Iron-deficiency anemia - Knowledge (XXG)

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supplementation during the early stages of pregnancy, specifically the first trimester, is suggested to decrease the adverse effects of iron-deficiency anemia throughout pregnancy and to decrease the negative impact that iron deficiency has on fetal growth. Iron supplements may lead to a risk for gestational diabetes, so pregnant women with adequate hemoglobin levels are recommended not to take iron supplements. Iron deficiency can lead to premature labor and to problems with neural functioning, including delays in language and motor development in the infant.

1204: 367: 896:. About 70% of the iron found in the body is bound to hemoglobin. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, in particular the duodenum and jejunum. Certain factors increase or decrease absorption of iron. For example, taking Vitamin C with a source of iron is known to increase absorption. Some medications such as tetracyclines and antacids can decrease absorption of iron. After being absorbed in the 707:

for women ages 15–18, 18.0 for 19–50, and 8.0 thereafter; for men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. (Recommended Dietary Allowances are higher than Estimated Average Requirements so as to cover people with higher than average requirements.) The RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day, and during lactation, 9 mg/day. For children ages 1–3 years it is 7 mg/day, 10 for ages 4–8 and 8 for ages 9–13. The

1373:, were also 224.84 μg/L higher in those receiving IV-iron. However there was also low-certainty evidence that allergic reactions were more likely following IV-iron therapy. It was unclear whether type of iron therapy administration affects the risk of death from any cause, including cardiovascular, nor whether it may alter the number of people who may require a blood transfusion or dialysis. 686: 712:

premenopausal, and 11 mg/day postmenopausal; for pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the Population Reference Intake is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14 the Population Reference Intake increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The Population Reference Intakes are higher than the US RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.

937: 882:, which is responsible for exporting iron from cells and mobilizing it to the bloodstream. Conditions such as high levels of erythropoesis, iron deficiency and tissue hypoxia inhibit hepcidin expression. Whereas systemic infection or inflammation (especially involving the cytokine IL-6) or increased circulating iron levels stimulate hepcidin expression. 1145:

protoporphyrin, providing an indirect measurement of the zinc-protoporphyrin complex. The level of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin is expressed in either μg/dl of whole blood or μg/dl of red blood cells. An iron insufficiency in the bone marrow can be detected very early by a rise in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin.

765:, which is commonly performed for weight management and diabetes control, the stomach is made into a small pouch and this is connected directly to the small intestines further downstream (bypassing the duodenum as a site of digestion). About 17–45% of people develop iron deficiency after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. 1144:

Another finding that can be used is the level of red blood cell distribution width. During haemoglobin synthesis, trace amounts of zinc will be incorporated into protoporphyrin in the place of iron which is lacking. Protoporphyrin can be separated from its zinc moiety and measured as free erythrocyte

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A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another

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Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition. If the iron-deficiency anemia is a result of blood loss or another underlying cause, treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause. Most cases of iron deficiency anemia are treated with oral iron supplements. In

1090:(variation in size). With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells. The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild 706:

updated Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in 2001. The current EAR for iron for women ages 14–18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 for ages 19–50, and 5.0 thereafter (post menopause). For men the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day

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As iron-deficiency anemia becomes more severe, if the anemia does not respond to oral treatments, or if the treated person does not tolerate oral iron supplementation, then other measures may become necessary. Two options are intravenous iron injections and blood transfusion. Intravenous can be for

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A thorough medical history is important to the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. The history can help to differentiate common causes of the condition such as a menstruation in woman or the presence of blood in the stool. A travel history to areas in which hookworms and whipworms are endemic may

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Babies are at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia due to their rapid growth. Their need for iron is greater than they are getting in their diet. Babies are born with iron stores; however, these iron stores typically run out by 4–6 months of age. In addition, infants who are given

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Iron-deficiency anemia affected about 1.48 billion people in 2015. A lack of dietary iron is estimated to cause approximately half of all anemia cases globally. Women and young children are most commonly affected. In 2015, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 54,000 deaths – down from

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A diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia requires further investigation into its cause. It can be caused by increased iron demand, increased iron loss, or decreased iron intake. Increased iron demand often occurs during periods of growth, such as in children and pregnant women. For example, during

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contain iron, so blood loss also leads to a loss of iron. There are several causes of blood loss, including menstrual bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach ulcers, and bleeding disorders. The bleeding may occur quickly or slowly. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body – such as from a

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and iron-fortified foods. For proper growth and development, infants and children need dietary iron. For children, a high intake of cow's milk is associated with an increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia. Other risk factors include low meat intake and low intake of iron-fortified products.

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The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron

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refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intakes instead of RDAs, and Average Requirements instead of EARs. For women the Population Reference Intake is 13 mg/day ages 15–17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are

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Iron deficiency affects maternal well-being by increasing risks for infections and complications during pregnancy. Some of these complications include pre-eclampsia, bleeding problems, and perinatal infections. Iron deficiency can lead to improper development of fetal tissues. Oral iron

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is available in oral and IV preparations. When used as a treatment for IBD-related anemia, very low certainty evidence suggests a marked benefit with oral ferric maltol compared with placebo. However it was unclear whether the IV preparation was more effective than oral ferric maltol.

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value is also characteristic of anemia. Further studies will be undertaken to determine the anemia's cause. If the anemia is due to iron deficiency, one of the first abnormal values to be noted on a complete blood count, as the body's iron stores begin to be depleted, will be a high

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Without iron supplementation, iron-deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume and be a source of hemoglobin for the growing baby and placental development. Other less common causes are intravascular

588:(heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of losing more iron during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Most women lose about 40 mL of blood per cycle. Some birth control methods, such as pills and 1311:

have decreased the likelihood of this adverse effect. In certain cases intravenous iron is both safer and more effective than the oral route. For patients with severe anemia such as from blood loss, or who have severe symptoms such as cardiovascular instability, a

592:, may decrease the amount of blood and therefore iron lost during a menstrual cycle. Intermittent iron supplementation may be as effective a treatment in these cases as daily supplements and reduce some of the adverse effects of long term daily supplements. 1136:

index or percent) can be measured by dividing the level of serum iron by total iron binding capacity and is a value that can help to confirm the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia; however, other conditions must also be considered, including other types of

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Iron-deficiency anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms. It tends to develop slowly; therefore the body has time to adapt, and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. If symptoms present, patients may present with the sign of

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stages of rapid growth, babies and adolescents may outpace their dietary intake of iron which can result in deficiency in the absence of disease or a grossly abnormal diet. Iron loss is typically from blood loss. One example of blood loss is by chronic

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is a peptide hormone produced in the liver that is responsible for regulating iron levels in the body. Hepcidin decreases the amount of iron available for erythropoesis (red blood cell production). Hepcidin binds to and induces the degradation of

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Iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a diet containing sufficient amounts of iron or by iron supplementation. Foods high in iron include meat, nuts, and foods made with iron-fortified flour. Treatment may include dietary changes,

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A map provides a country-by-country listing of what nutrients are fortified into specified foods. Some of the Sub-Saharan countries shown in the deaths from iron-deficiency anemia map from 2012 are as of 2018 fortifying foods with iron.

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also be helpful in guiding certain stool tests for parasites or their eggs. Although symptoms can play a role in identifying iron-deficiency anemia, they are often vague, which may limit their contribution to determining the diagnosis.

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is donated, approximately 200 mg of iron is lost from the body. The blood bank screens people for anemia before drawing blood for donation. If the patient has anemia, blood is not drawn. Less iron is lost if the person is donating

1257:, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste to the oral iron and dark colored stools. Constipation is reported by 15–20% of patients taking oral iron therapy. Preparations of iron therapy that take longer to be absorbed by the small intestine ( 693:

The body normally gets the iron it requires from food. If a person consumes too little iron, or iron that is poorly absorbed (non-heme iron), they can become iron deficient over time. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs,

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Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions. This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called

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It can take six months to one year to get blood levels of iron up to a normal range and provide the body with iron stores. Oral iron replacement may not be effective in cases of iron deficiency due to malabsorption, such as

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It is unclear if screening pregnant women for iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy improves outcomes in the United States. The same holds true for screening children who are 6 to 24 months old. Even so, screening is a

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Siu AL (October 2015). "Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".

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Some studies show that women pregnant during their teenage years can be at greater risk of iron-deficiency anemia due to an already increased need for iron and other nutrients during adolescent growth spurts.

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can be a source of blood loss causing iron-deficiency anemia. People who do not consume much iron in their diet, such as vegans or vegetarians, are also at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.

1246:. The dosing of oral iron replacement therapy is as much as 100–200 mg per day in adults and 3–6 mg per kilogram in children. This is generally spread out as 3–4 pills taken throughout the day. 923:

continues normally. However, as these stores continue to be used, iron is eventually depleted to the point that red blood cell formation is abnormal. Ultimately, anemia ensues, which by definition is a

1837:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 345:, poor physical exertion, headaches, decreased ability to concentrate, cold hands and feet, cold sensitivity, increased thirst and confusion. None of these symptoms (or any of the others below) are 1785:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3320:

Primack BA, Mahaniah KJ. Anemia. In: South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL. eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Family Medicine, 4e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . Accessed November 30, 2018.

2034:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1120:. A low serum ferritin is most commonly found. However, serum ferritin can be elevated by any type of chronic inflammation and thus is not consistently decreased in iron-deficiency anemia. 1219:

For less severe cases, treatment of iron-deficiency anemia includes dietary changes to incorporate iron-rich foods into regular oral intake and oral iron supplementation. Foods rich in

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is a less common cause of iron-deficiency anemia, but many gastrointestinal disorders can reduce the body's ability to absorb iron. There are different mechanisms that may be present.

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therapy. Once iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, gastrointestinal blood loss is presumed to be the cause until proven otherwise since it can be caused by an otherwise asymptomatic

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Ivanova T, Klabukov I, Krikunova L, Poluektova MV, Sychenkova N, Khorokhorina V, Vorobyev N, Gaas M, Baranovskii D, Goryainova O, Sachko A, Shegay P, Kaprin A, Tillib S (2022).

3759: 3560:"Evidence that stainable bone marrow iron following parenteral iron therapy does not correlate with serum iron studies and may not represent readily available storage iron" 948:, with the marrow stained for iron. However, with the availability of reliable blood tests that can be more readily collected for iron-deficiency anemia diagnosis, a 739:

can also lead to malabsorption by altering the acidic environment needed for iron to be converted into its absorbable form. If there is insufficient production of

3701:"Prognostic Value of Serum Transferrin Analysis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Cancer-Related Functional Iron Deficiency: A Retrospective Case-Control Study" 4354:"The Proportion of Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency in Low, Medium, and High Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Analysis of National Surveys" 4305:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1562:

Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women.

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preparation is used, despite very-low certainty evidence of increased adverse effects, including bleeding, in those receiving ferric carboxymaltose treatment.

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than other preparations. Oral iron supplements are best taken up by the body on an empty stomach because food can decrease the amount of iron absorbed from the

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Iron

445:(darkening of the skin around the eyes), the cause is unknown and assumed to be related to the iron-deficiency induced worse blood oxygenation and vitamin B12 4819: 1174: 1059:

also appears during the course of body iron depletion. It indicates a high number of abnormally small red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume, a low

5024: 233:. Children with iron deficiency anemia may have problems with growth and development. There may be additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause. 5175: 4677: 1783:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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people who do not tolerate oral iron, who are unlikely to respond to oral iron, or who require iron on a long-term basis. For example, people receiving

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Technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. Assessing the iron status of populations: including literature reviews

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are early indicators of iron deficiency. Hepcidin concentrations are also connected to the complex relationship between malaria and iron deficiency.

648:, which typically occurs in older individuals, is another potential cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, some bleeding disorders, such as 5019: 1387: 4959: 4284: 4643: 1958: 4303:

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (December 2012).

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enhances iron absorption. Oral iron supplements are available in multiple forms. Some are in the form of pills and some are drops for children.

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Adamson JW (2014). Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds.

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Rangarajan S, D'Souza GA (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital".

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levels. Overall, hemoglobin was 0.71g/dl higher than those treated with oral iron supplements. Iron stores in the liver, estimated by serum

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Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

4991: 4618: 3228:"Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus" 2846:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 1678: 855:. When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in cells, mostly in the 3775: 1277:

infection; these cases would require treatment of the underlying disease to increase oral absorption or intravenous iron replacement.

60: 5000: 4971: 1045: 1027: 4903: 2589:"Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women" 5031: 4638: 2521: 1290: 473:

of the brain. Exact causation has not been established, but there is a possible long-term impact from these neurological issues.

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is usually not obtained. Furthermore, a study published April 2009 questions the value of stainable bone marrow iron following

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When the amount of iron needed by the body exceeds the amount of iron that is readily available, the body can use iron stores (

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Breastfed infants who have not received iron supplementation after age 6 months, or those receiving non-iron-fortified formulas

308:, and dealing with underlying causes, for example medical treatment for parasites or surgery for ulcers. Supplementation with 4964: 4670: 708: 5010: 1463: 2644: 5205: 5058: 1467: 442: 4475: 1928: 5210: 4915: 4649: 4223: 1212:

severe acute cases, treatment measures are taken for immediate management in the interim, such as blood transfusions or

703: 5067: 4760: 1365:, found low-certainty evidence that people receiving IV-iron treatment were 1.71 times as likely to reach their target 871:(and other animals) iron metabolism systems. Men store about 3.5 g of iron in their body, and women store about 2.5 g. 436: 4941: 4805: 2845: 1125: 1117: 1060: 1019: 1009: 604:

women is gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many sources of gastrointestinal tract bleeding, including the stomach,

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Janz TG, Johnson RL, Rubenstein SD (November 2013). "Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment".

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levels may be measured, but serum iron concentration is not as reliable as the measurement of both serum iron and

221:, or having decreased ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has more severe symptoms, including 4932: 4922: 4910: 4663: 4217: 1922: 1354: 1320: 538: 534: 483: 4273: 5200: 4898: 4553: 515:); specifically, hookworms. The hookworms most commonly responsible for causing iron-deficiency anemia include 4627: 2821: 1379:(Monoferric) was approved in the United States in January 2020, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. 5103: 4954: 1056: 1005: 949: 106: 1203: 818:

Children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old who receive more than 24 ounces (700 mL) of cow milk per day

782:. Iron deficiency in pregnancy appears to cause long-term and irreversible cognitive problems in the baby. 5094: 3438:"Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital" 1362: 1170: 1133: 1068: 945: 762: 695: 649: 523: 448: 1152:. It is very important not to treat people with thalassemia with an iron supplement, as this can lead to 944:

Conventionally, a definitive diagnosis requires a demonstration of depleted body iron stores obtained by

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Menstrual bleeding is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in women of child-bearing age. Women with

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in pregnant women without symptoms and in infants considered high risk. Screening is done with either a

868: 752: 548:, and through their means of feeding and degradation, they can ultimately cause iron-deficiency anemia. 517: 1950: 1148:

Further testing may be necessary to differentiate iron-deficiency anemia from other disorders, such as

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is associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption of iron. During a

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Petry N, Olofin I, Hurrell RF, Boy E, Wirth JP, Moursi M, Donahue Angel M, Rohner F (November 2016).

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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).

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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).

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World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 366, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, updated June 2013

1376: 665: 3129: 5133: 4878: 4686: 4542: 2719: 1887: 748: 735:, abnormal changes in the structure of the duodenum can decrease iron absorption. Abnormalities or 589: 3227: 1619: 541:

worldwide. Parasitic worms cause both inflammation and chronic blood loss by binding to a human's

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Brady PG (October 2007). "Iron deficiency anemia: a call for aggressive diagnostic evaluation".

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition

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https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/183/83845/How-to-approach-chronic-anemia

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provides useful evidence for distinguishing these two conditions, along with iron studies.

5045: 4631: 3876: 1358: 1282: 1250: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1198: 1194: 1153: 1129: 953: 897: 852: 613: 609: 601: 545: 542: 353: 342: 305: 253: 198: 126: 48: 4170:"Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease" 3877:"Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: USPSTF Recommendation Statement" 2690: 720:

Iron from food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, primarily in the

4416: 3396: 3381:"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries" 229:

or increased thirst. Anemia is typically significant before a person becomes noticeably

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Si S, Shen Y, Xin X, Mo M, Shao B, Wang S, Luo W, Chen Z, Liu H, Chen D, Yu Y (2021).

2049: 1852: 1800: 616:). Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some medications, such as 5194: 3498: 3267: 3130:"The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child's health" 3027:"Review article: the nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery" 2906: 2670: 1338: 1224: 1220: 725: 641: 640:; however, these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing 633: 508: 241: 111: 4547: 3437: 3103: 3060: 3011: 2777: 2668:

Adamson JW, Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (2005).

1234:; however, there are certain preparations of iron supplements that are designed for 4705: 4604: 4440: 4185: 4127: 4078: 4026: 2604: 1980: 1332: 1254: 1102: 1087: 1049: 957: 755:

therapy), inhibiting the conversion of ferric iron to the absorbable ferrous iron.

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Frequent blood donors are also at risk for developing iron deficiency anemia. When

625: 573: 561: 387: 376: 261: 245: 4112:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease" 4063:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease" 912:. When red blood cells are degraded, the iron is recycled by the body and stored. 4558: 3612: 2433: 1555:

375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide.

1067:, and the corresponding appearance of red blood cells on visual examination of a 4856: 4814: 4588: 3483:"Detecting iron deficiency in anemic patients with concomitant medical problems" 3194: 2748:

Decsi T, Lohner S (2014). "Gaps in meeting nutrient needs in healthy toddlers".

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World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007).

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The various forms of treatment are not without possible adverse side effects.

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Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015). "126".

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cow's milk too early can develop anemia due to gastrointestinal blood loss.

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NPS News 70: Iron deficiency anaemia: NPS – Better choices, Better health

4274:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 3463: 1370: 1105: 997: 916: 874: 864: 840: 721: 670: 637: 399: 360:, has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia. 293: 3981:"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease" 3717: 936: 3404: 3285:(2nd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2474:

M. Tarek Elghetany, Katherine I. Schexneider and Katalin Banki (2017).

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Low-certainty evidence suggests that IBD-related anemia treatment with

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increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia. Diagnosis is confirmed by

289: 218: 95: 4500: 4370: 3043: 3026: 2761: 2559: 1253:

by mouth commonly causes negative gastrointestinal effects, including

1035:

Anemia is often discovered by routine blood tests. A sufficiently low

940:

Blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia at 40X enhancement

4734: 4527: 4512: 3853: 1230:

Most forms of oral iron replacement therapy are absorbed well by the

1138: 487: 470: 462: 381: 363:

Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include:

330: 230: 194: 99: 4624: 3074:

Lozoff B (December 2007). "Iron deficiency and child development".

1391:

Deaths due to iron-deficiency anaemia per million persons in 2012:

1078:

The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many

4011:"Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm" 1462: 1386: 968:

to evaluate for cancer or bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.

935: 860: 684: 537:

estimates that approximately two billion people are infected with

365: 210: 27:

Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to a lack of iron

3332:"Role of hepcidin in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia" 2982:

Longo DL, Camaschella C (7 May 2015). "Iron-Deficiency Anemia".

1470:

for iron-deficiency anemia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:

885: 4659: 4168:, Craig JC (2019). Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group (ed.). 2476:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

2209:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

2124:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1052–1059, 1068–1073, 2159–2164. 1293:

are given parenteral iron, which helps the body respond to the

4015:

Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program

802:

Children who are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia include:

2942:

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

1620:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?" 2791:

Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).

600:

The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in men and

503:

The leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia worldwide is a

244:

of iron from food. Sources of blood loss can include heavy

3436:

Mazza J, Barr RM, McDonald JW, Valberg LS (October 1978).

1303:

can induce an allergic response that can be as serious as

1101:

Iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed by tests that include

3283:

American Academy of Pediatrics textbook of pediatric care

4403:

Sifakis S, Pharmakides G (2000). "Anemia in pregnancy".

3676:

Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

390:(feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering) 356:

may also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as

1039:

by definition makes the diagnosis of anemia, and a low

213:. When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as 3179:"Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease" 1261:

iron therapy) are less likely to cause constipation.

689:

In many countries, wheat flour is fortified with iron.

469:

get priority on iron, and it is shifted away from the

3025:

Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R (September 2014).

2587:

Fernández-Gaxiola AC, De-Regil LM (31 January 2019).

2232:

Mendiratta V, Rana S, Jassi R, Chander R (Jun 2019).

1048:, reflecting an increased variability in the size of 892:

in the body, particularly as a critical component of

312:

may be recommended. Severe cases may be treated with

4490: 2691:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards" 5153: 5093: 5044: 4940: 4931: 4804: 4789: 4742: 4733: 4726: 4704: 4697: 4579: 4494: 2494:

Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine

2492:Broaddus VC, Mason R, Ernst J, et al. (2016). 888:is a mineral that is important in the formation of 201:. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of 180: 172: 152: 144: 132: 122: 105: 85: 73: 42: 37: 2905: 2669: 2318:Kliegman R, Stanton B, St Geme J, Schor N (2016). 812:Infants fed with cow's milk under 12 months of age 572:, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer (e.g., 337:in skin or mucous membranes), and the symptoms of 1353:A Cochrane review of controlled trials comparing 4454:Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD (March 2007). 4298: 4296: 4294: 2322:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2323–2326. 352:In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur. 981:Change in lab values in iron deficiency anemia 3816:Stoelting's Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease 3793:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 23–31. 3791:Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 1951:"How Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented?" 1671:"What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? – NHLBI, NIH" 420:(spoon-shaped nails) or nails that are brittle 4671: 4218:"Drug Approval Package: Monoferric Injection" 4164:O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, Bolignano D, 2868:Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2714: 2712: 1698: 1696: 1665: 414:(inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners) 8: 4820:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 2802:. National Academy Press. pp. 290–393. 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2416:Baird-Gunning J, Bromley J (December 2016). 1778: 1776: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1075:(literally, a small red blood cell anemia). 511:caused by infestation with parasitic worms ( 431:(difficulty swallowing) due to formation of 4248:"Monoferric- ferric derisomaltose solution" 3183:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2676:(20th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2593:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2566:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. 2096:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 403–405. 1882: 1880: 1830: 1828: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 5176:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin 4937: 4801: 4739: 4730: 4701: 4678: 4664: 4656: 4491: 4405:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4009:Auerbach M, Deloughery T (December 2016). 3985:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 3957:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3936:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3385:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3031:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2743: 2741: 2672:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2411: 2409: 1704:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?" 1223:(vitamin C) can also be beneficial, since 58: 34: 5128:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 4950:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4646:– From the National Anemia Action Council 4379: 4369: 4328: 4193: 4135: 4086: 4034: 3892: 3734: 3716: 3638:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 3196–3198. 3575: 3506: 3453: 3412: 3355: 3202: 3153: 3042: 2620: 2441: 2259: 2249: 2057: 1860: 1808: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1065:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 408:(inflammation or infection of the tongue) 2940:Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L (2016). 2904:Porwit A, McCullough J, Erber W (2011). 1751:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?" 1559:deficiency is common in pregnant women. 1202: 979: 4652:– From the National Prescribing Service 4625:Interactive material on Iron Metabolism 4174:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4116:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4067:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3674:Lanzkowsky P, Lipton J, Fish J (2016). 3661:Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 3379:Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS (August 2019). 2944:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 297–335. 2496:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 682–698. 2390:Haematology: An Illustrated Colour Text 1575: 900:, iron travels through blood, bound to 824:Children with special health care needs 656:, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. 4159: 4157: 4155: 4056: 4054: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3564:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 3558:Thomason RW, Almiski MS (April 2009). 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 2726:from the original on November 27, 2012 2685: 2683: 2518:"Soil-transmitted helminth infections" 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2211:. Elsevier. pp. 84–101, 559–605. 2179:. Elsevier. pp. 87–88, e1–e3713. 2143: 2141: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 821:Children with low socioeconomic status 576:) – can cause iron-deficiency anemia. 486:, which could be linked to a possible 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3634:Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M (2015). 3528: 3526: 2935: 2933: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2487: 2485: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2341: 2339: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2170: 2168: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 1888:"What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?" 1094:), but severe cases can present with 618:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 227:feeling like one is going to pass out 148:Dietary changes, medications, surgery 7: 4837:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency 3678:. Elsevier Science. pp. 69–83. 3487:Journal of General Internal Medicine 3442:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3128:Abu-Ouf NM, Jan MM (February 2015). 2750:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2645:"Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes" 839:Decreased levels of serum and urine 465:. When the body is low on iron, the 236:Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by 4992:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 4960:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia 4478:from the original on 11 March 2016. 1297:agents to produce red blood cells. 1175:US Preventative Services Task Force 851:Anemia can result from significant 4637:Approach to chronic anemia : 4425:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06223.x 2912:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 960:. Initial evaluation must include 240:, insufficient dietary intake, or 25: 5001:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 4972:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia 2149:"What Is Iron Deficiency Anemia?" 1961:from the original on 28 July 2017 1931:from the original on 13 July 2017 1898:from the original on 14 July 2017 1761:from the original on 28 July 2017 1714:from the original on 15 July 2017 1681:from the original on 16 July 2017 1126:serum iron-binding protein levels 1046:red blood cell distribution width 1028:red blood cell distribution width 5032:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 4287:from the original on 2013-01-16. 3938:, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 3659:McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (2009). 3499:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00134.x 3470:from the original on 8 May 2009. 1630:from the original on 5 July 2017 1291:erythropoiesis-stimulating agent 904:, and eventually ends up in the 747:can occur (often due to chronic 743:in the stomach, hypochlorhydria/ 490:. In women of childbearing age, 370:Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) 4644:Handout: Iron Deficiency Anemia 2984:New England Journal of Medicine 2908:Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology 2524:from the original on 2014-02-21 2011:. Academic Press. p. 477. 1285:treatment who are also getting 928:lab value below normal limits. 737:surgical removal of the stomach 4965:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 4186:10.1002/14651858.CD007857.pub3 4128:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2 4079:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2 4027:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57 3818:. Elsevier. pp. 477–506. 3537:. Elsevier. pp. 403–405. 3481:Kis AM, Carnes M (July 1998). 2853:European Food Safety Authority 2722:. Mayo Clinic. March 4, 2011. 2605:10.1002/14651858.CD009218.pub3 2560:"Iron Deficiency and Overload" 2350:. Elsevier. pp. 296–340. 2207:McPherson R, Pincus M (2017). 2092:Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2018). 1321:Intravenous (IV) iron infusion 867:complexes and are part of the 827:Children of Hispanic ethnicity 709:European Food Safety Authority 642:a tendency to form blood clots 1: 4321:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 3987:. August 2012. Archived from 3814:Hines R, Marschall K (2018). 2695:Food Fortification Initiative 2478:. Elsevier. pp. 559–605. 2388:Howard M, Hamilton P (2013). 2320:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 2177:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 2120:Goldman L, Schafer A (2016). 2050:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 1985:Office of Dietary Supplements 1853:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1801:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1468:Disability-adjusted life year 1355:intravenous (IV) iron therapy 443:Periorbital hyperpigmentation 4916:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis 4904:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome 4224:Food and Drug Administration 3705:Journal of Clinical Medicine 3613:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181520699 3533:Kellerman R, Bope E (2018). 2434:10.18773/austprescr.2016.069 2418:"Correcting iron deficiency" 2392:. Elsevier. pp. 24–25. 1918:"Micronutrient deficiencies" 919:) for a period of time, and 704:National Academy of Medicine 3842:Annals of Internal Medicine 3535:Conn's Current Therapy 2018 3195:10.1101/cshperspect.a011866 3076:Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2297:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.10.004 1594:Emergency Medicine Practice 1361:supplements in people with 1323:may be more effective than 1118:total iron binding capacity 1061:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 1020:total iron-binding capacity 1010:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 830:Children who are overweight 612:, and the large intestine ( 484:gastrointestinal blood loss 5227: 5025:Drug-induced nonautoimmune 5006:Thrombotic microangiopathy 4832:pyruvate kinase deficiency 3088:10.1177/15648265070284S409 2346:Polin R, Ditmar M (2016). 1271:inflammatory bowel disease 1192: 1158:hemoglobin electrophoresis 962:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 908:, where it is involved in 863:. These stores are called 570:inflammatory bowel disease 539:soil-transmitted helminths 270:inflammatory bowel disease 5011:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome 4923:Hereditary stomatocytosis 4911:Hereditary elliptocytosis 4460:American Family Physician 4281:World Health Organization 3330:D'Angelo G (March 2013). 3146:10.15537/smj.2015.2.10289 1923:World Health Organization 1086:(variation in shape) and 1071:narrows the problem to a 596:Gastrointestinal bleeding 535:World Health Organization 66: 57: 46:Iron-deficiency anaemia, 4899:Hereditary spherocytosis 4456:"Iron deficiency anemia" 3601:Southern Medical Journal 3577:10.1309/AJCPBAY9KRZF8NUC 2720:"Iron deficiency anemia" 2251:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_158_18 2238:Indian Dermatol Online J 921:red blood cell formation 910:red blood cell formation 809:Low birth weight infants 751:infections or long-term 320:213,000 deaths in 1990. 5104:Mean corpuscular volume 5068:Diamond–Blackfan anemia 5020:Drug-induced autoimmune 4955:Cold agglutinin disease 4761:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 3875:Siu AL (October 2015). 3348:10.5045/br.2013.48.1.10 3244:10.1111/1753-0407.13101 3177:Miller JL (July 2013). 1600:(11): 1–15, quiz 15–6. 1057:mean corpuscular volume 1006:mean corpuscular volume 492:heavy menstrual periods 437:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 402:, or burning sensations 276:, or surgery such as a 18:Iron deficiency anaemia 4756:Iron-deficiency anemia 4621:– From IronTherapy.Org 4619:The Importance of Iron 3894:10.1542/peds.2015-2567 2122:Goldman-Cecil Medicine 2094:Conn's Current Therapy 1551: 1460: 1363:chronic kidney disease 1208: 1171:Level B recommendation 1134:transferrin saturation 1098:(low platelet count). 1069:peripheral blood smear 950:bone marrow aspiration 946:bone marrow aspiration 941: 696:leafy green vegetables 690: 650:von Willebrand disease 524:Ancylostoma ceylanicum 449:Restless legs syndrome 371: 266:urinary tract bleeding 191:Iron-deficiency anemia 38:Iron-deficiency anemia 5075:Pure red cell aplasia 4842:hexokinase deficiency 3134:Saudi Medical Journal 2996:10.1056/NEJMra1401038 2422:Australian Prescriber 1466: 1390: 1329:ferric carboxymaltose 1307:, although different 1206: 939: 763:Roux-en-Y anastamosis 753:proton-pump inhibitor 688: 518:Ancylostoma duodenale 369: 347:sensitive or specific 118:, frequent infections 5206:Mineral deficiencies 5080:Sideroblastic anemia 4888:Hemoglobin C disease 4774:Megaloblastic anemia 4634:– From IronAtlas.com 3789:O'Connell T (2017). 3281:McInerny TK (2017). 3082:(4 Suppl): S560-71. 2870:. pp. 821–838. 1847:(10053): 1459–1544. 1795:(10053): 1545–1602. 1548: More than 1000 1377:Ferric derisomaltose 1251:Iron supplementation 1128:. The percentage of 5211:Nutritional anemias 4879:Sickle cell disease 4417:2000NYASA.900..125S 3764:(second ed.). 3718:10.3390/jcm11247377 3397:2019NYASA1450...15C 3232:Journal of Diabetes 2564:Williams Hematology 1316:may be considered. 982: 341:, weak, dizziness, 316:or iron infusions. 176:1.48 billion (2015) 96:shortness of breath 5166:Sulfhemoglobinemia 4630:2016-05-29 at the 4580:External resources 3778:on March 19, 2014. 3405:10.1111/nyas.14092 1552: 1482: Less than 50 1461: 1209: 980: 942: 716:Iron malabsorption 691: 580:Menstrual bleeding 530:Necator americanus 372: 324:Signs and symptoms 314:blood transfusions 167:blood transfusions 53:Sideropenic Anemia 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5171:Reticulocytopenia 5161:Methemoglobinemia 5149: 5148: 5040: 5039: 4980: 4979: 4779:Pernicious anemia 4722: 4721: 4714:Polycythemia vera 4614: 4613: 4371:10.3390/nu8110693 4315:(9859): 2163–96. 4254:. 24 January 2020 3966:978-0-07-180215-4 3959:(19th ed.). 3825:978-0-323-40137-1 3800:978-0-323-37641-9 3771:978-92-4-159610-7 3685:978-0-12-801368-7 3645:978-0-323-40161-6 3544:978-0-323-52769-9 3292:978-1-61002-047-3 3044:10.1111/apt.12872 2990:(19): 1832–1843. 2951:978-1-4557-4692-7 2923:978-0-7020-3147-2 2877:978-1-4377-2206-2 2809:978-0-309-07279-3 2762:10.1159/000365795 2697:. 29 October 2018 2573:978-0-07-183301-1 2503:978-1-4557-3383-5 2399:978-0-7020-5139-5 2357:978-0-323-31030-7 2348:Pediatric Secrets 2329:978-1-4557-7566-8 2218:978-0-323-29568-0 2186:978-0-323-28049-5 2131:978-1-4557-5017-7 2018:978-0-12-381980-2 2005:Combs GF (2012). 1957:. 26 March 2014. 1894:. 26 March 2014. 1757:. 26 March 2014. 1710:. 26 March 2014. 1677:. 26 March 2014. 1675:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1626:. 26 March 2014. 1331:, rather than IV 1325:oral iron therapy 1314:blood transfusion 1173:suggested by the 1150:thalassemia minor 1073:microcytic anemia 1033: 1032: 759:Bariatric surgery 741:hydrochloric acid 675:white blood cells 654:polycythemia vera 505:parasitic disease 499:Parasitic disease 456:Child development 412:Angular cheilitis 205:or the amount of 188: 187: 134:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5218: 4938: 4852:hemoglobinopathy 4802: 4740: 4731: 4702: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4492: 4480: 4479: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4373: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4161: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3939: 3932: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3854:10.7326/m15-1707 3836: 3830: 3829: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3774:. Archived from 3755: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3579: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3457: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3416: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3125: 3108: 3107: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3046: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2979: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2911: 2901: 2882: 2881: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2820:. Archived from 2797: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2555: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2362: 2361: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2263: 2253: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2175:Ferri F (2018). 2172: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2117: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2044:(9963): 117–71. 2029: 2023: 2022: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1747: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1667: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1589: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1301:Intravenous iron 1259:extended release 1214:intravenous iron 1096:thrombocytopenia 983: 543:small-intestinal 306:iron supplements 282:developing world 254:uterine fibroids 159:Iron supplements 62: 35: 21: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5201:Iron metabolism 5191: 5190: 5189: 5180: 5145: 5089: 5048: 5036: 4976: 4927: 4793: 4785: 4718: 4693: 4691:red blood cells 4684: 4632:Wayback Machine 4615: 4610: 4609: 4575: 4574: 4503: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4180:(2): CD007857. 4163: 4162: 4153: 4122:(1): CD013529. 4109: 4108: 4104: 4073:(1): CD013529. 4060: 4059: 4052: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3933: 3910: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3308: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3127: 3126: 3111: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3024: 3023: 3019: 2981: 2980: 2959: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2903: 2902: 2885: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2810: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2599:(5): CD009218. 2586: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558:Ganz T (2016). 2557: 2556: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2473: 2472: 2459: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2365: 2358: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2187: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2101: 2091: 2090: 2075: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1749: 1748: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1591: 1590: 1577: 1572: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1244:small intestine 1240:small intestine 1232:small intestine 1201: 1199:Lucky iron fish 1195:Iron deficiency 1191: 1166: 1154:hemochromatosis 1130:iron saturation 1050:red blood cells 978: 954:parenteral iron 934: 898:small intestine 890:red blood cells 853:iron deficiency 849: 837: 806:Preterm infants 796: 771: 718: 683: 662: 610:small intestine 602:post-menopausal 598: 582: 557:Red blood cells 554: 501: 479: 467:red blood cells 458: 453: 433:esophageal webs 343:lightheadedness 326: 286:parasitic worms 242:poor absorption 219:short of breath 203:red blood cells 127:Iron deficiency 68:Red blood cells 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063:Fanconi anemia 5056: 5054: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4561: 4550: 4535: 4520: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495:Classification 4488: 4487:External links 4485: 4482: 4481: 4446: 4395: 4344: 4290: 4265: 4239: 4209: 4151: 4102: 4050: 4001: 3972: 3965: 3940: 3908: 3867: 3831: 3824: 3806: 3799: 3781: 3770: 3750: 3691: 3684: 3666: 3663:. p. 428. 3651: 3644: 3626: 3591: 3550: 3543: 3522: 3473: 3428: 3371: 3336:Blood Research 3322: 3306: 3291: 3273: 3238:(3): 211–221. 3218: 3189:(7): a011866. 3169: 3109: 3066: 3037:(6): 582–609. 3017: 2957: 2950: 2929: 2922: 2883: 2876: 2866:Yeo C (2013). 2858: 2837: 2808: 2783: 2737: 2708: 2679: 2660: 2636: 2579: 2572: 2535: 2509: 2502: 2481: 2457: 2428:(6): 193–199. 2405: 2398: 2363: 2356: 2335: 2328: 2310: 2285:Sleep Medicine 2275: 2244:(3): 293–295. 2224: 2217: 2192: 2185: 2164: 2137: 2130: 2099: 2073: 2024: 2017: 1997: 1972: 1942: 1909: 1876: 1824: 1772: 1725: 1692: 1641: 1611: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1544: 1542: 500–1000 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1381: 1341:, marketed as 1295:erythropoietin 1287:erythropoietin 1267:celiac disease 1236:longer release 1190: 1187: 1165: 1162: 1092:thrombocytosis 1084:poikilocytosis 1031: 1030: 1017: 1013: 1012: 995: 991: 990: 987: 977: 974: 933: 930: 848: 845: 836: 833: 832: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 795: 792: 780:hemoglobinuria 770: 769:Pregnant women 767: 733:celiac disease 717: 714: 682: 679: 661: 660:Blood donation 658: 634:anticoagulants 624:), as well as 597: 594: 581: 578: 566:angiodysplasia 553: 550: 500: 497: 478: 475: 457: 454: 452: 451: 446: 440: 426: 421: 415: 409: 403: 396: 394:Breathlessness 391: 385: 379: 373: 325: 322: 278:gastric bypass 274:celiac disease 258:stomach ulcers 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 156: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 109: 103: 102: 89: 83: 82: 77: 71: 70: 64: 63: 55: 54: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5223: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5085:Myelophthisic 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411:(1): 125–36. 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4227: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3991:on 2017-12-07 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3887:(4): 746–52. 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3848:(7): 529–36. 3847: 3843: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607:(10): 966–7. 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3493:(7): 455–61. 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2827:on 2017-09-09 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291:(3): 247–51. 2290: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1998: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1536: 450–500 1530: 400–450 1524: 350–400 1518: 300–350 1512: 250–300 1506: 200–250 1500: 150–200 1494: 100–150 1476: No data 1469: 1465: 1397: No data 1389: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:Ferric maltol 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1225:ascorbic acid 1222: 1221:ascorbic acid 1217: 1215: 1207:Ascorbic acid 1205: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112:level, serum 1111: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 992: 988: 985: 984: 975: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 938: 931: 929: 927: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 881: 876: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 846: 844: 842: 834: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 804: 803: 800: 793: 791: 787: 783: 781: 777: 768: 766: 764: 760: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 726:malabsorption 723: 715: 713: 710: 705: 700: 697: 687: 680: 678: 676: 672: 667: 659: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:antiplatelets 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 595: 593: 591: 587: 579: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 551: 549: 547: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 525: 520: 519: 514: 510: 509:helminthiasis 506: 498: 496: 493: 489: 485: 476: 474: 472: 468: 464: 455: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 434: 430: 427: 425: 424:Poor appetite 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 397: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 368: 364: 361: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 339:feeling tired 336: 335:oxyhemoglobin 332: 323: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 215:feeling tired 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184:54,200 (2015) 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 112:Heart failure 110: 108: 107:Complications 104: 101: 98:, confusion, 97: 93: 92:Feeling tired 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 76: 72: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 50: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5134:normochromic 5126: 5102: 4984: 4892: 4850: 4824: 4813: 4755: 4706:Polycythemia 4598: 4587: 4563: 4552: 4537: 4522: 4507: 4466:(5): 671–8. 4463: 4459: 4449: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4312: 4308: 4280: 4268: 4256:. Retrieved 4251: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4228:. 7 May 2020 4221: 4212: 4177: 4173: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4070: 4066: 4021:(1): 57–66. 4018: 4014: 4004: 3993:. Retrieved 3989:the original 3984: 3975: 3956: 3935: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3815: 3809: 3790: 3784: 3776:the original 3760: 3753: 3711:(24): 7377. 3708: 3704: 3694: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3635: 3629: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3570:(4): 580–5. 3567: 3563: 3553: 3534: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3448:(8): 884–6. 3445: 3441: 3431: 3391:(1): 15–31. 3388: 3384: 3374: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3282: 3276: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3140:(2): 146–9. 3137: 3133: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3034: 3030: 3020: 2987: 2983: 2941: 2907: 2867: 2861: 2852: 2840: 2829:. Retrieved 2822:the original 2799: 2786: 2753: 2749: 2730:December 11, 2728:. Retrieved 2699:. Retrieved 2694: 2671: 2663: 2652:. Retrieved 2648: 2639: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2563: 2526:. Retrieved 2512: 2493: 2475: 2425: 2421: 2389: 2347: 2319: 2313: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2208: 2176: 2156:. Retrieved 2152: 2121: 2093: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2008:The Vitamins 2007: 2000: 1988:. Retrieved 1984: 1975: 1963:. Retrieved 1954: 1945: 1933:. Retrieved 1921: 1912: 1900:. Retrieved 1891: 1844: 1840: 1792: 1788: 1763:. Retrieved 1754: 1716:. Retrieved 1707: 1683:. Retrieved 1674: 1632:. 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