1381:
1269:
1991:
1184:
goddess—hailed from a small fishing village on the island of
Meizhou in the province of Fujian. Today worshippers make pilgrimages to her ancestral temple there. That is useful to China, which has been supporting Mazu-related cultural exchanges with Taiwan since the late 1990s. Local offices of the United Front talk openly of using Mazu to "strengthen Taiwan's patriotic unification force". If they can turn Taiwan's love of Mazu into love of the motherland, that would make it easier to peacefully bring Taiwan back under the mainland's rule.
1943:
1979:
1953:
445:"Tao", "Allah", "God of the Christians/Jesus", "Heavenly Lord of the Catholics") rather than membership in a religious group. It also included regions, such as those in the west of China, that were excluded in CFPS 2012, and unregistered Christians. For these reasons, she concludes that CFPS 2014 results are more accurate than 2012 ones.
459:. CFPS 2014 found that a further 0.81% declared that they belonged to the popular sects, while CFPS 2012 found 2.2%, and CGSS 2006-2010 surveys found an average 3% of the population declaring that they belonged to such religions, while government estimates give higher figures (see the "statistics" section of the present article).
444:
CFPS 2014 surveyed a sample of 13,857 families and 31,665 individuals. As noted by
Katharina Wenzel-Teuber of China Zentrum, German institute for research on religion in China, compared to CFPS 2012, CFPS 2014 asked the Chinese about personal belief in certain conceptions of divinity (i.e. "Buddha",
119:
poll, 47% of
Chinese people were convinced atheists, and a further 30% were not religious. In comparison, only 14% considered themselves to be religious. More recently, a 2015 Gallup poll found the number of convinced atheists in China to be 61%, with a further 29% saying that they are not religious
372:
During the
Cultural Revolution, a radical policy of anti-religion and anti-tradition was instituted. In the ensuing decade, the five major religions in China were severely suppressed. Many religious organizations were disbanded, property was confiscated or damaged, monks and nuns were sent home (or
295:
tendency within
Confucianism, because he believed that the Supreme Ultimate was a rational principle, and he discussed it as an intelligent and ordering will behind the universe (while stating that "Heaven and Earth have no mind of their own" and promoting their only function was to produce things.
384:
of 1979, the government has liberalized religious policies to a degree, and the religious population has experienced some growth. Nevertheless, the irreligious remain the majority among all age groups in China. The CCP may even support certain local religious institutions and festivals in a bid to
127:
provides for religious freedom: "No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens because they do, or do not believe in religion" (article 36). The
Chinese state officially recognizes
1183:
Officials in
Beijing hope Mazu will help them in a different way. The United Front Work Department, the Communist Party branch with the job of boosting China's influence abroad, views the goddess as a tool to win Taiwanese hearts and minds. Mazu—or Lin Moniang, as she was known before becoming a
454:
CFPS 2014 found that 5.94% of the population declared that they belonged to "other" religious categories besides the five state-sanctioned religions. An additional 0.85% of the population responded that they were "Taoists". Note that the title of "Taoist", in common
Chinese usage, is generally
272:, and the opportunities it offered was another fundamental origin of atheism in China. While there were periods in which Taoism and Buddhism may have been officially promoted, the status of Confucianism in Chinese society had rarely been challenged during imperial times. Extensive study of the
573:
254:. He wrote that the soul is merely an effect or function of the body, and that there is no soul without the body (i.e., after the destruction and death of the body). Further, he considered that cause-and-effect relationships claimed to be evidence of
510:). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison, 卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 (CFPS 2012 report),
861:
952:. Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 70, quote: « humanist philosophies such as Confucianism, which do not share a belief in divine law and do not exalt faithfulness to a higher law as a manifestation of divine will ».
588:
284:
and this-worldly social relations, rather than on an otherworldly soteriology. This produced a cultural tendency that facilitated acceptance of modern forms of irreligion such as humanism, secularism, and atheism.
334:) considered Christian missionaries as promoting foreign influence in China and held deep anti-Christian views. Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant missionaries and church members were massacred.
406:
105:
1171:
851:
1216:
112:. Among the general Chinese population, there are a wide variety of religious practices. The Chinese government's attitude to religion is one of skepticism and non-promotion.
1096:
Fong, Brian C.H.; Jieh-min, Wu; Nathan, Andrew J. (2020-12-30). "China's influence on Taiwan's religions". In Fong, Brian C. H.; Wu, Jieh-min; Nathan, Andrew J. (eds.).
124:
109:
924:...humanist philosophies such as Confucianism, which do not share a belief in divine law and do not exalt faithfulness to a higher law as a manifestation of divine will
710:
160:
contributed significantly to the rise of irreligion and distrust of organized religion among the general populace, irreligion in its various forms, especially
1257:
472:. This may have resulted in an underestimation of Muslims. CGSS 2006–2010 surveys found an average 2-3% of the population of China declaring to be Muslim.
548:
507:
129:
684:
605:
1857:
1832:
1113:
917:
831:
357:
as well as
Christianity, rejecting all as superstition. The various movements were also inspired by modernizing attitudes deriving from both
280:, and this was the major (and often sole) means by which one could achieve prominence in society. Confucianism places particular emphasis on
499:
1582:
1051:
319:
stated in the 1920s that "China is a country without religion and the
Chinese are a people who are not bound by religious superstitions."
1152:
516:
1908:
1380:
1197:
342:
1522:
1299:
1235:
416:
791:
1549:
756:
1918:
1667:
1250:
338:
212:
1228:
In 2011 Mr Xi urged officials to "make full use" of Mazu to woo Taiwanese, most of whom have ancestral ties with the mainland.
365:
ideologies, as well as feeding on older anti-Christian sentiment that was in large part due to repeated invasions of China by
2016:
1304:
970:
56:
1395:
1877:
1777:
1969:
1517:
1425:
1294:
1137:
553:
p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).
421:
273:
239:
153:
133:
1491:
630:
1913:
852:"Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work"
2011:
1872:
1792:
1747:
1496:
1353:
1243:
491:
22:
1882:
1717:
1712:
1607:
1537:
1532:
658:
1827:
1707:
1627:
1617:
1599:
1575:
1837:
1812:
1727:
1657:
503:
211:
also criticized the religious practices prevalent during their times. Buddhism flourished in China during the
1923:
1867:
1817:
1802:
1797:
1752:
1677:
1642:
1543:
1450:
1358:
381:
234:
101:
1842:
1757:
1622:
1612:
1772:
1742:
1722:
1702:
1652:
1637:
1632:
1348:
394:
326:
and in successive wars, the country succumbed to increasing domination by foreign imperialist powers. The
1928:
1807:
1782:
1767:
1737:
1732:
1481:
1343:
1289:
1069:
411:
32:
1887:
1822:
1787:
1692:
856:
277:
495:
1897:
1847:
1762:
1697:
1672:
1662:
1568:
1455:
1435:
574:"Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016"
386:
346:
259:
228:
157:
97:
1952:
1687:
1682:
1591:
1440:
1336:
1131:
1119:
982:
663:
224:
1058:
1501:
1486:
1465:
1420:
1321:
1281:
1273:
1208:
1163:
1109:
966:
913:
827:
542:
426:
374:
366:
177:
145:
1460:
1430:
1331:
1326:
1101:
523:
1098:
China's influence and the Center-periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific
1983:
1082:
711:"Party's secret directives on how to eradicate religion and ensure the victory of atheism"
689:
327:
323:
149:
128:
five religions - Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism - managed by the
1057:. Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution: 3. Archived from
731:
296:
Whether this can be considered a conscious or intelligent will is clearly up to debate).
798:
1365:
2005:
1946:
1445:
1203:
1158:
1123:
1100:(1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge.
1010:
767:
456:
60:
393:. However, atheism, characterization of religions as superstition, and promotion of
1995:
1311:
1052:"Changing Chinese Attitudes Toward Religion and Culture: A Comparative Perspective"
350:
265:
173:
70:
1956:
469:
358:
269:
161:
1978:
258:
were merely the result of coincidence and bias. For this, he was exiled by the
1370:
847:
304:
208:
169:
165:
93:
36:
1212:
1167:
1105:
1415:
1400:
362:
308:
204:
939:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Zhu Xi, Ch. 11, # 127, pg. 643
354:
300:
292:
281:
216:
196:
46:
981:
Some scholars consider Confucianism as humanist and secularist. Rather,
1405:
1036:
1024:
792:"Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious"
763:
316:
244:
200:
187:
116:
1560:
1316:
986:
288:
192:
631:"Study: Rising Religious Tide in China Overwhelms Atheist Doctrine"
268:
as a state-instituted philosophy has flourished in China since the
1268:
291:, one of the most important Confucian philosophers, encouraged an
250:
89:
80:
390:
108:
throughout their rule. Religious freedom is protected under the
1564:
1239:
1410:
1153:"China hopes Mazu, a sea goddess, can help it win over Taiwan"
735:
172:, has had a long history in China dating back millennia. The
349:
for a New Culture attacked religion of all sorts, including
1198:"China's atheist Communist Party encourages folk religion"
299:
China is considered to be a nation with a long history of
659:"Religious surge in once-atheist China surprises leaders"
341:(非基督教运动) was an intellectual and political movement in
606:"Map: These are the world's least religious countries"
407:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1967:
732:"China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet"
685:"A surprising map of where the world's atheists live"
1896:
1856:
1598:
1510:
1474:
1388:
1280:
1196:
1151:
322:In the 19th century, after China's defeat in the
55: Other religious organisations, including
1576:
1251:
581:Religions & Christianity in Today's China
307:, and this-worldly thought since the time of
8:
1006:
1004:
468:CFPS 2014 surveyed predominantly people of
1583:
1569:
1561:
1258:
1244:
1236:
185:questioning the authority or existence of
181:contains several catechistic poems in the
130:State Administration for Religious Affairs
757:"Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism"
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
652:
650:
1974:
912:. Oxford University Press. p. 70.
483:
437:
238:") in reaction to Buddhist concepts of
215:period. It was during this period that
120:compared to just 7% who are religious.
1129:
1078:
1067:
547:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
540:
397:remain core tenets of the ruling CCP.
1038:The Anti-Christian Tradition in China
985:has described it as a religion that "
7:
1025:The Anti-Christian Movement in China
937:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
278:Imperial Civil Service Examinations
1219:from the original on June 16, 2023
1174:from the original on June 15, 2023
864:from the original on July 21, 2019
824:Party Time: Who Runs China and how
14:
1523:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
417:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1989:
1977:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1550:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
1379:
1267:
963:Confucius: The Secular As Sacred
950:Religion in Global Civil Society
910:Religion in global civil society
896:Confucius: The Secular as Sacred
213:Southern and Northern dynasties
1909:British Indian Ocean Territory
1305:Chinese salvationist religions
1:
657:French, Howard (2007-03-03).
191:. Later philosophers such as
144:While in modern history, the
1518:Freedom of religion in China
908:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005).
629:Briggs, David (2011-01-22).
512:The World Religious Cultures
422:Freedom of religion in China
134:United Front Work Department
1012:The Anti-Christian Movement
315:(世俗 "being in the world").
233:On the Annihilation of the
2033:
587:(2): 26–53. Archived from
572:Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina.
492:China Family Panel Studies
1937:
1538:Ghosts in Chinese culture
1533:Regional Religious System
1377:
898:(New York: Harper, 1972).
276:was required to pass the
1658:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1282:Major religions in China
1136:: CS1 maint: location (
1106:10.4324/9781003088431-19
1050:Liu, Peng (2005-02-01).
885:. ABC-CLIO, 2009. p. 213
797:. Gallup. Archived from
494:2014 survey results see
92:has the world's largest
1919:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1544:Three Persian religions
1451:Mongolian folk religion
998:Yong Chen, 2012. p. 127
935:Wing-tsit Chan (1963),
822:Callick, Rowan (2013).
455:attributed only to the
339:Anti-Christian Movement
106:antireligious campaigns
102:Chinese Communist Party
1300:Folk ritual ministries
1207:. September 19, 2019.
1077:Cite journal requires
883:Atheism and Secularity
395:scientific materialism
2017:Irreligion by country
1290:Chinese folk religion
412:Chinese folk religion
33:Chinese folk religion
1833:United Arab Emirates
961:Herbert Fingarette.
948:Mark Juergensmeyer.
894:Herbert Fingarette,
857:Jamestown Foundation
154:Communist Revolution
115:According to a 2012
110:Chinese constitution
96:population, and the
1860:limited recognition
1592:Irreligion in Asia
1528:Irreligion in China
1456:Qiang folk religion
1295:Ancestor veneration
610:The Washington Post
387:Chinese unification
347:May Fourth Movement
229:Traditional Chinese
158:Cultural Revolution
21:Religion in China (
1441:Miao folk religion
1337:Theravada Buddhism
983:Herbert Fingarette
965:. Waveland, 1998.
664:The New York Times
373:killed in violent
337:In the 1920s, the
274:Confucian Classics
225:Simplified Chinese
98:Chinese government
2012:Religion in China
1965:
1964:
1902:other territories
1558:
1557:
1466:Yao folk religion
1274:Religion in China
1162:. June 15, 2023.
1115:978-1-003-08843-1
919:978-0-19-518835-6
833:978-1-86395-591-1
427:Religion in China
375:struggle sessions
367:Western countries
240:body-soul dualism
178:Classic of Poetry
146:Taiping Rebellion
2024:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1914:Christmas Island
1600:Sovereign states
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1431:Manchu shamanism
1383:
1332:Tibetan Buddhism
1327:Chinese Buddhism
1272:
1271:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1008:
999:
996:
990:
979:
973:
959:
953:
946:
940:
933:
927:
926:
905:
899:
892:
886:
881:Phil Zuckerman.
879:
873:
872:
870:
869:
844:
838:
837:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
796:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
772:
766:. Archived from
761:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
654:
645:
644:
642:
641:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
602:
596:
595:
594:on 22 July 2017.
593:
578:
569:
554:
552:
546:
538:
536:
534:
529:on 9 August 2014
528:
522:. Archived from
521:
488:
473:
466:
460:
452:
446:
442:
343:Republican China
123:Since 1978, the
78:
68:
54:
44:
30:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1933:
1901:
1892:
1873:Northern Cyprus
1859:
1852:
1594:
1589:
1559:
1554:
1506:
1470:
1389:Other religions
1384:
1375:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1234:
1222:
1220:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1175:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1128:
1116:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1035:Cohen, Paul A.
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1002:
997:
993:
980:
976:
960:
956:
947:
943:
934:
930:
920:
907:
906:
902:
893:
889:
880:
876:
867:
865:
850:(May 9, 2019).
846:
845:
841:
834:
821:
820:
816:
807:
805:
801:
794:
790:
789:
785:
776:
774:
770:
759:
755:
754:
750:
741:
739:
730:
729:
725:
716:
714:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
690:Washington Post
683:
682:
678:
669:
667:
656:
655:
648:
639:
637:
635:Huffington Post
628:
627:
623:
614:
612:
604:
603:
599:
591:
576:
571:
570:
557:
539:
532:
530:
526:
519:
517:"Archived copy"
515:
489:
485:
481:
476:
467:
463:
453:
449:
443:
439:
435:
403:
324:First Opium War
311:, who stressed
150:Boxer Rebellion
142:
104:have conducted
100:and the ruling
87:
86:
85:
84:
76:
74:
66:
64:
52:
50:
42:
40:
28:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1497:Inner Mongolia
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:Roman Catholic
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1188:
1143:
1114:
1088:
1079:|journal=
1064:on 2016-03-04.
1042:
1028:
1023:Hodous, Lewis
1016:
1000:
991:
974:
954:
941:
928:
918:
900:
887:
874:
839:
832:
814:
783:
748:
723:
702:
676:
646:
621:
597:
555:
514:, issue 2014.
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:
461:
447:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
402:
399:
183:Decade of Dang
141:
138:
75:
65:
51:
41:
27:
19:
18:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:South Ossetia
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
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615:2015-12-24
504:release #2
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305:secularism
282:humanistic
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170:antitheism
166:secularism
156:, and the
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1120:S2CID
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433:Notes
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256:karma
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227:神灭论,
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