535:, said that most consumers lost "significant amounts of money" due to the inadequacies of the financial regulatory structure. It also criticised the "deficient" response of the regulator to threats to consumers, including the property bubble. In response they said "It is clear that the actions we took were insufficient and were not taken early enough," Following the failure of existing regulatory structures to prevent excessive lending to the property sector, consultants were brought in to review their operations and said that "regulatory expertise was lacking in some areas." Former
612:(Total Price divided by annual earnings) for private housing reached an all-time high when, in March 2006, a Davy Stockbrokers report suggested that for prosperous Dublin suburbs the ratio could be approaching 100 times. Davy stated that these ratios can only be justified if investors were extremely bullish about rental growth. Given the plentiful supply of rental properties in these areas however, Davy suggested that it would be an adjustment in property prices, rather than rents, that would eventually bring valuations down to more realistic levels.
305:," as property was seen as a guaranteed bet. Over time, the scale of residential mortgage debt reached a proportion that greatly concerned the Irish government because of its effects on the Republic's economy. The increasing cost of property and the need to borrow money to acquire property in Ireland resulted in substantial increases in the total level of private sector debt. This became of increasing concern to the Irish Central Bank, which had issued many warnings in an effort to affect
94:, were briefly down 56% from their peak and apartment prices down over 62%. For a time, house prices returned to twentieth century levels and mortgage approvals dropped to 1971 levels. As of December 2012, more than 28% of Irish mortgages were in arrears or had been restructured and commercial and buy-to-let arrears were at 18%. Since early-2013, property prices in the country began to recover with property prices in Dublin up over 20% from their nadir.
490:, published by the ESRI alongside the Quarterly Economic Commentary, suggested that the "same people who told us we would have a soft landing are saying we will crawl out ... we have bottomed out. We have not. We are very far from the bottom of the property market." Up to 60 per cent could be wiped off the real value of houses over the following eight years to 2015 if the Republic's housing market followed the same pattern as those in other countries.
33:
467:. Newspaper articles provided anecdotal evidence of declining valuations with respect to the guide prices, and the agreed prices for Irish residential property since October 2006. The decline in property prices was tracked by the ESRI House Price Index, which reported prices starting to fall in the second quarter of 2007. Construction employment dropped according to Live Register statistics for May 2007.
821:
475:, broadcast an investigation in a Prime Time documentary which unearthed evidence that financial details of prospective customers were being sold by mortgage brokers to auctioneers. Such information would enable auctioneers to maximise the price attained from prospective buyers. This issue, and further allegations in this area, are currently being investigated by the Office for Data Protection.
181:
Regulator and the
Central Bank were responsible for the inadequacy of the financial stability system at the time of crisis. The financial institutions at the heart of the crisis have contributed to a general climate of mistrust in the transparency and accountability of the financial sector in Ireland, as well as in the capacity of corporate oversight and enforcement.
134:(IMF) report contended that Irish property prices were almost certainly heading for a collapse in the medium term since "no industrial country in the last 20 years had experienced price increases on the scale of Ireland without suffering a subsequent fall". From 2000, approximately 75,000 housing units were built every year as detailed by the
442:
520:
As predicted in earlier reports dating from 2006 and 2007, a property price crash hit
Ireland by the first half of 2009. It coincided with the 2009 recession as both had started to develop in late 2008 following the global economic slowdown and credit control tightening. By June 2009, it was reported
180:
The pace of credit expansion to finance the Irish housing bubble accelerated sharply in the years preceding the crisis. The relaxed and weak Irish regulatory supervision of the financial sector made the financing of excessively increasing real estate prices in the Irish market possible. The
Financial
504:
that he did not understand why people sitting on the sidelines, "cribbing and moaning" about the economy, did not commit suicide. Many bank economists, media commentators, estate agents, property developers and business leaders went on the record to state their belief that the Irish property market
300:
increased the efficiency of capital allocation. The introduction of the single currency, with
European Central Bank interest rates being lower than what national interest rates would have been had Ireland not joined the Euro, meant that those buying property were encouraged to borrow larger amounts
470:
There has also been reported cases of mortgage fraud where borrowers overestimated their income to enable them to borrow more. There was a worry that these people "could fall into serious debt if
Ireland had a property crisis like that in Britain in the late 1980s". This experience has resulted in
349:
Throughout the bubble, newspapers and media played a vital role in hyping property. No national newspaper was without a glossy property supplement and weekend papers were often equally filled with property ads, reviews of new developments, stories of successful purchases, makeovers, and a gamut of
147:
received much criticism for these policies. In 2004, the independently produced Review of the
Construction Industry, commissioned by the Department of the Environment and Local Government, estimates that 12% of the workforce were employed directly in the construction industry. One author described
240:
The
European Commission in a November 2010 review of the financial crisis said, "Some national supervisory authorities failed dramatically. We know that in Ireland there was almost no supervision of the large banks." Two months later, the president of the EU Commission in an angry exchange in the
233:
Enterprise
Committee that shareholders (later corrected/clarified to refer to institutional investors) who lost their money in the banking collapse were to blame for their fate and got what was coming to them for not keeping bank chiefs in check. The official did admit that the Central Bank had
226:, the Central Bank maintained it had no powers to intervene in the market. Still, the Central Bank had the power to issue directives to the Financial Regulator if it appeared as though business was being conducted in a way that was contrary to overall Central Bank policy aims. None were issued.
218:
In its annual report, which was published just three months before the government was forced to unconditionally guarantee the deposits of the Irish-owned banks, the
Central Bank said: "The banks have negligible exposure to the sub-prime sector and they remain relatively healthy by the standard
587:
The Irish
National Debt has significantly increased: Ireland's ratio of General Government Debt to GDP at the end of 2009 is estimated to have been 65.2%. The revised estimate for General Government Debt to GDP ratio at the end of 2010 is estimated to have been 92.5%. The forecast for General
559:
During the property bubble, a disproportionate number of people were employed in the construction industry. As that has contracted and other manufacturing moved offshore, unemployment by May 2009 was at 11.4%, and had reached 14.3% by September 2011. The Economic and Social Research Institute
555:
In general, it was assumed to be a combination of factors that were both external and internal that affected the country. Further revelations of the corruption within the banking sector, particularly Anglo Irish Bank, have continued to affect the credibility of Ireland's presence within the
458:
urban area, increasing interest rates, and continuing infrastructural deficiencies in rural communities. Prices in large urban areas were static, though demand dropped noticeably. However, a significant proportion of these new builds are unoccupied. Economic commentators give a figure of
449:
Eventually, demand for residential property fell in early 2007, resulting in price decreases of 0.6% in March 2007, and of 0.8% in April 2007. This led to an expectation of a drop in house prices on a quarterly basis for the first time since 1994. Houses in the commuter belt in
268:. Irish education standards were perceived as high relative to those existing in other English-speaking countries. Improvements in the technical education area also played a key role in upgrading the skills of the Irish workforce. The combination of high education standards and
142:
being granted so that by 2005, there was enough zoned land to accommodate 460,000 new homes as housing density figures continued to rise each year. House prices went on to more than double between 2000 and 2006, with tax incentives being a key driver of this price rise. The
521:
that around 40% of the price escalation that had occurred during the property bubble years ("Celtic Tiger Part 2") of 2001–2007 had been lost. As of 2012, house prices were below the 2001 prices and more than the entire gain during the Celtic Tiger years had been erased.
206:
Corrective regulatory action was delayed and timid to the unsustainable property price and construction bubble during the mid-2000s. After the bubble burst, Irish banks faced mounting losses on a scale that exposed them to a collapse of confidence following the
163:(ECB) are only guided by low inflation targets in the Eurozone. Some felt this was, and is, too narrow an objective, leading to decisions on interest rates that are inappropriate, e.g. for states with record levels of employment, rising house prices, and
2275:
301:
of money. As prices continued upward, financial institutions offered 100% loans, even more (to finance, for example, the purchase of furnishings and landscaping). Newspapers carried advertising for properties urging people to get onto the "
72:, with a combination of increased speculative construction (financed almost entirely by senior debt) and rapidly rising prices; in 2007 the prices first stabilised and then started to fall until 2010 following the shock effect of the
341:. This resulted in infrastructural pressure being placed on rural villages and provincial towns as residential developments exceeded the pace of both infrastructural development and provision of services for the growing population.
413:
shortly afterwards. The Central Bank denied that they had deliberately withheld this information to avoid triggering a crash, and in April 2006, said the housing boom may be "unsustainable" and poses a "significant risk" to the
248:
The CBOI had the government put contingency plans in place to provide armed Defence Force security for major Irish banks over fears of public disorder should a cash shortage be triggered at the height of the financial crisis.
211:' bankruptcy in September 2008; they then suffered acute liquidity pressures, which had to be met by Central Bank support, including emergency lending. Management abuses, which the CBOI did not restrain, were also revealed at
296:. The euro contributed to the post-1998 investment rate in countries that previously had a weak currency through the integration of financial markets; however, there is little or no evidence that the introduction of the
550:
The banks: were accused of too loose lending practices, contributing not just to property prices spiralling out of control but also increasing the debt burden of the average citizen as they were to be later bailed out
198:
officials expressed concerns in 2006 that Central Bank stress tests were "not stressful enough" — two years before the collapse of the Irish banking system. The CBOI continually ignored warnings from the Ireland-based
245:, with a vehemence that shocked his audience, said that "the problems of Ireland were created by the irresponsible financial behaviour of some Irish institutions, and by the lack of supervision in the Irish market."
2211:
1242:
427:
The Economic and Social Research Institute stated on 18 April 2007, in light of the RTÉ documentary on 16 April 2007, that the only activities there is economic certainty in is cigarette manufacturing and
2279:
377:
In February 2000, William Slattery (Deputy Head of Banking Supervision in the Central Bank of Ireland until 1996) predicted a property price fall of 30%–50% was possible if credit growth was not curbed.
512:
By late 2011, house prices in Dublin were down 51% from peak and apartment prices down over 60%. Residential property prices fell nationally by a further 13.6% from the beginning of 2012 to July 2012.
1139:
135:
683:
2081:
1215:
650:
584:
In the first 10 months of 2011, 8,692 houses were completed. This compares to 76,954 in 2004, 80,957 in 2005, 93,419 in 2006, 78,027 in 2007, 51,724 in 2008, 26,420 in 2009 and 14,602 in 2010.
101:
and high unemployment have been largely resolved, the residual collapse of the Irish banking and construction sectors has contributed to a countrywide housing crisis that persists as of 2020.
858:
272:
in investment projects resulted in considerable improvements in labour productivity for the economy as a whole. This resulted in increased wage levels for the traded sector of the economy.
2138:
615:
Although housing indicators like price to income ratio and rental yields were worse in many other countries, high price per square meter and unsustainable Irish economy indicated a bubble.
751:
463:
provides information on the number of properties newly connected to the electricity network and from data supplied by local authorities and from the Department of the Environment and the
309:, but which signally failed to use any micro-economic tools such as prudential limits on lending or deposit requirements. Inflation was higher in Ireland than elsewhere in the Eurozone.
1040:
222:
The next Annual Report had virtually nothing to say about how and why the Irish banking system was brought to the brink of collapse. Despite having four directors on the board of the
1603:
130:, with German banks having US$ 208.3 billion in total exposure to Ireland. These factors led to house prices increasing by 17% between May 2000 to May 2001 alone. In August 2000, an
1018:
2044:
417:
By March 2006 most economists thought that property prices were unsustainable because rental yields had fallen below the risk free rate of over 3.5% offered by Government bonds.
1519:
630:
576:
As of September 2011, Central Bank figures show that 8.1% of private residential mortgage accounts are in arrears for more than 90 days – up from 7.2% at the end of June 2011.
1409:
97:
The collapse of the Irish property bubble has had a lasting effect on the political, economic, social and financial landscape of Ireland. While early negative effects such as
1246:
942:
76:. By the second quarter of 2010, house prices in Ireland had fallen by 35% compared with the second quarter of 2007, and the number of housing loans approved fell by 73%.
1339:
482:
issued its Quarterly Economic Commentary predicting that Irish public finances would fall into deficit in 2007, and house prices would fall by 3%. A research paper by
2447:
1423:
960:
237:
A report by the Oireachtas Public Accounts Committee said it was "exercising inadequate supervision" and a proper analysis of loan books of the banks was not done.
194:
which indicated that while the Central Bank agreed that Irish property was overvalued, it was fearful of precipitating a crash by "putting a number on it". Senior
1462:
1886:
1091:
3227:
317:
A side-effect of high urban housing valuations was a drift into rural hinterlands to live in lower cost housing. This happened on a substantial scale in the
3253:
2479:
2089:
1219:
3248:
2301:
1178:
1848:
2146:
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692:
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659:
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1379:
524:
There were several groups and organisations that were blamed and that also accused others of causing the crash. Some of the more notable ones were:
3124:
2326:
1756:
384:
stated that no industrial country in the last 20 years had experienced price increases on the scale of Ireland without suffering a subsequent fall.
219:
measures of capital, profitability and asset quality. This has been confirmed by the stress testing exercises we have carried out with the banks".
2606:
2595:
1611:
1317:
869:
1867:
757:
184:
The Central Bank admitted in November 2005, that estimates of overvaluation of 20% to 60% in the Irish residential property market existed. The
479:
421:
200:
118:'s real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged above 7% and there was a large expansion in the workforce. From 1990 to 2000, the Irish
1026:
3273:
2396:
1732:
778:
1830:
1117:
1047:
2243:
1798:
1774:
464:
471:
the "sub-prime residential mortgage fallout" in the United States. In December 2006, the Irish state-owned broadcasting organisation,
459:
approximately 230,000 vacant properties. Of these, up to 115,000 or so may be holiday homes. Figures exist for completions because the
3100:
1526:
1075:
2700:
361:
993:
946:
3094:
2472:
1706:
716:
2048:
2915:
2798:
967:
894:
80:
1269:
252:
The reckless lending practices of banks cost taxpayers €64 billion or €16,000 for every man, woman and child living in the
544:
223:
1551:
1095:
3263:
3138:
3076:
2759:
547:
was one of the main reasons for the collapse of the Irish banking sector and "if I had a chance again I wouldn't do it".
3064:
3052:
3021:
2161:
381:
131:
2116:
1469:
3181:
2950:
2852:
2816:
2810:
2718:
2640:
2465:
1893:
2022:
1625:
3217:
2652:
483:
368:
admitted that the Irish media had played an important role in adding to the frenzy of the Irish property bubble.
265:
354:- house-hunting programs and house makeover programs were regular features on every channel. Even in July 2007,
3258:
3118:
3106:
2736:
1387:
506:
487:
460:
2670:
999:. Department of the Environment and Local Government/An Roinn Comhshaoil agus Rialtais Aitiuil. Archived from
795:
2062:
1852:
1445:
3169:
3130:
3058:
2840:
2828:
2664:
1674:
865:
532:
531:
The Financial Services Consultative Consumer Panel, which was tasked with monitoring the performance of the
404:
2371:
3163:
3143:
3112:
3088:
3004:
2774:
2658:
1192:
269:
119:
2007:
1581:
569:
Approximately 31% of mortgaged properties, or 47% of the value of outstanding loans, were found to be in
3187:
3175:
2864:
2786:
2688:
2682:
2573:
2562:
2534:
2509:
2333:
2225:
160:
1291:
126:
average. The pace of expansion in lending to households from 2003 to 2007 was among the highest in the
1760:
2858:
2792:
2724:
2676:
2634:
1692:
605:
was dependent on construction. Of this new residential housing construction made up nearly 7% of GNP.
2420:
1816:
387:
In 2003, the International Monetary Fund stated that residential property in Ireland was overvalued.
2977:
2939:
2921:
2894:
2876:
2646:
2611:
2550:
2524:
351:
293:
253:
242:
139:
115:
61:
1985:
1909:
2945:
2933:
2888:
2846:
2742:
2730:
2589:
2519:
2302:"More than 22% of Irish mortgages are in arrears or have been restructured | NAMA Wine Lake"
1944:
1494:
364:
urged people to buy property, even as the bubble was clearly bursting. In April 2011, journalist
306:
69:
2403:
2183:
2126:
2103:
1739:
845:
735:
350:
columnists relating their property experiences. TV and radio schedules were filled with further
1834:
3193:
2822:
2769:
2748:
2712:
2694:
2600:
2556:
2441:
2250:
1802:
1071:
1065:
356:
285:
195:
164:
17:
1781:
579:
As of August 2012, more than 22% of Irish mortgages are in arrears or have been restructured.
3037:
3032:
3009:
2804:
2514:
822:"I do not need to remind an Irish audience of the implications of a bursting housing bubble"
429:
212:
153:
1361:
908:
3153:
3015:
2983:
2905:
2780:
2706:
2488:
1957:
1657:
925:
570:
409:
407:
agreed that Irish property was overvalued by 15%; this was only released to the public by
302:
289:
208:
73:
2350:
1164:
3222:
3070:
3047:
2971:
2927:
2882:
2870:
2437:
501:
451:
365:
326:
322:
318:
203:(ESRI) about the dangerous scale of bank loans to property speculators and developers.
149:
123:
493:
These reports were met with hostility by the political establishment; on 4 July 2007,
3242:
3207:
2628:
598:
Up to 12.6% of the Irish workforce was employed by the construction industry in 2006.
392:
338:
79:
The collapse of the property bubble was one of the major contributing factors to the
57:
1410:"Get army ready to protect banks: Central Bank's warning to Taoiseach during crisis"
1000:
32:
3212:
2834:
2504:
2499:
1067:
The Pope's Children: The Irish Economic Triumph and the Rise of Ireland's New Elite
625:
540:
497:
334:
330:
98:
65:
1643:
144:
1928:
234:
failed to give sufficient warning about reckless lending to property developers.
2994:
2583:
2544:
1936:
292:
to the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, Germany, in accordance with the 1998
186:
691:, Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, archived from
658:, Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, archived from
528:
The Construction Industry Federation: blamed part-time builders for the bubble
1179:"Central Bank 'ignored my warnings' before economic crash - ESRI's FitzGerald"
230:
1555:
609:
536:
494:
1971:
1817:"An PhrĂomh-Oifig Staidrimh/Central Statistics Office Principal Statistics"
1451:. AN ROINN OIDEACHAIS AGUS EOLAĂŤOCHTA/DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.
1092:"Rates in the eurozone countries at their lowest levels in half a century"
945:. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Archived from
588:
Government Debt to GDP ratio at the end of 2011 is estimated to be 105.5%.
1914:
127:
2244:"The Irish Mortgage Market: Stylised Facts, Negative Equity and Arrears"
1644:"Property price fall of 30–50 p.c. possible if credit growth not curbed"
1424:"Central Bank fine almost meaningless in era of consumer disempowerment"
505:
was healthy, and that any decrease in house prices was indicative was a
396:
news magazine suggested that a large bubble existed in the Irish market.
1733:"Dublin house prices heading for 100 times rent earned – 29 March 2006"
846:
Irish Economy: Sustainable growth dependent on foreign firms since 1990
445:
An advertisement for 100% mortgages seen outside Dublin (17 July 2007).
966:. An PhrĂomh-Oifig Staidrimh/Central Statistics Office. Archived from
156:
construction workers often ate—as "the pumping heart of the economy".
64:
from the early 2000s to 2007, a period known as the later part of the
994:"Tax Reliefs for Owner-Occupied and Rented Residential Accommodation"
895:"Dublin's debt burden reflects bad policy at the euro-zone level too"
455:
87:
2457:
1165:"Bank officials in 2006 said stress tests were not stressful enough"
472:
56:
was the speculative excess element of a long-term price increase of
1463:"The Real Effects of the Euro: Evidence from Corporate Investments"
1243:"Fixing the Government is now more important than fixing our banks"
796:"Housing Crisis Grips Ireland a Decade After Property Bubble Burst"
1933:
website article, 4 July 2007 "Ahern apologises for suicide remark"
1446:"SUMMARY OF EDUCATION STATISTICS – IRELAND 1991/1992 to 2001/2002"
440:
2451:
2139:"Top watchdog job to be split three ways in regulatory overhaul"
1318:"Top official says shareholders to blame for the banking crisis"
1041:"Review of the Construction Industry 2004 and Outlook 2005–2007"
441:
400:
297:
281:
191:
91:
2461:
2063:"Regulator 'added to slump' by failing to curb property bubble"
264:
Since 1994, the Irish economy saw considerable investment from
602:
454:
fell earlier, due to a combination of increased supply in the
2444:
examines whether Ireland's property bubble is about to burst.
780:
Residential Property Prices rise by 13.4% in the year to July
136:
Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government
2321:
2319:
2082:"Banks regulator says response to crisis was 'insufficient'"
1216:"I'd rely on astrologer Fergus more than Central Bank chief"
2198:"Irish National Organisation for the Unemployed (INOU.ie)"
1604:"The smart, ballsy guys are buying up property right now"
1520:"The Impact of the Euro on Investment: Sectoral Evidence"
1118:"Fianna Fail economic policy 'at heart of banking crisis"
2104:"FinFacts.ie Business & Finance Portal, 26 May 2009"
1757:"Quarterly Economic Commentary Spring 2006 – 25/04/2006"
1340:"Banking regulation - Clearly, nothing has been learned"
1019:"FF-PD policy to blame for economic ills, claims report"
2397:"Dublin house prices heading for 100 times rent earned"
1819:. An PhrĂomh-Oifig Staidrimh/Central Statistics Office.
1707:"OECD believes Irish property market overvalued by 15%"
2197:
724:, An PhrĂomh-Oifig Staidrimh/Central Statistics Office
229:
In July 2009, a senior Central Bank official told the
1887:"On the Likely Extent of Falls in Irish House Prices"
1868:"Morgan Kelly warns of new middle-class debt default"
631:
List of acronyms associated with the Eurozone crisis
3152:
3031:
2993:
2960:
2904:
2758:
2621:
2572:
2533:
753:
Mortgage Arrears and Repossession StatisticsQ3 2012
1799:"permanent tsb/ESRI House Price Index 1996 – 2011"
122:(GNP) per capita rose 58%, bringing it above the
1675:"IMF warns house prices may have risen too high"
276:Eurozone membership and ECB interest rate policy
215:, which had to be nationalised in January 2009.
1831:"Mortgage brokers feel the heat from regulator"
1046:. Department of the Environment. Archived from
560:estimated it will eventually reach around 17%.
284:on 1 January 1999, in accordance with the 1992
68:. In 2006, the prices peaked at the top of the
1626:"Let's own up to our part in the burst bubble"
652:Quarterly House Prices Bulletin Quarter 2 2010
556:international finance and business community.
2473:
8:
2304:. Namawinelake.wordpress.com. 24 August 2012
1849:"Quarterly Economic Commentary, Summer 2007"
1241:Keenan, Columnists, Brendan (23 July 2009).
2370:. Central Statistics Office. Archived from
2332:. Irish Ministry of Finance. Archived from
897:. The Wall Street Journal. 21 January 2013.
145:Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrat government
2480:
2466:
2458:
2327:"Monthly Economic Bulletin, December 2011"
1140:"Ireland to the EU Anti-Corruption Report"
992:Charlie McCreevy TD Minister for Finance.
1988:. Global Property Guide. 15 February 2013
1986:"Irish house price decline slows sharply"
859:"Financial Statistics Summary Chart Pack"
756:, Central Bank of Ireland, archived from
280:Ireland joined the initial launch of the
1974:. Quotes from the Irish property bubble.
543:said his decision in 2001 to create the
31:
2184:"Sunday Business Post, 19 October 2008"
1972:"Quotes from the Irish property bubble"
1929:Ahern apologises for suicide remark%5d
642:
190:revealed minutes of a meeting with the
2421:"Property Investment Index By Country"
2162:"Ahern admits to part in Irish crisis"
1953:
1942:
1833:. Sunday Business Post. Archived from
1775:"How many houses do we need to build?"
1412:. Irish Independent. 28 November 2014.
1292:"Ahern admits to part in Irish crisis"
961:"Construction and Housing in Ireland?"
737:Irish mortgage approvals at 1971 level
480:Economic and Social Research Institute
422:Economic and Social Research Institute
201:Economic and Social Research Institute
1759:. ESRI Press Releases. Archived from
1181:. Breaking News.ie. 11 February 2015.
1064:McWilliams, David (11 January 2011).
1017:Creaton, Siobhan (24 February 2011).
909:"IMF Staff Country Report No. 02/170"
36:Houses prices in Ireland (2000–2010)
7:
2278:. Irish Central Bank. Archived from
2249:. Irish Central Bank. Archived from
1658:"IMF Staff Country Report No. 00/97"
1495:"The Euro and Financial Integration"
926:"IMF Staff Country Report No. 00/97"
424:said that a bubble probably existed.
403:and unnamed senior officials of the
2402:. Davy Stockbrokers. Archived from
2045:"Sunday Business Post, 31 May 2009"
2023:"The Guardian.co.uk (28 May, 2009)"
1780:. Davy Stockbrokers. Archived from
1738:. Davy Stockbrokers. Archived from
1245:. Irish Independent. Archived from
1195:. Irish Independent. 3 October 2009
1167:. Irish Examiner. 12 February 2015.
848:– website article, 22 December 2012
3254:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
1602:O'Connor, Brendan (29 July 2007).
1552:"A Loan Is Not Just for Christmas"
27:Irish mid 2000s asset price bubble
25:
3249:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
2365:"CSO-Quarterly National Accounts"
1554:. 5 December 2006. Archived from
1386:. 22 January 2011. Archived from
740:, Finfacts Team, 22 November 2011
176:Poor financial sector supervision
3269:Real estate bubbles of the 2000s
2607:1830s Chicago real estate bubble
2596:1810s Alabama real estate bubble
2454:economists on Irish house prices
2160:Murray, John (15 October 2009).
1910:Ahern sorry over suicide remarks
1866:Lisa O'Carroll (8 August 2011).
1268:Curran, Richard (26 July 2009).
1218:. Evening Herald. Archived from
1193:"John Hurley: Last of the breed"
794:O’Loughlin, Ed (8 August 2019).
718:Residential Property Price Index
2008:"Property prices fall by 13.6%"
1426:. Irish Times. 12 November 2014
868:. 12 March 2013. Archived from
2799:Western Australian gold rushes
2021:Elliott, Larry (28 May 2009).
1695:. The Economist. 16 June 2005.
1663:. International Monetary Fund.
1525:. October 2005. Archived from
1320:. Evening Herald. 30 July 2009
931:. International Monetary Fund.
914:. International Monetary Fund.
81:post-2008 Irish banking crisis
18:Irish property bubble of 2000s
1:
2137:Brennan, Joe (27 June 2009).
1918:website article, 4 July 2007.
1094:. 8 June 2003. Archived from
152:Men"—named after the popular
3228:U.S. higher education bubble
3139:Chinese stock bubble of 2007
3101:United States housing bubble
3095:2000s Danish property bubble
3077:Baltic states housing bubble
2853:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush
2276:"Central Bank Press release"
2226:"Irish Times, 29 April 2009"
2080:Guider, Ian (21 July 2009).
3274:Economic history of Ireland
3065:Japanese asset price bubble
3053:New Zealand property bubble
3022:New Zealand property bubble
2951:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush
2719:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush
2212:"EuroStat data, via Google"
1214:White, Dan (15 July 2009).
478:In the summer of 2007, the
382:International Monetary Fund
132:International Monetary Fund
3290:
3182:Australian property bubble
2817:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
2701:Colorado River mining boom
2641:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush
2351:"Vol. 13 No. 3, July 2006"
685:Planning applications data
500:stated at a conference in
266:multinational corporations
159:Interest rates set by the
3218:Social media stock bubble
3203:
2760:2nd Industrial Revolution
2653:New South Wales gold rush
2574:1st Industrial Revolution
2495:
1693:"The global housing boom"
1080:– via Google Books.
1070:. John Wiley & Sons.
465:Central Statistics Office
3119:Canadian property bubble
3107:Romanian property bubble
2946:1930s Kakamega gold rush
2737:Vermilion Lake gold rush
1380:"Mad as hell at Ireland"
783:, CSO.ie, 27 August 2014
461:Electricity Supply Board
288:and gave control of its
3170:Lebanese housing bubble
3131:Lebanese housing bubble
3125:Chinese property bubble
3059:Spanish property bubble
2916:1920s Florida land boom
2841:Cripple Creek Gold Rush
2829:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2770:1870s Lapland gold rush
2665:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
866:Central Bank of Ireland
533:Central Bank of Ireland
405:Central Bank of Ireland
399:In September 2005, the
313:Impact of rising prices
3164:2000s commodities boom
3144:Uranium bubble of 2007
3113:Polish property bubble
3089:2000s commodities boom
3005:1970s commodities boom
2775:Coromandel Gold Rushes
2659:Australian gold rushes
1892:. ESRI. Archived from
1851:. ESRI. Archived from
1801:. ESRI. Archived from
1272:. Sunday Business Post
446:
120:gross national product
49:
3188:Cryptocurrency bubble
3176:Corporate debt bubble
3083:Irish property bubble
2865:Mount Baker gold rush
2787:Black Hills gold rush
2689:Similkameen Gold Rush
2683:Pennsylvania oil rush
2671:Pike's Peak gold rush
2563:Bengal Bubble of 1769
2535:Commercial revolution
2510:Irrational exuberance
1899:on 24 September 2015.
1787:on 28 September 2006.
1384:The Irish Independent
1053:on 28 September 2006.
444:
270:capitalisation ratios
161:European Central Bank
54:Irish property bubble
35:
2859:Kobuk River Stampede
2793:Colorado Silver Boom
2725:West Coast gold rush
2677:Rock Creek Gold Rush
2635:California gold rush
1931:%5b%5bRTÉ News%5d%5d
1805:on 25 December 2011.
1646:. financedublin.com.
1029:on 18 February 2013.
973:on 21 September 2010
943:"Housing Statistics"
601:Up to 9.4% of Irish
360:journalist/comedian
260:Increased prosperity
171:Contributing factors
3264:Real estate bubbles
2995:The Great Inflation
2978:Porcupine Gold Rush
2962:Post–WWII expansion
2940:Porcupine Gold Rush
2922:Fairbanks Gold Rush
2895:Porcupine Gold Rush
2877:Fairbanks Gold Rush
2647:Victorian gold rush
2612:Chilean silver rush
2525:Stock market bubble
2256:on 31 December 2014
1584:on 24 November 2013
1390:on 5 September 2012
1362:"Continental shift"
1222:on 4 September 2012
1006:on 4 November 2011.
949:on 6 February 2007.
573:at the end of 2010.
545:Financial Regulator
294:Treaty of Amsterdam
254:Republic of Ireland
243:European Parliament
224:Financial Regulator
140:planning permission
114:From 1991 to 2001,
62:Republic of Ireland
2934:Cobalt silver rush
2889:Cobalt silver rush
2847:Klondike Gold Rush
2743:Kildonan Gold Rush
2731:Big Bend Gold Rush
2590:Carolina gold rush
2551:Mississippi bubble
2520:Real-estate bubble
2448:OECD working paper
2409:on 20 August 2006.
2282:on 13 January 2014
2051:on 28 August 2009.
2010:. The Irish Times.
1763:on 1 October 2006.
1745:on 20 August 2006.
1558:on 1 December 2017
1368:. 4 November 2010.
1120:. 10 December 2014
800:The New York Times
760:on 3 December 2013
447:
420:In April 2006 the
307:consumer behaviour
50:
3236:
3235:
3194:Everything bubble
2843:(c. 1890–c. 1910)
2823:Cayoosh Gold Rush
2813:(c. 1880–c. 1930)
2801:(c. 1880–c. 1900)
2783:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
2781:Cassiar Gold Rush
2777:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
2749:Omineca Gold Rush
2713:Cariboo Gold Rush
2695:Stikine Gold Rush
2631:(c. 1840–c. 1850)
2601:Georgia Gold Rush
2586:(c. 1790–c. 1810)
2489:Financial bubbles
2353:. Migration News.
2339:on 22 April 2012.
2149:on 3 August 2012.
2143:Irish Independent
2092:on 2 August 2012.
2086:Irish Independent
1837:on 12 March 2007.
1713:. 7 November 2005
1614:on 2 August 2012.
1608:Irish Independent
1532:on 31 August 2013
1342:. 29 October 2013
1298:. 15 October 2009
1145:. 3 February 2014
1023:Irish Independent
875:on 11 August 2018
593:Facts and figures
516:The crash in 2009
372:Crash predictions
357:Irish Independent
345:Role of the media
321:area in counties
286:Maastricht Treaty
196:Allied Irish Bank
165:consumer spending
16:(Redirected from
3281:
3038:Great Regression
3033:Great Moderation
3010:Mexican oil boom
2805:Indiana gas boom
2557:South Sea bubble
2515:Social contagion
2482:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2088:. Archived from
2077:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:. 8 August 2003.
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1610:. Archived from
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1580:. Archived from
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1468:. Archived from
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1270:"The inquisitor"
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:on 2 August 2012
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1098:on 12 April 2013
1088:
1082:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1025:. Archived from
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
998:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
972:
965:
957:
951:
950:
939:
933:
932:
930:
922:
916:
915:
913:
905:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
874:
863:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
791:
785:
784:
775:
769:
768:
767:
765:
748:
742:
741:
732:
726:
725:
723:
713:
707:
706:
705:
703:
697:
690:
680:
674:
673:
672:
670:
664:
657:
647:
362:Brendan O'Connor
213:Anglo Irish Bank
154:convenience food
138:with sufficient
105:The bubble years
86:House prices in
46:
41: Nationwide
40:
21:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3259:Eurozone crisis
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3199:
3156:
3154:Information Age
3148:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3016:Silver Thursday
2997:
2989:
2984:Poseidon bubble
2964:
2956:
2908:
2906:Interwar period
2900:
2762:
2754:
2707:Otago gold rush
2617:
2576:
2568:
2537:
2529:
2491:
2486:
2438:RTÉ Futureshock
2434:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2377:on 19 June 2009
2374:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:. 4 April 2009.
2230:The Irish Times
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:The Irish Times
2061:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:on 18 May 2012.
1847:
1846:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1632:. 6 April 2011.
1630:The Irish Times
1624:
1623:
1619:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1296:Financial Times
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
996:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
963:
959:
958:
954:
941:
940:
936:
928:
924:
923:
919:
911:
907:
906:
902:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
872:
861:
857:
856:
852:
844:
840:
830:
828:
826:The Irish Times
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
777:
776:
772:
763:
761:
750:
749:
745:
734:
733:
729:
721:
715:
714:
710:
701:
699:
695:
688:
682:
681:
677:
668:
666:
662:
655:
649:
648:
644:
639:
622:
595:
571:negative equity
566:
518:
439:
410:The Irish Times
374:
347:
315:
303:property ladder
290:monetary policy
278:
262:
209:Lehman Brothers
178:
173:
112:
107:
74:Great Recession
48:
44:
42:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Unicorn bubble
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3157:(2007–present)
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3085:(c. 2000–2007)
3080:
3074:
3071:Dot-com bubble
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3048:1980s oil glut
3044:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:(c. 1980–1982)
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:(1945–c. 1960)
2975:
2974:(1945–c. 1950)
2972:Texas oil boom
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2936:(1918–c. 1930)
2931:
2928:Texas oil boom
2925:
2924:(1918–c. 1930)
2919:
2918:(c. 1920–1925)
2912:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2883:Texas oil boom
2880:
2879:(c. 1900–1918)
2874:
2871:Nome Gold Rush
2868:
2867:(1897–c. 1925)
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:(c. 1880–1903)
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:(1851–c. 1870)
2644:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2603:(1828–c. 1840)
2598:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2450:– Analysis by
2445:
2442:RTÉ Television
2433:
2432:External links
2430:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2388:
2356:
2342:
2315:
2293:
2267:
2235:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2175:
2152:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2095:
2072:
2054:
2036:
2013:
1999:
1977:
1963:
1920:
1902:
1885:Morgan Kelly.
1877:
1858:
1840:
1822:
1808:
1790:
1766:
1748:
1724:
1698:
1684:
1666:
1649:
1635:
1617:
1594:
1569:
1543:
1511:
1486:
1475:on 6 July 2011
1454:
1437:
1415:
1401:
1371:
1353:
1331:
1309:
1283:
1260:
1233:
1206:
1184:
1170:
1156:
1131:
1109:
1083:
1076:
1056:
1032:
1009:
984:
952:
934:
917:
900:
886:
850:
838:
820:Brennan, Joe.
812:
786:
770:
743:
727:
708:
698:on 31 May 2013
675:
665:on 31 May 2013
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
628:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
606:
599:
594:
591:
590:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
574:
565:
562:
553:
552:
548:
529:
517:
514:
452:Greater Dublin
438:
435:
434:
433:
425:
418:
415:
397:
390:In June 2005,
388:
385:
378:
373:
370:
366:Vincent Browne
346:
343:
319:Greater Dublin
314:
311:
277:
274:
261:
258:
177:
174:
172:
169:
150:Breakfast Roll
124:European Union
111:
108:
106:
103:
90:, the largest
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Carbon bubble
3206:
3205:
3202:
3195:
3192:
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2069:. 5 May 2009.
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2500:Market trend
2415:
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1334:
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1134:
1122:. Retrieved
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700:, retrieved
693:the original
684:
678:
667:, retrieved
660:the original
651:
645:
626:Ghost estate
558:
554:
541:Bertie Ahern
523:
519:
511:
507:soft landing
498:Bertie Ahern
492:
488:Morgan Kelly
477:
469:
448:
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96:
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66:Celtic Tiger
53:
51:
47: Dublin
29:
3166:(2008–2014)
3133:(2005–2008)
3127:(2005–2011)
3115:(2002–2008)
3109:(2002–2007)
3103:(2002–2006)
3097:(2001–2006)
3091:(2000–2008)
3079:(2000–2006)
3073:(1995–2000)
3067:(1986–1990)
3061:(1985–2008)
3041:(1982–2007)
3012:(1977–1981)
2998:(1973–1982)
2986:(1969–1970)
2965:(1945–1973)
2953:(1932–1942)
2942:(1918–1945)
2930:(1918–1945)
2909:(1918–1939)
2897:(1909–1918)
2891:(1903–1918)
2885:(1901–1918)
2873:(1899–1909)
2861:(1897–1899)
2855:(1896–1903)
2849:(1896–1899)
2837:(1886–1890)
2819:(1883–1906)
2795:(1879–1893)
2789:(1874–1880)
2763:(1870–1914)
2739:(1865–1867)
2727:(1864–1867)
2721:(1861–1874)
2715:(1861–1867)
2709:(1861–1864)
2703:(1861–1864)
2685:(1859–1891)
2673:(1858–1861)
2661:(1851–1914)
2655:(1851–1880)
2637:(1848–1855)
2614:(1830–1850)
2592:(1802–1825)
2584:Canal Mania
2577:(1760–1840)
2565:(1757–1769)
2559:(1711–1720)
2553:(1684–1720)
2547:(1634–1637)
2545:Tulip mania
2538:(1000–1760)
2286:28 December
2260:28 December
1711:Irish Times
1679:Irish Times
1430:14 November
1149:27 December
1124:27 December
977:6 September
430:undertaking
187:Irish Times
58:real estate
3243:Categories
1954:|url=
1588:2013-03-28
1578:"Database"
1500:. May 2006
637:References
486:Professor
231:Oireachtas
110:Background
3196:(2020–21)
2733:(c. 1865)
2622:1840–1870
2423:. Numbeo.
1945:cite news
1504:2 October
831:25 August
805:25 August
610:P/E ratio
537:Taoiseach
495:Taoiseach
2381:11 March
2164:. FT.com
2025:. London
1992:28 March
1937:RTÉ News
1915:BBC News
1562:26 March
1536:26 March
1479:26 March
1394:21 April
1324:11 April
1302:11 April
1276:11 April
1253:11 April
1226:11 April
1199:11 April
1102:28 March
879:28 March
702:26 March
669:26 March
620:See also
437:Downturn
414:economy.
128:Eurozone
3190:(2011–)
3184:(2010–)
3178:(2008–)
3172:(2008–)
3121:(2002–)
3055:(1982–)
2308:2 April
2168:2 April
1956:value (
1717:16 June
764:1 March
564:Impacts
502:Donegal
327:Kildare
323:Wicklow
116:Ireland
60:in the
3018:(1980)
2831:(1886)
2825:(1884)
2751:(1869)
2745:(1869)
2697:(1861)
2691:(1860)
2679:(1859)
2667:(1858)
2643:(1851)
1952:Check
1074:
509:only.
456:Dublin
339:Carlow
337:, and
88:Dublin
70:bubble
45:
39:
2407:(PDF)
2400:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
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2330:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2247:(PDF)
2029:5 May
1897:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
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656:(PDF)
335:Louth
331:Meath
148:the "
2452:OECD
2383:2008
2310:2014
2288:2011
2262:2011
2170:2014
2031:2010
1994:2013
1958:help
1719:2017
1564:2013
1538:2013
1506:2009
1481:2013
1432:2014
1396:2012
1348:2014
1326:2010
1304:2010
1278:2010
1255:2010
1228:2010
1201:2010
1151:2014
1126:2014
1104:2013
1072:ISBN
979:2006
881:2013
833:2020
807:2020
766:2013
704:2013
671:2013
608:The
401:OECD
298:euro
282:euro
192:OECD
92:city
52:The
603:GNP
484:UCD
473:RTÉ
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