1548:
139:
152:
165:
1641:, but was hindered by regular police. On May 2, all trade unions, with which the Iron Front was closely allied, were finally abolished, together with all trade union structures. Until the mid 1930s and in some cases until the war years, some local branches of the Iron Front and the former trade union organisations continued with resistance, mostly by spreading leaflets, organizing secret meetings, and carrying out acts of sabotage.
45:
1380:
201:
1424:
1690:, chairman of the Reichsbanner, commented: "The year 1932 will be our year, the year of victory of the republic over its opponents. Not one day nor one hour more do we want to remain on the defensive. We attack! Attack on the whole line! We must be part of the general offensive. Today we call - tomorrow we strike!"
1633:
On
January 30, 1933, the day Hitler was appointed Chancellor, the KPD asked the Iron Front, the SPD, the general trade union association ADGB and their organisations, and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold to declare a general strike against Hitler. The Iron Front declined, issued a call on February 2
1618:
groups, as a united front. The SPD rallied to the Iron Front, held mass demonstrations, armed themselves, and fought the Nazi SA and
Communist RFB in the streets. This was more than the SPD leaders wanted, but SPD workers grew increasingly militant in their resistance against the authoritarian and
1912:
series, vol. 25), p. 60|quote=Thälmann hatte die SPD als „Hilfspolizei für den
Faschismus“, als „verräterische und volksfeindliche Partei“, ihre Führer als „berufsmäßige Arbeiterverräter“, „Kapitalsknechte“ und „Todfeinde des Sozialismus“, die Eiserne Front als „Terrororganisation des
1634:
to "all comrades of the
Reichsbanner and the Iron Front", warning against participating in "wild actions organised by irresponsible people", and exhorted members to "turn all Iron Front events into powerful rallies for freedom".
2109:
Werner K. Blessing (2003). "Dok. 9 Aufruf des
Bundesvorsitzenden Karl Höltermann, Anfang Januar 1932". Bayerische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildungsarbeit. Die Weimarer Republik Band III. Retrieved 6 August 2011
1547:
976:
962:
969:
1710:. Antifa opposed the Iron Front, whom they regarded as bourgeois and fascist, as the Three Arrows logo was used to represent resistance against Antifa's affiliated party, the KPD as well.
738:
2182:
436:
1663:, the meaning of the three arrows has been variously interpreted. The present-day Reichsbanner association says the arrows of the logo stood for the SPD, the trade unions, and the
2244:
525:
441:
2239:
905:
1626:
terror organisation" by the KPD, who regarded the SPD as their main adversary. In response to the formation of the Iron Front, the KPD founded its own activist wing,
2151:
2264:
2234:
1410:
1248:
2259:
2048:"Three Arrows Against the Swastika" – symbol war in Germany 1932". Historical Case-Study in Anti-Nazi-Propaganda Within Germany and Western Europe, 1931-35
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296:
1957:
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156:
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1702:
resistance against the ideologies of Nazism and Soviet Style State
Socialism. More recently, the symbol has been appropriated by
1335:
530:
1924:
401:
2063:
1721:
banned the flag in 2019 as part of a crackdown on "political symbols," although the league walked back the ban weeks later.
2224:
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65:
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Sozialdemokraten und
Kommunisten nach Nationalsozialismus und Krieg: zur historischen Einordnung der Zwangsvereinigung
1241:
1101:
799:
718:
628:
589:
498:
291:
231:
1996:"Die Hamburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik". Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1929/30 – 1933
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884:
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169:
1735:
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1667:, as well as for the political, economic, and physical strength of the working class. The symbol was used on a
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825:
246:
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584:
409:
353:
2269:
1703:
1476:
1182:
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877:
850:
774:
348:
2000:"Hamburg Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic". With special consideration of the years 1929/30 – 1933
2152:"There is an anti-fascist rebellion brewing in the Pacific Northwest. And soccer is at the center of it"
1615:
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1131:
1091:
1064:
891:
867:
862:
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184:
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1559:
symbol representing resistance against monarchism, Nazism and
Communism, and with the slogan "Against
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426:
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Bundesverband
Reichbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Bund Aktiver Demokraten e. V. Retrieved 6 August 2011
1982:
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1969:
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1958:
https://dasjahr1933.de/eiserne-front-und-reichsbanner-warnen-vor-wilden-aktionen-2-februar-1933/
1687:
594:
19:
This article is about the German paramilitary organization. For the Strike
Anywhere album, see
2024:
1913:
Sozialfaschismus“ beschimpft und die „Liquidierung der SAJ als Massenorganisation“ gefordert.
1901:
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1610:. The organization sought to engage the old Reichsbanner, the SPD youth organization, and
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1444:
1384:
1325:
535:
1619:
totalitarian movements threatening the Weimar Republic and its democratic institutions.
1623:
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855:
569:
368:
83:
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1933:
1432:
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481:
323:
1595:. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the paramilitary organisations of both the fascist
44:
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1307:
843:
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1897:
Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht
1653:
1347:
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216:
2019:). Kopenhagen. Book was reviewed by Dieter Rebentisch (1972) in the periodical
1672:
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1524:
1496:
1272:
1189:
684:
143:
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838:
1932:. Göttingen: Verein zur Förderung antifaschistischer Kultur. Archived from
1784:
1706:, along with flags historically derived from the German Communist Party's
1660:
1539:
in November 1932. The Three Arrows were later adopted by the SPD itself.
1302:
1116:
1111:
1423:
2041:
1767:
The Iron Front: Weimar Social Democracy between Tradition and Modernity
1630:(Antifa), which opposed the social democrat SPD and the fascist NSDAP.
58:
1638:
1528:
1546:
1422:
1657:
1044:
706:
318:
1713:
The Iron Front flag has been adopted by supporters of MLS team
2043:"Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz" – Symbolkrieg in Deutschland 1932
1519:, originally designed for the Iron Front, became a well-known
1511:. Formally independent, it was intimately associated with the
1956:
Hessischer Volksfreund 2.2.1933, In: VVN-BdA, Das Jahr 1933,
2183:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front"
1870:"Drei Pfeile fĂĽr die Republik - 85 Jahre "Eiserne Front""
739:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
2187:
Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte
1622:
The Iron Front was regarded as an anti-communist and "
2023:("Archives for Social History"). No. 12. p. 679–???.
1575:
The Iron Front was formed on 16 December 1931 in the
526:
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1656:in 1931. Designed so as to be able to easily cover
129:
113:
64:
54:
28:
1683:(Monarchism) as well as other reactionary groups.
1671:poster of the SPD to represent opposition to the
1840:Die Technische Nothilfe in der Weimarer Republik
1769:(1 ed.). Berghahn Books. pp. 251–274.
906:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
1823:Potthoff, Heinrich; Faulenbach, Bernd (1998).
1637:On March 3, the Iron Front planned a march in
1603:(KPD). Its initial purpose was to counter the
972:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
1404:
8:
2245:Defunct political party alliances in Germany
1500:
2126:"This Is What The Antifa Flag Symbols Mean"
1551:A widely publicized election poster of the
734:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
314:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
1818:
1816:
1814:
1411:
1397:
822:Polish resistance movement in World War II
179:
25:
1249:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
1698:The Three Arrows became a symbol of the
989:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
2240:Anti-communist organizations in Germany
1757:
1652:, former assistant to the physiologist
1597:National Socialist German Workers Party
1585:Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
1523:symbol representing resistance against
639:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
339:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
191:
1800:
1790:
1599:(NSDAP), i.e. the Nazi Party, and the
963:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National
2265:Political parties established in 1931
2235:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
1845:Braunschweig University of Technology
1648:(pointing southwest) was designed by
1491:. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the
977:Anti-Fascist Council for the National
744:Japanese People's Emancipation League
646:National Committee for a Free Germany
7:
2124:Friedmann, Sarah (August 15, 2017).
1983:Interview with Gerda Henkel Stiftung
1717:and frequently seen at their games.
2017:"Three Arrows Against the Swastika"
663:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
634:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
257:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
2260:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1553:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1513:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1236:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
504:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
14:
2255:Organizations established in 1931
2150:Rosenberg, Eli (31 August 2019).
2040:Richard Albrecht (January 2005).
1926:80 Jahre Antifaschistische Aktion
1055:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
1669:November 1932 Reichstag election
1378:
1336:Anti-Germans (political current)
199:
163:
150:
137:
43:
16:German paramilitary organization
1994:Friedrich-Wilhelm Witt (1971).
1704:American anti-fascist movements
2215:1931 establishments in Germany
2085:"Kapitel 2: Selbstverständnis"
1681:German National People's Party
1471:. Its main goal was to defend
1017:Post–World War II anti-fascism
402:Resistance during World War II
157:German National People's Party
1:
2089:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1876:(in German). 16 December 2016
1874:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1731:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1665:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1589:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1255:Red and anarchist black metal
812:Norwegian resistance movement
756:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
724:National Liberation Committee
494:Bulgarian resistance movement
272:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1900:. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003,
958:Yugoslav resistance movement
948:Moldovan resistance movement
415:National Liberation Movement
374:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
2250:German resistance to Nazism
2189:(in German). Archived from
2021:Archiv fĂĽr Sozialgeschichte
2011:Sergei Tschachotin (1933).
1537:the parliamentary elections
1242:This machine kills fascists
1102:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
800:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
719:Italian resistance movement
629:German resistance to Nazism
590:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
442:Latvian resistance movement
307:Concentrazione Antifascista
292:1922 Italian general strike
232:Republikanischer Schutzbund
2286:
2013:Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz
1855:. Retrieved 6 August 2011
1601:Communist Party of Germany
1509:Communist Party of Germany
1035:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander
548:Danish resistance movement
531:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
170:Communist Party of Germany
18:
1837:Andreas Linhardt (2006).
1736:Socialist Action (Poland)
1475:against what was seen as
516:Anti-Fascist Organisation
467:Belgian National Movement
42:
34:
33:
1708:Antifaschistische Aktion
1628:Antifaschistische Aktion
1563:(monarchist candidate),
1503:Antifaschistische Aktion
1427:The Iron Front used the
979:Liberation of Yugoslavia
921:Slovak National Uprising
826:Polish Underground State
247:Antifaschistische Aktion
49:Emblem of the Iron Front
2230:Anti-fascism in Germany
2220:Socialist organizations
1910:Zeithistorische Studien
1827:. Klartext. p. 27.
1581:Social Democratic Party
1571:(Communist candidate)."
965:Liberation of Macedonia
472:Front de l'Indépendance
354:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
115:Political position
2066:7 October 2011 at the
1923:Langer, Bernd (2012).
1765:Harsch, Donna (2009).
1583:(SPD), along with the
1572:
1501:
1448:
1436:
775:Jewish Labor Committee
349:International Brigades
277:Roter Frontkämpferbund
1686:About its formation,
1550:
1469:democratic socialists
1426:
1363:Libertarian socialism
1211:Grândola, Vila Morena
1132:Unite Against Fascism
1092:Antifascistisk Aktion
1065:Armed Forces Movement
868:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
863:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
785:Luxembourg resistance
447:Lithuanian resistance
2225:History of socialism
2002:). Hannover. p. 136.
1593:workers' sport clubs
1455:organization in the
1288:Diversity of tactics
770:during the Holocaust
79:Anti-totalitarianism
2157:The Washington Post
2060:"Die Eiserne Front"
1894:Siegfried Lokatis:
1719:Major League Soccer
1459:which consisted of
1385:Politics portal
1267:Tactics and methods
1224:Rock Against Racism
1218:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1197:First they came ...
1122:Anti-Fascist Action
851:Bataliony Chłopskie
437:Estonian resistance
427:Austrian resistance
410:Albanian resistance
364:Dabrowski Battalion
344:Confederal militias
227:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
55:Active regions
1985:, 15 December 2015
1573:
1567:(Nazi candidate),
1483:ideologies on the
1437:
1353:Left-wing politics
1147:Anti-Racist Action
999:Yugoslav Partisans
984:Croatian Partisans
887:Organizacja Bojowa
462:Belgian Resistance
384:Thälmann Battalion
297:Aventine Secession
21:Iron Front (album)
1853:978-3-8334-4889-8
1776:978-1-57181-120-2
1700:social democratic
1679:(Communism), the
1521:social democratic
1495:(SA) wing of the
1421:
1420:
1230:Rock gegen Rechts
1169:Music and culture
994:Slovene Partisans
768:Jewish resistance
697:Cretan resistance
614:of the Resistance
558:French Resistance
379:Palafox Battalion
359:British Battalion
331:Spanish Civil War
302:Arditi del Popolo
262:Confessing Church
178:
177:
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1944:
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1843:. Dissertation:
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1808:
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1746:Weimar Coalition
1715:Portland Timbers
1650:Sergei Chakhotin
1555:from 1932, with
1506:
1473:social democracy
1461:social democrats
1413:
1406:
1399:
1383:
1382:
1341:Anti-Japaneseism
1331:Anti-nationalism
1204:Fischia il vento
1176:A las Barricadas
1127:Anti-Nazi League
943:Soviet partisans
916:Slovak partisans
795:Dutch resistance
702:Greek resistance
678:Oster conspiracy
668:Schwarze Kapelle
612:National Council
607:de la RĂ©sistance
499:Fatherland Front
452:Soviet partisans
237:Socialist Action
203:
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74:Social democracy
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2176:Further reading
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2068:Wayback Machine
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2010:
2006:
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1981:Heinz, Stefan,
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1677:Communist Party
1577:Weimar Republic
1545:
1477:anti-democratic
1465:trade unionists
1457:Weimar Republic
1451:) was a German
1417:
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1326:Anti-capitalism
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880:Ghetto Uprising
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595:Libération-Nord
536:Prague uprising
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1675:(Nazism), the
1644:Its logo, the
1624:social fascist
1608:Harzburg Front
1544:
1541:
1493:Sturmabteilung
1431:to deface the
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1157:Refuse Fascism
1154:
1152:Redneck Revolt
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1137:United States
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1082:Spanish Maquis
1075:
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1021:denazification
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933:Spanish Maquis
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36:Eiserne Front
32:
27:
22:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2186:
2161:. Retrieved
2155:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
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2079:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1925:
1918:
1909:
1895:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1766:
1760:
1741:Three Arrows
1712:
1697:
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1646:Three Arrows
1643:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1587:(ADGB), the
1574:
1557:Three Arrows
1517:Three Arrows
1507:wing of the
1481:totalitarian
1453:paramilitary
1440:
1438:
1429:Three Arrows
1308:United front
1183:¡Ay Carmela!
1136:
1106:
1097:Switzerland
1096:
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1050:Netherlands
1049:
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970:Anti-fascist
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832:Anti-Fascist
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790:Netherlands
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673:20 July plot
658:Rote Kapelle
623:
585:Franc-Tireur
552:
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456:
431:
421:
404:
398:World War II
328:
286:
282:Three Arrows
266:
241:
221:
193:Anti-fascism
105:conservatism
89:Anti-fascism
35:
2112:(in German)
2091:(in German)
2072:(in German)
1857:(in German)
1801:|work=
1785:j.ctt9qcp9v
1654:Ivan Pavlov
1515:(SPD). The
1348:Anti-racism
1293:Milkshaking
953:Yugoslavia
780:Luxembourg
570:Armée Juive
477:Secret Army
217:Black Lions
120:Centre-left
2209:Categories
2197:2020-12-18
1943:2019-08-21
1847:. p. 667.
1673:Nazi Party
1605:right-wing
1525:monarchism
1497:Nazi Party
1441:Iron Front
1273:Black bloc
1190:Bella ciao
1072:Revolution
685:White Rose
267:Iron Front
252:Black Band
144:Nazi Party
29:Iron Front
2163:7 January
2029:0066-6505
1968:VVN-BdA,
1803:ignored (
1793:cite book
1752:Footnotes
1661:swastikas
1533:communism
1485:far-right
1358:Anarchism
1070:Carnation
1060:Portugal
911:Slovakia
763:partisans
489:Bulgaria
213:Ethiopia
130:Opponents
124:left-wing
2135:16 April
2064:Archived
1725:See also
1569:Thälmann
1499:and the
1489:far-left
1320:See also
1303:Squadism
1117:62 Group
1112:43 Group
1025:Germany
901:Romania
892:Zydowski
885:Żydowska
624:Germany
543:Denmark
521:Czechia
457:Belgium
422:Austria
405:Albania
309:Italiana
242:Germany
210:Interwar
185:a series
183:Part of
66:Ideology
1616:liberal
1579:by the
1543:History
1535:during
1087:Sweden
1013:Postwar
856:Gwardia
817:Poland
807:Norway
751:Jewish
692:Greece
553:France
329:Spain (
59:Germany
2130:Bustle
2095:25 May
2027:
1904:
1880:25 May
1851:
1783:
1773:
1694:Legacy
1639:Kassel
1612:labour
1591:, and
1565:Hitler
1531:, and
1529:Nazism
1467:, and
1445:German
1142:Antifa
1077:Spain
1040:Italy
1030:Antifa
928:Spain
878:Warsaw
858:Ludowa
846:Ludowa
761:Jewish
729:Japan
714:Italy
580:Combat
563:Maquis
511:Burma
337:
287:Italy
1937:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1781:JSTOR
1561:Papen
873:Olimp
844:Armia
103:Anti-
2165:2021
2137:2019
2097:2024
2025:ISSN
1902:ISBN
1882:2024
1849:ISBN
1805:help
1771:ISBN
1658:Nazi
1614:and
1487:and
1439:The
1045:ANPI
834:Bloc
707:ELAS
651:AKFD
319:TIGR
122:to
2211::
2185:.
2154:.
2128:.
2087:.
2062:.
2050:).
1872:.
1813:^
1797::
1795:}}
1791:{{
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2074:.
2046:(
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1859:.
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
