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had murdered too. She gave an account of the Devil sending her on an errand to
Auldearn disguised as a hare. Her narrative went on to describe how while in that form she was chased by a pack of dogs; she escaped from them by running from house to house until eventually she had the opportunity to utter the chant to transform herself back into a human. She added that sometimes the dogs would be able to bite a witch when she took the form of a hare; although the dogs could not kill the
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mentions "Park's witches". Brodie was highly thought of by the minister and the lairds from the
Auldearn area who had asked for his intervention on prior occasions. His relative, the Laird of Lethen, was a witness at Gowdie's interrogations and visited Brodie at the time; he was probably the person who took the trial application to Edinburgh. The pair prayed together petitioning against the Devil and witchcraft.
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local trial in mid-July, transported by cart to
Gallowhill on the outskirts of Nairn where they would have been strangled and burned. Prior to 1678 most Scottish witches tried under a Privy Council commission were convicted and executed; Pitcairn shared the opinion that Gowdie and Breadhead were executed and most modern day academics, like historian
519:, who experienced the wrath of zealous, bigoted, ministers and local elite that were frightened of witches; she was a skilled story-teller who entertained relatives and friends with narratives of the supernatural. She suggests the tales recorded may have been the result of a talented orator responding to a "rapt audience".
470:, agree it would be the likely outcome. The possibility the pair may have been acquitted on the basis of mental impairment has been put forward by some historians; Callow suggests they may have been freed under the clauses attached to the commission and then been permitted to return to "quiet obscurity".
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always accurate when they fired the arrows but if the intended target, whether it was a woman, a man or an animal, was touched by the implement, she claimed they would die even if wearing a protective armour. Spells used to inflict illness and torment on Harry Forbes, the minister, were also described.
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There is no record of Gowdie being executed although this is not unusual as in 90 per cent of
Scottish cases the outcome is unknown due to the local records no longer existing. Wilby hypothesises that once the commission was returned to Auldearn, Gowdie and Breadhead would have been found guilty at a
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who first reproduced Gowdie's testimonies in 1833, basically to confirm the three previous testimonies coupled with an attempt to elicit more information about the members of the coven to enable charges to be brought against them. Forty-one people were arrested as the result of
Breadhead and Gowdie's
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after she encountered him and agreed to meet him at
Auldearn kirk. Taking the information she provided previously about the elf arrows a step further, she revealed the names of those killed, expressing regret for the deaths she caused and supplied names of other coven members with details of who they
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that frightened her. Gowdie claimed to have made clay effigies of the Laird of Park's male children to cause them suffering or death and that she had assumed the form of a jackdaw and, with other members of the coven who had transformed into animals like cats and hares, visited the house of
Alexander
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article, suggests it was because of her involvement in a conspiracy to torment the local minister, Harry Forbes, a zealous extremist who had a fear of witchcraft. Forbes was a witness at each of Gowdie's four interrogations. Accusations against Gowdie would have circulated for a lengthy period before
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prohibiting torture being used as a means of securing confessions from witches unless it was specifically authorised by the council. This led to a caution frequently being appended to commissions. In Gowdie and
Breadhead's case, the Council advised they should be found guilty only if the confessions
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for a local trial to be held. Together with the confession of her accomplice, Janet
Breadhead, some or all of Gowdie's confessions were sent with the request. According to Wilby, it is likely the confessions were received in Edinburgh around the middle of June 1662; the Register of the Privy Council
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Gowdie testified the Devil handmade elf arrows that were then enhanced by small roughly-spoken "elf-boys". The Devil allocated a number of arrows to each coven member with instructions they were to be fired in his name; no bows were supplied so the arrows were flicked by thumb. The witches were not
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with the individual chants used to turn into a cat, horse or various other animals supplied. Over the duration of all her confessions a total of twenty-seven benevolent or malevolent chants were given, more than in any other
British witchcraft case; three were transcribed twice but with significant
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A little over two weeks later, on 3 May 1662, Gowdie's second confession was transcribed. She expanded on details about the coven by providing the nicknames of its members and as many of the spirits that waited on them as she could remember; her own servant spirit, dressed in black, was called the
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The Brodie family were prominent landowners around Loch Loy and Auldearn; Lord Brodie had been a commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, presided over witchcraft trials and left diaries covering the period 1652–1680 that detail several aspects of witches and justice at the
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aspects contained in the fairy elements. Despite the Privy Council's April 1662 proclamation, torture was often still employed and Levack speculates some form of it may have been applied to Gowdie; she may have become unbalanced by the imprisonment and lengthy inquisitions. While kept in solitary
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Levack describes Gowdie's initial statement as "one of the most remarkable documents in the history of witchcraft" with academic Julian Goodare referring to her as "one of the most famous of all Scottish witches" whose "extraordinary confessions" include "some of the most remarkable on record".
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as a recurrent crime during civil unrest and in the mid-16th century; Gowdie described her first carnal experience with the Devil as being in 1647 when soldiers may still have been in the area and Wilby postulates the lurid sexual details may be Gowdie's "fantasy-response to the trauma of rape."
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was likely to have been involved in approving the commission; he was in Edinburgh at the time and he noted in his diary that he had been "excisd in ordouring the depositions of witches". The entry in his diary the following day describes a meeting with Colville when they discussed witches and he
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Gowdie's second testimony has a note on the back dated 10 July 1662 indicating the document had been appraised and the justice department found it germane; a further instruction was added to "Tak ceare of this peaper". On the same document the justice depute, Alexander Colville, added a signed
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and where they danced. She explained that brooms were laid beside her husband in his bed so he would not notice she was absent. The coven ate and drank the best of food at houses they reached by flying through the air on magical horses and entered via the windows. They were entertained by the
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487:, which can produce hallucinations and other mental instability. At least two other confessions from the 16th century, those of Andro Mann and Allison Peirson, reported encounters with the Queen of Elphame; later, in 1670, Jean Weir from Edinburgh, also claimed she met the fairy queen.
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The confessions are a blend of fairy and demonic beliefs without parallel in any other witchcraft case. They are more detailed than most and are inconsistent with much of the folklore and records from the witchtrials. It is unclear whether Gowdie's confessions are the result of
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Janet Breadhead was detained at Inshoch Castle and confessed to witchcraft the day after being named in Gowdie's first confession. Various spellings are used for her name: in Gowdie's confession, it is spelled Breadhead whereas her own confession gives her name as
507:, suggest Gowdie's narratives about sumptuous meals are indicative of a woman who was continually hungry; other details may be evidence of a powerless woman, angry and sexually frustrated by the austerity imposed by the ministers. Church and court records show
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with the Devil who she described as a very cold "meikle, blak, roch man". He had forked and cloven feet that were sometimes covered with shoes or boots. Details were given of taking a child's body from a grave and spoiling crops together with information about
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during 1662. Scant information is available about her age or life and, although she was probably executed in line with the usual practice, it is uncertain whether this was the case or if she was allowed to return to the obscurity of her former life as a
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that "This is the most remarkable witchcraft case on record ... referred to, in more or less detail, in every work relating to witchcraft in Scotland." According to Wilby, the confessions still remain at the forefront of academics debating witchcraft.
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region as she alluded to locations in the area. Likewise no detail is available concerning her age; at the time of her trial in 1662 she may have been aged anywhere from fifteen – although this is unlikely as she claimed to have participated in
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opined "Whatever satisfaction the return of King Charles the Second might afford to the younger females in his dominions, it certainly brought nothing, save torture and destruction, to the unfortunate old women, or witches of Scotland." According to
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Modern day academics characterise Gowdie, who was illiterate and of a low social status, as a talented narrator with a creative imagination. It is unclear why she came forward or was initially arrested but she may have suffered from
163:, major Scottish witch hunts occurred in batches; historians offer differing opinions as to why this would happen but generally agree that military hostilities and political or economic uncertainty played a part coupled with local
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are chronicled. Continuing on from the tale in her first testimony about the methods undertaken to kill any male children of the Laird of Park, the verse the Devil had taught them to chant while burning the effigies was relayed.
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On 15 May 1662 Gowdie was brought before her interrogators for a third time. Like her first and second confessions, and in common with many other Scottish witchcraft testimonies, the transcript begins by detailing her
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Descriptions of dining with the Devil and his beating of coven members and their responses to it are recounted. Salacious details concerning sexual relations with the Devil together with broad characteristics of his
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247:, hired by one of the tenants of the Laird of Park; in return for his labour he would have been provided with a cottage and the use of a small parcel of land. According to Wilby, their lifestyle and
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and landowners determined to seek convictions. Scotland had been subjected to nearly a century of vigorous oppression although areas in the north of the country had not felt the full brunt of
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Gowdie made four confessions over a period of six weeks; the first is dated 13 April 1662 at Auldearn. It is uncertain why she came forward; the historian John Callow, who authored her
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Records provide no information on Gowdie before her marriage to John Gilbert, who had no involvement in the witchcraft case. Wilby speculates that she would have been brought up in the
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fifteen years before her confession – to well into her thirties or fifties but she was certainly of child-bearing age despite there being no records of her having any children.
219:, a British historian who has undertaken a comprehensive study of Gowdie and her confessions, she was one of probably seven witches tried in Auldearn during this witch hunt.
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Miller, Joyce (2008), "Men in Black: Appearances of the Devil in Early Modern Scottish Witchcraft Discourse", in Goodare, Julian; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce (eds.),
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and first published in 1833, historians have described the material as remarkable or extraordinary and scholars continue to debate the topic in the 21st century.
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and king. Lurid information concerning carnal dealings with the Devil were also provided. A combination of demonic and fairy beliefs, the narratives were used by
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Rowan Tree and Red Thread: A Scottish Witchcraft Miscellany of Tales, Legends and Ballads; Together with a Description of the Witches' Rites and ceremonies
255:. Unable to read or write, Gowdie possessed a good imagination and the ability to express herself eloquently. Her daily life was spent in basic household
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Cumings. Some parts of her testimony, like her description of the king and queen of fairies, has been cut short when the notaries have just noted
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on her shoulder then sucked blood from it. Other meetings took place at several locations, for instance Nairn and Inshoch. She touched on having
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Normand, Lawrence (May 2012), "Emma Wilby, The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-Century Scotland",
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Wilby, Emma (2013), "'We mey shoot them dead at our pleasur': Isobel Gowdie, Elf Arrows and Dark Shamanism", in Goodare, Julian (ed.),
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Booth, Roy (2008), "Standing Within The Prospect Of Belief Macbeth, King James, And Witchcraft", in Newton, John; Bath, Jo (eds.),
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at Auldearn at night. Naming several others who attended including Janet Breadhead and Margret Brodie, she said she renounced her
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Goodare, Julian (2008), "Scottish Witchcraft in its European Context", in Goodare, Julian; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce (eds.),
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was larger than it is now and was surrounded by woodland, hills and sand dunes. Gowdie's husband was a farm labourer, possibly a
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for witchcraft trials and the deaths of his father, uncle and grandfather were publicly credited as being caused by witchcraft.
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The four confessions she made over a period of six weeks include details of charms and rhymes, claims she was a member of a
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Macdonald, Stuart (2017), "Counting witches: Illuminating and distorting the shape of witchcraft accusations in Scotland",
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were structured this way throughout Europe although her work was later discredited. Wilby opines there may have been dark
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MacCulloch, John Arnott (1921), "The Mingling of Fairy and Witch Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Scotland",
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The panel of interrogators felt there was ample evidence to secure a conviction against Gowdie so they applied to the
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Gowdie and her husband lived in the area around Loch Loy, about two miles north of Auldearn. In the 17th century, the
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Dudley, Margaret; Goodare, Julian (2013), "Sleep Paralysis and Scottish Witchcraft", in Goodare, Julian (ed.),
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saw the Scottish courts trying many cases of witchcraft and witch hunts began in about 1550. The parliament of
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Adverse weather conditions caused a sustained period of poor harvests from 1649 until 1653. The execution of
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has set a selection of Gowdie's transformation chants to music in the song 'Hare Spell' from her 2020 album
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These modern day descriptions mirror those of Pitcairn in 1833 and George F. Black in 1937 who wrote in the
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Her surname is sometimes spelled Gaudie or Goudie; women in Scotland did not assume their husband's name.
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confinement, she was probably prevented from sleeping and mistreated. Scholars, such as Callow and
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The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-Century Scotland
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Levack, Brian P. (2002), "Decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting", in Goodare, Julian (ed.),
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Isobel Gowdie Mural on Auldearn village green, an interpretation of the story of her accusation.
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have been remembered in a number of later works of culture. She appears as a character in the
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of Nairn, Sir Hew Campbell of Calder , and others to arrange local trials for both women.
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2168:"Witches in Word, not Deed – an exhibition at Central Library until 30 November 2023"
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had been volunteered without torture, that they were sane and without a wish to die.
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Gowdie is commemorated outside academia by songs, books, plays and radio broadcasts.
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The fourth and final confession, dated 27 May 1662, is, according to the historian
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Gowdie is one of only a handful of witches who have an entry in their own right.
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Goodare, Julian (2013a), "Witchcraft in Scotland", in Levack, Brian P. (ed.),
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The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
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Scottish woman who confessed to witchcraft at Auldearn near Nairn during 1662
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494:'s thesis about covens consisting of thirteen members; Murray also asserted
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several aspects of witchcraft included in Gowdie's confessions are seen in
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Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment Scotland, 1670–1740
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in Aberdeenshire, was convicted in early 1598; Peirson's case was at
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song titled 'Isobel Goudie' was one of many songs commemorating her.
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and rejected all traditional superstitions. He had been involved in
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in Auldearn, throughout the six-week time span of her confessions.
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so a strong belief in fairy traditions and folklore persisted. The
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statement beside the witness signatures endorsing the commission.
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An Orkney anthology: the selected works of Ernest Walker Marwick
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Goodare, Julian (2001), "Witch-hunts", in Lynch, Michael (ed.),
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Henderson and Cowan suggest Gowdie may have been alluding to a
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Wilby characterises Gowdie as a survivor of conflicts like the
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The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
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the monarch of Scotland in 1660; most historians connect the
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Marwick, Ernest Walker (1991), Robertson, John D. M. (ed.),
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as the basis for her now mostly discredited theories about
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Troublesome Things: A History of Fairies and Fairy Stories
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in 2010 he styled the composition as his requiem for her.
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is a work for symphony orchestra by the Scottish composer
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features Gowdie's alleged chant in their song Isobel.
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Witch-hunting in Scotland: law, politics and religion
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In 2023 there was an exhibition of thirteen figures,
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Her first confession described an encounter with the
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2216:Famine in Scotland – the 'Ill Years' of the 1690s
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457:On 10 April 1662 the Privy Council had issued a
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276:she confessed. She would have been detained in
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372:But I shall be in a woman's likeness even now.
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2340:Henderson, Lizanne; Cowan, Edward J. (2001),
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2166:edinburghcitylibraries (20 September 2023).
1068:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
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2615:Accused: British Witches throughout History
2142:"Witches in Word, Not Deed Exhibition Tour"
735:Colville had served as commissioner to the
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737:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
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3569:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall
2252:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
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2462:(1), Edinburgh University Press: 1–18,
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762:The name Andrew Mann is sometimes used.
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335:To turn into a hare Gowdie would chant:
273:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
151:in 1597 after his involvement with the
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1926:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
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1058:Callow, John (2007), "Gowdie, Isobel (
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345:With sorrow and sych and meickle care;
291:after she arranged to meet him in the
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2653:An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present
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2753:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham
2512:Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland
726:fairy when describing the elf-boys.
349:And I shall go in the Devil's name,
251:could be compared with present-day
2597:Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters
2382:The Scottish Witch-hunt in Context
2288:Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters
2234:Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters
1227:from the original on 16 April 2017
533:Calendar of Witchcraft in Scotland
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2807:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
2090:"The Confession of Isobel Gowdie"
2029:"About our staff, Julian Goodare"
157:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
2883:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers
2342:Scottish Fairy Belief: A History
2065:Lachman, Gary (20 August 2007),
2035:from the original on 7 July 2016
601:The Sensational Alex Harvey Band
2384:, Manchester University Press,
1426:Stevenson & Davidson (2001)
811:Stevenson & Davidson (2001)
588:The Confession of Isobel Gowdie
364:Hare, hare, God send thee care.
135:Scottish Witchcraft Act in 1563
110:The Confession of Isobel Gowdie
3604:People convicted of witchcraft
2218:, Edinburgh University Press,
2198:Witchcraft and the Act of 1604
617:The American heavy metal band
368:I am in a hare's likeness now,
358:To change back, she would say:
177:Castle of Park (Aberdeenshire)
1:
2998:Northamptonshire witch trials
2802:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor
2448:10.1080/0015587X.1921.9719207
3594:17th-century Scottish people
3507:Last person imprisoned under
3028:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
1876:Henderson & Cowan (2001)
1556:Henderson & Cowan (2001)
1505:Henderson & Cowan (2001)
1402:Henderson & Cowan (2001)
1081:UK public library membership
910:Henderson & Cowan (2001)
540:In literature, art and music
3599:17th-century Scottish women
2717:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms
2545:, Oxford University Press,
2478:, Scottish Academic Press,
2366:, Oxford University Press,
2322:Henderson, Lizanne (2016),
2308:, Oxford University Press,
2254:, Oxford University Press,
2031:, University of Edinburgh,
1888:Dudley & Goodare (2013)
1852:Dudley & Goodare (2013)
630:Edinburgh's Central Library
626:Witches in Words, not Deeds
353:Ay while I come home again.
25:According to the historian
3635:
3276:George and Lachlan Rattray
3146:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis
2968:North Berwick witch trials
2822:Society of the Inner Light
555:by novelist and occultist
212:Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe
194:took place in 1649 and an
153:North Berwick witch trials
80:and that she met with the
2639:Davidson, Thomas (1949),
2581:, Sussex Academic Press,
2559:Sutherland, Alex (2009),
2510:Pitcairn, Robert (1833),
2416:Levack, Brian P. (2015),
2398:Levack, Brian P. (2008),
65:at the end of the era of
3619:Witch trials in Scotland
3548:Witches' Well, Edinburgh
2613:Winsham, Willow (2016),
2286:Goodare, Julian (2013),
438:Commission of Justiciary
3078:Islandmagee witch trial
2727:Cunning folk in Britain
2519:Purkiss, Diane (2000),
2358:Hutton, Ronald (1999),
2078:(subscription required)
1902:, pp. 154, 156–157
642:Cunning folk in Britain
436:in Edinburgh seeking a
341:I shall go into a hare,
280:, most probably in the
3032:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694
2599:, Palgrave Macmillan,
2496:, Palgrave Macmillan,
2468:10.3366/jshs.2017.0200
2326:, Palgrave MacMillan,
2290:, Palgrave Macmillan,
2272:, Palgrave Macmillan,
2236:, Palgrave Macmillan,
2214:Cullen, Karen (2010),
1938:10.3366/jshs.2012.0040
1074:10.1093/ref:odnb/67741
527:
474:Modern interpretations
387:transform into animals
376:
299:and the Devil put his
76:in the service of the
34:
2978:Aberdeen witch trials
2067:"A Blondie bewitched"
525:
161:European witch trials
117:as a requiem for her.
24:
3048:Bideford witch trial
2817:Ordo Templi Orientis
2722:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2577:Wilby, Emma (2010),
571:, by Nancy Kilgore,
553:The Devil's Mistress
317:, also known as the
315:Queen of the Fairies
278:solitary confinement
253:developing countries
196:extensive witch hunt
131:Mary, Queen of Scots
3511:Witchcraft Act 1735
3383:Neopagan witchcraft
3176:Issobell Fergussone
550:biographical novels
400:pact with the Devil
198:started that year.
127:early modern period
3364:Christian Caldwell
3241:Euphame MacCalzean
3141:Katherine Campbell
3068:Pittenweem witches
3018:Witches of Belvoir
3008:Samlesbury witches
2958:Witches of Warboys
2898:Austin Osman Spare
2888:Madeline Montalban
1994:, pp. 209–210
1611:, pp. 610–611
1570:, pp. 611–612
924:, pp. 164–165
739:and was a staunch
557:J. W. Brodie-Innes
528:
517:Battle of Auldearn
305:sexual intercourse
259:and tasks such as
139:capital punishment
35:
3609:People from Nairn
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3527:
3526:
3493:
3492:
3402:Alexandrian Wicca
3377:
3376:
3355:Witch hunters and
3336:Major Thomas Weir
2911:
2910:
2771:
2770:
2763:George Pickingill
2643:, Oliver and Boyd
2624:978-1-4738-5004-0
2617:, Pen and Sword,
2606:978-1-137-35594-2
2588:978-1-84519-179-5
2570:978-3-03911-868-7
2552:978-0-19-924257-3
2530:978-0-14-028172-9
2503:978-0-230-50788-3
2485:978-0-7073-0574-5
2427:978-1-317-50356-9
2409:978-0-415-39943-2
2391:978-0-7190-6024-3
2333:978-1-137-31324-9
2315:978-0-19-957816-0
2297:978-1-137-35594-2
2279:978-0-230-50788-3
2243:978-1-137-35594-2
2225:978-0-7486-4184-0
2207:978-9-0041-6528-1
2172:Tales of One City
2122:on 29 August 2020
1878:, pp. 45, 58
1788:, pp. 63, 65
1750:Sutherland (2009)
1740:, pp. 71, 74
1738:Sutherland (2009)
1714:Sutherland (2009)
1172:MacCulloch (1921)
1079:(Subscription or
443:Sheriff principal
234:sexual activities
3626:
3538:
3504:
3485:Cecil Williamson
3412:Cochrane's Craft
3407:Gardnerian Wicca
3388:
3306:Annaple Thomsone
3296:Bessie Stevenson
3211:Gwen ferch Ellis
3156:Margaret Duchill
3121:Margaret Barclay
2938:
2853:Aleister Crowley
2843:Peter J. Carroll
2782:
2777:Ceremonial magic
2707:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2656:
2649:Valiente, Doreen
2644:
2627:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2555:
2544:
2533:
2515:
2506:
2488:
2470:
2450:
2430:
2412:
2394:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2336:
2318:
2300:
2282:
2264:
2246:
2228:
2210:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2112:"Go into a Hare"
2107:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:The Sunday Times
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1810:Macdonald (2017)
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1716:, pp. 74–75
1711:
1705:
1699:
1678:
1677:, pp. 32–33
1672:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1221:"Dr John Callow"
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:Henderson (2016)
1193:
1187:
1186:, pp. 35–36
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1055:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1004:
998:
985:
979:
973:
972:, pp. 81–82
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
898:
897:, pp. 30–31
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
780:
769:
763:
760:
754:
750:
744:
733:
727:
716:
710:
700:
694:
691:
685:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
581:Graham Masterton
380:
319:Queen of Elphame
155:in 1590 and the
92:and witchcraft.
33:'s 1592 drawing.
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3573:
3557:
3533:
3523:
3508:
3499:
3489:
3480:Doreen Valiente
3465:Frederic Lamond
3440:Robert Cochrane
3435:Charles Cardell
3422:
3416:
3373:
3356:
3350:
3326:Beatrix Watsone
3221:Grissel Jaffray
3136:Margaret Burges
3126:Magdalene Blair
3111:Allison Balfour
3106:Margaret Aitken
3093:
3087:
3058:Paisley witches
2948:Windsor Witches
2936:
2918:
2907:
2848:Andrew Chumbley
2831:
2827:Typhonian Order
2767:
2741:
2698:
2688:
2647:
2638:
2635:
2633:Further reading
2630:
2625:
2612:
2607:
2594:
2589:
2576:
2571:
2558:
2553:
2536:
2531:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2491:
2486:
2473:
2453:
2433:
2428:
2415:
2410:
2397:
2392:
2379:
2374:
2357:
2352:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2298:
2285:
2280:
2267:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2231:
2226:
2213:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1912:Goodare (2013a)
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1636:Pitcairn (1833)
1634:
1627:
1621:Pitcairn (1833)
1619:
1615:
1609:Pitcairn (1833)
1607:
1603:
1597:Pitcairn (1833)
1595:
1591:
1585:Pitcairn (1833)
1583:
1574:
1568:Pitcairn (1833)
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1532:Pitcairn (1833)
1530:
1523:
1517:Pitcairn (1833)
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1469:Pitcairn (1833)
1467:
1463:
1457:Pitcairn (1833)
1455:
1451:
1445:Pitcairn (1833)
1443:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1378:Pitcairn (1833)
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1354:Pitcairn (1833)
1352:
1345:
1339:Pitcairn (1833)
1337:
1333:
1327:Pitcairn (1833)
1325:
1308:
1300:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1057:
1056:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1007:
999:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
783:
779:, Fife in 1588.
770:
766:
761:
757:
751:
747:
734:
730:
717:
713:
701:
697:
692:
688:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:
650:
638:
593:James MacMillan
544:Gowdie and her
542:
492:Margaret Murray
476:
468:Brian P. Levack
430:
421:Robert Pitcairn
382:
379:Pitcairn, 1833.
378:
375:
370:
366:
359:
356:
351:
347:
343:
336:
269:
225:
169:Presbyterianism
123:
115:James MacMillan
102:Robert Pitcairn
86:Margaret Murray
17:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Gerald Gardner
3457:
3452:
3450:Stewart Farrar
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3357:Witch-prickers
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Issobell Young
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Isobell Shyrie
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Alison Pearson
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Barbara Napier
3253:
3248:
3246:Elspeth McEwen
3243:
3238:
3236:Beatrix Leslie
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Geillis Duncan
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:Pendle witches
2985:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Alpha et Omega
2794:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2610:
2605:
2592:
2587:
2574:
2569:
2563:, Peter Lang,
2556:
2551:
2534:
2529:
2516:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2484:
2471:
2451:
2442:(4): 227–244,
2431:
2426:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2390:
2377:
2372:
2355:
2350:
2337:
2332:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2296:
2283:
2278:
2265:
2260:
2247:
2242:
2229:
2224:
2211:
2206:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2158:
2133:
2102:
2081:
2057:
2045:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1957:
1942:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1864:Goodare (2008)
1856:
1841:
1829:
1814:
1802:
1798:Goodare (2013)
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1679:
1667:
1663:Winsham (2016)
1652:
1648:Winsham (2016)
1640:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1390:Purkiss (2000)
1382:
1370:
1358:
1343:
1331:
1306:
1285:
1270:
1258:
1237:
1212:
1208:Winsham (2016)
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1149:
1137:
1135:, pp. 8–9
1125:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1035:
1020:
1005:
1001:Goodare (2013)
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
847:Marwick (1991)
839:
835:Goodare (2001)
827:
815:
803:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
764:
755:
745:
728:
711:
695:
686:
676:
667:
657:
656:
649:
646:
645:
644:
637:
634:
565:Jane Parkhurst
541:
538:
475:
472:
429:
426:
361:
338:
332:
268:
265:
224:
221:
192:King Charles I
141:. Mary's son,
122:
119:
31:Peter Binsfeld
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Shapeshifting
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:Bessie Wright
3344:
3342:
3341:Janet Wishart
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Marion Walker
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Marioun Twedy
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Agnes Sampson
3284:
3282:
3281:Elspeth Reoch
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Helen Guthrie
3204:
3202:
3201:Isobel Gowdie
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Isobel Elliot
3169:
3167:
3166:Bessie Dunlop
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Margaret Bane
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:Alloa witches
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Kenneth Grant
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:Organizations
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:James Murrell
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:, Routledge,
2419:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:, Routledge,
2401:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2351:1-86232-190-6
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2261:0-19-211696-7
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2055:, p. 225
2054:
2053:Hutton (1999)
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2018:, p. 539
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:, p. 212
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:, p. 540
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:, p. 141
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:, p. 282
1954:
1953:Levack (2015)
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1914:, p. 301
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:Miller (2008)
1896:
1893:
1890:, p. 129
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1854:, p. 128
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:, p. 283
1826:
1825:Levack (2015)
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:, p. 174
1763:
1762:Levack (2002)
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:, p. 614
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:, p. 612
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:, p. 613
1598:
1593:
1590:
1587:, p. 611
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1534:, p. 610
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:, p. 609
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:, p. 550
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1471:, p. 608
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:, p. 606
1458:
1453:
1450:
1447:, p. 607
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:, p. 400
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:, p. 115
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:, p. 605
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:, p. 604
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:, p. 616
1340:
1335:
1332:
1329:, p. 603
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:, p. 107
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:, p. 121
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1174:, p. 237
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:, p. 155
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
982:Levack (2008)
978:
975:
971:
970:Levack (2008)
966:
963:
959:
958:Levack (2008)
954:
951:
947:
946:Cullen (2010)
942:
939:
936:, p. 165
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
912:, p. 134
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
871:Levack (2008)
867:
864:
860:
855:
852:
849:, p. 345
848:
843:
840:
837:, p. 644
836:
831:
828:
824:
823:Levack (2008)
819:
816:
813:, p. 398
812:
807:
804:
801:, p. 117
800:
795:
792:
786:
778:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
749:
746:
742:
738:
732:
729:
725:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
699:
696:
690:
687:
680:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
655:
654:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:Isobel Gowdie
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
539:
537:
534:
524:
520:
518:
513:
510:
506:
505:Diane Purkiss
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
473:
471:
469:
463:
460:
455:
452:
446:
444:
439:
435:
434:Privy Council
427:
425:
422:
417:
414:
408:
406:
401:
395:
391:
390:differences.
388:
381:
374:
373:
369:
365:
360:
355:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
331:
329:
324:
320:
316:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:social status
246:
242:
237:
235:
230:
223:Personal life
222:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
133:, passed the
132:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
111:
105:
103:
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:Isobel Gowdie
32:
28:
23:
19:
3519:Helen Duncan
3475:Alex Sanders
3455:Janet Farrar
3369:John Kincaid
3261:Alice Nutter
3231:Marie Lamont
3200:
3186:Agnes Finnie
3131:Janet Boyman
2917:Early Modern
2868:Dion Fortune
2655:, St. Martin
2652:
2640:
2614:
2596:
2578:
2560:
2540:
2520:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2417:
2399:
2381:
2361:
2344:, Tuckwell,
2341:
2323:
2305:
2287:
2269:
2251:
2233:
2215:
2197:
2189:Bibliography
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2146:AllEvents.in
2145:
2136:
2126:22 September
2124:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2116:fayhield.com
2115:
2110:Hield, Fay.
2105:
2096:16 September
2094:, retrieved
2084:
2070:
2060:
2048:
2037:, retrieved
2023:
2016:Wilby (2010)
2011:
2004:Wilby (2010)
1999:
1992:Wilby (2010)
1987:
1980:Wilby (2010)
1965:Wilby (2013)
1960:
1932:(1): 93–95,
1929:
1925:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1866:, p. 36
1859:
1839:, p. 56
1837:Wilby (2010)
1832:
1812:, p. 14
1805:
1800:, p. 10
1793:
1786:Wilby (2010)
1781:
1776:, p. 65
1774:Wilby (2010)
1769:
1757:
1752:, p. 72
1745:
1733:
1726:Wilby (2010)
1721:
1709:
1704:, p. 33
1702:Wilby (2010)
1675:Wilby (2010)
1670:
1665:, p. 90
1650:, p. 85
1643:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1563:
1558:, p. 77
1551:
1546:, p. 86
1544:Wilby (2010)
1539:
1512:
1507:, p. 55
1500:
1493:Wilby (2010)
1488:
1483:, p. 54
1481:Wilby (2010)
1476:
1464:
1452:
1421:
1414:Wilby (2010)
1409:
1397:
1392:, p. 88
1385:
1373:
1366:Wilby (2010)
1361:
1334:
1304:, p. 34
1302:Wilby (2010)
1283:, p. 32
1281:Wilby (2010)
1266:Wilby (2010)
1261:
1254:Wilby (2010)
1229:, retrieved
1215:
1210:, p. 89
1203:
1191:
1184:Wilby (2010)
1179:
1167:
1162:, p. 35
1160:Wilby (2010)
1145:Wilby (2010)
1140:
1133:Wilby (2010)
1128:
1121:Wilby (2010)
1106:Wilby (2010)
1101:
1096:, p. 12
1094:Wilby (2010)
1089:
1063:
1059:
1033:, p. 10
1031:Wilby (2010)
1018:, p. 31
1016:Wilby (2010)
984:, p. 82
977:
965:
960:, p. 55
953:
948:, p. 17
941:
934:Wilby (2010)
929:
922:Wilby (2010)
917:
895:Wilby (2010)
890:
885:, p. 30
883:Wilby (2010)
878:
873:, p. 42
866:
861:, p. 61
859:Booth (2008)
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
799:Wilby (2010)
794:
767:
758:
748:
741:Presbyterian
731:
714:
706:
702:
698:
689:
679:
670:
661:
652:
651:
625:
623:
616:
611:
605:
586:
585:
577:Night Plague
576:
572:
569:Bitter Magic
568:
560:
552:
543:
532:
529:
514:
489:
477:
464:
459:proclamation
456:
447:
431:
424:statements.
418:
409:
405:shapeshifter
396:
392:
383:
377:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
327:
286:
270:
238:
226:
189:
148:Daemonologie
146:
124:
108:
106:
94:
71:
37:
36:
18:
3553:Maggie Wall
3534:and museums
3266:Mary Pannal
3216:Janet Horne
3101:Lilias Adie
2927:In Scotland
2903:A. E. Waite
2523:, Penguin,
2177:24 November
2075:, p. 3
1728:, p. 8
1404:, p. 4
1368:, p. 3
1256:, p. 4
1147:, p. 9
1123:, p. 6
1003:, p. 7
825:, p. 1
771:Mann, from
597:BBC Radio 3
451:Lord Brodie
323:water bulls
267:Confessions
185:commissions
82:fairy queen
67:witch-hunts
3588:Categories
3500:witchcraft
3470:Sybil Leek
3251:Violet Mar
3226:Mary Hicks
2919:witchcraft
2893:Alan Moore
2878:James Lees
2703:Folk magic
2697:in Britain
2695:witchcraft
2373:0198207441
2151:28 October
1083:required.)
1062:. 1662)",
684:Breadheid.
648:References
217:Emma Wilby
200:Charles II
181:Covenanter
121:Background
42:witchcraft
27:Emma Wilby
3541:Monuments
3532:Monuments
3331:Jane Weir
3301:Anna Tait
3191:Maud Galt
3181:John Fian
2982:1596–1597
2962:1589–1593
2873:Phil Hine
2836:Magicians
2746:Magicians
2200:, BRILL,
2039:29 August
787:Citations
777:Boarhills
724:trow-like
705:: sighs;
612:Wrackline
608:Fay Hield
481:psychosis
428:Aftermath
413:genitalia
328:et cetera
165:ministers
3421:Neopagan
3391:Variants
2932:In Wales
2858:John Dee
2737:Nicnevin
2710:Variants
2651:(1975),
2436:Folklore
2033:archived
1231:16 April
1225:archived
709:: great.
636:See also
619:King 810
500:shamanic
485:ergotism
282:tolbooth
241:sea loch
229:Auldearn
204:declared
145:, wrote
98:ergotism
63:folklore
46:Auldearn
3562:Museums
3430:Artemis
3423:witches
3151:Meg Dow
3094:witches
3092:Accused
773:Rathven
720:brownie
707:meickle
297:baptism
261:milking
59:torture
3498:Modern
2941:Trials
2812:O∴A∴A∴
2732:Goetia
2621:
2603:
2585:
2567:
2549:
2527:
2500:
2482:
2424:
2406:
2388:
2370:
2348:
2330:
2312:
2294:
2276:
2258:
2240:
2222:
2204:
1077:
561:Isobel
310:covens
257:chores
245:cottar
55:cottar
3398:Wicca
2691:Magic
2092:, BBC
753:time.
653:Notes
546:magic
496:cults
289:Devil
173:Laird
143:James
90:cults
78:Devil
74:coven
50:Nairn
48:near
3509:the
3445:Dafo
3082:1711
3072:1704
3062:1696
3052:1684
3042:1658
3022:1619
3012:1612
3002:1612
2992:1612
2972:1590
2952:1579
2792:A∴A∴
2693:and
2619:ISBN
2601:ISBN
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