in 866.
1194:. Warfare between the English and the French would therefore provide a strategic context of many of the major Scottish invasions of England, in particular in 1346, 1385 and 1513. French troops were also involved in the Scottish invasion of England in 1464 on the side of the Lancastrians, during the Wars of the Roses.
1861:
After brief clashes with hastily assembled
British forces and the local civilian population, the invading force's Irish-American commander, Colonel William Tate, was forced into unconditional surrender on 24 February. In a related naval action, the British captured two of the expedition's vessels, a
1857:
The French general Lazare Hoche had devised a three-pronged attack on
Britain in support of the Society of United Irishmen. Two forces would land in Britain as a diversionary effort, while the main body would land in Ireland. Adverse weather and ill-discipline halted two of the forces but the third,
428:
already living in
Britain before the Roman withdrawal in AD 408. The majority of these served in the army and helped the Romans fight Saxon pirates who raided the southern and eastern coasts of Britain from the 3rd century onwards. Following the collapse of Roman rule, the British rulers seemed to
1853:
The Battle of
Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22â24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign force, and thus is often referred to as the "last invasion of
1255:
in
Scotland. It consisted of at least 1,000 men-at-arms plus servants and crossbowmen, and carried 50,000 gold francs as gifts for the Scots nobility A joint attack on the North of England was planned but there was considerable disharmony between the Scots and French contingents. Eventually a
915:
William's rule was not yet secure and a number of revolts against the
Normans took place, notably in the North of England and East Anglia. A large Danish army arrived in England in 1069 to support an uprising in the North. In the winter of the same year William marched his army from Nottingham to
1448:
and
Brittany. Preparations continued all through the spring and summer of 1386, with the assembly of large quantities of stores, equipment and men. Amongst the stores assembled was a large prefabricated wooden fort, 3,000 paces long, with walls 20 ft (6m) high. The English responded by
1477:
signed a treaty with the French by which they recognised him as Prince of Wales. This led to a French expeditionary force landing in South Wales in
February 1405 to support GlyndƔr's forces. In August these were reinforced by a further expedition of 2,500 men. The combined army campaigned in
1572:. Henry sent a force under the Earl of Northumberland to capture Richard, which they did by a trick on 15 August. Richard was taken to London and on 29 September was forced to abdicate. On 30 September Henry was proclaimed king at Westminster Hall, the first of the Lancastrian kings.
1628:
In exile in
Brittany, Henry Tudor, a distant relation of the Lancastrians, gathered a small, mainly mercenary army and mounted an invasion of Wales in 1485. Welshmen, Lancastrians, and disaffected Yorkists rallied behind Tudor, whose forces encountered Richard and the royal army at
1272:
on 7 September. The assault failed and the French force fell back into
Scotland harried by English forces. De Vienne returned to Edinburgh hoping to over winter but morale among his army was failing and many determined to return home to France, despite the lateness of the season.
719:
Viking raids began in England in the late 8th century, primarily on monasteries. The first monastery to be raided was in 793 at Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast, and the first recorded raid being at Portland, Dorset in 789; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described the Vikings as
201:) also carried significant levels of Yamnaya-related ancestry, in contrast to the preceding Neolithic population, suggesting a population turnover which the authors propose "invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language."
2205:, where Edward III installed himself as his army looted and destroyed the surrounding countryside. In May 1336 an English army under Henry of Lancaster invaded, followed in July by another army under King Edward. Together, they ravaged much of the north-east and sacked
2425:
1310:. The army marched north and met James' forces at Flodden. James surprised the English by leading his centre in a wild charge against Surrey's, but the English stood fast and repulsed the Scots, unhorsing and killing James. The battle ended in an English victory.
762:, but Ălla, together with support from the other English kingdoms, attempted to retake the city. He was unsuccessful; the annals for the year says that Ălla was killed during the battle, but according to legend he was captured by the Vikings, who executed or
423:
and northern Germany, first landing in Eastern Britain. There are few records existing that account this migration, and those that were written come mainly from the Mediterranean area or were created long after the event. There were a small number of
433:
in the first half of the fifth century. The Picts became less of a threat, but the mercenaries stayed and, realising their strength, rebelled. This encouraged the sea borne migration that subsequently followed and continued into the 6th century.
916:
York with the intention of engaging the rebel army. However, by the time William's army had reached York the rebel army had fled. As the Danes had nowhere suitable to stay for the winter, on land, they decided to go back to their ships in the
1190:. Edward I's attempts to become feudal overlord of Scotland after the death of Alexander III in 1286 led to a long struggle for Scottish independence. Significantly, in 1295 it led to a long running alliance with France, later known as the
896:
stood firm, despite a torrent of arrows shot at them by William's archers. Soon after Harold was hit by an arrow and killed, the housecarls were overwhelmed by William's victorious soldiers. William was crowned in London by the
177:, an archaeological culture characterised by a new bell-shaped pottery style, and grave goods that included copper daggers and items associated with metallurgy and archery. The spread of this complex introduced high levels of
1666:. An advanced force of supporters and Flemish mercenaries was put ashore to attempt to raise local rebellion. Local forces however, defeated the landing party, killing 150 and capturing 163. Warbeck himself did not land.
2124:, along with many members of the Pictish aristocracy in battle. The sophisticated kingdom that had been built fell apart, as did the Pictish leadership, which had been stable for more than a hundred years since the time of
335:) with a small Roman army. Despite the pleas of the civil officials, Suetonius marched out of the city with his troops, knowing that any stand would be disastrous. Boudicca sacked London and pushed on to Verulamium (now
209:
Before the Romans came to Britain, and with them the advent of written records of the region, the majority of Britain was Celtic. How and when these peoples arrived in the British Isles is a matter of much conjecture; see
1676:
The third, and most successful, invasion took place in Cornwall in September 1497. In May and June 1497, there had been a revolt against Henry VII in Cornwall. This had been suppressed following the rebels' defeat at
1563:
in South Wales. However, fearing a plot, he abandoned his army and fled to North Wales, where he had stronger support. However, support was not forthcoming and at the beginning of August, Henry and his army were at
1412:
overran Jersey and besieged Mont Orgueil. His troops succeeded in breaching the outer defences, forcing the garrison back to the keep. The garrison came to an agreement that they would surrender if not relieved by
188:
An earlier study by Cassidy et al. (2015) notes a "great wave of change" at the end of the Neolithic in Ireland, including the introduction of copper mines, metallurgy, tool and weapon production, and distinctive
2225:
announced that he intended to aid the Scots by invading England, prompting Edward's retreat. By late 1336, the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland. Although the war continued until the
880:
When Harold was crowned king of England, William was angered by Harold's accession, and set about gathering an invasion army. William, having gathered together an army and a fleet to transport it, landed in
152:
from continental Europe. According to the authors, "the transition to farming in Britain occurred with little introgression from resident foragers â either during initial colonization or throughout the
1828:, William's army successfully forced James into exile in France. After securing French military backing, James attempted to re-invade by mustering troops in Ireland, but was defeated decisively at the
953:
The formal link between the royal house of Scotland and Wessex was an obvious threat to William, who marched north towards Scotland in 1072 to confront the Scottish king. The two kings negotiated the
2447:
Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; Kristiansen, Kristian; Booth, Thomas; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mittnik, Alissa; Altena, Eveline (2018).
1621:, who, along with his brother, was placed in the Tower of London, where he disappeared under suspicious circumstances. The main benefactor of Edward's disappearance was the boys' regent and uncle,
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2729:
927:
Rebellions continued to occur in various parts of the country. William sent earls to deal with problems in Dorset, Shrewsbury and Devon while he dealt with rebels in the Midlands and Stafford.
2323:
Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan; Booth, Thomas J.; van Dorp, Lucy; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas (2019).
331:) to put down the revolt. It failed to arrive in time, and, when it encountered the Celts, was annihilated. The battle, however, may have enabled Governor Suetonius to arrive in Londinium (
1401:
galleys and 35 French ships. Again they failed to take the castle and, after causing damage, withdrew. The English were able to recapture Guernsey in October 1340 but the French held out in
1345:, particularly during the period 1374â1380. Few of these had the scale, or purpose, of invasions. Perhaps the closest was the overrunning of the Isle of Wight by a French fleet commanded by
924:
to East Anglia where they raided the area. However, William met with the Danish army and it was agreed that if he made payment to them then they would go home to Denmark, without a fight.
1673:
supported him in an invasion of England later in the year. Unfortunately for the invaders, there was again no local support for Warbeck and the invaders soon returned across the border.
1397:, remained in English hands. The French remained until September, when they sailed off to conquer Guernsey, Alderney and Sark. In 1339 the French returned, allegedly with 8,000 men in 17
2256:. An initial proposal was agreed, but due to internal divisions between pro-France and pro-English factions, the Scots rescinded the agreement. War broke out and the English army sacked
1773:
in June 1667, was a successful attack conducted by the Dutch navy on English battleships at a time when most were virtually unmanned and unarmed, laid up in the fleet anchorages off
1820:
landed an army in Devon at the invitation of a group of Protestant nobles who were dissatisfied with what they perceived as the absolutist tendencies of the reigning Catholic King
777:
in 878. The resultant treaty gave the Danes control of northern and eastern England, with Alfred and his successors controlling Wessex. But the whole of England was unified with
3512:
1424:
The French did not succeed in capturing Jersey during the Hundred Years' War, but did capture Mont Orgueil in the summer of 1461, allegedly as part of a secret deal between
1291:
was murdered by an English Northumbrian. Taking advantage of the political crisis caused by this incident, the French king, whose nation was at war with the English king,
1556:, where Richard's major supporters had gathered to await his return from Ireland. The castle rapidly surrendered and Richard's chief counselors were promptly executed.
1432:
to gain French support for the Lancastrian cause. The island was held by the French until 1468, when Yorkist forces and local militia were able to recapture the castle.
885:
in the late summer of 1066. Harold, having just defeated Hardrada in the north, marched his troops back south, where, exhausted, they encountered William near Hastings.
3215:
2304:
3594:
3575:
2032:
751:. Ălla allegedly had Ragnar thrown into a snake pit. It is said that Ragnar's enraged sons, taking advantage of political instability in England, recruited the
992:
in 1215. However, the king disregarded the charter's contents, and the barons rose up against him and appealed to the heir to the French throne, the future
289:
211:
3528:
959:(1072), where Malcolm became William's vassal, and one of the conditions of the agreement was the expulsion of Edgar Ătheling from the Scottish court.
2726:
1685:. By this time, however, a royal army was approaching and the morale of the rebels began to crack. Warbeck fled on 21 September but was captured at
1548:
had raised an army and was in Hertfordshire. The Duke of York had little desire to fight, however, and detaching himself from the army, met Henry at
148:. A study by Brace et al. (2019) found evidence of a substantial replacement of this population ca. 4,000 BC, with the introduction of agriculture by
2291:
in 1560, when they were ejected by combined Protestant Scottish and English forces. This latter period of the conflict is sometimes referred to as a
56:
43:
4011:
2577:
Cassidy, Lara M.; Martiniano, Rui; Murphy, Eileen M.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mallory, James; Hartwell, Barrie; Bradley, Daniel G. (12 January 2016).
1137:
161:, who proposes a two-stage model of Neolithization, with the later second stage resulting in a more significant population transfer than the first.
1537:
99:
have been subject to several waves of invasion and settlement since humans began inhabiting the region approximately 900,000 years ago during the
3391:
396:
As the Roman Empire declined, its hold on Britain loosened. By AD 410, Roman forces had been withdrawn, and small, isolated bands of migrating
4026:
3987:
3893:
3790:
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Gunn, S.J., âWarbeck, Perkin (c. 1474â1499)â, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008
3623:
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on 20 September. On hearing of the northern army's defeat Harold Godwinson marched the southern army north and met and defeated Hardrada at
728:
were popular targets as they were wealthy and had valuable objects that were portable. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 840 says that
4016:
3493:
2001:
from being overrun by Gaelic Irish chieftains. The invasion was a success and several Gaelic chieftains submitted to English overlordship.
714:
3078:
2960:
1545:
316:, Boudicca, angered by maltreatment at the hands of the Romans, urged her people to rise up. They did, and marched on Camulodonum (now
2871:
1465:, to postpone the attack to the following year. A smaller-scale expedition was planned for the summer of 1387 but it came to nothing.
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The war, and the invasion, left England with few territories in France but with the Norman Plantagenet dynasty still on the throne.
391:
1984:
3430:
2166:, and began a brief invasion of northern England. Edward rushed north with his army and inflicted a crushing defeat on Wallace at
769:
By the late 9th century, the Vikings had overrun most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that constituted England at the time. However,
400:
began to invade Britain. There seems to have been no large "invasion" with a combined army or fleet, but the tribes, notably the
2989:
2903:
2840:
2796:
2767:
1954:
1948:
1663:
233:
116:
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1457:. Originally intending to attack in August, Charles put back the date to October, and early in the month joined his fleet in
3199:
2021:
2655:
2389:
1613:, was deposed twice during the wars and was murdered after the second deposition. He was replaced by the Yorkist claimant,
4006:
2141:
1332:
1307:
1181:
1082:
3172:
1606:, which had overthrown the direct royal line in 1399, was embroiled in fighting against the Yorkist wing of the dynasty.
892:
that followed, William's forces suffered heavy casualties but managed to rout Harold's infantry. However, Harold and his
1350:
1225:
92:
1421:, leaving a small force to carry on the siege. Fortunately for the defenders, an English relief fleet arrived in time.
821:
263:. The initial landings were unopposed, and the Celts delayed in responding to the invasion. When, under their leaders
3591:
3572:
3035:
Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087â1216, 2nd ed. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 265
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While there are few records, the Vikings are thought to have led their first raids in Scotland on the holy island of
255:, was the first emperor to oversee a successful invasion. He used as an excuse the pleas for help that came from the
185:
into Britain, resulting in the "replacement of approximately 90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years".
1931:
In the year 795 Vikings (probably of Norwegian origin) raided islands off the coast of Ireland for the first time.
1318:
1088:
1023:, who was also one of King Henry III's regents. In August, a fleet carrying French reinforcements was defeated off
947:
1264:, which was burned by the English on 11 August. Admiral de Vienne led his men on a counterattack on the English
48:
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2147:
2010:
1932:
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829:
104:
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1016:
997:
340:
309:
2125:
1911:
216:
3941:
3663:
1785:
1214:
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exacted Llywelyn's fealty to England in 1277. Peace was short lived and, with the completion in 1282 of the
946:. Edgar sought Malcolm's assistance in his struggle against William. Malcolm married the Ătheling's sister,
943:
141:
2194:
1817:
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1770:
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729:
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1393:, intent on capturing the island. Although the island was overrun, the main fortification in the island,
1260:. However, an English relief army was approaching and the Franco-Scottish force fell back before them to
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2214:
2186:
2179:
2129:
1994:
1966:
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1507:
910:
836:
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244:. Caesar's two invasions did not conquer Britain but established it as a major trading partner of Rome.
182:
2717:
Churchill, Winston (1956). The History of the English Speaking People, Volume I, The Birth of Britain.
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The second invasion came in September 1496. Warbeck had been received in Scotland in January 1496 and
1587:
1429:
1342:
3388:
1997:
invaded Ireland in 1394 with a fleet of 500 ships and 8,000-10,000 men with the aim of preventing the
901:, then set about restructuring the English government and imposing the feudal system on the nobility.
224:
by a variety of Celtic and pre-Celtic peoples; how much of it is based on historical fact is debated.
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1125:
1115:
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968:
793:
272:
2222:
1998:
1848:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1801:
1732:
1618:
1541:
1511:
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1303:
1148:
1141:
1133:
982:
955:
650:
170:
120:
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Tudor was crowned king as Henry VII, and, after defeating Yorkist rebels in 1487, established the
76:
2559:
2417:
2265:
2155:
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1532:. From there, he marched into the Lancastrian heartlands of Yorkshire, building his forces. At
1156:
1152:
1107:
1028:
898:
889:
774:
752:
466:
363:
198:
2579:"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome"
1155:, the rule of the Welsh princes permanently ended. With Llywelyn's death and his brother prince
1132:
in 1267. Later however, a succession of disputes, including the imprisonment of Llywelyn's wife
1544:. The army marched southwards and on 20 July reached Leicester. Meanwhile, Richard's regent,
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the following year led to the English withdrawal. After Henry's death and the installation of
2121:
1789:
1755:. One French merchant ship en route to England and three English ships at Penzance were sunk.
1599:
1581:
1517:
1425:
1282:
935:
870:
858:
825:
804:. Harold's accession, however, was not unanimously embraced. To the north, the Norwegian king
681:
612:
497:
489:
379:
351:
271:, they did, they were too late and were defeated in several battles, most notably that of the
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2957:
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and a barrier chain called the "Gillingham Line" were supposed to protect the English ships.
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of France, whose forces overran much of the English territory in France, including Normandy.
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2616:
2598:
2533:
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2468:
2401:
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1187:
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801:
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725:
706:
328:
324:
108:
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in her war chariot. She headed a great revolt against the Romans but was defeated in AD 62.
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then claimed sovereignty. The Anglo-Normans justified their invasion using the papal bull
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1366:
1120:
1111:
978:
939:
866:
852:
805:
658:
581:
112:
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Falkus, Malcolm. "Historical atlas of Britain". Book club associates London, 1980, p. 30.
796:. Edward managed to reign until his death in 1066, when he was succeeded by the powerful
2698:
2679:
2594:
2529:
2464:
2340:
1935:
and raids continued, before the creation of Norse settlements in the area of modern-day
693:
He was proclaimed King Louis I of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral but never crowned.
17:
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3699:
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2621:
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2288:
2190:
1752:
1686:
1655:
1649:
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1244:
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After John's second attempt to invade France failed, his nobles forced him to agree to
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797:
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405:
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344:
194:
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on 22 August. Richard was killed during the fighting, and his forces lost the battle.
1235:
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4000:
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La batalla naval de las Dunas: la Holanda comercial contra la España del Siglo De Oro
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and subjugating Scotland. The following year the Scots rose under the leadership of
1449:
raising forces of men-at-arms and archers, who were stationed on the coast from the
2563:
2279:
In response, the Scots requested aid from the French, and French troops arrived at
2239:
2206:
1971:
1807:
1778:
1735:
raided the southwestern coast of Cornwall, where they routed a militia force under
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1008:
882:
425:
359:
237:
3169:
2132:
as king of both Picts and Scots can be attributed to the aftermath of this event.
2117:
339:), which was also razed. Suetonius had gathered a large enough army, however, to
2647:
429:
have hired the Saxons as mercenaries to counter the threat of invasions from the
247:
A century later, a botched attempt to conquer Britain was made under the emperor
2858:
The laws of the earliest English kings: Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum. pp. 96â101
2218:
2086:
2082:
1832:
in 1690. After Parliament legitimized William's invasion it became known as the
1810:
1704:
1533:
1160:
989:
763:
502:
474:
282:
with him. When the Celts were finally defeated and Caratacus forced to flee to
260:
190:
100:
3756:
3634:
1658:
made three attempts to invade England. The first, on 3 July 1495, occurred at
1239:
A Franco-Scottish force attacks Wark, from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles
2405:
2348:
2193:
to the Scottish throne. Balliol led an invasion, and following his success at
2097:
1659:
1483:
1414:
1292:
1004:
893:
733:
710:
673:
371:
336:
323:
The Romans in Camulodonum were massacred after a brief fight. Meanwhile, the
317:
268:
137:
3968:
3802:
The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation 1000â1135
3748:
3510:
When was England last successfully invaded by a foreign power?, History Extra
2612:
2547:
2480:
2413:
2356:
1349:
in August 1377. However, Jean de Vienne joined forces with Castilian Admiral
977:
was mortally wounded during fighting against the French in 1199, his brother
2603:
2325:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
2292:
2257:
2175:
2093:
1744:
1529:
1378:
1261:
264:
256:
154:
2630:
2555:
2498:
2390:"Neolithization and Population Replacement in Britain: An Alternative View"
2374:
1027:. Louis realised that the cause was lost and in September 1217 signed the
358:
of Ireland raided and colonized the western Scottish and Welsh coastlines.
34:
2449:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe"
1256:
joint force invaded England in July and succeeded in taking the castle at
857:
Harold Godwinson was shipwrecked at Ponthieu in 1064 and taken captive by
193:
pottery. Their genetic study found that three Bronze Age individuals from
2210:
2151:
2100:, both of which were highly navigable, and reached into the heart of the
1740:
1490:, they then invaded England and for eight days faced the English army of
1458:
1454:
1418:
1374:
1306:
organized an English army and placed it under the command of the elderly
1269:
1164:
1099:. Although, the Welsh reversed much of the Normans' initial advance, the
737:
375:
313:
305:
293:
252:
248:
2514:"Ancient-genome study finds Bronze Age 'Beaker culture' invaded Britain"
2472:
2146:
Following the disputed succession of the Scottish crown on the death of
1598:, but it was plagued by 32 years (1455â1487) of civil wars known as the
808:
invaded England. In the late summer of 1066, the invaders sailed up the
2967:. Historymedren.about.com (17 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2198:
2105:
1962:
1682:
1565:
1553:
1362:
1092:
782:
635:
566:
543:
420:
413:
397:
221:
1936:
1748:
1708:
1591:
1444:
began to prepare for an invasion of England, assembling ships in the
1390:
840:
778:
589:
520:
409:
332:
2538:
2513:
1007:
in June, Chichester and Reigate Castles, and began a major siege of
1777:
and Gillingham in the county of Kent. At the time, the fortress of
920:. They were reinforced in 1070 by a fleet from Denmark and sailed
2287:
ended hostilities in 1551, although the French remained until the
2280:
2101:
1839:
It was the last successful invasion of the British Isles to date.
1398:
1370:
1317:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1096:
1003:
The French took a number of castles in Southern England including
792:
When Cnut died, however, he was succeeded by the Anglo-Saxon king
430:
401:
355:
347:. Boudicca was defeated, and Roman rule was restored to Britain.
297:
288:
283:
174:
75:
942:, fled to Scotland, in 1068, seeking protection from their king,
839:(later to be known as William the Conqueror), landed his army in
2113:
2081:
in 794, the year following the raid on the other holy island of
2078:
1617:, who ruled until his death. He was succeeded by his young son,
1354:
1110:
posed a significant threat both to the Marcher lords and to the
816:. Outside the city they defeated a northern English army led by
813:
759:
558:
2815:
Munch. Norse Mythology: Ragnar Lodbrok and His Sons. pp. 245â51
2295:, fought by Scottish factions on behalf of France and England.
1858:
aimed at landing in Wales and marching on Bristol, went ahead.
1559:
In the meantime, Richard had returned from Ireland, landing in
2036:
1869:
1041:
785:
in the eleventh century, during the reign of the Danish king
157:." This scenario has been questioned by British archaeologist
28:
259:, Celtic allies of Rome, and landed an army near present-day
2976:
William E. Kapelle. The Norman Conquest of the North. p. 117
1186:
Anglo-Scottish relations were generally poor throughout the
743:
According to Norse Sagas, in 865 the legendary Viking chief
419:
The peoples now called the 'Anglo-Saxons' largely came from
308:
led a bloody revolt against Roman rule. While the governor
3165:
3163:
2754:
Sawyer. The Oxford Illustrated History of Vikings. pp. 2â3
1961:
gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in
1118:, prince of Gwynedd, secured the recognition of the title
3529:
Historical Notes: Glorious revolution or Orange invasion?
3384:
3382:
3380:
3179:. Englandsnortheast.co.uk. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2878:. Englandsnortheast.co.uk. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
1743:. The Spanish fleet sacked and set on fire the towns of
2276:
and put much of southern Scotland under military rule.
2053:
1886:
1662:. Warbeck had arrived on a fleet of ships provided by
1353:
and both armies conducted serious ground operations in
1058:
103:. Notable invasions of the British Isles including the
3538:, published 25 May 1999, accessed on 25 February 2021.
3398:. Wars-of-the-roses.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
3316:
3314:
1103:
continued to occupy significant parts of the country.
1011:. John died in October and was succeeded by his son,
3724:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 192â93.
3601:. ScottishHistory.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
3582:. ScottishHistory.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2252:
sought a dynastic marriage between Mary and his son
327:(Ninth Legion) had been sent south from Lindum (now
144:
had started to repopulate Britain at the end of the
2268:, the English returned, defeating the Scots at the
1322:
Franco-Castilian raids on the English coast 1374â80
3824:
3698:
1302:Since King Henry was in France campaigning, Queen
220:describes successive invasions and settlements of
3907:. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation.
3085:. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2736:. Chestofbooks.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2230:in 1357, the English did not return to Scotland.
1461:. However, he was persuaded by his admiral, the
320:), where many former Roman soldiers had settled.
3473:
3471:
2675:
2673:
2305:Invasion of the Channel Islands (disambiguation)
740:, after 35 Viking ships had landed in the area.
2783:Starkey. The Monarchy of England. Vol. 1. p. 51
2727:Section 36. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest Of Britain
2583:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1923:, describes mythological conquests of Ireland.
1703:A Spanish force composed of three companies of
931:Anglo-Saxon alliance with the Scots (1070â1072)
3198:William, Hunt; Poole, R. L.; Oman, C. (1906).
2272:in September 1547. They established a base at
2162:. They decisively defeated the English in the
1957:took place during the late 12th century, when
981:succeeded him. John continued the war against
773:, king of Wessex, defeated the Vikings at the
758:In 867 the great army went north and captured
412:, quickly established control over modern-day
212:Celtic settlement of Great Britain and Ireland
3013:
3011:
2033:English invasion of Scotland (disambiguation)
304:In the early AD 60s, the Celtic tribal queen
8:
3408:
3406:
3404:
2958:Harold Godwinson â King Harold II of England
2887:Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages, pp. 216â22
2642:
2640:
2092:In 839, a large Norse fleet invaded via the
1824:. After a brief campaign culminating in the
1552:on 27 July. Henry then marched his army to
278:Claudius arrived himself, bringing up to 38
173:arrived in Britain, probably from the lower
3687:The History of the English-Speaking Peoples
3423:"Exeter and the Cornish rebellions of 1497"
3121:Macdougall (2001), pp. 40â41, 49â51, 116â18
2927:
2925:
2827:Jones. A History of the Vikings. pp. 218â19
2823:
2821:
1243:In May 1385, a French force led by admiral
843:, intent on seizing the throne of England.
3959:Watts, Karen (2004). "Brothers in Arms?".
3905:Norse Mythology Legends of Gods and Heroes
3549:"Richard II in Ireland | Encyclopedia.com"
2895:
2893:
1171:Invasions of England and Wales (1284â1797)
1019:in May. The defense of England was led by
651:Henry Beauclerc, later Henry II of England
441:
2708:. Unrv.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2689:. Unrv.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
2620:
2602:
2537:
2488:
2364:
2154:led an English invasion in 1296, sacking
3639:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2811:
2809:
2648:"Claudius | UNRV.com Roman History"
1389:In March 1338, a French force landed in
1031:, leaving the country later that month.
674:Prince Louis of France, later Louis VIII
59:of all important aspects of the article.
3701:Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack
3500:, Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, 1996, p. 143.
2919:Bates. William the Conqueror. pp. 79â89
2315:
1586:England was spared invasion during the
1385:French invasions of the Channel Islands
766:him as punishment for Ragnar's murder.
378:or the Romanized tribes around York or
312:was pursuing a campaign on the isle of
91:have occurred several times throughout
3739:Ford, Douglas (2004). "Gorey Castle".
3689:. Vol. 1, "The Birth of Britain".
3636:The laws of the earliest English kings
2182:in 1314. Peace was concluded in 1327.
1341:raids on the English coast during the
1140:, culminated in the first invasion by
1000:(1214â1249), gathered to give homage.
443:List of external invasions of England
55:Please consider expanding the lead to
2005:Tudor conquest of Ireland (1536â1603)
1524:. In February 1399, Henry's father,
1373:, and eventually sacking and burning
707:Viking expansion in the British Isles
370:and his family, who invaded from the
7:
3633:Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922).
3017:Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 606
2985:ASC 1069â70. English translation at
1784:The Dutch, under nominal command of
1640:as the sole English ruling dynasty.
1486:. According to the French historian
1231:The Franco-Scottish invasion of 1385
1147:As a result of military defeat, the
938:, the last remaining male member of
715:Viking activity in the British Isles
3831:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3026:Horspool. The English Rebel. p. 10.
3005:Horspool. The English Rebel. p. 12.
2388:Thomas, Julian (24 February 2022).
1769:The Raid on the Medway, during the
1219:
835:While Godwinson was busy up north,
214:for more details. The 11th-century
3806:University of North Carolina Press
3455:. Silex Ediciones, 2007, page 67.
2899:ASC 1066 â English translation at
2248:, acceded to the Scottish throne.
1568:while Richard with a few men held
1299:to invade his southern neighbour.
1287:In 1508, a warden of the Scottish
251:. Caligula's uncle and successor,
84:(centre-left) and its surroundings
25:
3938:Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition
3433:from the original on 21 July 2022
2836:ASC 867 â English translation at
2792:ASC 840 â English translation at
2763:ASC 793 â English translation at
2658:from the original on 21 July 2022
2213:, while a third army ravaged the
2112:, king of the Picts, his brother
1502:The overthrow of Richard II, 1399
1220:The Neville's Cross Campaign 1346
711:Viking age in Northwestern Europe
392:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
3915:The Monarchy of England Volume I
3201:The History of England. Volume 4
2394:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2040:
1955:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1949:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1873:
1602:. The Lancastrian branch of the
1159:'s execution, the few remaining
1045:
136:By around 12,000 BC, during the
117:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
33:
4012:Invasions of the United Kingdom
3918:. London: Chatto & Windus.
3869:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press.
3218:from the original on 2 May 2023
2428:from the original on 2 May 2023
1943:Anglo-Norman invasion (1169â72)
1843:The Battle of Fishguard of 1797
1417:and du Guesclin sailed back to
1337:There were numerous French and
438:Invasions of England (793â1285)
47:may be too short to adequately
3491:A History of the British Isles
2329:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2022:Battle of Carrickfergus (1760)
1727:) from the fleet commanded by
1693:The Battle of Cornwall of 1595
1163:did homage for their lands to
1106:By the 13th century the Welsh
1038:Invasions of Wales (1067â1284)
962:
905:The Danish invasion of 1069â70
873:. It is alleged that William (
165:Arrival of Bell beaker culture
89:Invasions of the British Isles
57:provide an accessible overview
1:
3903:Munch, Peter Andreas (1926).
3519:, Retrieved 25 February 2021.
2869:History of Viking Northumbria
2142:Wars of Scottish Independence
2116:and the king of the Scots of
1625:, who was then crowned king.
1333:Castilian attack on Gravesend
1182:Scottish Wars of Independence
1083:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
963:First Barons' War (1215â1217)
286:, Claudius returned to Rome.
232:In 55 BC, Celtic Britain was
169:Starting around 2400 BC, the
4027:History of the British Isles
3722:The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr
3204:. Đ ĐžĐżĐŸĐ» ĐлаŃŃĐžĐș. p. 6.
3170:Battle of Flodden Field 1513
3112:Macdougall (2001), pp. 15â25
3094:Asbridge (2014), pp. 351â360
3057:Longmate (1990), pp. 262â265
2680:Claudian Invasion of Britain
1985:Irish-Bruce Wars (1315â1318)
1520:was exiled for ten years by
747:fell into the hands of King
4017:Warfare in medieval England
3865:MacDougall, Norman (2001).
3800:Kapelle, William E (1979).
3648:. London: Pearson Longman.
3618:. New York: HarperCollins.
3427:www.devonperspectives.co.uk
3374:Mortimer (2007), pp. 186â93
3365:Mortimer (2007), pp. 177â79
3338:Mortimer (2007), pp. 159â64
3299:Longmate (1990), pp. 348â49
3103:Longmate (1990), pp. 295â96
3076:First Barons War, 1215â1217
3066:Longmate (1990), pp. 271â72
1979:Scottish invasion (1315â18)
1623:Richard, Duke of Gloucester
1469:The French Invasion of 1405
1436:The invasion threat of 1386
822:Morcar, Earl of Northumbria
4043:
3979:In Search of the Dark Ages
3867:An Antidote to the English
3046:Ruling England, 1042â1217.
2237:
2139:
2073:Viking raids and invasions
2030:
2019:
2008:
1982:
1946:
1909:
1846:
1799:
1762:
1696:
1647:
1579:
1505:
1478:Pembrokeshire, destroying
1330:
1327:French and Castilian raids
1280:
1268:, launching an assault on
1223:
1212:
1209:The Weardale campaign 1327
1201:
1179:
1076:
966:
908:
850:
847:Norman conquest of England
704:
701:Viking raids and invasions
503:The Kingdom of Northumbria
389:
374:, variously understood as
3888:. London: Jonathan Cape.
3850:. London: Grafton Books.
3846:Longmate, Norman (1990).
3614:Asbridge, Thomas (2014).
3308:Davies (1997), pp. 192â93
2406:10.1017/S0959774321000639
2349:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
2174:, and routed the army of
2164:Battle of Stirling Bridge
2011:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1351:Fernando SĂĄnchez de Tovar
1277:The Flodden Campaign 1513
1226:Battle of Neville's Cross
582:Harald Hardrada of Norway
105:Roman conquest of Britain
3827:A History of the Vikings
3781:Horspool, David (2009).
3130:Jager (2004), pp. 41, 43
2732:10 February 2010 at the
2189:supported the claims of
2136:The Wars of Independence
1862:frigate and a corvette.
1713:Nuestra Señora de Begoña
1079:Norman invasion of Wales
998:Alexander II of Scotland
480:The Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
310:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
179:Yamnaya-related ancestry
142:Western Hunter Gatherers
127:Prehistory and antiquity
18:Irish invasions of Wales
3942:Oxford University Press
3912:Starkey, David (2004).
3515:16 January 2021 at the
3356:Mortimer (2007), p. 176
3347:Mortimer (2007), p. 171
3290:Longmate (1990), p. 344
3281:Longmate (1990), p. 343
3272:Watts (2004), pp. 16â17
3188:Longmate (1990), p. 337
3175:28 October 2010 at the
3139:Longmate (1990), p. 341
2963:7 December 2010 at the
2910:. Retrieved 20 May 2013
2847:. Retrieved 20 May 2013
2803:. Retrieved 20 May 2013
2774:. Retrieved 20 May 2013
2604:10.1073/pnas.1518445113
2512:Callaway, Ewen (2017).
1990:English invasion (1394)
1906:Leabhar GabhĂĄla Ăireann
1796:The Glorious Revolution
1788:and Lieutenant-Admiral
1786:Willem Joseph van Ghent
1536:, he was joined by the
1357:and Sussex, plundering
1215:Battle of Stanhope Park
1108:principality of Gwynedd
4022:Wars involving England
3976:Wood, Michael (2005).
3884:Mortimer, Ian (2007).
3804:. Raleigh-Durham, NC:
3670:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
3644:Barlow, Frank (2002).
3534:17 August 2021 at the
3389:The Battle of Bosworth
3245:Ford (2004), pp. 18â25
3236:Watts (2007), pp. 8â17
2996:Accessdate 20 May 2013
2992:8 October 2021 at the
2906:8 October 2021 at the
2843:8 October 2021 at the
2799:8 October 2021 at the
2770:8 October 2021 at the
2016:French invasion (1760)
1771:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1759:The Raid on the Medway
1609:The Lancastrian king,
1538:Earl of Northumberland
1323:
1314:The Hundred Years' War
1240:
1204:The Great Raid of 1322
1198:The Great Raid of 1322
687:The Kingdom of England
664:The Kingdom of England
641:The Kingdom of England
618:The Kingdom of England
595:The Kingdom of England
572:The Kingdom of England
549:The Kingdom of England
526:The Kingdom of England
301:
150:Early European Farmers
85:
3886:The Fears of Henry IV
3743:(8). Harnois: 18â25.
3720:Davies, R.R. (1997).
3668:William the Conqueror
3477:Cruickshank pp. 60â61
3329:Davies (1997), p. 195
3320:Davies (1997), p. 194
2704:7 August 2019 at the
2262:battle of Ancrum Moor
2250:Henry VIII of England
2187:Edward III of England
2180:Battle of Bannockburn
2027:Invasions of Scotland
1995:Richard II of England
1921:The Book of Invasions
1576:The Wars of the Roses
1508:Richard II of England
1361:, defeating Sussex's
1331:Further information:
1321:
1238:
911:Harrying of the North
818:Edwin, Earl of Mercia
605:William the Conqueror
292:
183:Pontic-Caspian steppe
79:
4007:Invasions of England
3963:(8). Harnois: 8â17.
3848:Defending the Island
3823:Jones, Gwyn (1984).
3762:Jager, Eric (2004).
3757:accessed 14 Oct 2010
3685:Churchill, Winston.
3597:16 July 2011 at the
3578:16 July 2011 at the
3553:www.encyclopedia.com
2874:30 July 2013 at the
2685:4 April 2019 at the
2246:Mary, Queen of Scots
1866:Invasions of Ireland
1604:House of Plantagenet
1546:Edmund, Duke of York
1442:Charles VI of France
1440:From December 1385,
1410:Bertrand du Guesclin
1297:James IV of Scotland
1130:Treaty of Montgomery
1116:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1087:Shortly after their
812:before advancing on
794:Edward the Confessor
628:Danes under Sweyn II
132:Neolithic transition
3785:. London: Penguin.
3766:. London: Century.
3616:The Greatest Knight
3592:ScottishHistory.com
3573:ScottishHistory.com
3157:Jager (2004), p. 48
3148:Jager (2004), p. 46
2595:2016PNAS..113..368C
2530:2017Natur.545..276C
2473:10.1038/nature25738
2465:2018Natur.555..190O
2341:2019NatEE...3..765B
2244:In 1542 the infant
2223:Philip VI of France
2128:. The accession of
1999:Lordship of Ireland
1967:monarchs of England
1854:mainland Britain".
1849:Battle of Fishguard
1834:Glorious Revolution
1830:Battle of the Boyne
1802:Glorious Revolution
1733:Carlos de Amesquita
1512:Henry IV of England
1304:Catherine of Aragon
1149:Treaty of Aberconwy
1089:conquest of England
1021:Sir William Marshal
956:Treaty of Abernethy
940:the House of Wessex
837:William the Bastard
749:Ălla of Northumbria
730:Ăthelwulf of Wessex
444:
366:was established by
171:Bell Beaker complex
121:Glorious Revolution
3496:3 May 2022 at the
3451:San Juan, VĂctor:
3394:7 May 2010 at the
3263:Ford (2004), p. 23
3254:Ford (2004), p. 22
3081:2 May 2023 at the
2987:Project Gutenberg.
2266:Protector Somerset
2156:Berwick upon Tweed
2126:Ăengus mac Fergusa
2052:. You can help by
1917:Lebor GabĂĄla Ărenn
1912:Lebor GabĂĄla Ărenn
1885:. You can help by
1765:Raid on the Medway
1699:Battle of Cornwall
1588:Hundred Years' War
1343:Hundred Years' War
1324:
1313:
1241:
1153:Edwardian conquest
1057:. You can help by
1029:Treaty of Kingston
899:Archbishop of York
775:Battle of Edington
753:Great Heathen Army
724:. Monasteries and
467:Great Heathen Army
442:
386:Germanic invasions
343:on the Roman road
302:
217:Lebor GabĂĄla Ărenn
197:ca. 2026â1534 BC (
86:
3989:978-0-563-52276-8
3895:978-0-224-07300-4
3792:978-0-670-91619-1
3783:The English Rebel
3625:978-0-06-226206-6
3211:978-5-87804-823-1
2901:project Gutenberg
2838:project Gutenberg
2794:project Gutenberg
2765:project Gutenberg
2699:Boudicca's Revolt
2524:(7654): 276â277.
2459:(7695): 190â196.
2260:in May 1544. The
2228:Treaty of Berwick
2130:CinĂĄed mac AilpĂn
2110:EogĂĄn mac Ăengusa
2070:
2069:
1903:
1902:
1826:Battle of Reading
1790:Michiel de Ruyter
1737:Francis Godolphin
1600:Wars of the Roses
1582:Wars of the Roses
1518:Henry Bolingbroke
1516:In October 1398,
1426:Margaret of Anjou
1283:Battle of Flodden
1138:Simon de Montfort
1075:
1074:
1017:Battle of Lincoln
973:When the English
969:First Barons' War
871:Count of Ponthieu
865:according to the
826:Battle of Fulford
698:
697:
682:Kingdom of France
613:Duchy of Normandy
498:Kingdom of Dublin
490:Olaf Guthfrithson
352:Sub-Roman Britain
74:
73:
16:(Redirected from
4034:
3993:
3972:
3961:Medieval History
3955:
3929:
3908:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3842:
3830:
3819:
3796:
3777:
3752:
3741:Medieval History
3735:
3716:
3704:
3695:Cruickshank, Dan
3690:
3681:
3659:
3640:
3629:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3507:
3501:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3386:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3167:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2897:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2816:
2813:
2804:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2541:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2320:
2285:Treaty of Norham
2270:battle of Pinkie
2234:The Rough Wooing
2172:Robert the Bruce
2108:. They defeated
2065:
2062:
2044:
2037:
1933:Viking invasions
1927:Viking invasions
1898:
1895:
1877:
1870:
1775:Chatham Dockyard
1729:Pedro de Zubiaur
1188:Late Middle Ages
1070:
1067:
1049:
1042:
875:Duke of Normandy
820:and his brother
802:Harold Godwinson
771:Alfred the Great
732:was defeated at
726:minster churches
445:
325:Legio IX Hispana
205:Celtic antiquity
109:Viking expansion
69:
66:
60:
37:
29:
21:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3982:. London: BBC.
3975:
3958:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3845:
3839:
3822:
3816:
3799:
3793:
3780:
3774:
3761:
3738:
3732:
3719:
3713:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3662:
3656:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3599:Wayback Machine
3590:
3586:
3580:Wayback Machine
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3536:Wayback Machine
3527:
3523:
3517:Wayback Machine
3508:
3504:
3498:Wayback Machine
3485:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3402:
3396:Wayback Machine
3387:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3177:Wayback Machine
3168:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3083:Wayback Machine
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:Wayback Machine
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2965:Wayback Machine
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2908:Wayback Machine
2898:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2876:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2845:Wayback Machine
2835:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2801:Wayback Machine
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2772:Wayback Machine
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2734:Wayback Machine
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2706:Wayback Machine
2697:
2693:
2687:Wayback Machine
2678:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2539:10.1038/545276a
2511:
2510:
2506:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2301:
2242:
2236:
2160:William Wallace
2144:
2138:
2102:Pictish kingdom
2075:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2050:needs expansion
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1965:over which the
1951:
1945:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1883:needs expansion
1868:
1851:
1845:
1804:
1798:
1767:
1761:
1701:
1695:
1652:
1646:
1584:
1578:
1550:Berkeley Castle
1514:
1506:Main articles:
1504:
1471:
1438:
1430:Pierre de Brézé
1387:
1367:Earl of Arundel
1335:
1329:
1316:
1285:
1279:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1121:Prince of Wales
1112:King of England
1085:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1055:needs expansion
1040:
971:
965:
933:
913:
907:
867:Bayeux Tapestry
855:
853:Norman Conquest
849:
830:Stamford Bridge
806:Harald Hardrada
717:
703:
659:County of Anjou
440:
394:
388:
296:, Queen of the
230:
228:Roman invasions
207:
167:
134:
129:
113:Norman Conquest
70:
64:
61:
54:
42:This article's
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3973:
3956:
3950:
3934:Stenton, Frank
3930:
3924:
3909:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3843:
3837:
3820:
3814:
3797:
3791:
3778:
3772:
3759:
3753:
3736:
3730:
3717:
3711:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3660:
3654:
3641:
3630:
3624:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3584:
3565:
3540:
3521:
3502:
3479:
3467:
3444:
3414:
3400:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3210:
3190:
3181:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3007:
2998:
2978:
2969:
2950:
2937:
2921:
2912:
2889:
2880:
2861:
2856:Attenborough.
2849:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2785:
2776:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2719:
2710:
2691:
2669:
2636:
2589:(2): 368â373.
2569:
2504:
2439:
2400:(3): 507â525.
2380:
2335:(5): 765â771.
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2289:Siege of Leith
2238:Main article:
2235:
2232:
2191:Edward Balliol
2140:Main article:
2137:
2134:
2122:Ăed mac Boanta
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2045:
2028:
2025:
2020:Main article:
2017:
2014:
2009:Main article:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1988:
1983:Main article:
1980:
1977:
1947:Main article:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1925:
1910:Main article:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1847:Main article:
1844:
1841:
1800:Main article:
1797:
1794:
1763:Main article:
1760:
1757:
1697:Main article:
1694:
1691:
1689:in Hampshire.
1687:Beaulieu Abbey
1656:Perkin Warbeck
1654:The pretender
1650:Perkin Warbeck
1648:Main article:
1645:
1644:Perkin Warbeck
1642:
1638:House of Tudor
1631:Bosworth Field
1580:Main article:
1577:
1574:
1503:
1500:
1482:and capturing
1473:In July 1404,
1470:
1467:
1437:
1434:
1408:In July 1373,
1386:
1383:
1347:Jean de Vienne
1328:
1325:
1315:
1312:
1308:Earl of Surrey
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1245:Jean de Vienne
1232:
1229:
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1136:, daughter of
1073:
1072:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1036:
983:King Philip II
975:King Richard I
967:Main article:
964:
961:
936:Edgar Ătheling
932:
929:
918:Humber Estuary
909:Main article:
906:
903:
851:Main article:
848:
845:
798:Earl of Wessex
787:Cnut the Great
764:'blood eagled'
745:Ragnar Lodbrok
702:
699:
696:
695:
689:
684:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
661:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
638:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
615:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
592:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
569:
564:
561:
555:
554:
551:
546:
541:
538:
536:Sven Forkbeard
532:
531:
528:
523:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
500:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
477:
472:
469:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
439:
436:
390:Main article:
387:
384:
380:Hadrian's Wall
368:Cunedda Wledig
345:Watling Street
229:
226:
206:
203:
195:Rathlin Island
166:
163:
133:
130:
128:
125:
72:
71:
51:the key points
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4039:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3951:0-19-821716-1
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3925:0-7011-7678-4
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3876:1-86232-145-0
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:0-586-20845-3
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3838:0-19-215882-1
3834:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3815:0-8078-1371-0
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3773:0-7126-6190-5
3769:
3765:
3764:The Last Duel
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3731:0-19-285336-8
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3712:9780752220291
3708:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3677:0-7524-1980-3
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3655:0-582-78440-9
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3461:84-7737-184-9
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:in 1548. The
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Alexander III
2143:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2048:This section
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Anglo-Normans
1956:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1881:This section
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Orange-Nassau
1815:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:, and led by
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1664:Maximillian I
1661:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1570:Conway Castle
1567:
1562:
1561:Milford Haven
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:John of Gaunt
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1496:Woodbury Hill
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Haverfordwest
1476:
1475:Owain GlyndƔr
1468:
1466:
1464:
1463:Duke of Berry
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:Low Countries
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:Castle Cornet
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
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1284:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:Auld alliance
1189:
1183:
1176:Scottish Wars
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:Marcher lords
1098:
1094:
1091:in 1066, the
1090:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1053:This section
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
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991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
970:
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958:
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949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
925:
923:
919:
912:
904:
902:
900:
895:
891:
886:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
712:
708:
700:
694:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
514:
513:Eric Bloodaxe
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
468:
464:
463:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
437:
435:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
280:war elephants
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
242:Julius Caesar
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
218:
213:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
162:
160:
159:Julian Thomas
156:
151:
147:
146:Younger Dryas
143:
139:
131:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:British Isles
94:
90:
83:
82:British Isles
78:
68:
58:
52:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3980:
3977:
3960:
3937:
3916:
3913:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3847:
3826:
3801:
3782:
3763:
3740:
3721:
3700:
3686:
3667:
3664:Bates, David
3645:
3635:
3615:
3587:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:
3543:
3524:
3505:
3482:
3464:(in Spanish)
3452:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3426:
3417:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3200:
3193:
3184:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3001:
2981:
2972:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2915:
2883:
2864:
2852:
2832:
2788:
2779:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2722:
2713:
2694:
2660:. Retrieved
2652:www.unrv.com
2651:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2397:
2393:
2383:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2278:
2243:
2240:Rough Wooing
2219:Clyde valley
2195:Dupplin Moor
2184:
2145:
2091:
2076:
2061:October 2010
2058:
2054:adding to it
2049:
1993:
1972:Laudabiliter
1970:
1952:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1894:October 2010
1891:
1887:adding to it
1882:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1806:In 1688 the
1805:
1783:
1779:Upnor Castle
1768:
1747:, Penzance,
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:arquebusiers
1702:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1635:
1627:
1608:
1585:
1558:
1540:and his son
1515:
1472:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1405:until 1345.
1395:Gorey Castle
1388:
1336:
1301:
1295:, convinced
1286:
1247:sailed from
1242:
1185:
1146:
1119:
1105:
1086:
1066:October 2010
1063:
1059:adding to it
1054:
1033:
1009:Dover Castle
1002:
987:
972:
954:
952:
934:
926:
921:
914:
887:
883:Pevensey Bay
879:
862:
856:
834:
791:
768:
757:
742:
721:
718:
692:
460:Successful?
426:Anglo-Saxons
418:
395:
360:Welsh legend
349:
322:
303:
277:
273:River Medway
246:
231:
215:
208:
187:
168:
135:
88:
87:
62:
46:
44:lead section
26:
3705:. Boxtree.
3646:The Godwins
3412:Gunn (2004)
3048:2005. p. 61
2946:The Godwins
2933:The Godwins
2178:during the
2087:Northumbria
2083:Lindisfarne
1814:William III
1811:stadtholder
1542:Henry Percy
1534:Bridlington
1365:led by the
1161:Welsh lords
990:Magna Carta
944:Malcolm III
888:During the
722:heathen men
475:Scandinavia
362:holds that
261:Richborough
191:Food Vessel
101:Paleolithic
93:its history
4001:Categories
3940:. Oxford:
3608:References
3044:Huscroft.
2274:Haddington
2215:south-west
2098:River Earn
2031:See also:
1679:Blackheath
1522:Richard II
1488:Monstrelet
1484:Carmarthen
1415:Michaelmas
1293:Henry VIII
1289:East March
1266:West March
1077:See also:
1005:Winchester
994:Louis VIII
894:housecarls
734:Carhampton
705:See also:
337:St. Albans
318:Colchester
269:Togodumnus
199:calibrated
138:Mesolithic
3969:1741-2285
3749:1741-2285
2935:pp. 97â98
2613:0027-8424
2548:1476-4687
2481:1476-4687
2422:247124011
2414:0959-7743
2357:2397-334X
2293:proxy war
2258:Edinburgh
2201:and then
2185:In 1332,
2176:Edward II
2118:DĂĄl Riata
2094:River Tay
1745:Mousehole
1721:Peregrina
1707:and four
1615:Edward IV
1530:Ravenspur
1379:Gravesend
1339:Castilian
1262:Edinburgh
1128:with the
1126:Henry III
1013:Henry III
678:1215-1217
632:1069-1070
563:1015-1016
540:1013-1014
372:Old North
341:do battle
265:Caratacus
257:Atrebates
181:from the
155:Neolithic
65:July 2020
49:summarize
3936:(1971).
3697:(2001).
3666:(2001).
3595:Archived
3576:Archived
3558:4 August
3532:Archived
3513:Archived
3494:Archived
3487:J. Black
3431:Archived
3392:Archived
3216:Archived
3173:Archived
3079:Archived
2990:Archived
2961:Archived
2944:Barlow.
2931:Barlow.
2904:Archived
2872:Archived
2841:Archived
2797:Archived
2768:Archived
2730:Archived
2702:Archived
2683:Archived
2656:Archived
2631:26712024
2556:28516942
2499:29466337
2432:24 April
2426:Archived
2375:30988490
2299:See also
2217:and the
2211:Aberdeen
2152:Edward I
1822:James II
1741:Penzance
1717:Salvador
1671:James IV
1619:Edward V
1611:Henry VI
1590:against
1492:Henry IV
1459:Flanders
1455:Cornwall
1419:Brittany
1375:Hastings
1270:Carlisle
1165:Edward I
1142:Edward I
1095:invaded
1025:Sandwich
948:Margaret
922:en-masse
738:Somerset
376:Pictland
314:Anglesey
306:Boudicca
294:Boudicca
253:Claudius
249:Caligula
119:and the
3437:21 July
2662:21 July
2622:4720318
2591:Bibcode
2564:3879314
2526:Bibcode
2490:5973796
2461:Bibcode
2366:6520225
2337:Bibcode
2199:Glasgow
2168:Falkirk
2106:Fortriu
1963:Ireland
1709:galleys
1683:Taunton
1596:Castile
1566:Chester
1554:Bristol
1399:Genoese
1134:Eleanor
1093:Normans
869:), the
824:at the
783:Denmark
636:Denmark
567:Denmark
544:Denmark
517:947-954
471:865-878
448:Invader
421:Jutland
414:England
398:Germans
364:Gwynedd
329:Lincoln
236:by the
234:invaded
222:Ireland
3986:
3967:
3948:
3922:
3892:
3873:
3854:
3835:
3812:
3789:
3770:
3747:
3728:
3709:
3674:
3652:
3622:
3459:
3222:18 May
3208:
2948:p. 103
2629:
2619:
2611:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2518:Nature
2497:
2487:
2479:
2453:Nature
2420:
2412:
2373:
2363:
2355:
2254:Edward
1937:Dublin
1749:Newlyn
1725:Bazana
1592:France
1451:Humber
1391:Jersey
1363:levies
1157:Dafydd
890:battle
841:Sussex
779:Norway
713:, and
590:Norway
521:Norway
457:Target
454:Source
410:Saxons
408:, and
406:Angles
354:, the
333:London
240:under
238:Romans
115:, the
111:, the
95:. The
2560:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2311:Notes
2281:Leith
2207:Elgin
2203:Perth
1808:Dutch
1371:Lewes
1253:Leith
1249:Sluys
1124:from
1097:Wales
859:Guy I
451:Years
431:Picts
402:Jutes
356:Scoti
298:Iceni
284:Wales
175:Rhine
3984:ISBN
3965:ISSN
3946:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3787:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3745:ISSN
3726:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3620:ISBN
3560:2024
3457:ISBN
3439:2022
3224:2022
3206:ISBN
2664:2022
2627:PMID
2609:ISSN
2552:PMID
2544:ISSN
2495:PMID
2477:ISSN
2434:2022
2410:ISSN
2371:PMID
2353:ISSN
2209:and
2114:Bran
2096:and
2079:Iona
1953:The
1753:Paul
1751:and
1723:and
1660:Deal
1594:and
1510:and
1428:and
1377:and
1355:Kent
1258:Wark
1081:and
979:John
863:Wido
861:(or
814:York
810:Ouse
781:and
760:York
655:1153
609:1066
586:1066
559:Cnut
465:The
267:and
80:The
2617:PMC
2599:doi
2587:113
2534:doi
2522:545
2485:PMC
2469:doi
2457:555
2402:doi
2361:PMC
2345:doi
2104:of
2056:.
1939:.
1889:.
1816:of
1739:in
1494:at
1453:to
1369:at
1359:Rye
1251:to
1061:.
494:939
350:In
123:.
4003::
3944:.
3808:.
3551:.
3489::
3470:^
3429:.
3425:.
3403:^
3379:^
3313:^
3214:.
3162:^
3010:^
2924:^
2892:^
2820:^
2808:^
2672:^
2654:.
2650:.
2639:^
2625:.
2615:.
2607:.
2597:.
2585:.
2581:.
2558:.
2550:.
2542:.
2532:.
2520:.
2516:.
2493:.
2483:.
2475:.
2467:.
2455:.
2451:.
2424:.
2416:.
2408:.
2398:32
2396:.
2392:.
2369:.
2359:.
2351:.
2343:.
2331:.
2327:.
2221:.
2150:,
2120:,
2089:.
2085:,
1975:.
1919:,
1836:.
1719:,
1715:,
1381:.
1167:.
1144:.
1114:.
832:.
800:,
789:.
736:,
709:,
691:x
668:â
645:x
622:â
599:x
576:â
553:â
530:x
507:â
484:x
416:.
404:,
382:.
275:.
140:,
107:,
3992:.
3971:.
3954:.
3928:.
3898:.
3879:.
3860:.
3841:.
3818:.
3795:.
3776:.
3751:.
3734:.
3715:.
3680:.
3658:.
3628:.
3562:.
3441:.
3226:.
2666:.
2633:.
2601::
2593::
2566:.
2536::
2528::
2501:.
2471::
2463::
2436:.
2404::
2377:.
2347::
2339::
2333:3
2063:)
2059:(
1896:)
1892:(
1711:(
1068:)
1064:(
67:)
63:(
53:.
20:)
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