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460:. Lamp operator William McMullen testified that the lamp was placed too close to the curtain but that stage managers had failed to offer a solution when he had first reported the problem. McMullen clapped at the fire when it started, but the flame quickly raced up the curtain and beyond his reach. Theater fireman William Sallers tried to douse the fire with the Kilfyre canisters, but by that time it had spread to the fly gallery high above the stage where several thousand square feet of highly flammable painted canvas scenery flats were hung. The stage manager tried to lower the
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unfastened the hinges from the outside, allowing the actors and stagehands to escape. As the vents above the stage were nailed or wired shut, the fireball instead traveled outward, ducking under the stuck asbestos curtain and streaking toward the vents behind the dress circle and gallery 50 feet (15 m) away. The hot gases and flames passed over the heads of those in the orchestra seats and incinerated flammable materials in the gallery and dress circle levels, including patrons still trapped in those areas.
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246:, were either not present or not working at the time of the fire. Other contributing factors included a lack of exit signs, emergency lighting, or fire preparedness; doors that opened inward or were latched shut; confusing exit routes; icy fire escapes; and the presence of ornamental doors. The Iroquois Memorial Hospital was built as a memorial to the fire, and Chicago held an annual memorial service. The Iroquois fire prompted widespread implementation of the
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in a fire." Curtain material was rendered irrelevant by the 500-square-foot (46 m) triangular gap beneath the partly jammed curtain that functioned as a flue for the back-drafted fireball that hurled into the auditorium at 3:50 pm. Eyewitnesses testified that the curtain was still in place when the fireball passed through the gap.
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During performances, some lesser-trafficked stairways were blocked with iron gates to prevent people with inexpensive tickets from taking seats in other parts of the theater. On the day of the fire, there were no empty seats. Had such gates been located at primary stairways, the death toll would have
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Some exit doors opened inward into the auditorium and others employed a bascule-type
European latch unfamiliar to many people that prevented the door from opening when the crowd pressed against it. When people were able to pull the doors open enough to escape, some people were then wedged in the door
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The dancers on stage were also forced to flee, along with the performers backstage and in the numerous dressing rooms. Several performers and stagehands escaped through the building's main rear exit, which consisted of a large set of stock double doors normally used for moving large fly sceneries and
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Foy, who had been preparing to take the stage, attempted to calm the crowd from the stage, first ensuring that his young son was in the care of a stagehand. He later wrote, "It struck me as I looked out over the crowd during the first act that I had never before seen so many women and children in the
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The theatre victims were buried in over a dozen of the
Chicago area cemeteries including the largest cemeteries Rosehill, at least 50 to Graceland, and many to Oakwoods. Catholics went to St. Boniface, Mt. Carmel and over 40 to Calvary in Evanston. Others went to Mt. Olive, some 30 to Forest Home,
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analyzed a piece of the material after the fire: " was largely wood pulp. By mixing pulp with asbestos fiber, the life of the curtain is prolonged, the cost is cheapened, and the wire foundation may be dispensed with... It results in a curtain that may get inside city ordinances, but is of no value
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Those in the orchestra section exited into the foyer and out of the front door, but those in the dress circle and gallery who escaped the fireball could not reach the foyer because stairwells were blocked by high layers of fallen victims. Although iron grates that blocked secondary stairways during
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described the marker on
December 31, 1911 as depicting "the Motherhood of the World protecting the children of the universe, the body of a child borne on a litter by herculean male figures, with a bereaved mother bending over it." The bronze memorial was removed from the Iroquois Hospital when the
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that confines fire to the stage area and smoke doors that allow smoke and heat to escape through the roof above the stage, combine to increase fire safety in theaters. This arrangement creates negative pressure; the stage area becomes a chimney, and fresh, breathable air is sucked through the exit
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William
Sallers discussed the deficiencies. Sallers did not report the matter directly to fire chief William Musham, concerned that he would be dismissed by the syndicate that owned the theater. When Captain Jennings reported the matter to his commanding officer, battalion chief John J. Hannon, he
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After the fire, the
Iroquois Theatre was renamed and reopened as the Hyde & Behman's Music Hall in September 1904. In October 1905, it was rechristened as the Colonial Theatre. It remained active until the building was demolished in 1925. In 1926, the Oriental Theatre was built on the site. In
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Iron fire escapes on the north wall led to at least 125 deaths. People were trapped on all levels because the icy, narrow stairs and ladders were dangerous and because smoke and flames blocked the way down. The stairs on one fire-escape exit from the second-floor gallery had not been adjusted to
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Of the approximately 300 actors, dancers and stagehands, only five people died: aerialist Nellie Reed, an actor in a bit part, an usher and two female attendants. Reed's role was to fly as a fairy over the audience on a trolley wire, showering them with pink carnations. She was trapped above the
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or telephone. The CFD's Engine 13 was alerted to the fire by a stagehand who had been ordered to run from the burning theater to the nearest firehouse. On the way to the scene, at approximately 3:33 p.m., a member of Engine 13 activated an alarm box to call additional units. Initial efforts
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that required separate stairways and exits for each balcony. The design proved disastrous: people exiting the gallery encountered a crowd leaving the balcony level, and people descending from the upper levels met the orchestra-level patrons in the foyer. The backstage areas were unusually large.
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Many performers escaped through the coal hatch and through windows in the dressing rooms, and others tried to escape via the west stage door, which opened inward and became jammed as actors frantically pressed toward the door. A passing railroad agent saw the crowd pressing against the door and
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The theater had only one entrance. A broad stairway that led from the foyer to the balcony level was also used to reach the stairs to the gallery level. Theater designers claimed that this allowed patrons to "see and be seen" regardless of the price of their seats. However, the common stairway
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Mass panic ensued and many of those trapped inside tried climbing over piles of bodies in order to escape. Corpses were stacked ten feet high around some of the blocked exits. The victims were asphyxiated by the fire, smoke and gases or were crushed by the onrush of others behind them. It is
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was also in the cast as Imer Dasher. Attendance since opening night had been disappointing as the result of poor weather, labor unrest and other factors. The
December 30 performance drew a much larger sellout audience. Tickets were sold for every seat in the house, plus hundreds more for the
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performances (to prevent patrons in the cheaper seats from sneaking downstairs to the more expensive lower levels) were still in place, first responders found very few victims near the gates. The largest death toll was at the base of stairways, where hundreds of people were trampled,
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to contain the fire was unsuccessful. Despite attempts by Foy to calm the crowd, audience members frantically rushed for the exits, only to find that fire exits were locked or hidden. The largest death toll was at the base of stairways, where hundreds of people were trampled,
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The curtain was not fireproof. Curtains made with asbestos interwoven with wire create a strong and effective barrier against fire. The asbestos curtain at the
Iroquois not only failed to lower but also proved to be both weak and flammable. Chemist Gustave J. Johnson of the
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ordered all theaters in
Chicago closed for six weeks after the fire. As a result of public outrage, many were charged with crimes, including Harrison. Most charges were dismissed three years later because of the delaying tactics of the syndicate's lawyers and their use of
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actors fleeing the conflagration. As more people escaped via the theater cellar through the sewers, Howey reported his scoop; the story, one of the biggest in
Chicago's history, established his reputation for speed, resourcefulness, and skillful writing. Howey moved to
532:, one of which was improperly installed, causing people to trip upon exiting the fire-escape door. Many jumped or fell from the icy, narrow fire escapes to their deaths, and the bodies of the first jumpers broke the falls of those who followed them. Students from the
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First elected in 1897 and reelected in 1899, 1901, and 1903, Harrison did not run for reelection in 1905. His 1907 bid to return to the mayor's office failed. However, he was again elected mayor in 1911 (to a four-year term) but was defeated for re-election in 1915.
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accommodate a last-minute engineering alteration during construction that raised the level of the gallery floor inside the auditorium. As a result, the fire-escape landing was two feet lower than the theater floor, causing people to stumble and fall onto the landing.
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Despite being billed as "absolutely fireproof", the
Iroquois Theatre, which opened a month before the fire, exhibited numerous deficiencies in fire readiness that contributed to the high death toll. Some of these deficiencies were known by city officials tasked with
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audience. Even the gallery was full of mothers and children." Foy was widely considered a hero after the fire for his courage in remaining on stage and pleading with patrons not to panic even as large chunks of burning scenery landed around him.
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dedicated all eight front-page above-the-fold columns to Harrison's alleged role in the disaster, with headlines "Harrison to blame" and "Harrison warned", with a two-column wide illustration of the mayor under the center headline "Remember!".
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all around the country and in some cities in Europe. All theater exits were required to be clearly marked and the doors configured so that, even if they could not be pulled open from the outside, they could be pushed open from the inside.
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The owners of the theater claimed that the 30 exits would allow everyone inside to escape the building within five minutes. Audiences in 1903 were aware of the hazards of fires in theaters, especially after at least 384 people died in the
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By this time, many of the patrons on all levels were attempting to flee the theater. Some had found the fire exits hidden behind draperies on the north side of the building but discovered that they could not open the unfamiliar
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doors into the audience area. At the Iroquois, the smoke doors above the stage were fastened closed. This meant that smoke flowed out of the building through many of the same exits through which people were trying to escape.
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and Dearborn Street. The syndicate that bankrolled its construction chose the location specifically to attract women visiting the city on day trips who would be more comfortable attending a theater near the police-patrolled
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The exterior of the Iroquois was intact and the theater reopened nine months later as Hyde & Behman's Music Hall. The building later reopened as the Colonial Theater, which was demolished in 1925 to make way for the
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employees had been assigned the job of obtaining photographs of the victims, and the issue of the following day (New Year's Day 1903) featured a great deal more victim photos than any other Chicago newspaper.
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areas at the back of the theater. Many of the estimated 2,100–2,200 patrons attending the matinee were children. The standing-room areas were so crowded that some patrons sat in the aisles, blocking the exits.
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or telephone, which hampered initial rescue efforts. It is estimated that 575 people were killed on the day of the fire, with dozens dying afterward; the vast majority of those killed were audience members.
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This is called a "still and box alarm" in Chicago; a "still alarm" is one where the fire alarm boxes remain "still." Alarms received by telephone are considered still alarms, so the term remains in use
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until it was installed in its current location, near the building's LaSalle Street entrance, in 1960. The memorial was rededicated on November 5, 2010, and a descriptive plaque was donated by the
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The screams of the children for their mothers and mothers for their children I shall carry in my memory to my dying day. – Frank Slosson, Secretary-Treasurer of the Bain Wagon Works, survivor
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Following the fire, it was required that an asbestos fire curtain (or sheet-metal screen) be raised before each performance and lowered afterward to separate the audience from the stage.
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on fire-escape exits, and doors were concealed behind drapery. On the ground floor, the drapery was intact after the fire, but in the balconies, drapery was destroyed by the fireball.
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set pieces or props into the backstage area. When the door was opened, an icy wind blast rushed inside, fueling the flames with air and causing the fire to grow substantially larger.
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became involved when an officer patrolling the theater district saw people emerge from the building in a panic, some with clothing on fire. The officer reported the incident from a
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in residential houses. It consisted of a 2 in × 24 in (5.1 cm × 61.0 cm) tube of tin filled with about 3 pounds (1.4 kg) of white powder, mostly
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building north of the theater tried bridging the gap with a ladder and then with some boards between the rooftops, saving those few able to manage the makeshift crossover.
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printed an eight-page special edition that hit newsstands on the morning of December 31, 1903. The entire front page consisted of lists of the dead and missing. Twenty
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and Grand Stair Hall. The second level, the dress circle or (first) balcony, had more than 400 seats. The third level, the gallery, had about 500 seats. There were four
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and went on to become a managing editor of several newspapers in the Hearst chain. He was later immortalized as the scheming, ruthless managing editor Walter Burns in
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arch. A chemist who later tested part of the curtain stated that it was composed mainly of wood pulp mixed with asbestos and would have been "of no value in a fire."
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275:. The theater opened on November 23, 1903, after numerous delays resulting from labor unrest and, according to one writer, the unexplained inability of architect
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The fire was widely covered by the American and international press, and backlash from the scandal likely was a factor thwarting Harrison's bid to become the
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estimated that 575 people were killed on the day of the fire, and at least 30 more died of injuries over the following weeks. Many of the dead were buried in
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Walking the streets of Chicago near the theater, Howey was startled to see a knight and three elves climb out of a manhole. He had stumbled upon four
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focused on the people trapped on the fire escapes. The alley to the north of the theater, known as Couch Place, was icy, narrow and full of smoke.
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opening as people continued to push on the door. Today, exit doors open outward, so that people trying to escape will tend to hold the doors open.
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Another result was that all doors in public buildings must open in the direction of egress, but that practice did not become national until the
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assistant city editor Edgar Sisson situated himself at Dyche's Drug Store on Randolph and State near the Iroquois Theatre, directing dozens of
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many to Jewish Waldheim, Mt. Hope, Elmwood in River Grove and others. In 1908, Montrose Cemetery erected a memorial monument to the victims.
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on the roof of the stage, which were intended to open automatically during a fire and allow smoke and heat to escape, were fastened closed.
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There were several ornamental "doors" that looked like exits but were not. Two hundred people died in one passageway that was not an exit.
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353:(CFD) captain Patrick Jennings performed an unofficial tour of the theater days before the official opening and noted that there were no
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musical number "In the Pale Moonlight", with the stage illuminated by blue-tinted spotlights to suggest a night scene. Sparks from an
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toured the Iroquois during construction and noted "the absence of an intake, or stage draft shaft; the exposed reinforcement of the (
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over the stage, but later investigation showed that the curtain had been blocked by a light reflector that protruded from under the
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From 1885, Chicago police had matrons to work with female prisoners; the first "policewomen" in the city were appointed in 1913.
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1830:"Fire Inquiry Disclosures: Skylights Reported Opened After the Disaster – Cannot Find the 'Asbestos' Curtain – Usher Arrested"
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At about 3:15 p.m., shortly after the beginning of the second act, eight men and eight women were performing the double-
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stage while waiting for her entrance and fell during the fire. She died from burns and internal injuries three days later.
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fire curtain, but it snagged. Early reports stated that the asbestos curtain was stopped by the trolley wire that carried
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to complete required drawings on time. Upon opening, the theater was lauded by drama critics; Walter K. Hill wrote in the
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For nearly a century, the Iroquois Theatre fire was the deadliest single-building disaster in American history. Only the
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newspaper as a reporter when he made his reputation by scooping competitors in reporting the Iroquois Theatre Fire.
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Dressing rooms were on five levels, and an elevator was available to transport actors down to the stage level. The
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The Iroquois Theater advertised itself as 'absolutely fireproof,' it went up in flames six weeks after opening
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Theater manager Will Davis was arrested in January 1904 and charged with criminal neglect, but was acquitted.
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The curtain was not tested periodically, and it became stuck when the theater personnel tried to lower it.
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The fire broke out at about 3:15 p.m. while the Iroquois presented a matinee performance of the musical
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was built as a memorial to the fire. The hospital held a bronze bas-relief memorial by sculptor
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The risks inherent in flammable scenery and props were recognized even in 1903. Two features, a
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created a panel to investigate the causes of the fire, publishing the results in January 1904.
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featured a story about the Chicago coroner's jury findings headlined "Harrison arrested".
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On Wednesday, December 30, 1903, the Iroquois presented a matinee performance of the popular
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347:) arch; the presence of wood trim on everything and the inadequate provision of exits."
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on September 11, 2001, claimed more lives in a disaster affecting an American building.
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could not be used in the alley and black nets, concealed by the smoke, proved useless.
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been higher; first responders reported that few victims were found at the iron gates.
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Chicago held an annual memorial service at City Hall until the last survivors died.
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Engine 13 was then located at 209 North Dearborn Street. It has since moved to
1192:"The Iroquois Theater Disaster Killed Hundreds and Changed Fire Safety Forever"
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All five were buried in the Waldheim Jewish Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois.
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had been bribed with free tickets to overlook code violations. Chicago mayor
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curtains, which stage managers were unable to douse; an attempt to lower the
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was told that nothing could be done as the theater already had a fireman.
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1417:(July/August). National Fire Protection Association. 1995. Archived from
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as Sister Anne, a role that showcased his physical-comedy skills. Dancer
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Theatergoers climbing along ladders above the alley (artist's conception)
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who refused to open a door. He was able to open the door because his
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Despite being billed as "absolutely fireproof" in advertisements and
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1707:"Five Iroquois Theater fatalities in Eger, Bloom and Reiss families"
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was the attorney for the theater and its manager was Will J. Davis.
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at home had a similar lock. Houseman credited his friend outfielder
2208:"Exit Devices: Von Duprin Changes the Face of Commercial Security"
1135:"Deadliest single building/complex fires and explosions in the US"
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and inadequacies in the city's building and safety ordinances.
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building was demolished in 1951. It was placed in storage in
575:
A horse-drawn ambulance is filled with the bodies of victims.
2005:"Chicago eagle. [volume], January 09, 1904, Image 1"
973:
The Iroquois fire prompted widespread implementation of the
860:
newspaper. Coverage by Chicago newspapers of what became a
757:, which was later renamed the Nederlander Theatre in 2019.
365:
The onsite firefighting equipment consisted of six Kilfyre
2359:"Website devoted to 1903 Iroquois Theater fire in Chicago"
2035:"vening star. [volume], January 26, 1904, Image 1"
389:
Panicked theatergoers trying to flee (artist's conception)
1219:
1217:
1096:"This Day in History: Fire Breaks Out In Chicago Theater"
819:
reporters, some of whom removed bodies from the theater.
2092:"Burning Down the House: The 1903 Iroquois Theater Fire"
898:. The front page of the January 26, 1904 edition of the
2062:"Hospital built as memorial to Iroquois Theater victms"
961:
Five years after the fire, Andrew Kircher, founder of
823:
reporter E.O. Phillips lost three nieces to the fire.
2275:
Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
977:, first invented in the United Kingdom following the
319:(where scenery was hung) was also uncommonly large.
4498:
4448:
4392:
4366:
4265:
4258:
4223:
4187:
4131:
4122:
4072:
4031:
4024:
3934:
3853:
3680:
3669:
3589:
3549:
3468:
3407:
3400:
3205:
2970:
2799:
2516:
2465:
155:
147:
136:
97:
86:
78:
60:
2306:
2272:
955:, the Union League Club and Taft's granddaughter.
427:" folk tale, featured Dan McAvoy as Bluebeard and
4572:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
2039:Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers
2009:Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers
456:curtain, possibly as the result of an electrical
331:Fire readiness deficiencies noted before the fire
951:. The dedication was attended by members of the
294:The Iroquois had a capacity of 1,602 with three
1047:, Massachusetts, November 1942 – 492 fatalities
588:, Saint Boniface, Mount Greenwood, Mount Hope,
405:Dan McAvoy, the actor who played Mr. Blue Beard
306:on the first level and two on the level above.
2309:Tinder Box: The Iroquois Theatre Disaster 1903
2297:Lest We Forget: Chicago's Awful Theater Horror
3643:
3378:
2434:
2125:"Historic City Hall Plaque to be Rededicated"
44:The Iroquois Theatre, shortly before the fire
8:
1165:"World Trade Center death locations revised"
621:Protecting the audience from hazards onstage
262:The Iroquois Theatre was located at 26 West
185:of 1876, which claimed at least 278 lives.
32:
2338:. Eastland Memorial Society. Archived from
1554:
1552:
323:2019, the Oriental Theatre was renamed the
4262:
4128:
4028:
3677:
3650:
3636:
3628:
3404:
3385:
3371:
3363:
2441:
2427:
2419:
2155:"Iroquois Theatre Fire Victims Remembered"
1120:See National Fire Protection Association,
1067:, Philippines, March 1996 – 162 fatalities
140:Ignition of muslin curtains due to broken
38:
31:
1741:""Absolutely fireproof" –A human Tragedy"
616:Additional factors reducing survivability
2085:
2083:
1405:
1403:
1401:
4303:Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place
3420:Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place
1448:
1446:
1087:
696:Many of the exit routes were confusing.
27:1903 building fire in Chicago, Illinois
4149:Ensemble Español Spanish Dance Theater
2279:. Southern Illinois University Press.
2135:from the original on November 23, 2010
2068:from the original on September 9, 2021
1932:
1920:
1908:
1816:
1798:from the original on November 22, 2020
1773:
1584:
1543:
1531:
1392:
1309:
1223:
1145:from the original on December 28, 2022
1102:from the original on November 16, 2021
870:, which was owned by traction magnate
678:Theater staff had never experienced a
2187:. Montrose Cemetery & Crematorium
2159:Theatre Historical Society of America
2131:. CBS Chicago.com. November 4, 2010.
1896:
1662:
1641:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1380:
1362:from the original on October 24, 2022
1342:
1330:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1202:from the original on October 15, 2023
242:Two features, the safety curtain and
190:destruction of the World Trade Center
7:
4582:Human stampedes in the United States
2206:Schweyer, Jenny (November 5, 2008).
1139:National Fire Protection Association
732:After the fire, it was alleged that
488:, a former baseball player with the
4049:Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago
1566:from the original on March 23, 2016
1122:Public assembly and nightclub fires
877:The January 9, 1904 edition of the
4587:Theatre fires in the United States
3659:Music, theater and performing arts
2248:from the original on March 3, 2016
2214:from the original on July 27, 2011
2015:from the original on July 30, 2024
1965:from the original on July 30, 2024
1878:from the original on June 27, 2022
1848:from the original on July 30, 2024
1786:Maxham, Maria (December 5, 2019).
1745:Chicago and Cook County Cemeteries
1739:Fleig, Barry (December 28, 2019).
1321:The concrete arch above the stage.
1291:from the original on July 30, 2024
25:
2238:Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
2161:. 7 November 2010. Archived from
1751:from the original on June 2, 2021
1717:from the original on June 2, 2021
1686:from the original on June 2, 2021
864:was harsh, particularly from the
608:and Waldheim Jewish cemeteries.
2389:"Iroquois Theater Fire Memorial"
1788:"Do you want to own a cemetery?"
1453:Bob Secter (December 19, 2007).
1077:, February 2003 – 100 fatalities
1015:
1001:
53:Location of the Iroquois Theatre
4552:1903 fires in the United States
2300:. Chicago: Memorial Publishing.
2242:Case Western Reserve University
1874:. January 3, 1904. p. 16.
1037:, January 1908 – 171 fatalities
4313:Chicago Avenue Pumping Station
3871:Collaboraction Theatre Company
2375:Chicago's Awful Theater Horror
2313:. Academy Chicago Publishers.
1868:"What is a 'Fireproof' Screen"
1841:. January 5, 1904. p. 2.
1051:Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
1:
4246:Grant Park Symphony Orchestra
4179:Ruth Page Center for the Arts
4007:The Practical Theatre Company
1562:. Eastland Memorial Society.
925:Memorial at Montrose Cemetery
896:Democratic Convention of 1904
4466:Drury Lane Water Tower Place
4164:Hubbard Street Dance Chicago
3876:ETA Creative Arts Foundation
2265:General and cited references
1985:Iowa Biographical Dictionary
1676:"Waldheim Jewish Cemeteries"
949:Union League Club of Chicago
874:, an opponent of Harrison.
850:The family of Chicago Mayor
646:Western Society of Engineers
4154:Giordano Jazz Dance Chicago
3557:Drury Lane Oakbrook Terrace
3311:Basra International Stadium
2630:Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm
2459:List of fatal crowd crushes
2450:Crowd collapses and crushes
2412:September 27, 2023, at the
2336:"The Iroquois Theater Fire"
1886:– via Newspapers.com.
1455:"The Iroquois Theater fire"
1198:. Smithsonian Institution.
1057:, May 1977 – 165 fatalities
4603:
4516:Opera houses and companies
4348:Harris and Selwyn Theaters
4241:Chicago Symphony Orchestra
2305:Hatch, Anthony P. (2003).
2294:Everett, Marshall (1904).
1075:West Warwick, Rhode Island
1071:The Station nightclub fire
930:Iroquois Memorial Hospital
4524:
4343:Greenhouse Theater Center
4095:Chicago Opera Association
2456:
2407:Verdict of Coroner's Jury
2391:. Graveyards (of Chicago)
969:Changes to building codes
892:vice presidential nominee
553:Chicago Police Department
49:
37:
4210:Chicago Gay Men's Chorus
4174:Luna Negra Dance Theater
4002:Playwrights Theatre Club
3911:Porchlight Music Theatre
3830:Theatre Building Chicago
2841:Akashi pedestrian bridge
2234:"Collinwood School Fire"
504:, who had just quit the
169:fire was a catastrophic
4308:Cadillac Palace Theatre
4215:Chicago Symphony Chorus
4144:Chicago Festival Ballet
4110:San Carlo Opera Company
3982:Illinois Theatre Center
3425:Cadillac Palace Theatre
2361:. Ergoiamtoo, Inc. 2016
2011:. Library of Congress.
1598:"Iroquois Theatre Fire"
1560:"Iroquois Theatre Fire"
1356:"Iroquois Theatre Fire"
1098:. The History Channel.
1035:Boyertown, Pennsylvania
1031:Rhoads Opera House fire
901:Washington Evening Star
787:William Randolph Hearst
534:Northwestern University
351:Chicago Fire Department
66:; 120 years ago
4054:Lyric Opera of Chicago
3612:United Artists Theatre
1411:"A Tragedy Remembered"
989:Collinwood School Fire
979:Victoria Hall disaster
926:
717:
576:
406:
398:
390:
273:Loop shopping district
64:December 30, 1903
4405:Jay Pritzker Pavilion
4384:Woodstock Opera House
4100:Chicago Opera Company
4039:Chicago Opera Theater
3972:Happy Happy Good Show
3886:Les Enfants Terribles
3394:Chicago area theaters
2857:The Station nightclub
2526:Shiloh Baptist Church
2041:. Library of Congress
924:
715:
574:
404:
396:
388:
310:ignored Chicago fire
183:Brooklyn Theatre fire
121:41.88472°N 87.62861°W
33:Iroquois Theatre fire
4567:December 1903 events
4420:Petrillo Music Shell
4379:DuPage Opera Theatre
4298:Briar Street Theater
4288:Avalon Regal Theater
4231:Chicago Philharmonic
4105:Crosby's Opera House
4044:DuPage Opera Theatre
3455:Merle Reskin Theatre
2833:Accra Sports Stadium
2598:El Progreso Bullring
2271:Brandt, Nat (2003).
2060:Cooke, Judy (2024).
1961:. Iroquois Theatre.
1955:"Newspaper coverage"
1620:North Columbus Drive
1196:Smithsonian Magazine
953:Chicago City Council
769:was working for the
663:in Vienna, Austria.
654:Emergency evacuation
539:The Iroquois had no
423:of the traditional "
82:About 3:15 p.m.
4461:Chicago Opera House
4358:Nederlander Theatre
4236:Chicago Sinfonietta
4090:Chicago Grand Opera
4085:Chicago Civic Opera
4059:Music Theater Works
3775:Music Theater Works
3725:Chicago Shakespeare
3705:Bailiwick Repertory
3597:Chicago Opera House
3501:Chicago Shakespeare
3460:Nederlander Theatre
3255:Vaishno Devi Temple
3247:Astroworld Festival
2881:Mandher Devi temple
2758:Haridwar and Ujjain
2710:Oppenheimer Stadium
2646:Karaiskakis Stadium
2165:on 30 December 2013
1959:iroquoistheatre.com
1911:, pp. 126–130.
1711:IroquoisTheater,com
1438:'s personal account
1055:Southgate, Kentucky
1041:Cocoanut Grove fire
867:Chicago Inter Ocean
852:Carter Harrison Jr.
772:Chicago Inter Ocean
738:Carter Harrison Jr.
685:The theater had no
325:Nederlander Theatre
126:41.88472; -87.62861
117: /
34:
4530:Culture of Chicago
4481:McVicker's Theater
4456:Central Music Hall
4283:Auditorium Theatre
4278:Arie Crown Theater
4200:Chicago a cappella
4080:Chicago City Opera
3992:New Age Vaudeville
3795:Oracle Productions
3720:Chicago Dramatists
3496:Chicago Dramatists
3415:Auditorium Theatre
3295:Kanjuruhan Stadium
3140:Colectiv nightclub
3076:Stade Tata Raphaël
2921:PhilSports Stadium
2905:Chennai (December)
2897:Chennai (November)
2825:Ellis Park Stadium
2244:. March 27, 2008.
1838:The New York Times
1792:Forest Park Review
1644:, pp. 118–19.
1285:"Iroquois Theater"
1190:Uenuma, Francine.
1171:. Associated Press
927:
718:
687:emergency lighting
577:
407:
399:
391:
375:sodium bicarbonate
367:fire extinguishers
341:Fireproof Magazine
285:(a predecessor of
156:Non-fatal injuries
4539:
4538:
4494:
4493:
4374:Civic Opera House
4338:Copernicus Center
4254:
4253:
4118:
4117:
4020:
4019:
3861:Babes With Blades
3785:Oak Park Festival
3710:Barrel of Monkeys
3625:
3624:
3585:
3584:
3440:Civic Opera House
3360:
3359:
3020:Port Said Stadium
2937:Naina Devi temple
2889:Al-Aaimmah bridge
2678:Dasharath Stadium
2670:Shanghai Lujiazui
2342:on March 23, 2016
2210:. Article Alley.
2102:on March 25, 2013
1819:, pp. 36–40.
1587:, pp. 39–40.
1546:, pp. 28–40.
1534:, pp. 41–51.
1510:, pp. 81–87.
1383:, pp. 13–14.
1226:, pp. 11–13.
963:Montrose Cemetery
862:political scandal
846:Political fallout
801:Charles MacArthur
506:Boston Beaneaters
277:Benjamin Marshall
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
4594:
4577:Fires in Chicago
4562:1900s in Chicago
4557:1903 in Illinois
4476:Iroquois Theatre
4430:Rosemont Theatre
4333:Congress Theater
4293:Biograph Theater
4263:
4129:
4029:
3987:Improv Institute
3891:LiveWire Chicago
3678:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3607:Iroquois Theatre
3469:Chicago Off Loop
3405:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
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3086:
3078:
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3054:
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3038:
3036:Houphouët-Boigny
3030:
3028:Satsanga Deoghar
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2963:
2955:
2953:Houphouët-Boigny
2947:
2939:
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2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
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2608:
2600:
2592:
2590:Estadio Nacional
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2534:Iroquois Theatre
2528:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2491:Brooklyn Theatre
2485:
2477:
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2429:
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2172:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2096:Failure Magazine
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:, p. xviii.
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1834:
1826:
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1783:
1777:
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1610:
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1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1461:. Archived from
1450:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1424:on March 4, 2016
1423:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
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1371:
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1352:
1346:
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1300:
1298:
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1281:
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1269:
1263:
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1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:, pp. 7–12.
1233:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
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1154:
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1150:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1061:Ozone Disco fire
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
889:Democratic Party
792:Chicago American
755:Oriental Theatre
661:Ringtheater fire
282:New York Clipper
252:Oriental Theatre
167:Iroquois Theatre
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
93:, Illinois, U.S.
74:
72:
67:
42:
35:
21:
18:Iroquois Theater
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4520:
4490:
4471:Garrick Theater
4444:
4440:The Vic Theatre
4435:Symphony Center
4425:Riviera Theatre
4388:
4362:
4318:Chicago Theatre
4250:
4219:
4205:Chicago Chorale
4183:
4124:
4114:
4068:
4016:
3947:Compass Players
3930:
3849:
3845:Victory Gardens
3672:
3665:
3656:
3626:
3621:
3602:Garrick Theater
3590:Former theaters
3581:
3545:
3464:
3445:Goodman Theatre
3430:Chicago Theatre
3401:Active theaters
3396:
3391:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
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3308:
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3129:
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3116:30 June Stadium
3113:
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2790:Nyamiha (Minsk)
2787:
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2723:
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2638:The Who concert
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2606:Atatürk Stadium
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
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2531:
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2414:Wayback Machine
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1872:Chicago Tribune
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1023:Illinois portal
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971:
939:Chicago Tribune
919:
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813:Chicago Tribune
763:
734:fire inspectors
720:In New York on
710:
656:
623:
618:
569:
561:Randolph Street
383:
333:
296:audience levels
264:Randolph Street
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4323:Chopin Theatre
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4064:Opera in Focus
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2329:External links
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2090:Zasky, Jason.
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1935:, p. 139.
1925:
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1488:
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1465:on May 1, 2011
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1358:. Judy Cooke.
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872:Charles Yerkes
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806:The Front Page
781:Mr. Blue Beard
762:
761:Media coverage
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722:New Year's Eve
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671:There were no
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627:safety curtain
622:
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546:Aerial ladders
541:fire-alarm box
502:Charlie Dexter
486:Frank Houseman
416:Mr. Blue Beard
382:
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236:fire-alarm box
223:safety curtain
206:Mr. Blue Beard
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3957:Ethiopian Art
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3840:Under the Gun
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3780:Neo-Futurists
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3108:Shanghai Bund
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2980:Kor Royal Cup
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2542:Barnsley Hall
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2390:
2387:Hucke, Matt.
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:, Chapter One
2376:
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2320:0-89733-514-7
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2286:0-8093-2490-3
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2199:
2186:
2185:"Our History"
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2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:Jan Onofrio.
1980:
1977:
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1779:
1776:, p. 90.
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1705:Cooke, Judy.
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1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:, p. 88.
1485:
1480:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
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1402:
1398:
1395:, p. 31.
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 14.
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:, p. 12.
1332:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:, p. 66.
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:, p. 18.
1249:
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897:
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890:
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880:Chicago Eagle
875:
873:
869:
868:
863:
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857:Chicago Times
853:
845:
843:
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765:Newspaperman
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495:
491:
490:Chicago Colts
487:
483:
482:bascule locks
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:short circuit
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
438:standing-room
434:
433:Bonnie Maginn
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
403:
395:
387:
380:
378:
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372:
371:chimney fires
368:
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217:ignited some
216:
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198:public safety
193:
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172:
171:building fire
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81:
77:
63:
59:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4528:
4475:
4353:Merle Reskin
4328:CIBC Theatre
3866:Child's Play
3760:Lookingglass
3690:A Red Orchid
3606:
3526:A Red Orchid
3521:Lookingglass
3491:Briar Street
3435:CIBC Theatre
3335:San Salvador
3279:GBLA Stadium
3180:Antananarivo
2849:E2 nightclub
2694:Hillsborough
2574:Burnden Park
2550:Italian Hall
2533:
2400:
2393:. Retrieved
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2351:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2308:
2296:
2274:
2250:. Retrieved
2237:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2129:WBBM-TV News
2128:
2119:
2111:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2095:
2070:. Retrieved
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1984:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1958:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1753:. Retrieved
1744:
1734:
1726:
1719:. Retrieved
1710:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1658:
1649:
1637:
1627:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1600:. Judy Cooke
1592:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1458:
1433:
1428:December 29,
1426:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1415:NPFA Journal
1414:
1388:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:
1326:
1317:
1312:, p. 5.
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1149:December 29,
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1106:February 18,
1104:. Retrieved
1090:
986:
983:
972:
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928:
906:
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811:
804:
790:
779:
777:
770:
767:Walter Howey
764:
751:
731:
726:retrofitting
719:
657:
624:
610:
590:Mount Olivet
578:
550:
538:
530:fire escapes
518:
514:
510:
492:, defied an
484:. Bar owner
478:
474:
443:
414:
408:
364:
349:
340:
334:
321:
308:
293:
286:
280:
268:State Street
261:
244:fire dampers
241:
204:
202:
194:
187:
166:
164:
29:
3997:New Variety
3967:Goat Island
3962:First Folio
3916:Remy Bumppo
3820:Steppenwolf
3810:Second City
3562:First Folio
3531:Steppenwolf
3343:Brazzaville
3223:Maligawatta
2996:Love Parade
2365:October 10,
2252:December 5,
2218:January 13,
2169:30 December
2139:January 24,
1987:- Page 386
1933:Brandt 2003
1921:Brandt 2003
1909:Brandt 2003
1817:Brandt 2003
1802:January 11,
1774:Brandt 2003
1755:January 11,
1721:January 11,
1690:January 11,
1604:October 23,
1585:Brandt 2003
1570:December 5,
1544:Brandt 2003
1532:Brandt 2003
1393:Brandt 2003
1366:October 23,
1310:Brandt 2003
1224:Brandt 2003
1065:Quezon City
934:Lorado Taft
606:Forest Home
526:asphyxiated
317:fly gallery
232:asphyxiated
213:. A broken
124: /
99:Coordinates
4546:Categories
4224:Symphonies
4195:Bella Voce
3572:Metropolis
3516:Greenhouse
3231:Los Olivos
3052:Kumbh Mela
3012:Sabarimala
3004:Phnom Penh
2988:Pratapgarh
2782:Sabarimala
2582:Kumbh Mela
2383:audiobook.
2106:October 1,
2045:October 3,
2019:October 3,
1993:040309304X
1969:October 3,
1897:Hatch 2003
1663:Hatch 2003
1642:Hatch 2003
1520:Hatch 2003
1508:Hatch 2003
1496:Hatch 2003
1484:Hatch 2003
1381:Hatch 2003
1343:Hatch 2003
1331:Hatch 2003
1272:Hatch 2003
1260:Hatch 2003
1248:Hatch 2003
1236:Hatch 2003
1206:October 5,
1175:October 5,
854:owned the
747:Levy Mayer
680:fire drill
673:exit signs
557:police box
470:proscenium
452:ignited a
411:Drury Lane
355:sprinklers
345:proscenium
312:ordinances
266:, between
112:87°37′43″W
71:1903-12-30
4506:Festivals
4415:Park West
4123:Music and
3854:Itinerant
3835:Trap Door
3815:Silk Road
3770:MCA Stage
3700:Annoyance
3673:companies
3541:Trap Door
3476:Annoyance
3172:Corinaldo
2718:Mahamaham
2191:March 29,
1436:Eddie Foy
1082:Citations
991:of 1908.
975:panic bar
945:City Hall
917:Memorials
797:Ben Hecht
743:loopholes
708:Aftermath
635:Skylights
602:Graceland
594:Oak Woods
450:arc light
429:Eddie Foy
425:Bluebeard
421:burlesque
337:playbills
248:panic bar
211:Eddie Foy
209:starring
142:arc light
109:41°53′5″N
4511:Theaters
4188:Choruses
3825:Strawdog
3765:Marriott
3755:Lifeline
3682:Resident
3567:Marriott
3550:Suburban
3536:Strawdog
3486:Biograph
3319:Pakistan
2961:Mawazine
2654:Luzhniki
2507:Khodynka
2483:Valletta
2410:Archived
2395:July 27,
2381:LibriVox
2346:July 27,
2246:Archived
2212:Archived
2133:Archived
2072:April 4,
2066:Archived
2013:Archived
1963:Archived
1882:June 27,
1876:Archived
1852:June 27,
1843:Archived
1796:Archived
1749:Archived
1715:Archived
1684:Archived
1564:Archived
1469:June 27,
1360:Archived
1289:Archived
1200:Archived
1169:CBS News
1143:Archived
1100:Archived
995:See also
803:'s play
598:Rosehill
582:Montrose
466:acrobats
462:asbestos
413:musical
215:arc lamp
179:Illinois
87:Location
4266:Theater
4032:Current
4012:Redmoon
3952:Defiant
3921:StarKid
3906:Organic
3901:Oobleck
3800:Organic
3745:Goodman
3740:Factory
3671:Theater
3663:Chicago
3577:Writers
3351:Hathras
3263:Yaoundé
3196:Caracas
3188:Karbala
3164:Caracas
2945:Jodhpur
2929:Bandung
2686:Tbilisi
2622:Zamalek
2517:20th c.
2466:19th c.
1295:May 24,
894:at the
840:Tribune
832:Tribune
828:Tribune
821:Tribune
817:Tribune
586:Calvary
567:Victims
522:crushed
498:ice box
359:fireman
288:Variety
258:Theater
228:crushed
175:Chicago
91:Chicago
69: (
4449:Former
4259:Venues
4073:Former
3935:Former
3730:Chopin
3506:Chopin
3481:Apollo
3215:Kerman
3156:Mumbai
3100:Kwekwe
3092:Multan
3068:Mumbai
2809:Durban
2750:Gowari
2726:Bastia
2317:
2283:
1991:
1632:today.
1434:Actor
1045:Boston
936:. The
912:Legacy
454:muslin
219:muslin
148:Deaths
4499:Lists
4410:Metro
4393:Music
4367:Opera
4132:Dance
4125:dance
4025:Opera
3977:House
3735:Court
3511:Court
3349:2024
3341:2023
3333:2023
3327:Sanaa
3325:2023
3317:2023
3309:2023
3303:Seoul
3301:2022
3293:2022
3285:2022
3277:2022
3269:2022
3261:2022
3253:2022
3245:2021
3239:Meron
3237:2021
3229:2020
3221:2020
3213:2020
3206:2020s
3194:2019
3186:2019
3178:2019
3170:2018
3162:2018
3154:2017
3148:Turin
3146:2017
3138:2015
3130:2015
3124:Haiti
3122:2015
3114:2015
3106:2014
3098:2014
3090:2014
3084:Patna
3082:2014
3074:2014
3066:2014
3058:2013
3050:2013
3042:2013
3034:2013
3026:2012
3018:2012
3010:2011
3002:2010
2994:2010
2986:2010
2978:2010
2971:2010s
2959:2009
2951:2009
2943:2008
2935:2008
2927:2008
2919:2006
2913:Mecca
2911:2006
2903:2005
2895:2005
2887:2005
2879:2005
2873:Miyun
2871:2004
2865:Mecca
2863:2004
2855:2003
2847:2003
2839:2001
2831:2001
2823:2001
2817:Mecca
2815:2001
2807:2000
2800:2000s
2788:1999
2780:1999
2774:Mecca
2772:1998
2764:1997
2756:1996
2748:1994
2742:Mecca
2740:1994
2732:1993
2724:1992
2716:1992
2708:1991
2702:Mecca
2700:1990
2692:1989
2684:1989
2676:1988
2668:1987
2660:1985
2652:1982
2644:1981
2636:1979
2628:1977
2620:1974
2614:Ibrox
2612:1971
2604:1967
2596:1965
2588:1964
2580:1954
2572:1946
2564:1943
2556:1927
2548:1913
2540:1908
2532:1903
2524:1902
2505:1896
2497:1883
2489:1876
2481:1823
2473:1807
1846:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
494:usher
446:octet
304:boxes
300:foyer
137:Cause
3942:BoHo
3926:TUTA
3408:Loop
3287:Giza
3132:Mina
2397:2007
2379:, a
2367:2016
2348:2007
2315:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2254:2011
2220:2009
2193:2014
2171:2013
2141:2011
2108:2009
2074:2024
2047:2023
2021:2023
1989:ISBN
1971:2023
1884:2022
1854:2022
1804:2020
1757:2020
1723:2020
1692:2020
1606:2022
1572:2012
1471:2022
1430:2014
1368:2022
1297:2018
1208:2023
1177:2023
1151:2022
1108:2015
838:The
826:The
799:and
551:The
381:Fire
165:The
79:Time
61:Date
3661:in
1073:in
1063:in
1053:in
1043:in
1033:in
789:'s
559:on
524:or
230:or
173:in
159:250
151:602
4548::
3750:iO
2399:.
2350:.
2240:.
2236:.
2157:.
2127:.
2110:.
2094:.
2082:^
2064:.
2037:.
2007:.
1957:.
1940:^
1870:.
1835:.
1794:.
1790:.
1759:.
1747:.
1743:.
1725:.
1713:.
1709:.
1682:.
1678:.
1551:^
1457:.
1445:^
1432:.
1413:.
1400:^
1287:.
1216:^
1194:.
1167:.
1141:.
1137:.
809:.
604:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
584:,
327:.
254:.
177:,
3651:e
3644:t
3637:v
3386:e
3379:t
3372:v
2442:e
2435:t
2428:v
2369:.
2323:.
2289:.
2256:.
2222:.
2195:.
2173:.
2143:.
2076:.
2049:.
2023:.
1973:.
1856:.
1806:.
1694:.
1622:.
1608:.
1574:.
1473:.
1370:.
1299:.
1210:.
1179:.
1153:.
1124:.
1110:.
73:)
20:)
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