Canal - Knowledge (XXG)

1912:. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$ 7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when 1030: 2290: 968: 325: 2541: 2385: 1641: 1046: 483: 2203: 991: 1274:, Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by 1300 CE. Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam. This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in the 2416: 1772: 1702: 106: 1698:, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. 118: 1514: 2127: 273: 1936: 499: 2052:

such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances much cheaper. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the

2064: 2750: 52: 1145: 3079: 3065: 2428: 1817: 508: 67: 1014: 523: 2401: 3093: 2022: 40: 1387:, a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd). Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century. 1330: 744:, and may meander in a large horseshoe bend or series of curves some distance from the source waters stream bed lengthening the effective length in order to lower the ratio of rise over run (slope or pitch). The existing stream usually acts as the water source and the landscape around its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the 1286: 1321:. The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals. They also achieved a rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation. 639:. The water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise and lower vessels. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like 693:

to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to carry traffic more safely by controlling the flow of the stream by dredging, damming and modifying its path. This frequently includes the incorporation of locks and spillways, that make the river a

590:

when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom

502:

1. Design High Water Level (HWL) 2. Low water channel 3. Flood channel 4. Riverside slope 5. Riverside banquette 6. Levee crown 7. Landside slope 8. Landside banquette 9. Berm 10. Low water revetment 11. Riverside land 12. Levee 13. Protected lowland 14.

2237:). Panama, which did not have (and still does not have) a land connection with the rest of Colombia, was already thinking of independence. In 1903 the United States, with support from Panamanians who expected the canal to provide substantial wages, revenues, and markets for local goods and services, 1663:

and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed

573:

industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or

1747:

The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the Bridgewater canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a

1743:

alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel-powered boats, often

1356:

was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved

2051:

In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long with 36 locks, opened up a connection from the populated Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by

2043:

bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (161 km) to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although

918:

are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for

1789:

For each canal, an Act of Parliament was necessary to authorize construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from

2316:

The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the

1751:

This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter

547:

carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of the numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a

3360:

quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same

890:

Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes

1065:

is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton maximum load over a journey measured in days and weeks, though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest. Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes.

1244:

There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same

585:

By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after

820:, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used. 1793:

In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, where people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of

2780:

ships were limited to a length of 289.56 m (950 ft) and a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft) until 26 June 2016 when the opening of larger locks allowed for the passage of larger New Panamax ships. For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for

2222:, first attempted to build a Panama Canal in the 1880s. The difficulty of the terrain and weather (rain) encountered caused the company to go bankrupt. High worker mortality from disease also discouraged further investment in the project. DeLessup's abandoned 1989:, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has 6 miles (9.7 km) of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000 87: 1191:). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide. 1312:

which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage the canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from

548:

prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new

2776:, which is up to 72 feet (21.95 m) long and 7 feet (2.13 m) wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where 931:, or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from 1361:, could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in the pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the 956:

Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be

1029: 2451:. The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful 3461:

B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385

899:

were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal.

552:

resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising the standard of living for any industrialized society.

674:

were constructed in this way. In both cases pumping stations are required to keep the land surrounding the canal dry, either pumping water from the canal into surrounding waters, or pumping it from the land into the

2277:), split Panama in half. The Canal – a major engineering project – was built. The U.S. did not feel that conditions were stable enough to withdraw until 1979. The withdrawal from Panama contributed to President 815:

Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the

654:

A canal can be constructed by dredging a channel in the bottom of an existing lake. When the channel is complete, the lake is drained and the channel becomes a new canal, serving both drainage of the surrounding

953:. However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding. 886:

would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level.

1839:

Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the

2740:

channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks.

990: 238:

Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The

2789:

were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

1760:

or further away, by water, minimizing breakages. Within just a few years of the Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the

3558: 2035:

Competition, from railways from the 1830s and roads in the 20th century, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transport, and many of the British canals fell into decay. Only the

967: 827:

consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available.

2010: 574:

pleasure boating. Their replacement was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using

1798:", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length. 670:. One can also build two parallel dikes in an existing lake, forming the new canal in between, and then drain the remaining parts of the lake. The eastern and central parts of the 1813:

were only seven feet apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.

4373: 3155: 1635: 1352:

to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton, it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules, meaning overland

1175:

of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the

1263: 861: 3617: 3165: 2233:, and whose Navy became more important, decided to reactivate the project. The United States and Colombia did not reach agreement on the terms of a canal treaty (see 1426:

Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or

2461:

was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300. Many Amsterdam canals were built as part of fortifications. They became

1446:, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of 2199:, which scared off potential investors. It remains an active project (the geography has not changed), and in the 2010s Chinese involvement was developing. 1748:

year of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years.

1732:. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the 3678: 3550: 4366: 1901: 4604: 4199: 2369:

network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment.

1713: 849:

To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a

1652:(which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. 5629: 4972: 3979: 2297:

Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to

2289: 1179:, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the 2115:

on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of

1167:(8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian 4155: 4069: 3917: 3892: 3832: 3424: 3310: 631:

A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making

1756:

saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester,

4359: 4125: 2944: 212:, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its 5634: 3795: 2973: 1631: 711: 2695: 2238: 635:

by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished shape of the canal as seen in cross section is known as the

3599: 3355: 1493:

in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the

1215: 1013: 823:

Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either

543:

Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the

324: 3756: 2785:

ships is generally draft, which is limited to 16 m (52.5 ft). At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the

2540: 830:

Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include

5598: 2384: 2332:

have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years.

5129: 3481: 3222: 2467:

when the city was enlarged and houses were built alongside the water. Its nickname as the "Venice of the North" is shared with

306:

of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height.

907:

may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain

5593: 4169: 2706:, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use. 2302: 2196: 1806: 749: 482: 372:

Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like

1640: 5624: 2485:

was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo during his travels there in the 13th century, with its modern canalside

1309: 1671:

is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters. The first true canal in what is now the United Kingdom was the

395:: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds: 5295: 5245: 5139: 4192: 4057: 3664: 2939: 1648:

The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. It came into being because the

1374: 1045: 961:

in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.

2336: 622:

Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:

5573: 3724: 2274: 2053: 1970: 1786:

and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals.

2894: 3524: 808:

the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as

4799: 3549:

2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010;

2862: 2856: 2202: 1974: 1656: 2415: 1603: 5583: 5535: 5418: 2924: 2253:– a name that suggests the country began as a way to get from one hemisphere to the other – was a replica of the 2229:

Twenty years later, an expansionist United States, that just acquired colonies after defeating Spain in the 1898

2002: 1318: 1103: 839: 745: 719: 2234: 2230: 5568: 5285: 5250: 5092: 3180: 2934: 2914: 2665: 2305:. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new set of locks allow transit of larger, 1164: 1701: 1513: 105: 3687: 3589: 2154:, which specified the minimum size of locks. Canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century. 2123:

as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.

891:

supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable,

5639: 5578: 5270: 5035: 4185: 3039: 2992: 2850: 2045: 1994: 1765: 1125:

in 3000 BC. This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In

95: 3686:. English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from 2324:

A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as

1771: 5520: 5378: 4929: 4814: 3507:

Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal",

3125: 2725: 2601: 2420: 2328:, has spurred rehabilitation of stretches of historic canals. In some cases, abandoned canals such as the 2126: 1998: 1548:

Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the

1278:

was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the

1233: 876: 809: 566: 512: 452: 365: 332: 272: 185: 31: 2176:. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries. 1379:

is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link the

5358: 5205: 5167: 4616: 4555: 4325: 4140: 3933: 3070: 2537:, yet another source of small rivers and creeks, which have been canalized and developed for centuries. 2329: 2040: 2036: 1986: 1935: 1757: 1720:

in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrializing city of

1691: 1649: 1584: 1348:

conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of

1134: 1000: 978: 854: 781: 753: 527: 328: 205: 3494:

Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen",

1969:

generation, rather than for transport. Nowadays power canals are built almost exclusively as parts of

117: 4116: 1728:

to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the

1344:, water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by 5588: 5310: 5134: 4894: 4701: 4495: 4021: 3217: 3212: 3197: 3175: 2951: 2593: 2184: 1176: 1149: 1075: 843: 419: 170: 2372:

Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the

871:

Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the

498: 5484: 5479: 5280: 5124: 4746: 4599: 4520: 4427: 4335: 3145: 2919: 2904: 2867: 2758: 2699: 2669: 2068: 1561: 1458: 1180: 1172: 599: 143: 60: 3044: 2772:

Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British

2063: 1943: 896: 5510: 5423: 5388: 5240: 4756: 4661: 4565: 4457: 4390: 4264: 4249: 4037: 3984: 3463: 3135: 2798: 2713: 2366: 2215: 2092: 1982: 1865: 1845: 1829: 1801:

Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was

1454: 1279: 1237: 1219: 932: 915: 850: 110: 5230: 3757:

https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf

2749: 2173: 738:, a second stream can be created next to or at least near the existing stream. This is called a 660: 51: 3416: 1144: 5489: 5328: 5320: 5260: 5220: 5109: 4924: 4686: 4676: 4462: 4310: 4065: 3913: 3888: 3828: 3595: 3420: 3351: 3306: 3207: 3160: 2929: 2830: 2721: 2250: 2112: 2057: 1925: 1893: 1825: 1733: 1705: 1588: 1384: 1229: 872: 865: 377: 345: 244: 140: 71: 3792: 2179:

A major question was how to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal through narrow

1541:(1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at 5403: 5305: 5210: 4809: 4804: 4721: 4550: 4422: 4029: 3140: 3084: 2968: 2824: 2653: 2633: 2518: 2427: 2404: 2075:

Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first

1917: 1885: 1877: 1802: 1676: 1501:

to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the

1482: 1334: 1301: 1275: 1160: 996: 785: 362:

looping descents to create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls;

4163: 1816: 5619: 5408: 5368: 5363: 5154: 4967: 4854: 4849: 4633: 4570: 4540: 4505: 4500: 4467: 4432: 4403: 4120: 3799: 3562: 3450: 3347: 3150: 3078: 3014: 2490: 2373: 2188: 2180: 2151: 2131: 1861: 1753: 1462: 1447: 1390: 1248: 974: 671: 644: 507: 314: 220: 159: 91: 66: 4104:

British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes

4025: 2681: 2376:

in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area.

2301:, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the 1739:

The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a

949:

fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce

914:

When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance

882:

Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as

522: 5469: 5353: 5333: 5215: 5200: 5087: 5072: 5067: 5027: 5007: 4919: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4706: 4638: 4623: 4530: 4452: 4412: 4208: 3409: 3034: 3029: 3009: 2877: 2814: 2717: 2486: 2472: 2408: 2266: 2192: 1924:

fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The

1905: 1881: 1857: 1725: 1596: 1502: 1474: 1398: 1362: 1353: 707: 570: 318: 303: 260: 209: 1438:

or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in

5613: 5550: 5545: 5530: 5515: 5464: 5459: 5225: 5190: 5144: 5104: 5099: 4859: 4731: 4691: 4437: 4417: 4150: 3004: 2530: 2318: 2298: 2270: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2006: 1929: 1849: 1810: 1680: 1668: 1592: 1538: 1130: 1107: 1020: 903:

Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a

883: 835: 761: 757: 740: 715: 699: 640: 151: 79: 44: 1981:

was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the

1884:

bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from

5540: 5290: 5275: 5265: 5114: 5045: 4914: 4879: 4794: 4736: 4611: 4510: 4472: 4447: 4315: 4300: 3202: 3130: 3098: 2978: 2762: 2737: 2709: 2306: 2278: 2258: 2242: 2211: 2169: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2100: 2080: 1921: 1889: 1853: 1821: 1783: 1761: 1729: 1695: 1687: 1576: 1565: 1526: 1525:

Around 1500–1800 the first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the

1486: 1430:. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with 1358: 1357:

but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and

1345: 1290: 1203: 1004: 939: 805: 789: 695: 648: 603: 602:

in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the

578:, less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain 544: 491: 456: 288: 276: 248: 240: 232: 2400: 800:

At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the

86: 3300: 1782:

The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialization of

942:. It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs. 5449: 5373: 5077: 5040: 4987: 4711: 4696: 4671: 4545: 4279: 3119: 3019: 2809: 2363: 2352: 2325: 2310: 1978: 1956: 1909: 1841: 1795: 1672: 1611: 1494: 1412: 1366: 1341: 1207: 1089: 1058: 904: 703: 587: 472: 468: 380:

to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in the channel.

56: 17: 5555: 5235: 5119: 5059: 5017: 4889: 4726: 4594: 4535: 4525: 4442: 4351: 4340: 4320: 4244: 3770: 3227: 3060: 3024: 2998: 2836: 2786: 2773: 2649: 2629: 2605: 2557: 2452: 2432: 2262: 2219: 2162: 2161:(1869) – which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals – and the 2158: 2150:

and Seine – and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the

2021: 1990: 1966: 1873: 1833: 1775: 1721: 1660: 1607: 1542: 1443: 1435: 1427: 1380: 1211: 1195: 1085: 950: 945:

There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the

892: 824: 817: 777: 773: 562: 549: 487: 475: 299: 166: 162: 155: 3633: 3619: 1571:

The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a

665: 5525: 5474: 5444: 5413: 5343: 5255: 5012: 4899: 4884: 4824: 4771: 4766: 4666: 4589: 4579: 4477: 3185: 3113: 3092: 2703: 2637: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2526: 2458: 2393: 2254: 2223: 1897: 1717: 1572: 1478: 1439: 1431: 1314: 1305: 1294: 1252: 1168: 1118: 1117:) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the 982: 958: 831: 689: 464: 434: 228: 189: 3733: 3438:

the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence

3254: 2641: 1946:(Slovakia) – the canal is conveying water to a hydroelectric power station. 1461:

in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the

895: – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and 3479:

Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine",

2168:

In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the

1599:

and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills.

1251:

referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the

1214:, northern Greece. It was constructed as part of his preparations for the 254:

The term was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of

5195: 5162: 4839: 4681: 4648: 4259: 4239: 4229: 3528: 2733: 2729: 2645: 2589: 2561: 2534: 2522: 2498: 2359: 2157:

Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the

2147: 2143: 2096: 2091:(1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the 1913: 1869: 1490: 1416: 1402: 1199: 1188: 611: 531: 392: 147: 136: 4126:"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University 3467: 2197:

This canal has never been built in part because of political instability

919:

maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach.

842:

of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and

39: 5505: 5454: 4982: 4977: 4959: 4939: 4844: 4781: 4716: 4653: 4330: 4041: 3190: 3170: 3050: 2908: 2898: 2782: 2777: 2754: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2657: 2617: 2597: 2565: 2553: 2545: 2514: 2506: 2494: 2468: 2436: 2348: 2344: 1740: 1518: 1406: 1329: 1267: 1259: 1184: 1163:, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the 1050: 801: 607: 579: 516: 460: 442: 438: 373: 280: 1285: 1171:

connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The

5300: 5172: 4997: 4992: 4944: 4934: 4904: 4829: 4584: 4515: 4487: 4386: 4284: 4274: 4219: 3107: 2955: 2871: 2766: 2689: 2661: 2621: 2609: 2577: 2510: 2482: 2476: 2463: 2444: 2389: 2340: 2246: 2104: 1939: 1916:

started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The

1580: 1498: 1420: 1271: 1223: 1153: 1122: 858: 656: 429: 424: 284: 213: 122: 75: 4033: 1928:

was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where

298:

is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and

3574: 1453:

To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first

5398: 5383: 5082: 5055: 5002: 4869: 4864: 4834: 4819: 4628: 4398: 4382: 4305: 4254: 4162: 4135: 2818: 2748: 2625: 2613: 2569: 2539: 2493:

becoming major tourist attractions. Other nearby cities including

2426: 2414: 2399: 2383: 2288: 2265:, 10 miles (16 km) wide, with U.S. military stationed there ( 2201: 2139: 2125: 2062: 2020: 1934: 1815: 1770: 1700: 1639: 1619: 1557: 1534: 1530: 1512: 1394: 1365:

built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of

1328: 1284: 1143: 1138: 1126: 1079: 1044: 908: 769: 632: 592: 521: 506: 497: 481: 411: 407: 323: 271: 224: 204:

when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's

174: 116: 104: 99: 85: 65: 50: 38: 4177: 4114:

Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System

4108: 3527:. Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from 2339:

is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking

227:, generally requiring an external water source above the highest 5428: 5393: 4949: 4909: 4874: 4269: 2881: 2502: 1615: 1553: 1549: 1545:, a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts. 1349: 1133:(reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the 1099: 1062: 946: 403: 352: 255: 4355: 4181: 2712:(sometimes known as bayous in the United States) are a form of 1222:. It is one of the few monuments left by the Persian Empire in 192:

of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as

5348: 4789: 4234: 3980:"Panama Canal Opens $ 5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes" 1904:

and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the

1389:

More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the

356: 181: 4145: 4103: 2728:; the Gold Coast has over 890 km of residential canals. 2226:

sits, isolated decaying machines, today tourist attractions.

494:

to feed the early United States industries in the pioneer-era

4113: 2732:

are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so

4050:

European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition

2165:(1897), though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914. 1900:. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of 1736:. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal. 1993:. Other cities with extensive power canal systems include 591:

to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or

3935:

Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue

2009:. The most notable power canal was built in 1862 for the 1655:

By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the

1560:

being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first

780:

allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g.,

459:

canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of

2138:

In France, a steady linking of all the river systems –

2060:

system until replaced by a channelized river waterway.

2011:

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company

1790:

cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods.

302:

of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the

4130: 2358:

Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as

2293:

Canals can disrupt water circulation in marsh systems.

1876:(opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of 1477:

of West Africa, several canals were constructed under

317:, making a navigable channel connecting two different 4012:

Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe",

2210:

The second choice for a Central American canal was a

1744:

towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard.

1442:, Netherlands. Another important development was the 4091:, International Association of Hydrological Sciences 3156:

List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom

2552:

Other cities with extensive canal networks include:

2044:

some canals were later drained and used as railroad

1636:

History of turnpikes and canals in the United States

659:

and providing transport there. Examples include the

5498: 5437: 5319: 5181: 5153: 5054: 5026: 4958: 4780: 4647: 4564: 4486: 4397: 3411:

Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats

1401:. The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the 595:in the dirt which could not operate in the winter. 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3408: 3110:, a non-human animal also known for canal building 1973:. Parts of the United States, particularly in the 3358:(1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York, 2187:opened in 1855.) The original proposal was for a 879:. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals. 804:the canal passes through, it may be necessary to 4062:World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present 3166:List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom 1568:, which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566. 1236:, by which they regulated the water flow in the 1035:Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States 231:. The best-known example of such a canal is the 3864: 3862: 3860: 3793:Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years 3791:Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file 3302:Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures 2189:sea-level canal through what is today Nicaragua 1423:and assist transportation of goods and people. 417:Those connected in a city network: such as the 3847: 3845: 3843: 2261:(used as currency). A U.S. military zone, the 846:where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway. 784:), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g., 734:When a stream is too difficult to modify with 4367: 4193: 3872:. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990. 3771:"Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history" 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 1864:(opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the 1409:" and the oldest functioning canal in Europe. 911:and cranes to assist with movement of goods. 359:to raise river water levels to usable depths; 74:fuelled the industrial revolution in much of 8: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 2206:Abandoned DeLessups equipment, Panama jungle 368:to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend. 169:). They carry free, calm surface flow under 3954: 3870:Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge 3680:An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury 2447:that many canal cities have been nicknamed 2191:, taking advantage of the relatively large 1606:, a nationwide canal system connecting the 1129:, canals date back at least to the time of 4374: 4360: 4352: 4200: 4186: 4178: 4089:The Basis of Civilization - Water Science? 3575:"Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel" 2419:Aerial view of the man-made canals of the 1282:and now helps to supply the city's water. 1202:of Persia ordered the construction of the 2529:are located along the lower mouth of the 1664:to go, not where a river happened to be. 1304:constructed the 87 km (54 mi) 4109:Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide 3966: 3887:(Second ed.). David & Charles. 3519: 3517: 3382: 3279: 1920:(finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and 1659:were becoming quite sophisticated, with 768:Smaller transportation canals can carry 4973:International scale of river difficulty 3711: 3394: 3245: 2239:took Panama province away from Colombia 1537:(1642), followed by the more ambitious 1393:built between 1127 and 1257 to connect 963: 340:Structures used in artificial waterways 180:In most cases, a canal has a series of 3726:The International Canal Monuments List 3663:Details text and data with cites from 1977:, had enough fast-flowing rivers that 1811:Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line 1667:The claim for the first pure canal in 973:The flight of 16 consecutive locks at 173:, and can be thought of as artificial 43:The Alter Strom, in the sea resort of 4156:Canal flow measurement using a sensor 3498:, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46) 3485:, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101) 3370: 2443:Canals are so deeply identified with 1564:canal built appears to have been the 1240:as early as the 3rd century BC. 7: 3047:or Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal 2945:List of canals in the United Kingdom 2269:, 2 TV stations, channels 8 and 10, 2067:A family rides a boat in one of the 1591:connecting the higher waters of the 598:The longest extant canal today, the 388:There are two broad types of canal: 1632:History of the British canal system 853:– a famous example in Wales is the 712:Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle 614:at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles). 4020:(4), George Allen and Unwin: 515, 3511:, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35) 3305:. New Delhi: S Chand and Company. 2696:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City 1712:In the mid-eighteenth century the 1575:built for industrial purposes, is 348:structures to improve navigation: 25: 4080:Science and Civilisation in China 3769:David Cornforth (February 2012). 2056:connected the Great Lakes to the 1805:in Birmingham, a point where the 1232:were also among the first to use 1216:Second Persian invasion of Greece 694:navigation. Examples include the 279:, a transportation canal between 3988:. Associated Press. 26 June 2016 3091: 3077: 3063: 2257:. The US dollar was and remains 1434:owners and to correct this, the 1411:Later, canals were built in the 1028: 1012: 1001:the longest and highest aqueduct 989: 966: 935:the bed and sides of the canal. 344:Both navigations and canals use 313:is a channel that cuts across a 5130:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3910:The Canals of the West Midlands 3482:American Journal of Archaeology 3223:Waterways in the United Kingdom 2099:, were built for commerce. The 2079:, which opened in 1829 between 1724:. He commissioned the engineer 1308:in 459 A.D. as a part of their 938:A canal fall is constructed by 5630:Water transport infrastructure 4170:New International Encyclopedia 3802:, accessdate=13 September 2013 3594:. Asian Educational Services. 2736:part of the wetland down to a 2303:Panama Canal expansion project 2103:, completed in 1832, connects 1932:built his first textile mill. 1807:Worcester and Birmingham Canal 70:Small boat canals such as the 1: 3819:Burton, Anthony (1995) , "3: 2026: 1778:, Lockport, New York, c. 1855 1111: 1092: 1084:The oldest known canals were 268:Types of artificial waterways 5296:Universal Soil Loss Equation 5246:Hydrological transport model 5140:Storm Water Management Model 3825:The Great Days of the Canals 3665:Glastonbury Canal (medieval) 3654:), Start point at River Brue 3588:Obeyesekere, Donald (1999). 2940:Canals of the United Kingdom 1971:hydroelectric power stations 1622:rivers, was opened in 1718. 1310:extensive irrigation network 1194:In the 5th century BC, 680:Canalization and navigations 27:Artificial channel for water 4048:Edwards-May, David (2008), 3827:, Twickenham: Tiger Books, 2974:Canals of the United States 2054:Illinois and Michigan Canal 1965:refers to a canal used for 1644:Lowell's power canal system 864:) across the valley of the 410:, other canals or seas and 5656: 5635:Artificial bodies of water 4800:Antecedent drainage stream 4131:National Canal Museum (US) 3908:Hadfield, Charles (1966). 3883:Hadfield, Charles (1981). 3773:. www.exetermemories.co.uk 3677:Gathercole, Clare (2003). 3591:Outlines of Ceylon History 3261:. US Bureau of Reclamation 2996: 2990: 2863:History of canals in China 2857:List of canals in Pakistan 2796: 2700:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1954: 1844:broke out; these were the 1657:Aire and Calder Navigation 1629: 1073: 1057:The transport capacity of 402:Those connecting existing 200:. A canal can be called a 29: 5564: 5536:River valley civilization 5419:Riparian-zone restoration 4293: 4215: 3798:19 September 2015 at the 3645:Start point at River Brue 2083:and Lake Erie, bypassing 2003:Manchester, New Hampshire 1276:Phoenix metropolitan area 1104:Indus Valley civilization 746:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 720:Riparian zone restoration 700:Northeastern Pennsylvania 219:A canal can cut across a 5599:Countries without rivers 5574:Rivers by discharge rate 5286:Runoff model (reservoir) 5251:Infiltration (hydrology) 4136:London Canal Museum (UK) 4014:The Geographical Journal 3407:Donald Langmead (2001). 2987:Lists of proposed canals 2362:for the installation of 1766:Trent & Mersey Canal 1716:, who owned a number of 1457:were developed with the 1264:North American Southwest 1165:Spring and Autumn period 1007:, Wales, United Kingdom 750:Canal latéral à la Loire 565:today primarily service 5271:River Continuum Concept 5036:Agricultural wastewater 3912:. David & Charles. 3561:March 24, 2014, at the 3126:Canal & River Trust 3040:Northern river reversal 2993:List of proposed canals 2851:List of canals in India 2716:popular in cities like 2544:Canal of La Peyrade in 2337:Seine–Nord Europe Canal 2218:company, which ran the 1995:Lawrence, Massachusetts 1714:3rd Duke of Bridgewater 1688:Sankey Brook Navigation 1266:in what is now part of 1247:— technology historian 441:, and the waterways of 264:, an optical illusion. 96:Cassinetta di Lugagnano 5594:River name etymologies 5521:Hydraulic civilization 5379:Floodplain restoration 5155:Point source pollution 4930:Sedimentary structures 3299:Sharma, S. K. (2016). 2895:Danube–Black Sea Canal 2769: 2726:Gold Coast, Queensland 2628:in Flanders, Belgium; 2549: 2440: 2424: 2421:Gold Coast, Queensland 2412: 2397: 2294: 2275:U.S.-style high school 2207: 2135: 2072: 2032: 1999:Holyoke, Massachusetts 1947: 1836: 1779: 1709: 1645: 1522: 1337: 1297: 1257: 1156: 1054: 877:Trent and Mersey Canal 535: 519: 513:Danube-Black Sea Canal 504: 495: 336: 291: 158:) or for conveyancing 125: 114: 102: 83: 63: 48: 32:Canal (disambiguation) 5206:Discharge (hydrology) 5168:Industrial wastewater 4649:Sedimentary processes 4064:, David and Charles, 3071:United Kingdom portal 2752: 2543: 2430: 2418: 2403: 2387: 2330:Kennet and Avon Canal 2292: 2249:). Its currency, the 2205: 2129: 2066: 2041:Aire and Calder Canal 2037:Manchester Ship Canal 2024: 1987:Lowell, Massachusetts 1938: 1819: 1774: 1704: 1650:Industrial Revolution 1643: 1626:Industrial Revolution 1604:Volga–Baltic Waterway 1595:and the mouth of the 1581:Boston, Massachusetts 1516: 1332: 1288: 1270:, United States, and 1262:was a society in the 1242: 1147: 1048: 979:Kennet and Avon Canal 855:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct 782:Manchester Ship Canal 754:Garonne Lateral Canal 528:Amsterdam-Rhine Canal 525: 510: 501: 485: 329:Westbury Court Garden 327: 275: 120: 108: 89: 69: 54: 42: 5625:Coastal construction 5311:Volumetric flow rate 4895:Riffle-pool sequence 4119:24 July 2008 at the 4087:Rodda, J.C. (2004), 4078:Needham, J. (1971), 3531:on November 30, 2012 3415:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3218:Waterway restoration 3213:Water transportation 3198:Volumetric flow rate 3176:Navigation authority 2620:in the Netherlands; 2231:Spanish–American War 2224:excavating equipment 1465:in Germany in 1398. 1459:Grand Canal of China 1206:through the base of 1177:Grand Canal of China 1150:Grand Canal of China 1076:List of Roman canals 997:The Llangollen Canal 606:. It stretches from 557:The surviving canals 196:, often just called 171:atmospheric pressure 133:artificial waterways 30:For other uses, see 5485:Whitewater kayaking 5480:Whitewater canoeing 5281:Runoff curve number 5125:Flood pulse concept 4151:Canal des Deux Mers 4141:Canals in Amsterdam 4026:1963GeogJ.129..515A 3821:Building the Canals 3629: / 3614:specifically from ( 3146:Irrigation district 2920:Canals of Amsterdam 2905:North Crimean Canal 2868:King Abdullah Canal 2702:near the centre of 2281:'s defeat in 1980. 2134:, from around 1870. 2130:A proposal for the 2069:canals of Amsterdam 1830:navigable aqueducts 1562:early modern period 1509:Early modern period 1455:summit level canals 862:World Heritage Site 571:ship transportation 5511:Aquatic toxicology 5424:Stream restoration 5389:Infiltration basin 5241:Hydrological model 4757:Sediment transport 4580:Estavelle/Inversac 4458:Subterranean river 4082:, C.U.P. Cambridge 3985:The New York Times 3634:51.1384°N 2.7358°W 3253:Thompson, Kristi. 3136:Environment Agency 2799:Lists of waterways 2770: 2550: 2441: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2367:telecommunications 2295: 2208: 2136: 2093:St. Lawrence River 2073: 2033: 1983:American Civil War 1948: 1866:Dismal Swamp Canal 1846:South Hadley Canal 1837: 1820:Aqueduct over the 1780: 1710: 1690:, which connected 1646: 1583:neighbourhoods of 1523: 1383:at Northover with 1338: 1298: 1280:Salt River Project 1238:Ancient Suez Canal 1220:Greco-Persian Wars 1181:Emperor Yang Guang 1157: 1055: 851:navigable aqueduct 626:Human made streams 536: 520: 505: 496: 337: 292: 194:slack water levels 126: 115: 111:Broek in Waterland 103: 84: 64: 49: 5607: 5606: 5584:Whitewater rivers 5490:Whitewater slalom 5321:River engineering 5221:Groundwater model 5182:River measurement 5110:Flood forecasting 4925:Sedimentary basin 4782:Fluvial landforms 4687:Bed material load 4463:River bifurcation 4349: 4348: 4311:Civil engineering 4071:978-0-7153-8555-5 4058:Hadfield, Charles 3919:978-0-7153-4660-0 3894:978-0-7153-8079-6 3834:978-1-85501-695-8 3739:on 10 August 2013 3426:978-1-57607-112-0 3312:978-93-525-3377-0 3161:List of waterways 2952:Great Bačka Canal 2930:Canals of Ireland 2925:Canals of Germany 2831:Mahmoudiyah Canal 2722:Texas City, Texas 2688:in Thailand, and 2676:, United States, 2431:Wharfs along the 2235:Hay–Herrán Treaty 2113:Kingston, Ontario 2058:Mississippi River 1926:Blackstone Valley 1894:Buffalo, New York 1868:(opened 1805) in 1856:(opened 1800) in 1848:(opened 1795) in 1826:Rexford, New York 1734:Bridgewater Canal 1706:Bridgewater Canal 1385:Glastonbury Abbey 1375:Glastonbury Canal 1137:on the Nile near 1098:, in what is now 1088:canals, built in 1023:seen from the air 873:Harecastle Tunnel 150:management (e.g. 94:, in the town of 72:Basingstoke Canal 16:(Redirected from 5647: 5569:Rivers by length 5404:River morphology 5306:Wetted perimeter 5211:Drainage density 4722:Headward erosion 4551:Perennial stream 4423:Blackwater river 4376: 4369: 4362: 4353: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4053: 4044: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3955:Edwards-May 2008 3952: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3855: 3853:Inland Waterways 3849: 3838: 3837: 3816: 3803: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3732:, archived from 3731: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3639:51.1384; -2.7358 3635: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3555:Cultural Context 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3414: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3341: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3296: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3141:Horse-drawn boat 3101: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3085:Transport portal 3082: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3066: 2969:Canals of Canada 2935:Canals of Russia 2915:Canals of France 2825:Ibrahimiya Canal 2759:Miraflores Locks 2634:Saint Petersburg 2449:"the Venice of…" 2405:Griboyedov Canal 2031: 2028: 2025:American canals 2007:Augusta, Georgia 1942:in the canal of 1918:Blackstone Canal 1886:Albany, New York 1880:and financed by 1677:Northern Ireland 1483:Askia Muhammad I 1448:guillotine locks 1372:In Britain, the 1335:Punjab, Pakistan 1218:, a part of the 1183:between Zhuodu ( 1116: 1113: 1097: 1094: 1032: 1016: 993: 970: 786:Caledonian Canal 722:may be required. 687:A stream can be 669: 202:navigation canal 21: 18:Irrigation canal 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5579:Drainage basins 5560: 5494: 5433: 5409:Retention basin 5369:Erosion control 5364:Detention basin 5315: 5231:Hjulström curve 5183: 5177: 5149: 5093:Non-water flood 5050: 5022: 4968:Helicoidal flow 4954: 4855:Fluvial terrace 4850:Floating island 4776: 4651: 4643: 4634:Rhythmic spring 4568: 4560: 4541:Stream gradient 4482: 4468:River ecosystem 4433:Channel pattern 4401: 4393: 4380: 4350: 4345: 4289: 4211: 4206: 4161: 4121:Wayback Machine 4100: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4072: 4056: 4047: 4034:10.2307/1794678 4011: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3850: 3841: 3835: 3818: 3817: 3806: 3800:Wayback Machine 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3693:on 15 July 2011 3690: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3563:Wayback Machine 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3348:Ronald W. Clark 3342: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3181:Proposed canals 3151:Lists of canals 3097: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3015:Nicaragua Canal 3001: 2995: 2989: 2801: 2795: 2793:Lists of canals 2747: 2666:Fort Lauderdale 2491:Shantang Street 2382: 2380:Cities on water 2374:Imperial Valley 2287: 2243:puppet republic 2241:, and set up a 2185:Panama Railroad 2181:Central America 2152:Freycinet gauge 2132:Nicaragua Canal 2029: 2019: 1985:. For example, 1967:hydraulic power 1959: 1953: 1862:Middlesex Canal 1754:Josiah Wedgwood 1679:constructed by 1638: 1628: 1602:In Russia, the 1529:connecting the 1517:Dutch canal in 1511: 1471: 1463:Stecknitz Canal 1410: 1397:with the river 1391:Naviglio Grande 1388: 1327: 1249:Ronald W. Clark 1246: 1230:Greek engineers 1114: 1095: 1082: 1072: 1043: 1036: 1033: 1024: 1017: 1008: 994: 985: 971: 925: 844:inclined planes 798: 672:North Sea Canal 663: 645:Canal de Briare 633:dykes or levees 620: 559: 541: 386: 384:Types of canals 342: 319:drainage basins 315:drainage divide 270: 221:drainage divide 160:water transport 92:Naviglio Grande 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5642: 5640:Infrastructure 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Stone skipping 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:Drop structure 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Balancing lake 5331: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Playfair's law 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216:Exner equation 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Bradshaw model 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5088:Urban flooding 5080: 5075: 5073:Crevasse splay 5070: 5068:100-year flood 5064: 5062: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5028:Surface runoff 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5008:Stream capture 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Rock-cut basin 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Suspended load 4759: 4754: 4752:Secondary flow 4749: 4744: 4742:Retrogradation 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707:Dissolved load 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4639:Spring horizon 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Mineral spring 4621: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4605:list in the US 4602: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4531:Stream channel 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453:Drainage basin 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4413:Alluvial river 4409: 4407: 4395: 4394: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209:Infrastructure 4207: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4098:External links 4096: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4070: 4054: 4045: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3971: 3969:, p. 191. 3959: 3947: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3893: 3875: 3856: 3839: 3833: 3804: 3784: 3761: 3749: 3716: 3704: 3669: 3656: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3566: 3542: 3513: 3500: 3487: 3472: 3454: 3442: 3425: 3399: 3397:, p. 269. 3387: 3375: 3373:, p. 161. 3363: 3344:"Works of Man" 3325: 3311: 3284: 3272: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3114:Canal elevator 3111: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3088: 3074: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3035:Two Seas Canal 3032: 3030:Sulawesi Canal 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3010:Istanbul Canal 3007: 2991:Main article: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2902: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2878:Qanat al-Jaish 2875: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2815:El Salam Canal 2812: 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2746: 2743: 2718:Miami, Florida 2487:Pingjiang Road 2475:of Russia and 2473:St. Petersburg 2409:St. Petersburg 2381: 2378: 2286: 2283: 2193:Lake Nicaragua 2018: 2015: 1955:Main article: 1952: 1949: 1906:Atlantic Ocean 1858:South Carolina 1726:James Brindley 1627: 1624: 1597:Neponset River 1510: 1507: 1503:Mossi Kingdoms 1475:Songhai Empire 1470: 1467: 1363:Fossa Carolina 1354:bulk transport 1326: 1323: 1187:) and Yuhang ( 1115: 3000 BC 1096: 4000 BC 1071: 1070:Ancient canals 1068: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1009: 995: 988: 986: 972: 965: 924: 921: 884:contour canals 838:, which use a 834:, such as the 797: 794: 766: 765: 731: 730: 729:Lateral canals 724: 723: 682: 681: 677: 676: 652: 628: 627: 619: 616: 558: 555: 540: 537: 480: 479: 449: 448: 447: 446: 423:and others of 415: 397: 396: 385: 382: 370: 369: 363: 360: 341: 338: 331:: the garden " 304:drainage basin 269: 266: 261:Martian canals 210:drainage basin 90:Bridge on the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5652: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Surface water 5549: 5547: 5546:Sacred waters 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Riparian zone 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Body of water 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Riverboarding 5463: 5461: 5460:River surfing 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184:and modelling 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5145:Return period 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Flood control 5103: 5101: 5100:Flood barrier 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Palaeochannel 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:Granular flow 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438:Channel types 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Braided river 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4164:"Canal" 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4146:Canal du Midi 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052:, Euromapping 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3967:Hadfield 1986 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885:The Canal Age 3879: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3759:pages 193-194 3758: 3753: 3750: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601:9788120613638 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3530: 3526: 3525:"The Hohokam" 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3385:, p. 16. 3384: 3383:Hadfield 1986 3379: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3356:0-670-80483-5 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3282:, p. 22. 3281: 3280:Hadfield 1986 3276: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005:Eurasia Canal 3003: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964:North America 2962: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:ships in the 2756: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710:Canal estates 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:in Pakistan. 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656:in Portugal; 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531:Yangtze River 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439:, Netherlands 2438: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396:, Netherlands 2395: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2319:Croydon Canal 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:globalization 2291: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Lachine Canal 2086: 2085:Niagara Falls 2082: 2078: 2077:Welland Canal 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2046:rights-of-way 2042: 2038: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1944:Gabčíkovo Dam 1941: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1930:Samuel Slater 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:New York City 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:Massachusetts 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Worcester Bar 1799: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681:Thomas Steers 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669:Great Britain 1665: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593:Charles River 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539:Canal du Midi 1536: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1419:to drain the 1418: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:raw materials 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:Caoyun System 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:ancient China 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Pepi I Meryre 1128: 1124: 1120: 1109: 1108:ancient India 1105: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1021:Corinth Canal 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 992: 987: 984: 980: 976: 969: 964: 962: 960: 954: 952: 948: 943: 941: 936: 934: 930: 922: 920: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 898: 894: 888: 885: 880: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 836:Falkirk Wheel 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 795: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 763: 762:Juliana Canal 759: 758:Welland Canal 755: 751: 747: 743: 742: 741:lateral canal 737: 733: 732: 728: 727: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 691: 686: 685: 684: 679: 678: 673: 667: 662: 658: 653: 650: 646: 642: 641:Canal du Midi 638: 634: 630: 629: 625: 624: 623: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 589: 583: 581: 577: 572: 568: 564: 556: 554: 551: 546: 538: 534:, Netherlands 533: 529: 524: 518: 514: 509: 500: 493: 489: 484: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 450: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400: 399: 398: 394: 391: 390: 389: 383: 381: 379: 375: 367: 364: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 347: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 267: 265: 263: 262: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 152:flood control 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 124: 119: 113:, Netherlands 112: 107: 101: 97: 93: 88: 81: 80:United States 77: 73: 68: 62: 58: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5589:Flash floods 5541:River cruise 5438:River sports 5338: 5291:Stream gauge 5276:Rouse number 5266:Relief ratio 5115:Flood-meadow 5046:Urban runoff 4960:Fluvial flow 4945:River valley 4915:River island 4880:Meander scar 4795:Alluvial fan 4737:Progradation 4612:Karst spring 4556:Winterbourne 4511:Chalk stream 4473:River source 4448:Distributary 4316:Construction 4301:Architecture 4297: 4224: 4168: 4088: 4079: 4061: 4049: 4017: 4013: 4005:Bibliography 3990:. Retrieved 3983: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3939:, retrieved 3934: 3928: 3909: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3869: 3852: 3824: 3820: 3787: 3777:14 September 3775:. Retrieved 3764: 3752: 3741:, retrieved 3734:the original 3725: 3719: 3712:Calvert 1963 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3688:the original 3679: 3672: 3659: 3610: 3590: 3583: 3569: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3535:November 30, 3533:. Retrieved 3529:the original 3508: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3475: 3457: 3445: 3437: 3430:. Retrieved 3410: 3402: 3395:Needham 1971 3390: 3378: 3366: 3343: 3316:. Retrieved 3301: 3275: 3265:15 September 3263:. Retrieved 3259:www.usbr.gov 3258: 3248: 3203:Water bridge 3189: 3186:Roman canals 3131:Canal tunnel 3118: 3099:Water portal 3045:Balkan Canal 2979:Panama Canal 2963: 2889: 2844: 2804: 2771: 2763:Panama Canal 2708: 2694: 2684:in Vietnam, 2664:in Germany; 2632:in England; 2551: 2481: 2479:of Belgium. 2471:of Germany, 2462: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2371: 2357: 2334: 2326:hotel barges 2323: 2315: 2307:Post-Panamax 2296: 2279:Jimmy Carter 2259:legal tender 2228: 2212:Panama Canal 2209: 2178: 2170:Biwako canal 2167: 2156: 2137: 2121:Lower Canada 2117:Upper Canada 2109:Ottawa River 2101:Rideau Canal 2081:Lake Ontario 2074: 2050: 2034: 2017:19th century 1962: 1960: 1951:Power canals 1922:Rhode Island 1890:Hudson River 1854:Santee Canal 1838: 1828:, one of 32 1822:Mohawk River 1800: 1792: 1788: 1784:The Midlands 1781: 1762:Oxford Canal 1750: 1746: 1738: 1730:River Irwell 1711: 1696:River Mersey 1685: 1666: 1654: 1647: 1601: 1579:between the 1577:Mother Brook 1570: 1566:Exeter Canal 1547: 1527:Briare Canal 1524: 1472: 1452: 1425: 1373: 1371: 1346:animal drawn 1339: 1333:Thal Canal, 1299: 1291:Anuradhapura 1258: 1243: 1228: 1204:Xerxes Canal 1193: 1158: 1083: 1059:pack animals 1056: 1005:Denbighshire 955: 944: 940:cut and fill 937: 928: 926: 913: 902: 897:back pumping 889: 881: 870: 848: 829: 822: 814: 799: 790:Panama Canal 767: 739: 736:canalization 735: 725: 714:, and canal 696:Lehigh Canal 688: 683: 649:Panama Canal 636: 621: 618:Construction 604:Yellow River 597: 584: 575: 560: 545:Lehigh Canal 542: 492:Lehigh Canal 469:power canals 467:uses, hydro 457:water supply 428: 420:Canal Grande 418: 387: 371: 343: 310: 308: 295: 293: 289:Lappeenranta 277:Saimaa Canal 259: 253: 249:water supply 241:Roman Empire 237: 233:Panama Canal 218: 201: 197: 193: 188:that create 179: 132: 128: 127: 36: 5450:Fly fishing 5374:Fish ladder 5359:Daylighting 5078:Flash flood 5041:First flush 4988:Plunge pool 4712:Downcutting 4697:Debris flow 4672:Aggradation 4546:Stream pool 4280:Storm drain 4250:Interchange 3957:, p. . 3714:, p. . 3637: / 3496:Antike Welt 3432:15 February 3120:Calle canal 3020:Salwa Canal 2810:Bahr Yussef 2714:subdivision 2652:in Poland; 2636:in Russia; 2423:, Australia 2364:fibre optic 2353:Netherlands 2311:New Panamax 2285:Modern uses 2030: 1825 1979:water power 1963:power canal 1957:Power canal 1910:Great Lakes 1842:War of 1812 1796:canal mania 1673:Newry Canal 1661:pound locks 1612:Caspian Sea 1521:, Sri Lanka 1495:Niger River 1428:flash locks 1413:Netherlands 1367:Charlemagne 1342:Middle Ages 1325:Middle Ages 1319:Thissa Wawa 1289:Yodha Ela, 1234:canal locks 1210:peninsula, 1208:Mount Athos 1090:Mesopotamia 923:Canal falls 916:stop planks 905:canal basin 825:flash locks 778:ship canals 774:narrowboats 708:Basse Saône 704:coal Region 664: [ 637:canal prism 600:Grand Canal 588:World War I 576:much faster 563:ship canals 473:agriculture 57:Royal Canal 5614:Categories 5556:Wild river 5236:Hydrograph 5226:Hack's law 5191:Baer's law 5135:Inundation 5120:Floodplain 5060:stormwater 5018:Whitewater 4890:Oxbow lake 4727:Knickpoint 4702:Deposition 4595:Hot spring 4536:Streamflow 4526:Stream bed 4443:Confluence 4341:Urban park 4321:Playground 4245:Footbridge 3697:2 February 3643: ( 3621:51°08′18″N 3449:Herodotus 3371:Rodda 2004 3255:"Glossary" 3235:References 3228:Weigh lock 3208:Waterscape 3025:Thai Canal 2999:Ship canal 2997:See also: 2837:Suez Canal 2787:Bude Canal 2774:narrowboat 2680:in China, 2670:Cape Coral 2630:Birmingham 2606:Leeuwarden 2558:Amersfoort 2453:city state 2433:Oudegracht 2351:, and the 2263:Canal Zone 2220:Suez Canal 2216:De Lessups 2174:Tone canal 2163:Kiel Canal 2159:Suez Canal 1991:horsepower 1874:Erie Canal 1834:Erie Canal 1776:Erie Canal 1758:Birmingham 1722:Manchester 1718:coal mines 1708:in England 1630:See also: 1608:Baltic Sea 1444:mitre gate 1381:River Brue 1212:Chalkidiki 1196:Achaemenid 1119:reservoirs 1086:irrigation 1074:See also: 999:traverses 951:turbulence 929:canal fall 893:reservoirs 832:boat lifts 818:pound lock 661:Lage Vaart 569:and large 567:bulk cargo 550:metallurgy 539:Importance 503:River zone 488:Anthracite 476:irrigation 346:engineered 300:stream bed 296:navigation 247:were such 206:discharges 190:reservoirs 167:water taxi 156:irrigation 146:built for 141:engineered 45:Warnemünde 5526:Limnology 5475:Triathlon 5445:Canyoning 5414:Revetment 5344:Check dam 5256:Main stem 5013:Waterfall 4900:Point bar 4885:Mouth bar 4825:Billabong 4772:Water gap 4767:Wash load 4747:Saltation 4667:Anabranch 4590:Holy well 4478:Tributary 4298:See also: 3941:8 October 3743:8 October 3624:2°44′09″W 2738:navigable 2704:Liverpool 2638:Bydgoszcz 2602:Harlingen 2586:Enkhuizen 2582:Dordrecht 2574:Den Bosch 2527:Changzhou 2459:Amsterdam 2394:Amsterdam 2388:A canal ( 2360:easements 2255:US dollar 1975:Northeast 1914:railroads 1898:Lake Erie 1888:, on the 1694:with the 1692:St Helens 1683:in 1741. 1589:Hyde Park 1573:mill race 1479:Sunni Ali 1440:Vreeswijk 1432:watermill 1315:Kala Wewa 1306:Yodha Ela 1302:Sinhalese 1295:Sri Lanka 1253:Canal age 1169:Sima Qian 1121:built at 1049:Canal in 983:Wiltshire 975:Caen Hill 866:River Dee 690:canalized 465:municipal 453:Aqueducts 435:Amsterdam 393:Waterways 378:aqueducts 245:aqueducts 229:elevation 137:waterways 121:Canal in 109:Canal in 47:, Germany 5329:Aqueduct 5196:Baseflow 5163:Effluent 4840:Cut bank 4805:Avulsion 4682:Bed load 4662:Abrasion 4265:Pipeline 4260:Overpass 4240:Drainage 4230:Causeway 4117:Archived 4060:(1986), 3796:Archived 3559:Archived 3468:30073214 3057:See also 2734:dredging 2730:Wetlands 2724:and the 2646:Szczecin 2590:Franeker 2562:Bolsward 2548:, France 2535:Lake Tai 2523:Yangzhou 2499:Shanghai 2464:grachten 2411:, Russia 2172:and the 2097:Montreal 2087:and the 2039:and the 1878:New York 1870:Virginia 1809:and the 1764:and the 1614:via the 1491:Timbuktu 1485:between 1417:Flanders 1200:Xerxes I 1189:Hangzhou 1135:cataract 1053:, France 959:diffused 933:scouring 810:puddling 796:Features 776:, while 647:and the 612:Hangzhou 580:railways 532:Rijswijk 486:Loading 430:grachten 374:viaducts 251:canals. 163:vehicles 148:drainage 144:channels 78:and the 5506:Aquifer 5499:Related 5455:Rafting 4983:Meander 4978:Log jam 4940:Thalweg 4845:Estuary 4717:Erosion 4654:erosion 4566:Springs 4521:Current 4488:Streams 4428:Channel 4391:springs 4387:streams 4336:Theatre 4331:Stadium 4173:. 1905. 4042:1794678 4022:Bibcode 3992:26 June 3509:Skyllis 3451:VII, 22 3318:31 July 3191:Torksey 3171:Mooring 3051:Iranrud 2909:Ukraine 2899:Romania 2839:(Egypt) 2833:(Egypt) 2827:(Egypt) 2783:Suezmax 2778:Panamax 2761:on the 2755:Panamax 2686:Bangkok 2682:Cần Thơ 2678:Wenzhou 2674:Florida 2658:Hamburg 2650:Wrocław 2618:Utrecht 2598:Haarlem 2566:Brielle 2554:Alkmaar 2519:Taizhou 2515:Nantong 2507:Jiaxing 2495:Nanjing 2469:Hamburg 2437:Utrecht 2349:Germany 2345:Belgium 2313:ships. 2183:. (The 2107:on the 1908:to the 1832:on the 1741:towpath 1543:Béziers 1519:Negombo 1473:In the 1421:polders 1407:navigli 1403:lombard 1340:In the 1268:Arizona 1260:Hohokam 1185:Beijing 1041:History 977:on the 875:on the 857:(now a 840:caisson 802:stratum 608:Beijing 593:ditches 517:Romania 490:on the 463:water, 461:potable 443:Bangkok 439:Utrecht 309:A true 281:Finland 223:atop a 61:Ireland 5620:Canals 5301:WAFLEX 5173:Sewage 5056:Floods 4998:Riffle 4993:Rapids 4935:Strath 4905:Ravine 4830:Canyon 4585:Geyser 4516:Coulee 4501:Bourne 4496:Arroyo 4399:Rivers 4383:Rivers 4326:Public 4285:Tunnel 4275:Skyway 4220:Bridge 4068: 4040: 3916: 3891: 3851:Rolt, 3831: 3598: 3466: 3423: 3361:horse. 3354: 3309: 3108:Beaver 2956:Serbia 2890:Europe 2872:Jordan 2805:Africa 2767:Panama 2698:was a 2690:Lahore 2662:Berlin 2654:Aveiro 2642:Gdańsk 2622:Brugge 2610:Leiden 2578:Dokkum 2525:, and 2511:Huzhou 2483:Suzhou 2477:Bruges 2445:Venice 2390:Gracht 2341:France 2251:Balboa 2247:Panama 2214:. The 2105:Ottawa 2005:, and 1940:Sluice 1872:. The 1860:, the 1585:Dedham 1499:Walata 1487:Kabara 1469:Africa 1399:Ticino 1377: 1272:Sonora 1245:horse. 1224:Europe 1154:Suzhou 1123:Girnar 1102:. The 909:wharfs 859:UNESCO 770:barges 675:canal. 657:polder 427:; the 425:Venice 412:oceans 408:rivers 285:Russia 214:valley 198:levels 175:rivers 165:(e.g. 129:Canals 123:Venice 76:Europe 5399:Levee 5384:Flume 5339:Canal 5083:Flood 5003:Shoal 4870:Gully 4865:Gulch 4835:Chine 4820:Bayou 4677:Armor 4629:Ponor 4404:lists 4306:Arena 4255:Levee 4225:Canal 4038:JSTOR 3737:(PDF) 3730:(PDF) 3691:(PDF) 3684:(PDF) 3464:JSTOR 3240:Notes 2819:Egypt 2745:Boats 2614:Sneek 2594:Gouda 2570:Delft 2392:) in 2343:with 2267:bases 2148:Saône 2144:Rhône 2140:Rhine 1896:, at 1882:bonds 1620:Volga 1558:Weser 1535:Seine 1531:Loire 1436:pound 1395:Milan 1350:mules 1198:king 1139:Aswan 1127:Egypt 1080:Qanat 1063:carts 716:Aisne 668:] 561:Most 530:near 404:lakes 366:locks 353:weirs 333:Canal 311:canal 287:, in 225:ridge 186:locks 100:Italy 98:, in 5429:Weir 5394:Leat 5058:and 4950:Wadi 4910:Rill 4875:Glen 4860:Gill 4810:Bank 4652:and 4617:list 4600:list 4571:list 4506:Burn 4389:and 4270:Road 4066:ISBN 3994:2016 3943:2008 3914:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3779:2013 3745:2008 3699:2010 3596:ISBN 3552:p. 9 3537:2012 3434:2013 3421:ISBN 3352:ISBN 3320:2023 3307:ISBN 3267:2017 2882:Iraq 2861:see 2855:see 2849:see 2845:Asia 2753:Two 2668:and 2660:and 2648:and 2626:Gent 2624:and 2616:and 2546:Sète 2533:and 2503:Wuxi 2489:and 2335:The 2309:and 2273:, a 2119:and 1686:The 1634:and 1618:and 1616:Neva 1610:and 1587:and 1556:and 1554:Oder 1550:Elbe 1533:and 1489:and 1481:and 1415:and 1300:The 1148:The 1100:Iraq 1078:and 1061:and 1051:Sète 1019:The 947:ogee 806:line 760:and 526:The 511:The 471:and 376:and 357:dams 355:and 283:and 256:Mars 208:and 184:and 182:dams 154:and 135:are 55:The 5349:Dam 4815:Bar 4790:Ait 4235:Dam 4030:doi 4018:129 3823:", 3188:– ( 2672:in 2435:in 2407:in 2271:Pxs 2111:to 2095:at 1892:to 1824:at 1675:in 1497:to 1317:to 1159:In 1152:at 1106:of 1003:in 792:). 772:or 702:'s 698:in 610:to 515:in 437:or 433:of 243:'s 139:or 131:or 59:in 5616:: 4385:, 4167:. 4036:, 4028:, 4016:, 3982:. 3859:^ 3842:^ 3807:^ 3516:^ 3436:. 3419:. 3417:37 3350:, 3346:, 3328:^ 3287:^ 3257:. 2765:, 2720:, 2644:, 2640:, 2612:, 2608:, 2604:, 2600:, 2596:, 2592:, 2588:, 2584:, 2580:, 2576:, 2572:, 2568:, 2564:, 2560:, 2556:, 2521:, 2517:, 2513:, 2509:, 2505:, 2501:, 2497:, 2455:. 2355:. 2347:, 2321:. 2195:. 2146:, 2142:, 2048:. 2027:c. 2013:. 2001:, 1997:, 1961:A 1852:, 1768:. 1552:, 1505:. 1450:. 1369:. 1293:, 1226:. 1141:. 1112:c. 1093:c. 981:, 927:A 868:. 812:. 788:, 756:, 752:, 748:, 718:. 710:, 706:, 666:nl 643:, 582:. 455:: 406:, 321:. 294:A 258:, 235:. 216:. 177:. 4573:) 4569:( 4406:) 4402:( 4375:e 4368:t 4361:v 4201:e 4194:t 4187:v 4158:. 4032:: 4024:: 3996:. 3922:. 3897:. 3781:. 3701:. 3667:. 3647:) 3604:. 3577:. 3539:. 3470:. 3322:. 3269:. 3194:) 2958:) 2954:( 2911:) 2907:( 2901:) 2897:( 2884:) 2880:( 2874:) 2870:( 2821:) 2817:( 2245:( 2071:. 1794:" 1405:" 1255:. 1110:( 764:. 651:. 478:. 445:. 414:. 335:" 82:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index