Islam in Myanmar - Knowledge

3081:. The resentments are deeply rooted, and result from both communities feeling that they are under siege from the other. The violence in February 2001 flared up after an incident in which seven young Muslims refused to pay a Rakhine stall holder for cakes they had just eaten. The Rakhine seller, a woman, retaliated by beating one of the Muslims, according to a Muslim witness. He attested that several Muslims then came to protest and a brawl ensued. One monk nearby tried to solve that problem but was hit over the head by the angry Muslim men and started to bleed and died. Riots then broke out. A full-scale riot erupted after dusk and carried on for several hours. Buddhists poured gasoline on Muslim homes and properties and set them alight. Four homes and a Muslim guest house were burned down. Police and soldiers reportedly stood by and did nothing to stop the sectarian violence initially. There are no reliable estimates of the death toll or the number of injuries. No one died according to some Muslim activists but one monk was killed. The fighting took place in the predominantly 1499:

A.D. was one of the most important events in the history of Arakan of Burmas' contacts with Islam. King Sandathudamma (1625-1648) first granted the Prince asylum from his brother Aurunzip who defeated him but later attacked after he tried to escape, allegedly after a failed rebellion. He escaped but his two sons and some soldiers were executed. The rest were treated to the water of allegiance and employed as Royal Archers and are the ancestors of present Muslim Kamans. The new governor of Bengal, Shayista Khan, attacked and took back the Arakan's Chittagong, Ramu, East Bangal, Sandwip, Dianga and up to the Naff river was annexed to Bengal. After the death of King Sandathudamma in 1684 A.D. the Muslim Kamans (the Royal Archers of the Guard) became very powerful and became the "King Makers" of the Arakan thrones. They were survived soldiers of Prince Shuja reinforced by the fresh soldiers from India. They set up kings, deposed them and created new onces as they like. Kamans dominated Arakan from 1684 to 1710.

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Muslim army who helped him retake the kingdom settled down there. They built the Sandi Khan mosque at the village of Kawalaung. With the return of Naramitlha began the Muslim domination of Arakan. According to the New Chronicle of Arakan, (Rakhine Rajawan Sac), to get the military assistance, Naramitlha had to surrender the twelve towns of Bhanga (Bengal) over which Arakan previously claimed suzerainty, to Sultan of Bengal and also had to agree to be feudatory to Bengal. Arakan thus remained to be a subject state of Bengal for a century (1430-1530); Bengal Sultans conferred Muslim titles on the kings of Arakan. There were nine Arakan kings with Muslim titles.

2051:, Pin Dale, Tabet Swe', Bhodhii, Syi Tha, Siputtara, Myae du and Depayin. In an inquest record ( Sittan, revenue inquest) copied from a MS, in the Royal Library of Amarapura, by an army officer from Kyauktalon in 1801 A.D., a list of 37 settlements established during the reign of King Sane' is given. Of these twelve are Muslim settlements. Another inquest record of 1783 mentioned how over 3,000 Muslims who migrated from Arakan had been disposed of in the military service of the king in 1071 sakkaraj (1709 A.D.) We could still see the Muslim settlements in these areas even to this day but of course much increased in the population. 2449: 3672:(Interview with Haji U Ba Thi alias Haji Adam (born 11 October 1908) a Panthay elder who had served for many years as chairman of the Trust of 'the Panthay Mosque, on 15 October 1997.) The Emergence Of The Panthay Community At Mandalay, by Professor U Maung Maung Lay. published in the "Essays given to Than Tun on his 75th birthday" in the book, "Studies in Myanmar History" volume 1, published by Innwa Publishing House (in 1999). Than Tun Diamond Jubilee Publication Committee. 158 (A) Yogi Kyaung Road. Hlaing XI, Yangon, Myanmar. 3140: 1449: 2893: 2943:

colonialism led to the rise of anti-Indian and anti-Bengal sentiment, both groups being mostly Muslims further fueled anti-Muslim sentiment in the country. Following an anti-Indian riot in 1930, racial tensions flared between the natives and mostly-Muslim immigrants from Bengals & India. Native Burmese sentiment turned against those whom they regarded as foreigners, including Muslims of all ethnic groups. Following this, an anti-Muslim riot occurred in 1938, strongly influenced by newspapers.

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followers or believers worship the shrine and those two brothers. Although all those worshipers are tralatitious Buddhists, they all abstain from eating pork, which is not a custom to Buddhism. It is a taboo to allow anyone to carry pork on the buses or cars, while going to that spirit festival still celebrating annually and attended by followers all over Burma. We can still see the vacant slot for the two pieces of brick allegedly triggered that tragic prosecution. So they became the first

2475:'s mayor Bai Sab and his clerk U Pain were arrested and sentenced to death. U Pain was the one who constructed and donated the Taunthaman bridge with more than 1000 teak piles and is still in good condition. Although the real background or aim of building the bridge was not known, before the bridge was built, British Ambassador Arthur Fair's ship could sailed right up to the Amarapura city wall but the bridge actually obstruct the direct access by British. 3117:

Mobs of Buddhists, led by monks, vandalised Muslim-owned businesses and property and attacked and killed Muslims in Muslim communities. On 15 May 2001, anti-Muslim riots broke out in Taungoo, Bago division, resulting in the deaths of about 200 Muslims, in the destruction of 11 mosques, and setting ablaze of over 400 houses. On this day also, about 20 Muslims praying in the Han Tha mosque were beaten, some to death, by the pro-junta forces. On 17 May 2001,

3030:. U Nu became the first Prime Minister of Burma in 1948, following Burmese independence. Shortly after, he requested that the Burma Muslim Congress resign its membership from AFPFL. In response, U Khin Maung Lat, the new President of BMC, decided to discontinue the religious practices of the BMC and rejoin the AFPFL. U Nu asked the BMC to dissolve in 1955, and removed it from AFPFL on 30 September 1956. Later U Nu decreed Buddhism as the 3010:

Yeye, a son of Ma Guanghua and he narrated the history of Panglang included the Japanese attack. An account of the Japanese attack on the Hui Muslims in Panglong was written and published in 1998 by a Hui from Panglong called "Panglong Booklet". The Japanese attack in Burma caused the Mu family to seek refuge in Panglong due to the family being Hui, but they were driven out again to Yunnan when the Japanese attacked Panglong.

2309:, several quarters were granted to Muslims for settlement. Also at this time, Mindon Min allocated space for several mosques, including the Kone Yoe mosque. He also donated teak pillars from his palace for the construction of a mosque in the North Obo district of Mandalay, and began constructing of a mosque in his own palace to accommodate the Muslim members of his bodyguards. Finally, he assisted in building a rest house in 2208:, U Paing (also a Burmese Muslim) who is noted for his efforts in building a two-mile-long bridge, made of teakwood, across the Taung Tha Man Lake. It is still useful and now has become a scenic area attracting picnickers and tourists. In 1850, the Governor of Bagan was also said to be a Muslim. Burmese kings employed a lot of Muslims in his inner circle: Royal bodyguards, eunuchs, couriers, interpreters and advisers. 7369: 6972: 2691: 2220: 7379: 3306: 3191:

reported that monks in the 2001 riots were carrying mobile phones, a luxury not readily available to the Burmese population, as very few without government connections can afford them. It is also reported that there was a clear split between monks who provoked violence and those who did not. It has been suggested by Human Rights Watch and others that these facts may reflect the presence of

2349: 2321: 3292: 1211: 2393:(meaning 'The End of Strife'). Mon soldiers surrendered and four Muslim rich men also surrendered with the expensive presents, ammunitions and four warships. Although conquered Yangon there are more battles to fight with Mons. So Alaungpaya rearranged the army. Pyre Mamet was one of the "Thwe Thauk Gyi" assigned to serve as the Royal Bodyguard. Alaungpaya attacked 2192:

son killed his own father and brothers killed each other to become a king. Even the first Burmese King, Anawrahta had killed his half-brother, King Sokkate. Sokkate had also forced and dethroned his own father King Kunhsaw. The army of King Anawratha (11th century) already boasted Indian units and bodyguards, Muslims apparently among them.

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under the Union (of Burma) Citizenship Act..... Thus mere race or appearance of a person or whether he has a knowledge of any language of the Union is not the test as to whether he is a citizen of the Union". Additionally, in 2005, the Ministry of Religious Affairs issued a declaration concerning freedom of religion:

3779:"Ahmed Shah, the Gaur Sultan" in M. Siddiq Khan's Muslim Intercourse with Burma p248 (contained in a journal published in Hydrabad, Deccan). According to An Advance History of India by R.C. Majumda, H.C. Raychaudery and K. Datta, the Sultan on the throne of Bengal at that time was Ghiyas-ud-din (fl. 1393-1410). 3130:

authorities alerted Muslim elders in advance of the attacks and warned them not to retaliate to avoid escalating the violence. While the details of how the attacks began and who carried them out were unclear by year's end, the violence significantly heightened tensions between the Buddhist and Muslim

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These events led to the creation of the Burma for Burmese only Campaign, which staged a march to a Muslim Bazaar. While the Indian police broke the violent demonstration, three Buddhist monks were hurt. Pictures of Indian police attacking the Buddhist monks soon appeared on Burmese newspapers, which

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Before Ramu and Pan War battles, Burmese army had a march. Among the Burmese army, Captain Nay Myo Gone Narrat Khan Sab Bo's 70 Cavalry (horse) Regiment, was watched by Maha Bandula. Muslim horsemen were famous in that Khan Sab Bo's 70 Cavalry (horse) Regiment. Khan Sab Bo's name was Abdul Karim Khan

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Before the 17th century, the English East India Company had to trade with Burma through the Muslim merchants who made the yearly excursion from the Coromandel Coast to Syriam at the end of wet monsoon. From those Muslim merchants, company obtained from Burma things like Martaban Jars, small supply of

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A. Journal of the Burma Research Society 15: 1-33. the coast from Assam to Malay with the curious mosques known as Buddermokan reverenced by the Buddhists and China-men as well as Mahomedans. B. Arakan Rajsabhay Bangala Sahitya (1600 - 1700 AD) Bengali Literature in the Kings' Court of Arakan By Dr.

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While the idea of monks actually leading rioters may seem unusual, certain details make it less so. Burma's large and much feared military intelligence service, the Directorate of Defense Security Intelligence, is commonly believed to have agents working within the monk-hood. Human Rights Watch also

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King Mindon (1853–78) donated the rest house in Mecca for his Muslim subjects performing Hajj. Nay Myo Gonna Khalifa U Pho Mya and Haji U Swe Baw were ordered to supervise the building. The king donated the balance needed to complete the building which was started with the donations from the Burmese

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Muslim artillerymen and riflemen served regularly in Burmese army and sometimes even as royal bodyguards because the Burmese kings never trust their own race. This is understandable because there was the custom that time that he who kills the king becomes a king. And in Burmese history sometimes the

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Sa Nay Min Gyi King (King Sane') of Ava (1698-1714) had two flotillas, named "Elahee" and "Selamat", both are Arabic Islamic names. These ships were recorded to have called at Forte St. George. These ships, perhaps, were built by the Arab ship builders at Syriam. In 1711, the missionaries exchanged

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Some coins or medallions bearing the kalimah (the Islamic confession of faith) and the name of the four khalifs of Islam in Arabic were discovered in Arakan. The tragic episode of the flight of Prince Shah Shuja the son of Moghul Emperor Shah Jahan (builder of the famous Taj Mahal) to Arakan in 1660

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The broadminded King Mindon of Mandalay, Burma permitted the Chinese Muslims known as Panthays to build a mosque in the capital, Mandalay. The Panthays of Mandalay requested donations from the Sultan Sulaiman of Yunnan. The Sultan agreed to finance the Mosque and sent his Colonel Mah Too-tu in 1868

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On 16 March 1997 beginning at about 3:30 p.m., following reports of an attempted rape by Muslim men, a mob of about 1,000-1,500 Buddhist monks and others gathered in Mandalay. They targeted the mosques first for attack, followed by Muslim shop-houses and transportation vehicles in the vicinity

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slur of "Kalal" used against perceived "foreigners" gained especially negative connotations when referring to Burmese Muslims during this time. Accusations of "terrorism" were made against Muslim organisations such as the All Burma Muslim Union, (causing;) Muslims to join armed resistance groups to

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In that year, General Ne Win immediately reduced the Haj quota for Muslims to 102 persons only in the whole country. From next year, since 1963, he totally prohibited Muslims from performing Haj. After 17 years of total denial of Haj pilgrimage, only in 1980, open back that blockage and allowed 150

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After King Thibaw's declaration of war on the British, the Burmese Army formed into three army groups in order to counter British offensives. One of those, Taung Twingyi defence chief was Akhbat Horse Cavalry Chief, Mayor of Pin Lae Town, Minister Maha Min Htin Yar Zar. His name was U Chone when he

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Bodaw U Wine (Padon Mayor, Padon Min) (1781–1819) of the Konbaung Dynasty founded Amarapura as his new capital in 1783. He was the first Burmese King who recognised his Muslim subjects officially by the following Royal decree. He appointed Abid Shah Hussaini and assistants, Nga Shwe Lu and Nga Shwe

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Later they also served the king as warriors, even as the special agents to infiltrate the enemy's inner circle. They were famous after they successfully infiltrated the Chinese King Utibua's bodyguards and drawn three lines with white lime on the Utibua's body and also wrote the threatening message

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attacked Arakan in 1404 A.D. Burmese General Minyekyawswa ousted the Arakin king Narameikhla. Narameikhla fled to Bengal and took asylum at the court of the Sultan of Gayr. He was reinstated as King of Arakan with the military assistance of the Sultan. The king founded the new capital, Myauk-U. The

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As of 24 July, the Rakkhine State Government estimated that there are over 61,000 people accommodated in 58 camps in Maundaw and Sittwe townships. 77 people died - 31 Rakhine nationals and 46 Rohingyans and 109 injured from both sides, and 4822 houses, 17 mosques, 15 monasteries and 3 schools were

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reports that there was mounting tension between the Buddhist and Muslim communities in Taungoo for weeks before it erupted into violence in the middle of May 2001. Buddhist monks demanded that the Hantha Mosque in Taungoo be destroyed in "retaliation" for the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan.

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system of ruling India and Burma in 1927, recommended that special places be assigned to the Burmese Muslims in the Legislative Council. It also recommended that full rights of citizenship should be guaranteed to all minorities: the right of free worship, the right to follow their own customs, the

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Under the British rule, their colonial economic stratification and discrimination intensified, with the native working class being left voiceless as the British easily replaced their manpower with cheaper and more obedient alternatives, from Bengals and elsewhere in India. The anger toward British

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During Pagan Min's reign, Mindon and his brother Ka Naung ran away with their servants to Shwe Bo and started a rebellion. U Bo and U Yuet were the two Muslims who accompanied the princes. Some Kala Pyo Burmese Muslim artillery soldiers followed them. U Boe later built and donated the June Mosque,

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During Bagyidaw's reign, in 1824, Gaw Taut Pallin battle was famous. British used 10,000 soldiers but defeated. During that battle Khan Sab Bo's 100 horsemen fought vigorously and bravely. More than 1300 loyal brave Kala Pyo Muslims (means young Indian soldiers) were awarded with colourful velvety

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Buddhists and Muslims clashed for three days in Mandalay in early 29 May 2014, after a tea shop owned by a Muslim man accused of raping a Buddhist woman was attacked by a mob. Organized gangs of several hundred people armed with knives, rods and firearms were reportedly involved in the subsequent

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pilgrimage to stay comfortably while they were there for about one and a half months. That act was one of the best testimonies in Myanmar history of how Myanmar kings looked after their Muslim subjects benevolently. Since the time of ancient Myanmar kings until the present day, successive Myanmar

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of Rangoon remarked: "Today, in the various parts of Burma, there are people who, because of the origin and the isolated way of life, are totally unlike the Burmese in appearance of speak of events which had occurred outside the limits of their habitation. They are nevertheless statutory citizens

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in the early 15th century, it was recorded that when Burmese traders and sailors traded in Malacca, Muslims workers were regularly arriving there. Those Bago (Pegu) seamen, likely to be Hindus, were also recorded by the Indian Historians of the 10th century. From the 15th to 17th centuries, there

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When Anaukpetlun (1605–28) defeated and concurred the Portuguese free-booter, Philip De Brito at Syriam and Bannya Dala of Martaban, who was previously subject to Siamese, in 1623 A.D., the (Muslim) Moores in Masulipatan rejoiced greatly hoping to get the trade of Pegu into their hands again and

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In the first week of June, based on these two incidents, riots broke out in Rakhine States where rioters torched and destroyed houses, shops and guest houses and committed killings. 77 persons – 31 Rakhinis and 46 Rohingyas – lost lives in the incidents. The injured from both sides accounted for

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to fight against the Japanese invasion of Panglong in 1942. The Japanese destroyed Panglong, burning it and driving out the over 200 Hui Muslim households out as refugees. Yunnan and Kokang received Hui Muslim refugees from Panglong driven out by the Japanese. One of Ma Guanggui's nephews was Ma

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All ethnic groups in Myanmar have been throughout the country since time immemorial. They have been living united in peace and harmony since the time of ancient Myanmar kings. Myanmar kings, in return, looked after the members of other Religious faiths by kindly giving them religious, social and

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and they pulled the rudder of the royal boat to show their displeasure. Then only, Anawratha ordered the building of the spirit-palace at Taung Byone and ordered the people to worship the two brothers. This was the clever Royal trick used to be played by the Burmese kings to execute the powerful

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arrived and curfew was imposed there in Taungoo. All communication lines were disconnected. On 18 May, the Han Tha mosque and Taungoo Railway station mosque were razed by bulldozers owned by the SPDC. The mosques in Taungoo remained closed until May 2002, with Muslims forced to worship in their

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Inside the palace wall, for the royal bodyguards, King Mindon himself donated and started the building of the mosque by laying the gold foundation at the southeastern part of the palace located near the present Independent Monument. This mosque was called the Shwe Pannet Mosque. That mosque was

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conquered Assam and brought back 40,000 prisoners of war. About half of them were likely to be Muslims. Maha Bandula and Burmese Army's war at Ramu and Pan War were famous. Burmese captured one big cannon, 200 firearms, mixed Sepoy Indian 200. Muslims amongst them were relocated at the south of

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On 9 June, mobs from both communities soon stormed unsuspecting villages and neighbourhoods, killing residents and destroying homes, shops, and houses of worship. With little to no government security present to stop the violence, people armed themselves with swords, spears, sticks, iron rods,

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On 22 September 1938, the British Governor set up the Inquiry Committee. This committee determined that the real cause of the discontent toward the government was deterioration of socio-political and economic conditions in Burma. This report was also used by Burmese newspapers to incite hatred

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For five days each year, Taung Byone village becomes a fairground. Taung Byone, 14 km (9 mi) north of Mandalay, has about 7,000 nat shrines, nearly 2,000 of them elaborate ones dedicated to the village's famous sons—the brothers Shwe Byin Gyi and Shwe Byin Lay. Up to the present, the

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The diplomatic relations between the Court of Ava and Muslim Court of the Moghul began in 1706 A.D., a Burmese was sent to Emperor Aurungzeb. In 1711 A.D. Emperor Shah Alam' sent a dress of honour's to King Sane' as a present. Burmese king dispatched back twelve elephants as a present. In the

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storms and weather, shipwreck and for a number of other circumstances. Some are victims of forced slavery but many of them are professionals and skilled personnel such as advisors to the kings and at various ranks of administration whilst others are port-authorities and mayors and traditional

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Dr. Tin Hlaing, leader of Myanmar delegates, at the Dialogue on Interfaith Cooperation at Yogyakarta on 6 & 7 December 2004, attended by 124 delegates from different religious traditions from 13 countries including 9 ASEAN members, organized by the Dept. of Foreign Affairs of the

3151:. The violence broke out after reports circulated that on 28 May an Arakan woman was raped and killed in the town of Ramri allegedly by three Rohingya men. Details of the crime were circulated locally in an incendiary pamphlet, and on 3 June, a group of Arakan villagers in 2908:

in 1559, he forced his non-Buddhist subjects to attend Buddhist sermon. Due to Theravada Buddhism being the official religion of Toungoo Empire, he pressured his non-Buddhist subjects to convert, which he also grew suspicious and discriminatory toward those who refused.

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or Syriam, and many Muslim artillery men were captured. Alaungpaya captured four warships and Muslim soldiers. They were later allowed to serve him. On the page 203 of the Twin Thin Teik Win's Chronicles of Alaungpaya's battles, it was recorded as only three warships.

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Muslims to perform Haj. Only in 2005 his successor military coup junta, SPDC or The State Peace and Development Council increase the quota to 200 persons. In 2017, during the NLD Government,7000 persons are allowed to perform Haj with the help of 50 Haj travel agents.

2123:, Anaukpetlun captured the city in 1613 following a long siege where he crucified Nat Shin Naung and de Brito. He enslaved the Indian mercenaries including the Muslims and five battle ships. The Muslim prisoners of wars were settled at the north of Shwebo. 3574:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.52. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963. He referred to (1) History of Mons (Burmese) Maung Naw, Retired Sitke, Kyakhto pp 76-82 (2) Shwemawdaw Thamaing (in Burmese) pp

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in 860 AD. Burma's contacts with Islam via Yunnan thus go back to Sai-tien-ch'th (Shamsuddin), State councillor of Yunnan and his family. (1274-1279). His son Na-su-la-ting (Nasiruddin) was the commander of first Mongol invasion of Burma. (1277–78).

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On 28 November 1885, after the British took over the administration, the British revamped the new administration with Kin Won Min Gyi, Tai Tar Min Gyi, the Minister Maha Min Htin Yar Zar U Chone was included as the representative of the Parliament.

1327:. The sea posts of Burma such as Kyaukpyu, Bassein, Syriam, Martaban, Mergui, etc. are rife with the legendary accounts of early shipwrecks in their neighbourhood: of Kular shipwrecked sailors, traders and soldiers. At first Muslims arrived on the 2847:

economic opportunities equal to those awarded to Buddhists. It is well known that, to enable his Majesty's royal servants to fulfill their religious duties, Rakhine frame Mosque, Half-broken Mosque, Panthe Mosque, Mandalay Battery Ward Mosque and

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further intensified sectarian violence and riots. Muslims were also assaulted and killed with their mosques, houses, shops, were looted, destroyed, burnt to ashes. Sectarian violence spread throughout Burma, with a total of 113 mosques damaged.

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males and Burmese females. They are the largest Muslim group in Myanmar and form more than half of the total Muslim population in the country. Culturally, Bamar Muslims are the same as the Bamar Buddhists including their lifestyle, clothing and

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was the Chief Clerk of Kala Pyo Army. During the Myin Kun Myin Khone Tain revolt, he carried the chief queen of Mindon on his back to safety. So he was rewarded with the Mayor position of Pin Lae Myo which was located 12 miles south of Myittha.

1636:(Bassein) were full of Burmese Muslim settlers and they outnumbered the local Burmese by many times. In one record, Pathein was said to be populated with Pathis. Perhaps Pathein comes from Pathi. And coincidentally, Pathein is still famous for 4979:(The case of Hason Ali, a Rohingya from Arakan, Vs. Union of Burma, Supreme Court Criminal Miscellaneous Cases No. 155 & 156 of 1959. Nurul Islam. Present atmosphere in Arakan. The New Nation Newspaper, Bangladesh, Monday 12 October 1992.) 1486:

was said to be populated with Pathis, and was ruled by three Indian Muslim Kings in the 13th century. Arab merchants also arrived in Martaban, Mergui, and there were Arab settlements in the present Myeik archipelago's mid-western quarters.

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rioted in Maungdaw town after Friday prayers by leading Islamic leaders, destroying property and killing Arakan (Rakhine) residents. Sectarian violence then quickly swept through the Arakan State capital, Sittwe, and surrounding areas.

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In 1853 King Mindon held a donation ceremony. He ordered to prepare halal food for his Muslim soldiers from Akbart Horse Cavalry, Wali Khan Horse Cavalry, Manipur Horse Cavalry and Sar Tho Horse Cavalry, altogether about 700 of them.

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The royal raft could not move after that, maybe the silent protest against the killing by the friends who were not happy with the execution. The royal sailors at that time were mostly known to be Muslims. The witty and white Indian

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were allowed to be built and to perform respective religious duties during successive Myanmar kings. The Patron of the Fifth Buddhist Synod, King Mindone (1854 to 1878), during his rule built Peacock rest house in the Holy City of

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Myanmar Muslim Ei Thaming Saing Yar A Chat A Let. Historical Facts of Muslims in Myanmar (Timeline 1909-2019) by Kyaw Nay Min (Myo Pya) 2020, Civil Engineer. Choon Myanmar Journal Chief Editor. Yangon. Publisher Lu Lat A Myin Sar

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brought back the Muslim prisoners, after attacking Arakan in 1546 and 1549 AD. King Anaukpetlun conquered Syriam in 1613 AD and brought back Muslim soldiers and sailors as prisoners of war. They were settled in Myedu, Sagaing,

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King Manuhar also had Myanmar Muslim army units and bodyguards. When King Anawrahta 1044-1077 AD attacked Martaban, capital of Mon (Talaing) King, Manuhar', two Muslim officers' army unit fiercely defended against his attack.

1758:. The brothers' enemies left vacant the spaces for the two bricks so that the king could notice. After a brief inquiry, the king ordered to punish the brothers for disobedience but instead of any punishment, they were killed. 2270:

as his new capital in 1783. He was the first Burmese King who recognised his Muslim subjects officially by Royal decree, appointing specific ministers to give judgment regarding conflicts amongst his Burmese Muslim subjects.

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The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.50. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963. He referred to Anciennes Relations des Indes et de la Chine par M 1 'Abbe' Renaudot Paris, 1928 pp

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following year, another embassy through the English factory in Madaras which was recorded in "Madaras Public Proceedings". The second embassy was allowed to depart for Bengal on board the ship Elahee, owned by King Sane'.

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Muslims arrived in Burma as travellers, adventurers, pioneers, sailors, traders, military personnel (voluntary and mercenary), and a number of them as prisoners of wars. Some were reported to have taken refuge from wars,

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of India and brought back more Muslims to settle in Burma. These Muslims later assimilated to form core of Burmese Muslims. Earlier they were called Myedu Kala or Kala Pyo. (Kala = foreigner; Pyo = young.) During King

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From the fifteenth to seventeenth Centuries, according to mouth histories of Muslims there were a few of uncertain records of Burmese Muslim traders, sailors and settlers on the entire coast of Burma: the Arakan coast

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After Alaungpaya captured Pegu, and at the parade, those Pathi Muslim soldiers were allowed to march with their traditional uniforms. Four hundred Pathi Indian soldiers participated in the Royal Salute March.

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The "Twentieth Anniversary Special Edition of Islam Damma Beikman." Myanmar Pyi and Islamic religion. The reprint of the records of the lectures given by Pathi U Ko Lay in 1973. from page 109,110 and 111.

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1752–1760 AD conquered Syrim. Muslim prisoners of war were forced to serve in his army. Pagan Min 1846–1853 AD appointed U Shwe Oh, a Burmese Muslim, as the Governor of the Capital city, Amarapura. His

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In 1617 A.D. even after the English East India Company had established its factory at Masulipatan, the Muslim merchants engaged themselves in trade between the Coromandel Coast and Pegu in Lower Burma.

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The New Chronicle of Arakan, (Rakhine Rajawan Sac) and The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.58. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963. and Mr. G.E. Harvey

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to supervise the project. The Mosque, which is still standing, constitutes a historic landmark. It signifies the beginning of the first Panthay Jama'at (Congregation) in Mandalay Ratanabon Naypyidaw.

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In Buddhism, the killing of animals is regarded as a cruel practice, as Buddha preached ahimsa or non-violence. Again due to Toungoo Empire official religion, Bayinnaung disallowed the Islamic feast

2247:, meaning 'The End of Strife'. The Mon soldiers surrendered, along with four Muslim rich men who surrendered with expensive presents, munitions and four warships. Following this, Alaungpaya attacked 1754:

Though successful in the Bagan's affair with Utibua, they were finally put to death. It is generally assumed that they refused to contribute in the building of a pagoda at Taung Byone, just north of

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Aye to decide and give judgment regarding the conflicts and problems amongst his Burmese Muslim subjects. Abid Shah Hussaini burial place was well known as a shrine in Amarapura Lin Zin Gone Darga.

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and Kyaukse. King Sane brought back several thousand Muslim prisoners of war from Sandoway and settled in Myedu in 1707 AD. Next year few thousands more were settled in those places and Taungoo.

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The New Chronicle of Arakan pp. 241-2, (Rakhine Rajawan Sac) and The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.62-63. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963.

1585:. This sharply declined in the years following 1941 as a result of the Indo-Burman Immigration agreement, and was officially stopped following Burma's (Myanmar) independence on 4 January 1948. 5496: 6454:'Where Jambudipa and Islamdom Converged: Religious Change and the Emergence of Buddhist Communalism in Early Modern Arakan, 15th-19th Centuries.' PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan 3069:

of mosques. Looting, destruction of property, assault, sectarian violence and religious desecration all were reported. At least three people were killed and around 100 monks arrested.

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by the British in 1885, Burmese Muslims formed many groups organisations for Burmese social welfare and religious affairs. The total population of Muslims increased sharply during the

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attacked Martaban in 1541 AD, many Muslims resisted strongly. When Bayintnaung successfully conquered Ayuthaya (Thailand) in 1568–1569 AD he use the help of Muslim artillerymen. King

5138: 1706:

who saved them. As a consequence, Thaton king became afraid of them and killed the elder brother while he was sleeping in his wife's house. The younger brother managed to escape to

2573:

King Mindon donated his palace teak pillars to build a mosque at North Obo in central Mandalay. (The pillars which failed to place properly at the exact time given by astrologers.)

3788:

M. Siddiq Khan's Muslim Intercourse with Burma p.249. and M.S. Collis, "Arakan's place in civilisation of the Bay" in the Journal of the Burma Research Society Vol XV, Pt 1 p.40

6959: 3851:"Twentieth Anniversary Special Edition of Islam Damma Beikman." Myanmar Pyi and Islamic religion. The reprint of the records of the lectures given by Pathi U Ko Lay in 1973. 5806: 6519: 1751:

on the wall. Because of that event, the mighty powerful Chinese army and the king himself were scared, frightened, alarmed and signed a peace agreement with the Burmese.

4282: 1887:

coast and islands. In the 17th century, Muslims tried to control business and to become powerful. They were appointed Governors of Mergui, Viceroys of the Province of

1964:

In the 17th century, those Muslims controlled the business and became powerful because of their wealth. They were even appointed as governors of Mergui, viceroys of

2337: 1582: 5611: 3092:, The Fear of Losing One's Race, and many other anti-Muslim pamphlets were widely distributed by monks. Distribution of the pamphlets was also facilitated by the 6729: 119: 40: 5581: 3093: 2682:

After the British took over the whole Burma all sub groups of Burmese-Muslims formed numerous organisations, active in social welfare and religious affairs.

1612:(China) border. Their colonies were recorded in Chronicles of China in 860 AD. Myanmar Muslims were sometimes called Pathi, and Chinese Muslims are called 1142: 3534: 3390: 1710:

and took refuge to king Anawratha. He was kept near the king. He had to fetch flowers, ten times a day, from the Mont Popa, few dozens of miles away from

3218:

violence, which resulted in a curfew being imposed across the city. Two people, a Buddhist and a Muslim were killed in the attacks, and 14 were injured.

3179: 1961:(Syriam) became shipyards, depots of goods and markets for exchange of goods. The Hindus dominated all the seaports in Burma and Thailand, at that time. 1239: 6697: 2066:

of India, then bringing more Muslims to settle in Burma. These Muslims later assimilated to form the core of Burmese Muslims. During the rule of King

1976:

as they were equally holy to Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and Chinese. They were called "Buddermokan" in memory of Badral-Din Awliya. They are found in

793: 3565:

Daw Tint Sein, "Introduction to Konbaung Dynasty, University Education Variety Journal, University Printing Press, P 75 Part 4 Volume 3, July 1973.

7283: 2251:

and captured many Muslim artillery men, who were later allowed to serve in his army. Alaungpaya captured four warships and Muslim soldiers. After

3023: 281: 5682: 3385: 2974:

and to receive a share of the public revenues for the maintenance of their own educational and charitable institutions. It further recommended

2142:

by successive Burmese kings. Myae Du near Shwebo was one of the sites. Muslim prisoners from Bago during 1539-1599 AD were the first settlers.

2039:

and settled in Myedu in 1707 AD. Three thousand Muslims from Arakan took refuge under King Sane in 1698–1714. They were divided and settled in

5700: 6398: 5175: 5148: 5121: 2837:

The stated official policy of the government of Burma is that all ethnic, religious, and language groups in Burma are equal. The Lordship of

2705:

denomination, is practised by 2.1% of the population of Burma according to the government census latest 2014 year. However, according to the

1162: 104: 3034:

of Burma, angering religious minorities. He was then sued by U Than Tin and his comrades. Burma was never claimed as the land for Buddhism.

2211:

Fray Sibastien mentioned the presence of a contingent of Northern Indian Muslim soldiers in the coronation of King Thirithudamma of Arakan.

7344: 7008: 3182:

released a statement calling for the conflict to be resolved and stating that more than 75,000 people had been displaced and impoverished.

1683:, Arabia and some Surthi Northern Indian Muslim with the same surname even at present. They took refuge and stayed at the monastery of the 1112: 2460:

marched to Okkalapa, more than 100 Pathi Muslim Indian cannoners took part. There are also a lot of Muslim soldiers in other parts of the

2386:, Mon warrior Talapan was assisted by Muslim soldiers. Because of their artillery fire, a lot of Burmese soldiers were wounded and died. 5633: 3531:

and the Dept. of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia, in cooperation with the Islamic Central Committee of Muhammadiyah of Singapore.

3097: 6126: 6059: 1647:

inherited from northern Indian Muslim. In Kawzar 583 (13th Century), Bassein or Pathein was known as Pathi town under the three Indian

6841: 4941: 3414: 124: 5565: 3248:. The crackdown was started in response to attacks on border police camps by unidentified insurgents, and has resulted in wide-scale 2581: 7258: 6722: 6487: 6390: 6321: 6169: 5541: 4964: 3273: 2887: 2494:

Kabul Maulavi was appointed an Islamic judge by King Mindon to decide according to the Islamic rules and customs on Muslim affairs.

608: 5968: 5747: 5219: 5518: 1827:. Bago seamen, likely to be Muslims, were also recorded by the Arab historians of the 10th century. During Peik Thaung Min (early 7334: 6656: 4140: 2730: 6348: 5990: 5382: 3280:

has particularly been criticized for her inaction and silence over the issue and for not doing much to prevent military abuses.

7303: 6523: 1784: 863: 708: 5766: 5728: 4280: 2900:

The first instance of persecution that can be shown to have resulted from religious reasons occurred during the reign of King

6954: 6938: 5092: 3204: 1911:

were a lot of records of Burmese Hindu traders, sailors and settlers on the whole coast of Burma. That was from Arakan coast

1851:

ports. It was recorded in Arab chronicles in 800 AD. Burmese Muslims sailors and soldiers were reported to have travelled to

1398: 1232: 783: 4550:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.61. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963.

3800:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.57. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963.

3702:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.54. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963.

3693:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.55. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963.

2243:. The Mon warrior Talapan was assisted in the defence by Muslim soldiers. In 1755 Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it 1738:. When the Thaton king learned of them, he became afraid of their strength and killed Byat Wi. Byat Ta managed to escape to 1292:

to China, often going in and out of Burma. Arab travellers visited the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal south of Burma.

4358: 4279:

Muhammad Enamul Huq (M.A., Ph. D) and Sahitya-sagar Abdul Karim Sahitya Visarad Translated from Bengali by: Maung Sein Pru

4188:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.67. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963

3827:

The coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 AD by Ba Shin. p.64. The Bulletin of Burma Historical Research Commission 3, 1963

3126:

homes. After two days of violence the military stepped in and the violence immediately ended. There also were reports that

6152: 5408: 3100:(SPDC). Many Muslims feel that this exacerbated the anti-Muslim feelings that had been provoked by the destruction of the 2297:

showed favour to the Burmese Muslims. Several Muslims were giving rank in the military and civil administrations. In 1853

1933:

Because Burma was located at the centre of the shipping and trading route starting from Arabia and India, heading towards

1137: 2637:

Shwe Pyi Captain Bo Min Hla Min Htin Thamain Than Like and Shwe Pyi 100 soldiers, one cannon and Sein let Yae 2 regiments

1664:

The first evidence of Muslims landing in Burma's chronicle was recorded in the era of the first Burmese Empire of Pagan (

6976: 6715: 5705: 5249: 2874: 803: 643: 6851: 6429: 5453:"ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ The Nation မှတစ်ဆင့် Asian News Network သို့ Eleven Media Group မှ ပေးပို့ခဲ့သည့် မောင်တောဖြစ်စဉ်သတင်း" 3359: 3264:, and other brutalities. The military crackdown on Rohingya people drew criticism from various quarters including the 1060: 878: 2255:

captured Bago, a parade was held in which Pathi Muslim soldiers were allowed to march in their traditional uniforms.

1698:

brothers, they were said to have strength of the full-grown elephant after eating the magical meat of a (Zaw Gyi) or

6541:'Le Royaume d'Arakan, Birmanie. Son histoire politique entre le début du XVe et la fin du XVIIe siècle,' Paris, EFEO 4930: 1742:

and took refuge with King Anawratha. He married a girl from Popa with whom he had two sons, the Shwe Byin brothers.

7093: 6916: 6804: 6405: 2994: 808: 421: 139: 1766:, royal consultants interpreted that, the two brothers were loyal faithful servants but unjustly punished, became 1691:. They were said to be tall, fair, swift, brave and very strong. According to a chronicle of Burma related to the 7403: 7339: 4361: 2714: 1225: 1172: 1117: 1107: 1070: 3209:

Tensions between Muslim and Buddhist communities flared up to several violent riots across the country in 2013.

7298: 7203: 7025: 7001: 6921: 3968:

S.Q. Fatimi, The role of China in the spread of Islam in South East Asia" (University of Singapore, 1959 page 9

3532: 2290: 2120: 1547: 1182: 983: 978: 553: 3139: 2815:

Muslims (historically known as Zerbadi Muslims) are a community descended from inter-ethnic marriages between

2448: 1482:

were noted for the Muslim populations, in which Muslims often outnumbered the local Buddhists. In one record,

4680:

Arakan, Konfliktregion zwischen Birma und Bangladesh: Vorgeschichte und Folgen des Flüchtlingsstroms von 1978

4403: 2675:

and his family members and some followers were exiled to Yangon, Myanmar. He died during his imprisonment in

7308: 6911: 6799: 5657: 3354: 2869:

and perform their respective duties freely. Myanmar's culture is based on loving kindness; the followers of

244: 6819: 6244: 5328:"Taungoo Violence (May 2001): Crackdown on Burmese Muslims (Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, July 2002)" 3253: 2497:

Captain Min Htin Min Yazar's 400 Muslims participated to clear the land for building a new Mandalay city.

1719: 1371: 1152: 943: 723: 179: 5931: 2634:

Kindar Captain Bo Min Hla Min Htin Kyaw Thu's 335 Kindar soldiers two cannon and Sein let Yae 3 regiments

7253: 7218: 7173: 6899: 6856: 3269: 3019: 2990: 2927:

brought back Bayinnaung bans on Islamic Eid al-Adha and halal butchering again around mid-18th century.

2862: 2333: 1578: 1543: 636: 603: 563: 306: 296: 84: 6631: 3001:

Ma Guanggui became the leader of the Hui Panglong self-defense guard created by Su who was sent by the

2892: 1651:. Arab merchants arrived Martaban, Margue. Arab settlement in the present Meik's mid-western quarters. 1478:, a name believed to be derived from Persian. Many settlements in the southern region near present-day 6868: 5859: 4327:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p. 200. "Madaras Public Proceedings" 11 April 1706

1448: 7143: 7138: 7033: 6829: 6783: 6684: 6520:"Arakan Rajsabhay Bangala Sahitya (1600 - 1700 AD): Bengali Literature in the Kings' Court of Arakan" 5972: 4336:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p. 200. "Madaras Public Proceedings" 24 July 1712

3122: 2916:, which is associated with cattle sacrifices. Bayinnaung went further and prohibited the practice of 2592: 1907: 1856: 1438: 1394: 1308: 1157: 1050: 788: 718: 653: 481: 476: 366: 311: 184: 114: 7323: 7263: 7238: 7153: 7133: 7083: 7053: 7043: 6994: 6928: 6746: 6738: 4942:

http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Formation_of_the_Concept_of_Myanmar_Muslims_as_Indigenous-en.pdf

3380: 3364: 3147:

In June 2012, violence erupted in western Burma's Arakan State between ethnic Rakhine (Arakan) and

2986: 2710: 2706: 1603: 1273: 1020: 973: 953: 693: 613: 588: 493: 466: 416: 386: 376: 291: 271: 251: 224: 209: 164: 99: 7378: 5988:

Khan, Muhammad Siddiq (1957). "Captain George Sorrel's mission to the Count of Amarapura, 17934".

5578:"International Network of Engaged Buddhists issues statement on violence in Burma's Rakhine state" 5566:

http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121109081516/http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/MMR_ESR_2_2012.pdf

3541: 2223:

A Burmese-style mosque with an elaborately carved minaret in Amarapura during the Konbaung dynasty

7349: 7228: 7223: 7103: 6146: 5807:"'Enough is enough': Malaysian PM Najib Razak asks Aung San Suu Kyi to prevent Rohingya violence" 5771: 5665: 3395: 3319: 3118: 3113: 3101: 2369: 1965: 1888: 1644: 1102: 1013: 948: 818: 763: 733: 648: 573: 568: 548: 436: 426: 229: 6281: 4067: 7293: 7243: 7198: 7178: 7168: 7068: 6809: 6618: 6601: 6593: 6493: 6483: 6466: 6394: 6386: 6327: 6317: 6205: 6188: 6165: 6084: 5999: 5919: 5902: 5171: 5144: 5117: 4960: 4631: 3231: 3227: 3192: 3006: 2765:. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated in five northern townships of Rakhine State: 1903: 1425:. However, many early Muslims also as saying goes held positions of status as royal advisers, 1147: 1132: 1075: 1035: 1030: 998: 868: 798: 773: 748: 703: 688: 658: 593: 543: 523: 518: 513: 401: 346: 321: 154: 149: 129: 94: 79: 6316:. Schriftenreihe des Südasien-Instituts der Universität Heidelberg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 5327: 4679: 4661: 7268: 7163: 7048: 7038: 6773: 6763: 6063: 3277: 3127: 2962: 2848: 2576:

The broadminded King Mindon also permitted a mosque to be built on the granted site for the

2376: 2263: 2228: 2009: 1788: 1430: 1347: 1304: 1197: 1095: 1065: 1055: 1003: 963: 923: 918: 913: 903: 893: 888: 883: 873: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 813: 753: 728: 713: 668: 618: 503: 381: 371: 331: 301: 286: 266: 256: 239: 234: 199: 194: 144: 89: 64: 32: 6702: 6297: 1926:

In the early 18th. century, the Muslims were flourishing as private traders at the port of

7313: 7248: 7213: 7148: 7128: 7118: 7078: 7063: 7058: 6768: 6433: 4286: 3538: 3375: 3334: 3329: 3241: 3105: 2816: 2747: 2672: 2461: 2457: 2100: 1916: 1880: 1539: 1414: 1192: 1045: 1025: 1008: 993: 988: 968: 938: 933: 908: 898: 831: 768: 758: 738: 678: 673: 663: 598: 583: 488: 461: 451: 411: 396: 391: 341: 336: 276: 214: 174: 69: 57: 2484:

which is still maintained in 27th. street, Mandalay. U Yuet became the Royal Chief Chef.

2452:

Panoramic view of Amarapura, with a Mosque on the right and Buddhist temples on the left.

2282:

in the Burmese court while on a diplomatic mission there. These Muslim eunuchs came from

1996:

King Sane'. Burmese used the "Elahee" to send them to India and the captain was an Arab.

6020:

Lay, Pathi U Ko (1973). "Twentieth Anniversary Special Edition of Islam Damma Beikman".

5227: 4359:

http://www.maristfathers.org.au/Documents%202014/1114%20Monica%20-%20Res%20Paper%201.pdf

7354: 7273: 7233: 7208: 7188: 7123: 7098: 7088: 7073: 6863: 3339: 3311: 3265: 3031: 2798: 2734: 2669: 2096: 1993: 1892: 1551: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1491: 1459: 1375: 1367: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1080: 1040: 958: 928: 743: 683: 623: 578: 558: 533: 508: 471: 456: 431: 406: 316: 261: 204: 189: 169: 159: 134: 74: 6668: 4375:

The past account of Burmese Muslims (in Burmese) by U Po Chai, Mya Than Press, Sagaing

4148: 2603:

During King Thibaw's reign, Muslim soldiers who participated in the Royal Parade were;

1608:

Indian Muslims travelled over land, in search of China, and arrived northern Burma at

7397: 7372: 7193: 7158: 7113: 7108: 7017: 6566:

Naing, Naing Min (November 2001). "Bhomhu Ba Shin", "Wanna Kyawhtin Bhomhu Ba Shin".

6378: 6370: 5386: 3344: 3245: 2838: 2758: 2661: 2283: 2139: 2074:

conquered Assam and brought back 40,000 prisoners of war, many of whom were Muslims.

1989: 1968:, port governors and Shah-bandars (senior port officials). Muslim sailors built many 1912: 1876: 1828: 1728: 1724: 1669: 1575: 1336: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1288:

merchants landed at ports such as Thaton and Martaban. Arab Muslim ships sailed from

1127: 1122: 778: 698: 538: 498: 446: 441: 359: 326: 219: 109: 6218: 6187:] (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Mangala ton` ññvan`, Ran` kun`: Ra praññ` Ca pe. 5701:"New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages" 5383:"Three murderers who raped, stabbed a woman to death to be brought to trial soonest" 2690: 6904: 6778: 6518:

Enamul Huq, Muhammad; Visarad, Sahitya-sagar Abdul Karim Sahitya (30 August 2006).

6236: 6106: 5638: 4874:

The Emergence Of The Panthay Community At Mandalay, by Professor U Maung Maung Lay.

4684: 4666: 4636: 4617: 3349: 3324: 3297: 3249: 3027: 2865:. All the followers of each religion have been allowed to profess their respective 2812: 2754: 2205: 2196: 2168: 2143: 2078: 2071: 1767: 1629: 1559: 1215: 5952: 2934:) from Myedu and killed them in Ava, the capital, after they refused to eat pork. 2713:

report, the country's non-Buddhist populations were underestimated in the census.

2501:

Burmese Muslims were given specific quarters to settle in the new city of Mandalay

5683:"Myanmar seeking ethnic cleansing, says UN official as Rohingya flee persecution" 4954: 2035:

King Sane (Sa Nay Min Gyi) brought several thousand Muslim prisoners of war from

7382: 6879: 6382: 6240: 6043: 3109: 2913: 2905: 2219: 2104: 2086: 2013: 1920: 1884: 1772: 1617: 1555: 1285: 6687:

in Rohingyas' mind. The New Nation Newspaper, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 26 April 1992.

5835: 5786: 5658:"Is The Lady listening? Aung San Suu Kyi accused of ignoring Myanmar's Muslims" 3055:

Muslims were expelled from the army and were rapidly marginalised. The generic

2544:

In those quarters, lands for 20 Mosques were allocated outside the Palace wall.

2348: 2126:

King Thalun (1629–1648), the successor of Anaukpetlun settled those Muslims at

4362:

http://www.worldcat.org/title/bayingyi-a-outra-face-da-birmania/oclc/618891382

3287: 3002: 2998: 2975: 2924: 2901: 2774: 2770: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2379: 2368:

Muslims. The first mosque in Yangon was built in 1826 AD, at the end of first

2329: 2298: 2294: 2275: 2252: 2236: 2232: 2200: 2090: 2055: 1836: 1816: 1808: 1675:

sailors of the Byat family, Byat Wi and Byat Ta, arrived Burmese shores, near

1648: 1621: 1563: 1527: 1359: 1289: 1266: 17: 6597: 6331: 6003: 5253: 1779:, just to please their followers or the people who love the executed heroes. 6824: 6755: 6703:

US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2005 on Burma

6622: 6209: 6192: 6088: 5953:"Crackdown on Burmese Muslims: Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, July 2002" 5923: 5811: 5474: 3528: 3257: 2802: 2472: 2468: 2406: 2372:. It was destroyed by fighting in 1852 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War. 2357: 2320: 2267: 2259: 2181: 1942: 1320: 6605: 6497: 6470: 5906: 3171:

around 100. A total of 4,800 houses were burnt out by both sides in anger.

3085:

part of town and so it was predominantly Muslim property that was damaged.

2733:

ethnic minority native to Rakhine state and one of the seven groups of the

2599:

Muslims. This was recorded in the Myaedu Mosque Imam U Shwe Taung's poems.

1462:

Muslims arrived in northern Burma on the border with the Chinese region of

6042:

Ministry of Religious Affairs (Government of Myanmar) (15 December 2005).

4778:

The Royal gazette of Bodawpaya, Criminal Law Royal Decree Vol 4, page 176.

6548:

Lintner, Bertil (17 April 1988). "March Student Riots, Unrest Reviewed".

5430: 3470: 3369: 3237: 3159: 3148: 2978:

or independent government separate from India or the status of dominion.

2971: 2930:

King Bodawpaya (1782–1819) arrested four famous Myanmar Muslims Moulvis (

2917: 2782: 2766: 2577: 2438: 2418: 2394: 2306: 2248: 2164: 2148: 2112: 2067: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2025: 2024:. Portuguese sailors were captured, and later settled in Myedu, Sagaing, 2017: 1981: 1958: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1899: 1848: 1824: 1755: 1535: 1479: 1453: 1426: 1418: 1406: 1402: 1340: 1332: 1258: 6413: 5577: 2608:

Captain Bo Min Htin Kyaw and his 350 Kindar Kala Pyo artillery soldiers.

6873: 6834: 6814: 6374: 3152: 2966: 2788: 2762: 2741: 2415: 2159: 2135: 2131: 2082: 2063: 2040: 1973: 1969: 1852: 1763: 1633: 1625: 1616:. It is widely believed that those names derived from Parsi (Persian). 1613: 1590: 1531: 1523: 1483: 1422: 1410: 1386: 1382: 1300: 1270: 1262: 46: 6707: 3167:

knives, and other basic weapons, taking the law into their own hands.

6846: 4399: 3082: 3078: 3056: 3043: 2819: 2792: 2778: 2751: 2726: 2676: 2390: 2305:

food for his 700 Muslim horse cavalry soldiers. Upon the founding of

2279: 2244: 2185: 2127: 2116: 2029: 2021: 1954: 1844: 1820: 1735: 1731: 1695: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1639: 1609: 1463: 1390: 1378: 1296: 5634:"Myanmar says nine police killed by insurgents on Bangladesh border" 5475:""The Government Could Have Stopped This" | Human Rights Watch" 4081:

Various Myanmar History tax-books of Ministry of Education, Myanmar.

3096:(USDA), a civilian organisation instituted by the ruling junta, the 2656: 1953:

and China, the whole of the coast of Burma developed rapidly. Dala,

1714:. He married a girl from Popa and got two sons, Shwe Byin brothers. 4505:

Various Myanmar History tax-books of Ministry of Education, Myanmar

6385:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2008. 3276:, and the government of Malaysia. The de facto head of government 3261: 2931: 2891: 2870: 2866: 2853: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2655: 2640:

Wali Khan's 990 Akhbat Horse Cavalry and Sein let Yae 20 regiments

2447: 2365: 2361: 2347: 2319: 2310: 2302: 2218: 2155: 2059: 1977: 1950: 1946: 1840: 1812: 1739: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1692: 1665: 1515: 1503: 1467: 1447: 1434: 1355: 1351: 1324: 1253: 6223:. Burma Media Conference. Oslo, Norway: Democratic Voice of Burma 4769:

Twin Thin Teik Win's Chronicles of Alaungpaya's battles, page 216

2877:

in Myanmar are also kind-hearted people as Myanmar Buddhists are.

6986: 4120: 4118: 4116: 2965:, which had been established to inquire into the effects of the 2857: 2588: 2383: 2314: 2301:

held a donation ceremony in which he ordered the preparation of

2240: 2108: 1832: 1804: 1776: 1775:

elevated them to the level of Nats or powerful Spirits or local

1703: 1684: 1680: 1363: 6990: 6711: 5840: 5791: 5167:

Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma

5140:

Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma

5113:

Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma

2414:

and was the father of the Captain Wali Khan, famous Wali Khan

6505:

Harvey, G. E. (August 1922). "The fate of Shah Shuja, 1661".

5748:"Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity'" 4588: 4586: 4573: 4571: 4558: 4556: 4257:

Sir Richard C. Temple, Buddermokan, JBRS, XV, pt 1 (1925)1-33

2580:(Burmese Chinese Muslims). Photos of Mandalay Panthay mosque. 1871:

prepared to send there two ships in the following September.

6575:

Soe, Tin (November 2001). "U Shwe Yoe's alias U Ba Ga Lay".

5767:"Myanmar 'Callous' Toward Anti-Rohingya Violence, U.N. Says" 4318:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p.201-2.

4309:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p. 201-2

2617:

Mingalar Amyoke Sulay Kone Captain U Maung and 113 Cannoners

5916:

The role of China in the spread of Islam in South-East Asia

3121:

Win Myint, Secretary No. 3 of the SPDC and deputy Home and

1895:, Port Governors and Shah-bandars (senior port officials). 5542:"Burma needs more transparency to address Rakhine dilemma" 4858: 4856: 6162:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

4236:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p.194

3749: 3747: 3240:

and extremist Buddhists started a major crackdown on the

2993:, was entirely destroyed by the Japanese invaders in the 2620:

Mingalar Amyoke Bone Oh Captain U Yauk and 113 Cannoners.

2471:(1846–52) there was a blemish in Burmese Muslim history. 2262:

Bodaw U Wine (Padon Mayor, Padon Min) (1781–1819) of the

1923:

coast (Including all the islands along the whole coast).

1546:

who settled and intermarried with local Burmese and many

6282:"Burma: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001" 5729:"Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty" 4170:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p.87

4161:

Early English Intercourse with Burma by D.G.E. Hall p.34

3415:"Census data shows Myanmar Muslim population has fallen" 2614:

Mingalar Cannon Regiment Captain U Kye and 113 Cannoners

2611:

Setkyer Cannon Regiment Captain Hashim and 113 Cannoners

3847: 3845: 3077:

Tension between Buddhists and Muslims was also high in

5608:"Curfew imposed in Myanmar as gang violence escalates" 5519:"Burma: Sectarian Violence Not About Race or Religion" 5497:"Myanmar government attempts to clarify Rakhine issue" 4659:

Takkasuilʻ myāʺ Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana Ṭhāna (2007), p. 57

3741:

Pathein University Students' Magazine 1955-56, page 5.

3252:

violations at the hands of security forces, including

2805:. Burmese people of Malay ancestry are locally called 6349:"Ko Mya Aye, Burmese Muslim 88 Students Group Leader" 4001:

Pathein University Students' Magazine 1955-56 page 5.

3561: 3559: 3046:

in 1962, the status of Muslims changed for the worse.

2629:

Under Maha Min Htin Yar Zar there were 1629 soldiers:

5677: 5675: 5093:"'Saharat Tai Doem' Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45" 4895: 3729: 1335:. The time when the Muslims arrived in Burma and in 7322: 7282: 7024: 6960:

Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)

6947: 6892: 6792: 6754: 6745: 6298:"Burma—International Religious Freedom Report 2006" 2861:governments have given all four major religions an 2717:estimate that 10% of the population may be Muslim. 2188:), Muslim soldiers defended from the Burmese side. 1574:The population of the Muslims increased during the 6559:The Emergence of the Panthay Community at Mandalay 5285: 3022:was founded almost at the same time as the AFPFL, 2389:In 1755 Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it 2008:Burma has a long history of settlements by Muslim 1315:in the 9th century, prior to the establishment of 6314:The Muslims of Burma: a Study of a Minority Group 6015:(Thesis). Mandalay: Tri-pedaka Propagating Press. 5303: 4196: 4194: 4051: 4049: 4024: 4022: 4020: 2856:, for the Muslims from Myanmar who went there on 6522:. Translated by Mating, Sein Pru. Archived from 6262:] (in Burmese). Yangon: Thiriswe Book House. 6246:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma 5074: 5072: 5070: 4870: 4868: 4472:U Ba Than's Myanmar History text book. page 270. 4179:Peter Floris 1623, Voyage into East Indies p.119 3428: 3426: 3424: 1972:, but those should be more appropriately called 1717:The semi-historical account of Burmese history, 6133:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2003 5091:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (December 2015). 4632:The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma 4389:The Coming of Islam to Burma, Col Ba Shin p.68. 3632: 3630: 3628: 2961:against the British, Indians, and Muslims. The 2781:, Sandway, Tongo, Shokepro, Rashong Island and 6584:Temple, Sir Richard C. (1925). "Buddermokan". 6083:(in Burmese). Ranʻ Kunʻ: Forever Group. 1999. 6060:"Chronology for Rohingya (Arakanese) in Burma" 5969:"Report on the Situation for Muslims in Burma" 4999: 4997: 4525: 4523: 3764: 3762: 3710: 3708: 3155:stopped a bus and killed 10 Muslims on board. 1502:The Muslims of Myanmar are the descendants of 1331:coast and moved into the upward hinterland to 7002: 6723: 6037:] (in Burmese). Yangon: Zwe Sarpay Press. 5787:"UN condemns Myanmar over plight of Rohingya" 5213: 5211: 5209: 4662:Myanmar historical research journal, Issue 19 4385: 4383: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4075: 3725: 3723: 3492: 3490: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 2896:Bengali Sunni Jameh Mosque in downtown Yangon 1233: 8: 6615:Kyāung thōn Myanma yazạwin (Myanmar History) 6482:(4 ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 6296:US Department of State (15 September 2006). 5651: 5649: 3796: 3794: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3094:Union Solidarity and Development Association 2539:Panthay dan for the Burmese Chinese Muslims. 1723:, records the first Muslims in Burma in the 6249:. Rangoon, Burma: Rangoon University Press. 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5274: 5170:. Cornell University Press. pp. 129–. 5143:. Cornell University Press. pp. 124–. 5116:. Cornell University Press. pp. 122–. 4706: 4704: 3551: 2664:Era coin used in Great Bengal minted 1554/5 2491:U Soe was the royal tailor of King Mindon. 2364:(Ava) kingdom (1855 AD). Most of them were 2360:were about 20,000 families, at the time of 7009: 6995: 6987: 6751: 6730: 6716: 6708: 5991:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan 5582:Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly 5224:The Irrawaddy News Magazine Online Edition 4907: 4883: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4745: 4733: 4604: 4493: 4481: 4418: 3180:International Network of Engaged Buddhists 2138:. Muslim prisoners of war were settled in 1734:brothers, Byat Wi and Byat Ta, arrived in 1240: 1226: 28: 6592:. Burmese Research Society: 1–33, pt. 1. 6202:Coming of Islam to Burma Down to 1700 A.D 4135: 4133: 2791:, Chinese Muslims in Burma migrated from 2289:After deposing his brother following the 2172:Amarapura that is Myittha river's south. 2119:, under the rule of Portuguese mercenary 6013:Various Notable Facts in Burmese History 4463:Glass Palace Chronicle Vol. 3, page 172. 3138: 2923:After Konbaung Empire was founded, King 2324:West Kone Yoe Central Mosque in Mandalay 6280:US Department of State (4 March 2002). 6220:Burmese Media: Past, Present and Future 5765:Nick Cumming-Bruce (16 December 2016). 4442: 4354: 4055: 4040: 4028: 3496: 3406: 2652:Imprisonment of the last Mughal Emperor 2570:Seven lots of lands for Setkyer Ngwezin 31: 6579:(in Burmese). Ko Min Lwin: 80, 82, 91. 6367:The Burmanization of Myanmar's Muslims 6144: 6058:Minorities at Risk (10 January 2007). 5594: 5409:"Arrests made in murder of 10 Muslims" 5348: 5314: 5014: 5003: 4695: 4200: 3768: 3681: 3584: 3391:2016–17 Northern Rakhine State clashes 3386:Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar 2587:demolished by in order to construct a 1581:because of new waves of Indian Muslim 1474:Burmese Muslims were sometimes called 6275:] (in Burmese). Ū´´ Kyo` HanH`´´. 5431:"Myanmar Breaking News - CNN iReport" 5190: 5078: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 4988: 4757: 4721: 4647: 4592: 4577: 4562: 4538: 4514: 4430: 4297: 4266: 4245: 4224: 4212: 4097: 4011: 3989: 3977: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3836: 3753: 3714: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3619: 3596: 3466: 2740:Indian-descended Muslim community of 1843:through East Indian Islands, visited 1702:, a meal originally prepared for the 1284:In the early Bagan era (AD 652-660), 7: 5656:James Griffiths (25 November 2016). 5370: 4919: 4407: 3026:of General Aung San and U Nu before 3024:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 3014:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 1930:with the Telagus and the Armenians. 1867:gold, copper, tin, benzoin and lac. 5932:"Myanmar Muslim Information Centre" 5914:Fatimi, Sayyid Qudratullah (1961). 5899:Into Hidden Burma, an Autobiography 5836:"Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?" 5815:. Associated Press. 4 December 2016 5359: 4953:Kingston, Jeff (22 December 2015). 4710: 4529:HGE Hall History of Southeast Asia. 4124: 3608: 3507: 3481: 3432: 3244:in the country's western region of 3098:State Peace and Development Council 2679:and was buried on 7 November 1862. 2352:Depiction of a Burmese Muslim elder 2107:, who had founded a new dynasty at 6842:State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee 6412:(in Burmese). 2004. Archived from 6098:Chronicles of Alaungpaya's battles 5746:Oliver Holmes (19 December 2016). 5610:. Myanmar News.Net. Archived from 5164:Wen-Chin Chang (16 January 2015). 5137:Wen-Chin Chang (16 January 2015). 5110:Wen-Chin Chang (16 January 2015). 4345:History of Burma G.E. Harvey p.189 4108: 3073:Riots in Sittwe and Taungoo (2001) 2530:Koyandaw Qr (Royal Bodyguards' Qr) 1984:and on a small island off Mergui. 25: 6586:Journal of Burma Research Society 6507:Journal of Burma Research Society 6347:Aung, San Oo (14 December 2007). 5834:Kevin Ponniah (5 December 2016). 5218:Priestley, Harry (January 2006). 3090:Myo Pyauk Hmar Soe Kyauk Hla Tai 3042:After the coup d'état of General 2904:, 1550-1589 AD. After conquering 2888:Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar 2721:Various groups of Burmese Muslims 2103:king (1605–82), rebelled against 1620:(Pegu), Dala, Thanlyin (Syriam), 1466:as recorded in the Chronicles of 1265:, practised by about 2.1% of the 7377: 7368: 7367: 6971: 6970: 6044:"Freedom of Religion in Myanmar" 6022:Myanmar Pyi and Islamic Religion 5918:(Thesis). University of Malaya. 4616:The Royal gazette of Bodawpaya, 3304: 3290: 3143:Rohingya people in Rakhine State 2313:for Burmese subjects performing 1209: 794:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120:Democratic Republic of the Congo 39: 6125:Ozturk, Cem (21 October 2003). 6107:"Festival Time at a Nat Shrine" 5951:Human Rights News (July 2002). 4956:Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered 2982:Japanese persecution of Muslims 2711:international religious freedom 2643:Specially trained 200 soldiers. 2089:, Muslim soldiers were helping 7335:British Indian Ocean Territory 6269:Pyūtve bhay' pyok' svā´´ salai 6185:Konbaung Dynasty Royal History 5860:"BurmaNet News: July 16, 2001" 5455:. News-eleven.com. 9 June 2012 5433:. Ireport.cnn.com. 9 June 2012 4620:Royal Decree Vol. 4, page 176. 3205:2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 3013: 2184:attacked and conquered Dagon ( 2054:In the mid-18th century, King 1803:Beginning in the 7th century, 1401:. Muslims arrived in Burma as 1: 6698:Situation of Muslims in Burma 6461:Desai, Walter Sadgun (1961). 6105:Oo, Aung Lwin (August 2004). 5521:. Voanews.com. 10 August 2012 4629:Thant Myint-U (2007), p. 126 4406:in 1801 by Kyauk Ta Lone Bo. 2920:halal butchering as a whole. 2429:. Khan Sab Bo was sent as an 2328:Following the defeat of King 6784:Dhammayutti Nikaya (Mahayin) 6657:"Sayar Maung Thaw Ka (poem)" 6630:Tun, Than (September 1938). 6480:A History of South-East Asia 6463:A Pageant of Burmese History 6452:Charney, Michael W. (1999). 6256:Khet hoṅʻʺ mranʻ mā rājavaṅʻ 5706:International Business Times 5540:Linn, Zin (11 August 2012). 4068:Online Burma/Myanmar Library 3060:fight for greater freedoms. 2956:Inquiry Committee by British 2278:saw many Muslims serving as 2028:and Kyaukse, areas north of 1787:, possibly because of their 6852:Monastic schools in Myanmar 6636:Workers' International News 6539:Leider, Jacques P. (2004). 6465:. Bombay: Orient Longmans. 6430:Central Intelligence Agency 6406:"Democratic Voice of Burma" 6160:Peletz, Michael G. (2009). 6127:"Myanmar's Muslim Sideshow" 4896:Myanmar Encyclopedia (1999) 3730:Myanmar Encyclopedia (1999) 3360:List of Masjids in Mandalay 3037: 2989:, a Chinese Muslim town in 1855:during the reign of Sultan 1785:Muslims persecuted in Burma 7420: 6805:Abhidhaja Maha Rattha Guru 6655:Zwa, Kyaw (17 June 2007). 6570:(in Burmese). Ko Min Lwin. 6217:Thaung, U (17 July 2002). 6204:. New Delhi: Azad Bhavan. 6081:Mranʻ māʹ cvayʻ cuṃ kyamʻʺ 6035:History of Pathein/Bassein 5938:(in Burmese). 22 June 2008 5892:. London: Faber and Faber. 5883:. London: Faber and Faber. 5411:. Mizzima.com. 2 July 2012 5252:. Khrg.org. Archived from 4677:Fleischmann (1981), p. 49 3225: 3202: 2995:Japanese invasion of Burma 2947:Burma for Burmese Campaign 2885: 1601: 1385:. Burmese Muslims are the 7363: 6968: 6151:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5286:Minorities at Risk (2007) 5226:. Rangoon. Archived from 4145:www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk 3372:(Burmese Chinese Muslims) 2875:Christianity and Hinduism 2154:King Alaungpaya attacked 2111:in 1613. He retreated to 2085:King 1530-50 AD attacked 7084:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5967:Images Asia (May 1997). 5897:Collis, Maurice (1953). 5888:Collis, Maurice (1938). 5879:Collis, Maurice (1936). 5477:. Hrw.org. 1 August 2012 5304:Human Rights News (2002) 4931:Islam in South-East Asia 4454:Taungoo History page 296 4227:, p. 2, para. 2, ll. 1–3 4014:, p. 2, para. 3, ll. 1–3 3992:, p. 7, footnote para. 3 3980:, p. 7, footnote para. 2 3923:, p. 2, para. 3, ll. 1–3 3158:On 8 June, thousands of 3064:Riots in Mandalay (1997) 2938:Religious and race riots 2291:Second Anglo-Burmese War 2227:At the beginning of the 1393:peoples who settled and 1317:the first Burmese empire 1269:, according to the 2014 1163:Northern Mariana Islands 105:Central African Republic 7345:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6800:Burmese Buddhist titles 6561:. Rangoon: Unpublished. 6478:Hall, D. G. E. (1981). 6079:"EncyclopediaMyanmar". 4404:Amarapura Royal Library 4285:11 October 2007 at the 3355:List of Burmese Muslims 3238:Myanmar military forces 3135:Riots in Rakhine (2012) 2809:regardless of religion. 2382:'s attack of Mons near 2047:, Nyaung Yan, Yin Daw, 1113:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6667:(6(C)). Archived from 3274:US Department of State 3254:extrajudicial killings 3175:burned and destroyed. 3144: 2897: 2879: 2695: 2665: 2593:Anglo-Burman community 2453: 2353: 2325: 2224: 1720:Glass Palace Chronicle 1679:. There are people in 1456: 864:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6900:Burmese folk religion 6857:Monastic examinations 6632:"Race Riots in Burma" 6557:Maung, M. L. (1998). 6312:Yegar, Moshe (1972). 6096:Nawrattha, Let Ware. 5499:. Arabtimesonline.com 4886:, vol. 3, pp. 324–326 4850:, vol. 3, pp. 323–324 4802:, vol. 2, pp. 376–377 4748:, vol. 1, pp. 136–142 4736:, vol. 1, pp. 185–186 4607:, vol. 1, pp. 136-142 4484:, vol. 2, pp. 168–169 4443:Tin & Luce (1960) 4421:, vol. 2, pp. 168-169 4355:Tin & Luce (1960) 4056:Tin & Luce (1960) 4041:Tin & Luce (1960) 4029:Tin & Luce (1960) 3529:Republic of Indonesia 3497:Tin & Luce (1960) 3270:Amnesty International 3268:, human rights group 3213:Mandalay riots (2014) 3142: 3020:Burma Muslim Congress 2972:right to own property 2895: 2844: 2731:government-recognized 2693: 2659: 2451: 2351: 2336:, as a result of the 2334:British rule in Burma 2323: 2222: 2176:Royal Muslim soldiers 1898:In the chronicles of 1859:in the 15th century. 1819:Islands, stopping in 1807:travellers came from 1727:, circa 1050 AD. Two 1548:ethnic Myanmar groups 1451: 1399:Burmese ethnic groups 784:Saint Kitts and Nevis 282:São Tomé and Príncipe 125:Republic of the Congo 7259:United Arab Emirates 6671:on 30 September 2007 6353:San Oo Aung's Weblog 4402:was copied from the 4357:, vol. 3, p. 172 3038:Ne Win's coup d'état 2828:Religion and society 2694:Muslim Men in Yangon 1725:first Burmese empire 1655:Bagan (Pagan) period 1452:A Chinese Mosque in 1439:traditional medicine 1427:royal administrators 1421:, and as victims of 609:United Arab Emirates 45:World percentage of 7286:limited recognition 6955:Freedom of religion 6739:Religion in Myanmar 6685:Building confidence 6613:Than, U Ba (1969). 6377:in Burma including 6179:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005). 5795:. 16 December 2016. 5735:. 19 December 2016. 5689:. 24 November 2016. 5230:on 27 November 2006 3863:, p. 29, paras. 1–2 3537:18 May 2012 at the 3381:Religion in Myanmar 3365:Pakistanis in Burma 3186:Agents provocateurs 2707:US State Department 2591:playground for the 1902:, during the first 1799:Sailors and traders 1660:Byat Wi and Byat Ta 1645:Myanmar Muslim food 1604:Panlong Subtownship 1346:These early Muslim 1319:in 1055 AD by King 1274:official statistics 804:Trinidad and Tobago 644:Antigua and Barbuda 6438:The World Factbook 6432:(21 August 2008). 6267:Tun, Than (2006). 6254:Tun, Than (2008). 6181:Kun' bhon' a lvan' 5975:on 20 October 2005 5772:The New York Times 5709:. 21 November 2016 5666:Cable News Network 5642:. 10 October 2016. 5275:Images Asia (1997) 4127:, pp. 156–157 3911:, p. 10, ll. 17–19 3552:hikmah.info (2008) 3396:Terrorism in Burma 3320:2012 Ramu violence 3236:In late 2016, the 3193:agents provocateur 3145: 3123:Religious minister 3114:Human Rights Watch 3102:Buddhas of Bamiyan 3005:government of the 2898: 2849:Christian Churches 2795:Province of China. 2696: 2666: 2549:Sigaing dan Mosque 2454: 2370:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2354: 2326: 2225: 1746:Shwe Byin brothers 1598:Pathi and Panthays 1457: 1411:military personnel 709:Dominican Republic 7391: 7390: 7328:other territories 6984: 6983: 6888: 6887: 6810:Agga Maha Pandita 6399:978-974-480-126-5 6200:Shin, Ba (1961). 6131:Asia Times Online 6029:Marga, U (1967). 5901:. London: Faber. 5389:on 25 August 2012 5177:978-0-8014-5450-9 5150:978-0-8014-5450-9 5123:978-0-8014-5450-9 5028:, pp. 32, 36 4908:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4884:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4848:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4836:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4824:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4812:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4800:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4788:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4746:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4734:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4605:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4517:, p. 9, ll. 24–27 4494:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4482:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4419:Sanʻʺ Chve (2005) 4248:, p. 5, ll. 22–27 3839:, p. 6, ll. 25–27 3232:Rohingya Genocide 3228:Rohingya conflict 3222:Rohingya Genocide 3195:among the monks. 3178:In November, the 3007:Republic of China 2839:the Supreme Court 2555:Taung Balu Mosque 2524:Wali Khan Quarter 2467:But the reign of 1309:Tanintharyi coast 1250: 1249: 140:Equatorial Guinea 16:(Redirected from 7411: 7404:Islam in Myanmar 7381: 7371: 7370: 7340:Christmas Island 7026:Sovereign states 7011: 7004: 6997: 6988: 6974: 6973: 6774:Hngettwin Nikaya 6764:Thudhamma Nikaya 6752: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6709: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6626: 6609: 6580: 6577:Al-Balag Journal 6571: 6568:Al-Balag Journal 6562: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6514: 6501: 6474: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6335: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6276: 6263: 6250: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6196: 6175: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6101: 6092: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6062:. Archived from 6054: 6052: 6050: 6038: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971:. Archived from 5963: 5961: 5959: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5927: 5910: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5846: 5845: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5385:. Archived from 5379: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5301: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5256:on 12 March 2007 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5215: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052:, pp. 36–37 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4950: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4910:, vol. 3, p. 712 4905: 4899: 4898:, vol. 6, p. 434 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4863: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4838:, vol. 2, p. 139 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4814:, vol. 2, p. 477 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4790:, vol. 2, p. 392 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4496:, vol. 2, p. 377 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4445:, vol. 2, p. 186 4440: 4434: 4433:, p. 10, ll. 2–3 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4376: 4373: 4364: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4151:on 2 March 2007. 4147:. Archived from 4137: 4128: 4122: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4095: 4082: 4079: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4043:, pp. 81–82 4038: 4032: 4026: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3935:, p. 20, para. 3 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3899:, p. 10, ll. 7–9 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875:, p. 39, para. 1 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732:, vol. 6, p. 350 3727: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3524: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3430: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3278:Aung San Suu Kyi 3242:Rohingya Muslims 3128:local government 2963:Simon Commission 2701:, mainly of the 2660:A 16th-century, 2564:Wali Khan Mosque 2377:Konbaung dynasty 2264:Konbaung Dynasty 2229:Konbaung dynasty 2215:Konbaung Dynasty 2180:When the famous 2093:with artillery. 2012:. In 1613, King 2010:prisoners of war 2004:Prisoners of war 1893:Port Authorities 1835:travellers from 1789:religious belief 1643:, a traditional 1431:port authorities 1415:prisoners of war 1305:Ayeyarwady River 1242: 1235: 1228: 1216:Islam portal 1214: 1213: 1212: 1173:Papua New Guinea 1138:Marshall Islands 1108:Christmas Island 1071:Northern Ireland 43: 33:Islam by country 29: 21: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7359: 7327: 7318: 7299:Northern Cyprus 7285: 7278: 7020: 7015: 6985: 6980: 6964: 6943: 6893:Other religions 6884: 6788: 6769:Shwegyin Nikaya 6741: 6736: 6694: 6674: 6672: 6654: 6645: 6643: 6629: 6612: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6517: 6504: 6490: 6477: 6460: 6451: 6442: 6440: 6428: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6343: 6341:Further reading 6338: 6324: 6311: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6286: 6284: 6279: 6266: 6253: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6199: 6178: 6172: 6159: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6066:on 3 March 2016 6057: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6031:Pathein Yazawin 6028: 6019: 6011:Kyi, U (1950). 6010: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5913: 5896: 5890:Trials in Burma 5887: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5614:on 14 July 2014 5606: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220:"The Outsiders" 5217: 5216: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541:, pp. 9–11 4537: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4287:Wayback Machine 4277: 4273: 4269:, p. 8, para. 1 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959:, p. 2, ll. 5–6 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3887:, p. 9, para. 4 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3539:Wayback Machine 3525: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3465: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3376:Rohingya people 3335:Burmese Indians 3330:Burmese Chinese 3310: 3305: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3234: 3226:Main articles: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3188: 3137: 3106:Bamyan Province 3075: 3066: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3016: 2984: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2890: 2884: 2867:religious faith 2863:equal treatment 2835: 2833:Official policy 2830: 2688: 2673:Bahadur Shah II 2654: 2567:Kala Pyo Mosque 2561:Koyandaw Mosque 2552:Kone Yoe Mosque 2518:Setkyer Ngwezin 2481: 2462:Tharrawaddy Min 2458:Tharrawaddy Min 2346: 2338:Indian diaspora 2217: 2178: 2121:Filipe de Brito 2006: 1831:, 652-660 AD), 1801: 1748: 1668:) 1044 AD. Two 1662: 1657: 1606: 1600: 1572: 1570:Muslim diaspora 1540:Chinese Muslims 1397:with the local 1282: 1246: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1183:Solomon Islands 1098: 1088: 1087: 984:North Macedonia 834: 824: 823: 639: 629: 628: 362: 352: 351: 60: 50: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7018:Islam in Asia 7016: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6866: 6864:Burmese pagoda 6861: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6692:External links 6690: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6663:(in Burmese). 6652: 6627: 6617:(in Burmese). 6610: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6526:on 5 June 2008 6515: 6502: 6488: 6475: 6458: 6449: 6426: 6416:on 11 May 2008 6402: 6383:Jean A. Berlie 6364: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6322: 6309: 6293: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6233: 6214: 6197: 6176: 6170: 6157: 6122: 6102: 6093: 6076: 6055: 6039: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5985: 5964: 5948: 5928: 5911: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5866:. 16 July 2001 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5826: 5798: 5778: 5757: 5738: 5720: 5692: 5671: 5645: 5625: 5599: 5587: 5569: 5558: 5532: 5510: 5488: 5466: 5444: 5422: 5400: 5374: 5363: 5352: 5341: 5319: 5307: 5289: 5278: 5267: 5250:"Easy Targets" 5241: 5205: 5195: 5183: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5083: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5007: 4993: 4981: 4972: 4965: 4945: 4934: 4923: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4826:, vol. 3, p. 6 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4700: 4688: 4670: 4652: 4640: 4622: 4609: 4597: 4582: 4567: 4552: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4391: 4377: 4365: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4290: 4271: 4259: 4250: 4238: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4129: 4112: 4101: 4083: 4071: 4060: 4045: 4033: 4016: 4003: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3758: 3743: 3734: 3719: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3674: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3624: 3612: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3567: 3555: 3544: 3512: 3500: 3486: 3484:, pp. 3–4 3474: 3446: 3436: 3420: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3340:Burmese Malays 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3312:Myanmar portal 3301: 3285: 3282: 3266:United Nations 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3203:Main article: 3200: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3136: 3133: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3039: 3036: 3032:state religion 3015: 3012: 2983: 2980: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2886:Main article: 2883: 2880: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2810: 2799:Burmese Malays 2796: 2786: 2745: 2738: 2715:Muslim leaders 2687: 2684: 2670:Mughal Emperor 2653: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521:June Amoke Tan 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2480: 2477: 2345: 2342: 2216: 2213: 2177: 2174: 2167:1819-37 rule, 2097:Nat Shin Naung 2005: 2002: 1994:Bahadur Shah I 1904:Malacca Empire 1811:travelling to 1800: 1797: 1747: 1744: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1624:(Tenasserim), 1599: 1596: 1594:medicine men. 1571: 1568: 1520:Indian-Muslims 1492:Kingdom of Ava 1343:is uncertain. 1307:delta, on the 1281: 1278: 1257:is a minority 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1061:United Kingdom 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 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4: 3: 2: 7416: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7374: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7309:South Ossetia 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6979: 6978: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6922:Protestantism 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Buddhābhiṣeka 6867: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820:Thathanabaing 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6489:0-312-38641-9 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6391:974-480-126-3 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6371:acculturation 6368: 6365: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6323:3-447-01357-5 6319: 6315: 6310: 6299: 6294: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6260:Bagan Culture 6257: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6237:Tin, Pe Maung 6234: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6171:9780415931601 6167: 6164:. Routledge. 6163: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5954: 5949: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5865: 5864:BurmaNet News 5861: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5595:Ozturk (2003) 5591: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5547: 5546:Asian Tribune 5543: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5349:Ozturk (2003) 5345: 5342: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315:Ozturk (2003) 5311: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015:Thaung (2002) 5011: 5008: 5005: 5004:Collis (1938) 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4966:9781317577300 4962: 4959:. Routledge. 4958: 4957: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696:Peletz (2009) 4692: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635:, p. 126, at 4634: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4201:Collis (1936) 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:"Parameswara" 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3769:Collis (1953) 3765: 3763: 3759: 3756:, p. 137 3755: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3682:Fatimi (1961) 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3585:Ozturk (2003) 3581: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3345:Chakma people 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3299: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246:Rakhine State 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3131:communities. 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3028:World War Two 3025: 3021: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:British Burma 2988: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:Rakhine State 2756: 2753: 2750:, a minority 2749: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2140:upper Myanmar 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:Bagan Dynasty 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1632:(Mergui) and 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1579:rule of Burma 1577: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1153:New Caledonia 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 944:Liechtenstein 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 833: 828: 827: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 809:United States 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:French Guiana 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 638: 633: 632: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 361: 356: 355: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 246: 243: 242: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 180:Guinea-Bissau 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 59: 54: 53: 48: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 27: 19: 7324:Dependencies 7254:Turkmenistan 7219:Saudi Arabia 7183: 6975: 6948:Other topics 6933: 6912:Christianity 6905:Nat (spirit) 6793:Other topics 6779:Dwara Nikaya 6673:. Retrieved 6669:the original 6664: 6661:Burma Digest 6660: 6644:. Retrieved 6639: 6635: 6614: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6550:Bangkok Post 6549: 6540: 6528:. Retrieved 6524:the original 6510: 6506: 6479: 6462: 6453: 6441:. Retrieved 6437: 6418:. Retrieved 6414:the original 6409: 6366: 6356:. Retrieved 6352: 6313: 6303:25 September 6301:. Retrieved 6285:. Retrieved 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6225:. Retrieved 6219: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6161: 6135:. Retrieved 6130: 6114:. Retrieved 6110: 6097: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6064:the original 6047:. Retrieved 6034: 6030: 6021: 6012: 5995: 5989: 5977:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5956:. Retrieved 5940:. Retrieved 5935: 5915: 5898: 5889: 5881:Simese White 5880: 5868:. Retrieved 5863: 5852:Bibliography 5839: 5829: 5817:. Retrieved 5810: 5801: 5790: 5781: 5770: 5760: 5752:The Guardian 5751: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5704: 5695: 5687:The Guardian 5686: 5661: 5639:The Guardian 5637: 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5612:the original 5602: 5590: 5572: 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5545: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5491: 5479:. Retrieved 5469: 5457:. Retrieved 5447: 5435:. Retrieved 5425: 5413:. Retrieved 5403: 5391:. Retrieved 5387:the original 5377: 5366: 5355: 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5322: 5310: 5281: 5270: 5258:. Retrieved 5254:the original 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5228:the original 5223: 5198: 5193:, p. 75 5191:Yegar (1972) 5186: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5132: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5086: 5081:, p. 38 5079:Yegar (1972) 5064:, p. 37 5062:Yegar (1972) 5057: 5050:Yegar (1972) 5045: 5040:, p. 36 5038:Yegar (1972) 5033: 5026:Yegar (1972) 5021: 5010: 4991:, p. 12 4989:Yegar (1972) 4984: 4975: 4955: 4948: 4937: 4926: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4698:, p. 73 4691: 4685:Google Books 4683:, p. 49, at 4678: 4673: 4667:Google Books 4665:, p. 57, at 4660: 4655: 4648:Yegar (1972) 4643: 4637:Google Books 4630: 4625: 4618:Criminal Law 4612: 4600: 4546: 4539:Yegar (1972) 4534: 4515:Yegar (1972) 4510: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4438: 4431:Yegar (1972) 4426: 4414: 4400:Royal decree 4394: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4298:Yegar (1972) 4293: 4274: 4267:Yegar (1972) 4262: 4253: 4246:Yegar (1972) 4241: 4232: 4225:Yegar (1972) 4220: 4213:Yegar (1972) 4208: 4203:, p. 40 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4149:the original 4144: 4104: 4098:Yegar (1972) 4063: 4058:, p. 83 4036: 4031:, p. 76 4012:Yegar (1972) 4006: 3997: 3990:Yegar (1972) 3985: 3978:Yegar (1972) 3973: 3964: 3957:Yegar (1972) 3952: 3945:Yegar (1972) 3940: 3933:Yegar (1972) 3928: 3921:Yegar (1972) 3916: 3909:Yegar (1972) 3904: 3897:Yegar (1972) 3892: 3885:Yegar (1972) 3880: 3873:Yegar (1972) 3868: 3861:Yegar (1972) 3856: 3837:Yegar (1972) 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3784: 3775: 3754:Marga (1967) 3737: 3715:Yegar (1972) 3698: 3689: 3677: 3668: 3663:, p. 30 3661:Yegar (1972) 3656: 3651:, p. 20 3649:Yegar (1972) 3644: 3639:, p. 10 3637:Yegar (1972) 3620:Yegar (1972) 3615: 3604: 3597:Yegar (1972) 3592: 3580: 3570: 3547: 3510:, p. 42 3503: 3477: 3469:, p. 2 3467:Yegar (1972) 3439: 3409: 3350:Jumma people 3325:969 Movement 3298:Islam portal 3250:human rights 3235: 3216: 3208: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3146: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3067: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3017: 2985: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2929: 2922: 2911: 2899: 2845: 2836: 2806: 2757:in northern 2755:ethnic group 2720: 2719: 2697: 2686:Demographics 2681: 2667: 2646: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2543: 2542: 2533:Ah Choke Tan 2509:Kone Yoe dan 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2466: 2455: 2443: 2421:during King 2412: 2404: 2400: 2388: 2374: 2355: 2327: 2288: 2273: 2257: 2226: 2210: 2206:Grand Vizier 2197:Tabinshwehti 2194: 2190: 2179: 2169:Maha Bandula 2153: 2144:Tabinshwehti 2125: 2095: 2079:Tabinshwehti 2076: 2072:Maha Bandula 2053: 2034: 2007: 1998: 1986: 1963: 1932: 1925: 1897: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1815:through the 1802: 1793: 1781: 1773:posthumously 1768:Nat (spirit) 1760: 1753: 1749: 1718: 1716: 1663: 1637: 1628:(Martaban), 1607: 1587: 1573: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1475: 1473: 1458: 1443: 1395:intermarried 1345: 1294: 1283: 1252: 1251: 1118:Cook Islands 604:Turkmenistan 564:Saudi Arabia 528: 307:South Africa 297:Sierra Leone 85:Burkina Faso 26: 7383:Asia portal 7284:States with 7204:Philippines 7144:South Korea 7139:North Korea 7034:Afghanistan 6917:Catholicism 6880:Phongyibyan 6273:Ancient Pyu 6241:Luce, G. H. 5998:: 132–140. 5936:Hikmah.info 5819:12 December 5371:USDS (2002) 5234:19 February 4920:USDS (2006) 4408:Shin (1961) 4300:, p. 8 4215:, p. 5 3717:, p. 7 3684:, p. 9 3622:, p. 9 3599:, p. 6 3119:Lt. General 3110:Afghanistan 2914:Eid al-Adha 2882:Persecution 2558:June Mosque 2536:Kala Pyo Qr 2527:Taik Tan Qr 2506:Sigaing dan 2479:King Mindon 2375:During the 2356:Muslims in 2299:King Mindon 2237:Mon peoples 2105:Anaukpetlun 2087:Hanthawaddy 2070:(1819–37), 2014:Anaukpetlun 1921:Tanintharyi 1908:Parameswara 1885:Tanintharyi 1857:Parameswara 1817:East Indian 1771:rivals and 1649:Hindu kings 1583:Immigration 1387:descendants 1381:of the 9th 1352:propagation 1348:settlements 1286:Arab Muslim 1158:New Zealand 1051:Switzerland 979:Netherlands 789:Saint Lucia 719:El Salvador 554:Philippines 482:South Korea 477:North Korea 367:Afghanistan 312:South Sudan 185:Ivory Coast 7264:Uzbekistan 7239:Tajikistan 7154:Kyrgyzstan 7134:Kazakhstan 7054:Bangladesh 7044:Azerbaijan 6683:N. Kamal. 6513:: 107–112. 6410:Burma News 6024:: 109–111. 5733:Al Jazeera 5713:9 December 5551:13 October 5525:13 October 5503:13 October 5481:13 October 5459:13 October 5437:13 October 5415:13 October 5360:BNN (2001) 5334:13 October 5260:13 October 4711:MRA (2005) 4125:Kyi (1950) 3609:Lay (1973) 3508:Tun (2008) 3482:Tun (2006) 3433:Kyi (1950) 3402:References 3258:gang rapes 3199:2013 riots 3003:Kuomintang 2999:Hui Muslim 2925:Alaungpaya 2902:Bayinnaung 2775:Rathedaung 2771:Buthidaung 2512:Taung Balu 2456:When King 2445:uniforms. 2435:Indo China 2431:Ambassador 2380:Alaungpaya 2330:Thibaw Min 2295:Mindon Min 2276:Henry Yule 2253:Alaungpaya 2233:Alaungpaya 2201:Alaungpaya 2056:Alaungpaya 1966:Tenasserim 1919:delta and 1917:Ayeyarwady 1889:Tenasserim 1883:delta and 1881:Ayeyarwady 1837:Madagascar 1809:Madagascar 1622:Taninthayi 1602:See also: 1528:Pakistanis 1360:documented 1303:(Burma's) 1299:landed in 1295:The first 1290:Madagascar 1267:population 1143:Micronesia 1021:San Marino 974:Montenegro 954:Luxembourg 694:Costa Rica 614:Uzbekistan 589:Tajikistan 494:Kyrgyzstan 467:Kazakhstan 417:East Timor 387:Bangladesh 377:Azerbaijan 292:Seychelles 252:Mozambique 225:Mauritania 210:Madagascar 100:Cape Verde 49:by country 7350:Hong Kong 7304:Palestine 7229:Sri Lanka 7224:Singapore 7104:Indonesia 6876:(Awgatha) 6825:Thilashin 6756:Theravada 6675:24 August 6646:24 August 6642:(9): 8–10 6598:0304-2227 6530:23 August 6443:22 August 6420:24 August 6358:24 August 6332:185556301 6287:24 August 6227:25 August 6147:cite news 6137:23 August 6116:23 August 6111:Irrawaddy 6070:23 August 6049:23 August 6004:0571-317X 5979:24 August 5958:23 August 5942:30 August 5870:23 August 5812:Firstpost 5393:15 August 5330:. 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The 2820:Muslim 2817:Indian 2793:Yunnan 2752:Muslim 2727:Kamein 2677:Yangon 2662:Mughal 2427:Thibaw 2423:Mindon 2391:Yangon 2284:Arakan 2245:Yangon 2186:Yangon 2128:Shwebo 2117:Syriam 2030:Shwebo 2022:Syriam 1990:Mughal 1955:Yangon 1928:Syriam 1845:Thaton 1821:Thaton 1736:Thaton 1732:Muslim 1729:Indian 1696:Muslim 1693:Indian 1689:Thaton 1677:Thaton 1673:Muslim 1670:Indian 1640:halawa 1610:Yunnan 1544:Malays 1464:Yunnan 1437:, and 1435:mayors 1413:, and 1391:Muslim 1337:Arakan 1329:Arakan 1193:Tuvalu 1046:Sweden 1026:Serbia 1009:Russia 994:Poland 989:Norway 969:Monaco 939:Latvia 934:Kosovo 909:Greece 899:France 832:Europe 769:Panama 759:Mexico 739:Guyana 679:Canada 674:Brazil 664:Belize 599:Turkey 584:Taiwan 489:Kuwait 462:Jordan 452:Israel 412:Cyprus 397:Brunei 392:Bhutan 342:Zambia 337:Uganda 277:Rwanda 215:Malawi 175:Guinea 165:Gambia 70:Angola 58:Africa 7355:Macau 7274:Yemen 7234:Syria 7209:Qatar 7189:Nepal 7124:Japan 7099:India 7089:Egypt 7074:China 6934:Islam 6874:Okāsa 6271:[ 6258:[ 6183:[ 6033:[ 4398:This 3587:, ¶ 8 2932:Imams 2871:Islam 2854:Mecca 2813:Bamar 2807:Pashu 2779:Akyab 2703:Sunni 2699:Islam 2515:Oh Bo 2405:King 2366:Sunni 2362:Innwa 2311:Mecca 2303:halal 2258:King 2239:near 2195:When 2156:Assam 2077:When 2060:Assam 1978:Akyab 1951:Japan 1947:Korea 1841:China 1813:China 1740:Bagan 1712:Bagan 1708:Bagan 1700:Fakir 1666:Bagan 1630:Myeik 1566:etc. 1560:Karen 1516:Moors 1512:Turks 1504:Arabs 1476:Pathi 1468:China 1441:men. 1358:were 1356:Islam 1325:Bagan 1254:Islam 1188:Tonga 1178:Samoa 1168:Palau 1148:Nauru 1081:Wales 1041:Spain 959:Malta 929:Italy 744:Haiti 684:Chile 624:Yemen 579:Syria 559:Qatar 534:Nepal 509:Macau 472:Korea 457:Japan 432:India 407:China 317:Sudan 262:Niger 205:Libya 190:Kenya 170:Ghana 160:Gabon 135:Egypt 75:Benin 7194:Oman 7159:Laos 7114:Iraq 7109:Iran 6830:Yogi 6677:2008 6648:2008 6619:OCLC 6602:OCLC 6594:ISSN 6532:2008 6494:OCLC 6484:ISBN 6467:OCLC 6445:2008 6422:2008 6395:ISBN 6387:ISBN 6360:2008 6328:OCLC 6318:ISBN 6305:2007 6289:2008 6229:2008 6206:OCLC 6189:OCLC 6166:ISBN 6153:link 6139:2008 6118:2008 6085:OCLC 6072:2008 6051:2008 6000:ISSN 5981:2008 5960:2008 5944:2008 5920:OCLC 5903:OCLC 5872:2008 5821:2016 5715:2016 5620:2014 5553:2012 5527:2012 5505:2012 5483:2012 5461:2012 5439:2012 5417:2012 5395:2012 5336:2012 5262:2012 5236:2016 5172:ISBN 5145:ISBN 5118:ISBN 4961:ISBN 3230:and 2906:Bago 2858:Hajj 2729:, a 2589:polo 2384:Pyay 2315:Hajj 2274:Sir 2241:Pyay 2158:and 2134:and 2091:Mons 2062:and 1957:and 1847:and 1833:Arab 1823:and 1805:Arab 1777:gods 1704:monk 1685:monk 1681:Iraq 1618:Bago 1556:Shan 1542:and 1490:The 1374:and 1364:Arab 1339:and 1128:Guam 1123:Fiji 779:Peru 699:Cuba 539:Oman 499:Laos 447:Iraq 442:Iran 360:Asia 327:Togo 220:Mali 110:Chad 7326:and 6665:VII 6511:XII 5841:BBC 5792:BBC 5662:CNN 5203:Pay 3575:81. 3108:of 2801:in 2437:by 2433:to 2115:or 2109:Ava 2020:or 1906:of 1839:to 1687:in 1564:Mon 1405:or 1389:of 1362:by 1354:of 1323:of 1261:in 7400:: 6659:. 6638:. 6634:. 6600:. 6590:XV 6588:. 6509:. 6492:. 6436:. 6408:. 6393:, 6381:, 6351:. 6326:. 6239:; 6149:}} 6145:{{ 6129:. 6109:. 5996:II 5994:. 5934:. 5862:. 5838:. 5809:. 5789:. 5769:. 5750:. 5731:. 5703:. 5685:. 5674:^ 5664:. 5660:. 5648:^ 5636:. 5580:. 5544:. 5292:^ 5222:. 5208:^ 5095:. 5069:^ 4996:^ 4867:^ 4855:^ 4703:^ 4585:^ 4570:^ 4555:^ 4522:^ 4380:^ 4368:^ 4193:^ 4143:. 4132:^ 4115:^ 4086:^ 4074:^ 4048:^ 4019:^ 3844:^ 3793:^ 3761:^ 3746:^ 3722:^ 3707:^ 3627:^ 3558:^ 3515:^ 3489:^ 3449:^ 3423:^ 3260:, 3256:, 3112:. 2873:, 2777:, 2773:, 2769:, 2761:, 2595:. 2441:. 2340:. 2317:. 2286:. 2130:, 2099:, 2081:, 2043:, 2032:. 1980:, 1949:, 1945:, 1941:, 1937:, 1915:, 1891:, 1879:, 1791:. 1562:, 1558:, 1554:, 1538:, 1534:, 1530:, 1526:, 1522:, 1518:, 1514:, 1510:, 1506:, 1433:, 1429:, 1417:, 1409:, 1370:, 1366:, 1276:. 7010:e 7003:t 6996:v 6731:e 6724:t 6717:v 6679:. 6650:. 6640:1 6625:. 6608:. 6552:. 6543:. 6534:. 6500:. 6473:. 6456:. 6447:. 6424:. 6401:. 6362:. 6334:. 6307:. 6291:. 6231:. 6212:. 6195:. 6174:. 6155:) 6141:. 6120:. 6100:. 6091:. 6074:. 6053:. 6006:. 5983:. 5962:. 5946:. 5926:. 5909:. 5874:. 5844:. 5823:. 5775:. 5754:. 5717:. 5668:. 5622:. 5584:. 5555:. 5529:. 5507:. 5485:. 5463:. 5441:. 5419:. 5397:. 5338:. 5264:. 5238:. 5180:. 5153:. 5126:. 5099:. 4969:. 4010:" 3417:. 2785:. 2744:. 1241:e 1234:t 1227:v 20:)

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