201:. Those who had been spared either went into exile or formed an underground resistance together with older comrades. Funds were raised for imprisoned comrades, meetings were organized with other cities, courier trips were carried out and assistance was given to escape. Together with other left youth groups, slogans were painted on walls and pamphlets were printed. In the Rhineland the
162:, were founded from 1929 onwards, mostly equipped with few weapons and explosives. They dressed in black uniform and were therefore controversial in the syndicalist and anarchist movement, since uniformity was mostly rejected there. The anti-fascist formations were criticized among older comrades because black clothing represented
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uncovered the anarcho-syndicalist resistance around the turn of the year 1937 and arrested over 100 people. The young adults were taken into "protective custody", tortured and most of them convicted in 1937 for "preparing for high treason". Some were released in 1938, arrested again in 1939, sent to
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For a number of years the black band were able to prevent attacks by the
National Socialists on assemblies and in working-class areas. "Everywhere the Black Band is not only stronger than the FAUD, but also stronger than the communist workers' armed forces" reported the Upper Silesian FAUD in 1930,
197:(seizure of power) in 1933, the anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist youth organizations such as the SAJD disbanded themselves to avoid a ban and further arrests of their members, some of whom had been sent to the
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which wanted to promote this. The black bands were able to mobilize an average of 300–400, at most 1500, participants for their meetings. Further centers of the black bands were the
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concentration camps and abused. Some of them died in custody. Some survivors were forced into SS special formations in 1944. Others had already gone into exile in
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area. The founders included
Theodor Bennek, Paul Czakon, Alfons Pilarski (Upper Silesia), Walter Kaps (Berlin),
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Freiheit und Brot. Die Freie
Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands. Eine Studie zur Geschichte des Anarchosyndikalismus.
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379:
Es lebt noch eine Flamme. Rheinische
Anarcho-Syndikalist/-innen in der Weimarer Republik und im Faschismus.
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Die 'Schwarzen
Scharen': Eine »paramilitärische« Reaktion auf den entstehenden Nationalsozialismus.
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Antiautoritäre
Arbeiterbewegung im Faschismus. Anarcho-Syndikalistischer Widerstand an Rhein und Ruhr.
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Interview with Helge Döhring about his book of the same name. Radio Blau, Leipzig, February 2012.
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305:"Die "Schwarzen Scharen": Eine antifaschistische Kampf Organisation deutscher Anarchisten'"
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Die
Schwarzen Scharen – eine antifaschistische Kampforganisation deutscher Anarchisten.
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403:: Documentary on YouTube about the Wuppertal black band during the Third Reich era
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Die anarchistische und anarcho-syndikalistische
Jugendbewegung 1919–1933.
146:(FAUD) in the 1920s and 1930s. As a protection force against the growing
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In many German cities there were small groups of the youth organization
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Schwarze
Scharen. Anarcho-Syndikalistische Arbeiterwehr (1929–1933).
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Schwarze
Scharen, Anarcho-Syndikalistische Arbeiterwehr 1929–33.
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Archiv fĂĽr die Geschichte des Widerstandes und der Arbeit Bochum
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and the street fighting could mean a relapse into the forms of
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Umsonst is dat nie – Arbeiterjugend und Nationalsozialismus
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448:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
126:youth and young adults in the last years of the
384:Rolf TheiĂźen, Peter Walter, Johanna Wilhelms:
8:
170:of the 19th century that had been overcome.
326:(in German). anarchismus.at. Archived from
307:(in German). anarchismus.at. Archived from
122:) were resistance groups of anarchist and
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381:Trotzdem Verlag, Grafenau-Döffingen 1986.
154:disruptive activities, local clandestine
190:(Kassel) and Gustav Doster (Darmstadt).
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107:National Socialist German Workers Party
408:Schwarze Scharen gegen die Finsternis.
286:"Was ist eigentlich Anti-Militarismus"
140:Syndicalist-Anarchist Youth of Germany
453:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
324:"Internationalismus im Dreiländereck"
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363:Dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1976.
266:Libertad Verlag, Berlin/Köln 1994,
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443:Defunct anarchist militant groups
438:1933 disestablishments in Germany
411:Audio-Podcast with Radio Chiflado
210:from 1936 to fight against the
433:1929 establishments in Germany
144:Free Workers' Union of Germany
96:Free Workers' Union of Germany
1:
377:Ulrich Klan, Dieter Nelles:
262:Auszug aus: Hartmut RĂĽbner:
288:(in German). Archived from
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388:Bd. I u. II, Meppen 1980.
374:, Nr. 9 (1989), S. 47–66.
76:insurrectionary anarchism
26:
25:
158:organizations, known as
348:Edition AV, Lich 2011,
83:Political position
119:
228:Anarchism in Germany
458:Anarcho-syndicalism
292:on 17 January 2017.
212:Nationalist faction
199:concentration camps
168:political terrorism
124:anarcho-syndicalist
72:Anarcho-syndicalism
148:National Socialist
34:Dates of operation
354:978-3-86841-054-9
216:Spanish Civil War
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111:
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330:on 2 March 2005.
322:Nelles, Dieter.
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284:Beyer, Wolfram.
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120:Schwarze Scharen
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27:Schwarze Scharen
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311:on 6 July 2011.
303:Linse, Ulrich.
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195:Machtergreifung
180:Central Germany
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128:Weimar Republic
61:Weimar Republic
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393:External links
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339:Bibliography
328:the original
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309:the original
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290:the original
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156:anti-fascist
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160:black bands
427:Categories
234:References
188:Willi Paul
116:Black Band
21:Black Band
193:With the
176:Rhineland
152:communist
118:(German:
103:Opponents
222:See also
182:and the
87:Far-left
67:Ideology
214:in the
203:Gestapo
134:History
92:Part of
58:Country
48: (
40: (
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184:Berlin
98:(FAUD)
208:Spain
46:–1933
370:In:
350:ISBN
268:ISBN
114:The
50:1933
42:1929
38:1929
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242:^
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