1102:, stating that the feature was only a personalized notification service designed for "certain overseas regions" that was not available in China. Netizens questioned why promotion of that feature was available on the company's Chinese website in the first place if that was not the intended area but those comments were deleted before getting any response. A Taoist priest commented that the mosque-finding service on the device was also available in mainland China, inconsistent with the official explanation about these religious features. After Huawei published the official statement, many news reports and discussions made on Chinese online media or Chinese discussion platforms were made inaccessible or removed from the internet.
688:
30:
1095:(Islamic prayer) notification feature in Huawei Mate 10 phone, on the company's website for Mainland China. It was viewed as an unjustified promotion of Islam given that Muslims are a minority religious group in Mainland China that make up only about 1–2% of the population. Significant backlash has formed on the Chinese internet and some have even tried to boycott Huawei phones for including such feature, and make fun of the phone by calling it "the first phone with a Halal prayer feature" and describe the event as the "Islamic conversion of Huawei".
59:
575:
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1372:, the school was named Shuada Suqin Women's Primary School after his wife Ma Suqin who was also involved in its founding. Hui Muslim refugees fled to northwest China from the central plains after the Japanese invasion of China, where they continued to practice women's education and build women's mosque communities, while women's education was not adopted by the local northwestern Hui Muslims and the two different communities continued to differ in this practice.
1271:
3692:
3673:
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1240:. Violence subsided after 1949 under Communist Party repression but reignited as strictures were relaxed. Riots broke out in March 2008 between Muslims and Tibetans over incidents such as suspected human bones in and deliberate contamination of soups served in Muslim-owned establishments and overpricing of balloons by Muslim vendors. Tibetans attacked Muslim restaurants. Fires set by Tibetans resulted in Muslim deaths and riots. The
564:
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1061:. In doing so, the Chinese government has outlawed traditional gatherings, with police forces increasingly monitoring Muslim religious ceremonies such as weddings and funerals. Authorities have conducted raids on religious classes, suppressed the printing of "unauthorized" religious texts, razed mosques, and forced imams to undergo political indoctrination.
3559:
2421:
1220:
positions, the amount of Hui going on Hajj is expanding, and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, while Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them and
Uyghurs find it difficult to get passports to go on Hajj. China does not enforce the law against children attending Mosques on non-Uyghurs in areas outside of Xinjiang.
1712:
Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million, and
Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim
1223:
Although religious education for children is officially forbidden by law in China, the
Communist party allows Hui Muslims to violate this law and have their children educated in religion and attend Mosques while the law is enforced on Uyghurs. After secondary education is completed, China then allows
2068:
1355:
studied at Al-Azhar
University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students, the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East. Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the
1256:
The majority of
Tibetans viewed the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11 positively and it had the effect of galvanizing anti-Muslim attitudes among Tibetans and resulted in an anti-Muslim boycott against Muslim owned businesses. Tibetan Buddhists propagate a false libel that Muslims cremate
1032:
Muslims, during which the
Chinese police provided protection to the Hui Muslim protestors, and the Chinese government organized public burnings of the book. The Chinese government assisted them and gave in to their demands because Hui do not have a separatist movement, unlike the Uyghurs, Hui Muslim
2114:
The People's
Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreover, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government
1201:
On 31 August 2018, the United
Nations committee called on the Chinese government to "end the practice of detention without lawful charge, trial and conviction", to release the detained persons, to provide specifics as to the number of interred individuals and the reasons for their detention, and to
1335:
government supported the
Chengda Teachers Academy, which helped usher in a new era of Islamic education in China, promoting nationalism and Chinese language among Muslims, and fully incorporating them into the main aspects of Chinese society. The Ministry of Education provided funds to the Chinese
1087:
In the past, celebrating at religious functions and going on Hajj to Mecca was encouraged by the
Chinese government for Uyghur members of the Communist party. From 1979 to 1989, 350 mosques were built in Turpan. Three decades later, the government was building "re-education" camps for interning
849:
mosques in Nanjing were found to be filled with dead bodies. They also followed a policy of economic oppression which involved the destruction of mosques and Hui communities and made many Hui jobless and homeless. Another policy was one of deliberate humiliation. This included soldiers smearing
1174:
Muslim ethnic minorities. Core strategies of the Chinese government’s campaign against the Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities include identity-based persecution, systematized mass detention and surveillance, forced abortions and sterilizations, forced birth control, forced labor,
1219:
in regards to religious freedom. Hui Muslims, who can practice their religion, build Mosques, and have their children attend Mosques, while more controls are placed on Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Hui Muslims who are employed by the state are allowed to fast during Ramadan unlike Uyghurs in the same
1367:
Hui Muslims from the Central Plains (Zhongyuan) differed in their view of women's education than Hui Muslims from the northwestern provinces, with the Hui from the Central Plains provinces like Henan having a history of women's Mosques and religious schooling for women, while Hui women in
1244:
community sought to suppress reports reaching the international community, fearing damage to the cause of Tibetan autonomy and fuelling Hui Muslim support of government repression of Tibetans generally. In addition, Chinese-speaking Hui have problems with Tibetan Hui (the Tibetan speaking
995:
in 1979, Muslims enjoyed a period of liberalisation. New legislation gave all minorities the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages, to develop their own culture and education and to practice their religion. More Chinese Muslims than ever before were allowed to go on the
3048:
1003:
There is an ethnic separatist movement among the Uighur minority, who are a Turkic people with their own language. Uighur separatists are intent on establishing the East Turkestan Republic, which existed for a few years in the 1930s and as a Soviet Communist puppet state, the
2011:
1197:
In response to the UN panel's finding of indefinite detention without due process, the Chinese government delegation officially conceded that it was engaging in widespread "resettlement and re-education" and State media described the controls in Xinjiang as "intense".
1257:
their Imams and use the ashes to convert Tibetans to Islam by making Tibetans inhale the ashes, even though the Tibetans seem to be aware that Muslims practice burial and not cremation since they frequently clash against proposed Muslim cemeteries in their area.
758:(Tibetan) peoples. This led to some improvement in relations between these different ethnic groups in China. The end of the Qing dynasty also marked an increase in Sino-foreign interaction. This led to increased contact between Muslim minorities in China and the
1356:
traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students. In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was
1036:
Since the 1980s Islamic private schools (Sino-Arabic schools (中阿學校)) have been supported and permitted by the Chinese government among Muslim areas, only specifically excluding Xinjiang from allowing these schools because of separatist sentiment there.
2115:
allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements.
1008:
1944-1950. The Soviet Union supported Uighur separatists against China during the Sino-Soviet split. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, China feared potential separatist goals of Muslim majority in Xinjiang. An April, 1996 agreement between
1823:
1188:
1068:, the People's Republic of China's state-run television station ordered major advertising agencies not to use pig images, cartoons or slogans "to avoid conflicts with ethnic minorities", a reference to China's Muslims. In response to the 2015
850:
mosques with pork fat, forcing Hui to butcher pigs to feed the soldiers, and forcing girls to supposedly train as geishas and singers but in fact made them serve as sex slaves. Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui
844:
the Japanese followed what has been referred to as a "killing policy" and destroyed many mosques. According to Wan Lei, "Statistics showed that the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and killed countless Hui people by April 1941." After the
3040:
1713:
include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan, and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at
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northwestern provinces were kept in the house. However, in northwestern China reformers started bringing female education in the 1920s. In Linxia, Gansu, a secular school for Hui girls was founded by the Muslim warlord
726:
sided with the Qing and prepared to attack the anti-Qing revolutionaries of Xi'an city. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their
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said that credible reports had led it to estimate that up to a million Uighurs and other Muslims were being held in "something that resembles a massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". The U.N.'s
1206:
report quoted an unnamed Chinese official as saying that "Uighurs enjoyed full rights" but also admitting that "those deceived by religious extremism... shall be assisted by resettlement and re-education".
906:
forces in Northwest China, in Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, as well as Yunnan, continued an unsuccessful insurgency against the communists from 1950 to 1958, after the general civil war was over.
1724:. The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
3017:
1194:
By that time, conditions in Xinjiang had deteriorated so far that they were described by informed political scientists as "Orwellian" and observers drew comparisons with Nazi concentration camps.
2676:
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protestors who violently rioted by vandalizing property during the protests against the book were let off by the Chinese government and went unpunished while Uyghur protestors were imprisoned.
2568:
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and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives. Young pretty Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.
2324:
1178:
In May 2018, the western news media reported that hundreds of thousands of Muslims were being detained in massive extrajudicial internment camps in western Xinjiang. These were called
3163:
3071:
958:
1025:, however, assures China of avoiding a military conflict. Other Muslim states have also asserted that they have no intentions of becoming involved in China's internal affairs.
1182:
and later, "vocational training centres" by the government, intended for the "rehabilitation and redemption" to combat terrorism and religious extremism. In August 2018, the
1028:
China banned a book titled "Xing Fengsu" ("Sexual Customs") which insulted Islam and placed its authors under arrest in 1989 after protests in Lanzhou and Beijing by Chinese
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donated funds to promote education for Hui Muslims and help build a class of intellectuals among the Hui and promote the Hui role in developing the nation's strength.
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In Tibet, the majority of Muslims are Hui people. Hatred between Tibetans and Muslims stems from events during the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang's rule in Qinghai such as
1468:
851:
179:
714:(1911-1912). The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of
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said that some estimates indicated that up to 2 million Uighurs and other Muslims were held in "political camps for indoctrination", in a "no-rights zone".
3817:
1106:
3009:
2265:
2782:
Fathil, Fauziah (2019). "Muslim Minority in China: A Case of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang". In Sidek, Noor Z. M.; Said, Roshima; Hasan, Wan N. W. (eds.).
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said the attack was "payback" for what it characterised as Western colonialism and accusing Charlie Hebdo of trying to incite a clash of civilizations.
2224:
2929:
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976:, there was an uprising among Hui in what was the only large scale ethnic rebellion during the Cultural Revolution. In crushing the rebellion, the
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1967:
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798:(1937–1945), there existed more than a hundred known Muslim periodicals. Thirty journals were published between 1911 and 1937. Although
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After secondary education is completed, Chinese law then allows students who are willing to embark on religious studies under an Imam.
687:
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remained the center for religious activities, many Muslim cultural activities had shifted to Beijing. National organizations like the
3797:
1846:
735:
629:
4114:
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969:. Traditional Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist temples and monasteries, Christian churches, and Muslim mosques were all attacked.
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2008:
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During the 21st century, China has moved to significantly increase its repression of Muslims, particularly Uyghurs in
903:
807:
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42:
1804:(Hui Muslims of Yunnan). Bangkok: Teak House, 1997; republished Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2011. ASIN: B006GMID5K
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Islamic National Salvation Federation for Chinese Muslim's education. The President of the federation was General
1158:, a predominantly Turkic-speaking Chinese-Muslim ethnic group which inhabits primarily the Northwestern region of
1072:
Chinese state-run media attacked Charlie Hebdo for publishing the cartoons insulting Muhammad, with the state-run
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949:(1966–1976). During the Cultural Revolution, Islam, along with all other religions in the country, including the
759:
68:
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In August 2023, Xi Jinping called the sinicization of Islam in China to be deepened. In March 2024, Xinjiang's
1065:
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was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming.
58:
3410:"Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present"
2142:, 2006. Accessed June 3, 2021. online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17182&itemid=WE53&articleId=271257.
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962:
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3973:(in Chinese). 编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin). 央视国际 (CCTV international). 2005-02-24
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In the first decade of the 20th century, it has been estimated that there were 20 million Muslims in
388:
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1139:(1946−1950) that occurred during the 20th century and throughout the first half of the 21st century, the
4101:. Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident. Vol. 33. Presses universitaires de Vincennes. pp. 143–170.
2711:
1644:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1617:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
184:
1963:
1154:. Most of the people who have been targeted and arbitrarily detained in these internment camps are the
2743:
945:(1946−1950). Through many of the early years, there were tremendous upheavals which culminated in the
3221:. Compiled by State Dept (U S ) (illustrated ed.). Government Printing Office. pp. 159–60.
2270:
2167:
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that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message. Immediately after the
1669:
1113:, stated that the sinicization of Islam in Xinjiang is "inevitable." Prohibitions on fasting during
1045:
656:
suffered political repression along with all other religious groups in China, especially during the
4139:. Histoire de la philosophie et de la pensée musulmane. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011
2834:
2139:
1250:
1216:
1143:
946:
919:
767:
657:
155:
3556:
3255:
2539:
1557:
825:(that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang). Of these, almost half resided in
4252:
4184:
3986:
3950:
3842:
3287:. Compiled by State Dept (U S ) (illustrated ed.). Government Printing Office. p. 160.
2887:
2854:
2813:
1417:
699:
484:
429:
79:
2285:
308:
4152:
4110:
4065:(illustrated, reprint, annotated ed.). State University of New York Press. Archived from
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17:
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Contemporary China Studies - School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies - University of Oxford
3826:
2953:"NGOs note 'staggering' rise in arrests as China cracks down on minorities in Muslim region"
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2795:
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2229:
2208:
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915:
728:
718:(Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the entire 20,000
499:
454:
258:
1755:
1453:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"
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2015:
1734:
891:
846:
549:
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509:
126:
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Muslim Educational Reform in 20th-Century China: The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy
3809:
3353:
1816:"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War"
1551:
1284:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2704:"China: Draconian repression of Muslims in Xinjiang amounts to crimes against humanity"
2187:
2154:""Key Individuals Management" and the Roots of China's Anti-Muslim Surveillance System"
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691:
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534:
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49:
1871:"China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories | China Heritage Quarterly"
1344:(Tang Ko-san). 40 Sino-Arabic primary schools were founded in Ningxia by its Governor
1249:
minority of Muslims). The main mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans during the
33:
The percentage of Muslim population in the provinces of China, According to 2010 data.
4269:
4171:. Contributor China Information Committee. China Information Publishing Company. 1941
3846:
3185:
2850:
2817:
2747:
2630:
2397:"Mind your language: how words are weaponised when discussing human rights and China"
1721:
1352:
1241:
1167:
992:
719:
378:
4066:
3072:"U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps"
3041:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture"
2183:"Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained"
794:(1934). Academic activities within the Muslim community also flourished. Before the
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2250:
1215:
Different Muslim ethnic groups in different regions are treated differently by the
1080:
1050:
985:
875:
822:
664:
617:
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519:
514:
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3446:
3256:"If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?"
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1202:
investigate the allegations of "racial, ethnic and ethno-religious profiling". A
1189:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
3830:
2862:
2569:"Xi doubles down on 'social stability' in Xinjiang, pushes economic development"
2158:
1553:
Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)
1360:
and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar. Na Zhong, a descendant of
1337:
1317:
878:
made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.
811:
763:
743:
739:
633:
625:
223:
2204:"Uighur Couple, Official's Article Confirm China's Ban on Islamic Marriage Vow"
4106:
3349:
3347:
3281:
Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (2005). State Dept (U S ) (ed.).
3215:
Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (2005). State Dept (U S ) (ed.).
2597:"Top official from China's Xinjiang says 'Sinicisation' of Islam 'inevitable'"
2513:
1647:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193.
1620:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192.
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1345:
1341:
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504:
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318:
303:
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208:
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632:(1912–1949), immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the
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923:
863:
859:
363:
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248:
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2246:"Revealed: new evidence of China's mission to raze the mosques of Xinjiang"
1529:. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Routledge. p. 137.
1224:
Hui students who are willing to embark on religious studies under an Imam.
2266:"Hundreds of Muslim clerics have been detained in China's Xinjiang region"
1668:
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.).
1500:. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Routledge. p. 66.
4239:. Contributor American Asiatic Association. Asia Publishing Company. 1942
4082:
3808:
Allès, Élisabeth; Chérif-Chebbi, Leïla; Halfon, Constance-Hélène (2003).
3102:"No place to hide: exiled Chinese Uighur Muslims feel state's long reach"
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1321:
1159:
1058:
787:
755:
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676:
645:
459:
328:
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218:
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advocated limiting freedom of speech, while another state-run newspaper
2601:
1163:
1155:
1114:
830:
783:
779:
751:
641:
494:
449:
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383:
288:
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4003:
The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own
2839:"Conclusion: Balancing Between Domestic and International Imperatives"
742:, who immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the
4034:(illustrated, reprint, annotated ed.). Oxford University Press.
2707:
1074:
1010:
870:, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under the Muslim General
834:
529:
293:
4133:"The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam"
3748:"The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam"
1896:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
1815:
778:. In 1912, the Chinese Muslim Federation was formed in the capital
2347:"Beijing jumps onto Paris attack to feed state propaganda machine"
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1044:
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of Xi'an. The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general
686:
539:
28:
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used to fire rockets onto the village. Following the fall of the
3010:"China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps'"
1674:(illustrated ed.). American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365.
1150:
have reportedly detained more than a million Chinese Muslims in
997:
806:
were established for Muslims. Muslims served extensively in the
2317:"Charlie Hebdo Attack Shows Need for Press Limits, Xinhua Says"
2134:, and Leslie Alan Horvitz. "Human Rights Violations in China."
1942:. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs. 1996. p. 140.
3186:"UN 'alarmed' by reports of China's mass detention of Uighurs"
3156:"China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims"
2290:
2225:"China's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members"
1264:
1203:
2979:"Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution"
1916:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. 1999. pp. 137, 162.
1324:
were involved in reforming Islamic education inside China.
1316:
funded schools or sponsored students studying abroad. Imam
1175:
forced assimilation, torture, brainwashing, and gang rape.
3750:. July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
3125:"China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight"
957:, who had attempted to eradicate them through a series of
1550:
Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914).
1117:
are couched in terms of protecting residents' free will.
3928:. Contributor Sir H. A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. 1954.
3284:
Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004
3218:
Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004
1527:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
1498:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
874:
to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Ethnic Turkic
858:
the Chinese government was notified by Muslim General
766:. By 1939, at least 33 Hui Muslims had studied at the
3825:(1). Translated from the French by Anne Evans: 7–35.
2088:
Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed
1211:
Different Treatment of Hui Muslims and Uyghur Muslims
2908:
What's happened to the vanished Uighurs of Xinjiang?
1894:
Goldman, Merle (1986). Religion in Post-Mao China,
3861:O'Toole, George Barry; Tsʻai, Jên-yü, eds. (1941).
3671:"Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1-6" 1942
3322:"Religious Repression of Uyghurs in East Turkestan"
3921:
2920:Philip Wen and Olzhas Auyezov (29 November 2018).
2698:
2696:
2694:
2623:
1800:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (1997, 2011).
1779:. Muslim Media Network. 2008-03-24. Archived from
1098:Later, Huawei published an official statement via
810:and reached positions of importance, like General
2659:
2657:
2655:
1413:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China"
2829:
2827:
1091:In November 2017, Chinese users discovered the
2777:
2775:
2773:
2737:
2735:
2733:
1756:"China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)"
1603:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
1587:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
1556:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
734:The Manchu Qing dynasty fell in 1912, and the
3485:. LHASA, Tibet. 28 March 2008. Archived from
941:was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the
597:
8:
4218:Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1-6
3909:. Contemporary China Studies. Archived from
2223:Kang, Dake; Wang, Yanan (30 November 2018).
1913:Antidrug crusades in twentieth century China
1451:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16).
1217:government of the People's Republic of China
884:was subjected to slaughter by the Japanese.
3818:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
3354:ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003
2744:"China's Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang"
1964:"bbc religion and ethics ISLAM Integration"
1906:
1904:
1340:(Pai Chung-hsi) and the vice president was
1107:Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary
4006:(illustrated ed.). Psychology Press.
3419:(Working Paper no.68): 1–2. Archived from
3403:
3401:
3399:
833:(as defined at that time) and the rest in
667:against Chinese Muslims, particularly the
663:In modern-day China, there is a series of
604:
590:
74:
36:
3408:Fischer, Andrew Martin (September 2005).
1820:Dîvân Disiplinlerarasi Çalismalar Dergisi
4031:Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook
3810:"Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation"
2286:"Chinese Muslims in the year of the pig"
694:guerrilla fighters gather to oppose the
2673:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2136:Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide
1403:
988:, apologies and reparations were made.
972:In 1975, in what would be known as the
163:
118:
77:
39:
4250:
4182:
4150:
4000:Jaschok, Maria; Shui, Jingjun (2000).
3984:
3948:
3753:
2085:Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira (2005).
1715:http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk
959:atheistic and anti-religious campaigns
3576:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941
3557:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941
3519:"The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4" 1941
3479:"Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa"
3070:Nebehay, Stephanie (10 August 2018).
2127:
2125:
2123:
1521:Lin, Hsiao-ting (13 September 2010).
7:
3375:"Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China"
3196:from the original on 1 December 2018
2665:"Chinese Persecution of the Uyghurs"
2327:from the original on 13 January 2015
3885:. China Monthly, Incorporated. 1941
3301:from the original on 8 January 2017
3235:from the original on 8 January 2017
2898:from the original on 5 January 2019
2395:Sergeant, Gray (10 November 2018).
2202:Kashgarian, Asim (1 October 2020).
2034:. Hackett Publishing. p. 581.
710:was divided in its support for the
3633:"China Magazine, Volumes 6-7" 1941
3385:from the original on June 22, 2010
3082:from the original on 30 March 2019
2932:from the original on 25 April 2019
2742:Maizland, Lindsay (1 March 2021).
2625:"What Ramadan is like in Xinjiang"
2152:Dirks, Emilie (6 September 2019).
1826:from the original on 18 March 2014
1735:"CIA – The World Factbook – China"
1088:Muslims without charge in Turpan.
25:
3451:. Taylor Francis US. p. 75.
3262:from the original on 13 June 2015
3008:Phillips, Tom (25 January 2018).
2951:Creery, Jennifer (25 July 2018).
2886:Sudworth, John (10 August 2018).
2843:The Global Rise of China and Asia
2758:from the original on 27 June 2022
2718:from the original on 27 June 2022
2679:from the original on 6 April 2022
2509:"《关于有组织的水军再次恶意攻击华为手机"闹铃提醒功能"的说明》"
1228:Tibetan-Muslim sectarian violence
953:, were persecuted by the atheist
909:
782:. Similar organization formed in
3373:Demick, Barbara (23 June 2008).
2422:"華為新手機設清真禮拜功能觸及敏感民族問題 網民抨「泛清真化」"
2357:from the original on 18 May 2016
2181:Kirby, Jen (25 September 2020).
1600:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112
1523:"4 War and new frontier designs"
1494:"4 War and new frontier designs"
1411:Myers, Steven Lee (2019-09-21).
1269:
1049:Mosque with dome removed due to
882:The Hui Muslim county of Dachang
573:
562:
57:
3166:from the original on 2018-08-14
3135:from the original on 5 May 2019
3051:from the original on 2018-05-16
3020:from the original on 2018-08-19
2989:from the original on 2018-05-17
2922:"Tracking China's Muslim Gulag"
2550:from the original on 2017-11-17
2521:from the original on 2020-08-23
2490:from the original on 2017-11-17
2480:"世界上第一款深度内置清真功能的手机？华为陷清真门遭网友抵制"
2461:from the original on 2017-11-17
2432:from the original on 2020-08-23
2298:from the original on 2019-10-31
2105:from the original on 2017-01-09
2048:from the original on 2015-03-20
1970:from the original on 2007-09-18
1877:from the original on 2016-10-16
1564:from the original on 2009-06-25
1471:from the original on 2019-12-22
1433:from the original on 2019-09-24
1127:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
852:fought in the war against Japan
738:(1912–1949) was established by
4028:Kurzman, Charles, ed. (2002).
3882:The China Monthly, Volumes 3-4
3864:The China Monthly, Volumes 3-5
3254:Beech, Hannah (Aug 12, 2014).
2784:Islamic Development Management
2009:Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989
1847:"He Offers Aid to Fight Japan"
1822:. cilt 15 (sayi 29): 139–141.
1802:Traders of the Golden Triangle
1006:Second East Turkestan Republic
1:
3784:Islam in China (1912–present)
3652:"China at War, Volume 6" 1941
3123:Thum, Rian (22 August 2018).
3039:Denyer, Simon (17 May 2018).
2595:Laurie, Chen (7 March 2024).
1845:Central Press (30 Jul 1937).
1641:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
1614:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
900:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
18:Islam in China (1911–present)
4137:Science et Religion en Islam
4095:Mao, Yufeng (January 2011).
4059:Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light
3867:. China monthly incorporated
3798:Resources in other libraries
3154:Kuo, Lily (13 August 2018).
2800:10.1007/978-981-13-7584-2_27
2752:Council on Foreign Relations
2376:Rudelson & Rudelson 1997
2028:Harold Miles Tanner (2009).
1671:The Horizon history of China
1137:Chinese Communist Revolution
951:traditional Chinese religion
943:Chinese Communist Revolution
887:Muslims affiliated with the
648:(Tibetan) peoples. When the
402:Islamic Association of China
4200:China Magazine, Volumes 6-7
3900:"Chinese Muslim literature"
3831:10.1080/0963749032000045837
2977:Shih, Gerry (16 May 2018).
2863:10.1007/978-3-030-91806-4_6
1234:Ngolok rebellions (1917–49)
904:National Revolutionary Army
808:National Revolutionary Army
4292:
4131:Matsumoto, Masumi (2004).
3924:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1814:LEI, Wan (February 2010).
1148:People's Republic of China
1144:government and authorities
1124:
939:People's Republic of China
913:
910:People's Republic of China
868:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
818:of the Republic of China.
804:Chinese Muslim Association
650:People's Republic of China
4276:History of Islam in China
4157:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4107:10.4000/extremeorient.193
3793:Resources in your library
3760:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3417:CSRC Working Paper Series
2540:"华为回应"华为手机内置清真模式"：未对中国开放"
1988:New Encyclopedia of Islam
1392:History of Islam in China
1278:This section needs to be
1131:Xinjiang internment camps
1121:Xinjiang internment camps
980:massacred 1,600 Hui with
856:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
760:Muslim-majority countries
652:was established in 1949,
3965:
3538:O'Toole & Tsʻai 1941
2574:South China Morning Post
2244:Kuo, Lily (6 May 2019).
2091:. Brill. pp. 383–.
1584:The Atlantic, Volume 112
978:People's Liberation Army
842:Second Sino-Japanese war
796:Second Sino-Japanese War
180:Second Sino-Japanese War
3728:Jaschok & Shui 2000
3709:Jaschok & Shui 2000
3445:Mayaram, Shail (2009).
2321:The Wall Street Journal
2132:Catherwood, Christopher
1999:Gladney (1999), pg. 471
1703:Gladney (1999), pg. 458
1694:Gladney (1999), pg. 457
963:Chinese Communist Party
4257:: CS1 maint: others (
4189:: CS1 maint: others (
4168:China at War, Volume 6
3991:: CS1 maint: others (
3955:: CS1 maint: others (
3690:"Asia, Volume 42" 1942
2888:"China's hidden camps"
1777:"Muslim Media Network"
1070:Charlie Hebdo shooting
1054:
854:. In 1937, during the
703:
669:persecution of Uyghurs
616:After the fall of the
119:Rebellions and revolts
34:
3448:The other global city
3320:Szadziewski, Henryk.
2712:Amnesty International
1492:(13 September 2010).
1048:
690:
148:Second Dungan Revolt
32:
2957:Hong Kong Free Press
2857:. pp. 181–182.
2794:. pp. 355–370.
2451:"手机内置清真模式遭反感 华为强硬回应"
2401:Hong Kong Free Press
2271:Catholic News Agency
2168:Jamestown Foundation
1362:Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)
1180:"re-education" camps
991:After the advent of
961:, encouraged by the
902:, Muslim Kuomintang
708:Hui Muslim community
140:First Dungan Revolt
947:Cultural Revolution
920:Cultural Revolution
768:Al-Azhar University
665:human rights abuses
658:Cultural Revolution
164:Post-dynastic China
156:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4088:2011-06-07 at the
3898:Garnaut, Anthony.
3733:2014-07-19 at the
3714:2014-07-28 at the
3695:2014-07-15 at the
3676:2014-07-16 at the
3657:2014-07-16 at the
3638:2014-07-29 at the
3619:2014-07-24 at the
3600:2014-07-16 at the
3581:2017-08-09 at the
3562:2017-07-12 at the
3543:2014-07-27 at the
3524:2017-08-09 at the
3505:2014-03-19 at the
3359:2016-04-29 at the
3192:. 31 August 2018.
2855:Palgrave Macmillan
2381:2017-01-09 at the
2071:2015-09-15 at the
2014:2015-09-12 at the
1457:The New York Times
1418:The New York Times
1055:
829:, over a third in
704:
700:Northwestern China
628:, who led the new
132:Panthay Rebellion
35:
4056:Murata, Sachiko.
3779:Library resources
3489:on April 4, 2008.
3458:978-0-415-99194-0
3426:on 3 January 2006
3379:Los Angeles Times
3258:. TIME magazine.
2872:978-3-030-91806-4
2847:Cham, Switzerland
2835:Baginda, Abdul R.
2809:978-981-13-7584-2
2634:. 11 April 2024.
2098:978-90-04-14473-6
2041:978-0-87220-915-2
1949:978-0-674-59497-5
1923:978-0-8476-9598-0
1536:978-1-136-92392-0
1507:978-1-136-92393-7
1333:Republic of China
1331:officials in the
1299:
1298:
1261:Islamic education
1141:Chinese Communist
896:Chinese Civil War
736:Republic of China
720:Manchu population
712:Xinhai Revolution
696:Japanese invaders
683:Republic of China
673:autonomous region
630:Republic of China
622:Xinhai Revolution
614:
613:
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
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3614:ed. Kurzman 2002
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3332:on 27 March 2014
3328:. Archived from
3317:
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3104:. 19 August 2018
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2983:Associated Press
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2714:. 10 June 2021.
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2031:China: a history
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1358:Muhammad Ma Jian
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1238:Sino-Tibetan War
1152:internment camps
982:MIG fighter jets
974:Shadian incident
916:Shadian incident
816:Defence Minister
606:
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580:China portal
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2383:Wayback Machine
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2222:
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2196:
2180:
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2175:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2130:
2121:
2108:
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2099:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2073:Wayback Machine
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2016:Wayback Machine
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
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1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1910:
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1893:
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1880:
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1869:
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1855:
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1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
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1774:
1770:
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1576:
1567:
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1548:
1544:
1537:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1490:Lin, Hsiao-ting
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1388:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1230:
1213:
1133:
1125:Main articles:
1123:
1043:
935:
930:
914:Main articles:
912:
892:moved to Taiwan
847:Rape of Nanking
685:
654:Chinese Muslims
610:
574:
572:
563:
561:
556:
555:
554:
479:
471:
470:
469:
424:
423:
407:
406:
398:
343:
335:
334:
333:
309:Yeheidie'erding
203:
195:
194:
193:
173:
149:
141:
133:
127:Jahriyya revolt
114:
71:
48:
47:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4289:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4231:
4213:
4195:
4163:
4128:
4115:
4092:
4053:
4041:978-0195154689
4040:
4025:
4013:978-0700713028
4012:
3997:
3961:
3935:978-9004071643
3934:
3918:
3916:on 2014-05-01.
3895:
3877:
3858:
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3771:
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3568:
3549:
3530:
3511:
3492:
3470:
3457:
3437:
3395:
3365:
3343:
3326:Venn Institute
3312:
3294:978-0160725524
3293:
3273:
3246:
3228:978-0160725524
3227:
3207:
3177:
3146:
3129:Foreign Policy
3115:
3093:
3062:
3031:
3000:
2969:
2943:
2912:
2878:
2871:
2851:New York, U.S.
2823:
2808:
2769:
2729:
2690:
2651:
2615:
2587:
2560:
2531:
2500:
2471:
2457:. 2017-11-16.
2442:
2428:. 2017-11-16.
2413:
2387:
2368:
2353:. 2013-05-10.
2338:
2323:. 2015-01-12.
2308:
2277:
2274:. 17 May 2021.
2257:
2236:
2215:
2194:
2173:
2144:
2119:
2097:
2077:
2058:
2040:
2020:
2001:
1992:
1980:
1955:
1948:
1939:Muslim Chinese
1929:
1922:
1900:
1887:
1862:
1851:Herald-Journal
1837:
1806:
1793:
1768:
1747:
1726:
1720:2003-02-08 at
1705:
1696:
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1506:
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1443:
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1401:
1399:
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1394:
1387:
1384:
1304:Generals like
1297:
1296:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1229:
1226:
1212:
1209:
1184:United Nations
1122:
1119:
1042:
1039:
934:
931:
911:
908:
754:(Mongol), and
692:Chinese Muslim
684:
681:
644:(Mongol), and
620:following the
612:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
583:
582:
558:
557:
553:
552:
547:
542:
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381:
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371:
366:
361:
351:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
324:Zhang Chengzhi
321:
316:
314:Yusuf Ma Dexin
311:
306:
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102:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
73:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
50:Islam in China
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4288:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4260:
4254:
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4232:
4220:
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4214:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4118:
4116:9782842923341
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4072:on 2014-05-01
4068:
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3257:
3250:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3208:
3195:
3191:
3190:BBC News Asia
3187:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3103:
3097:
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3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3050:
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3042:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2988:
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2973:
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2909:
2897:
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2879:
2874:
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2811:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
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2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:New York City
2745:
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2713:
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2705:
2699:
2697:
2695:
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2670:
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2656:
2652:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:The Economist
2626:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2561:
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2535:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2485:
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2475:
2472:
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2240:
2237:
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2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:Facts On File
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1783:on 2008-03-27
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:archive.today
1719:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:9780828100052
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:Wang Jingzhai
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:Tibetan exile
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
994:
993:Deng Xiaoping
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
965:to smash the
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
885:
883:
879:
877:
876:Salar Muslims
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
814:, who became
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
660:(1966–1976).
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:(1911-1912),
623:
619:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
581:
570:
560:
559:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
475:
474:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
390:
389:Uyghur Arabic
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
339:
338:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:Major figures
199:
198:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
154:
152:
146:
144:
138:
136:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
81:
76:
70:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
51:
44:
38:
31:
27:
19:
4241:. Retrieved
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4199:
4173:. Retrieved
4167:
4141:. Retrieved
4136:
4120:. Retrieved
4097:
4074:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4058:
4045:. Retrieved
4030:
4017:. Retrieved
4002:
3975:. Retrieved
3970:
3939:. Retrieved
3923:
3911:the original
3906:
3887:. Retrieved
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3863:
3850:. Retrieved
3822:
3816:
3783:
3773:Bibliography
3742:
3723:
3704:
3685:
3666:
3647:
3628:
3609:
3590:
3571:
3552:
3533:
3514:
3495:
3487:the original
3482:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3447:
3440:
3430:26 September
3428:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3416:
3387:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3334:. Retrieved
3330:the original
3325:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3283:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3217:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3160:The Guardian
3159:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3128:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3075:
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986:Gang of Four
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933:20th century
886:
880:
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823:China proper
820:
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733:
705:
662:
618:Qing dynasty
615:
349:Architecture
299:Shams al-Din
185:Islamophobia
171:
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2406:11 November
2351:Japan Times
2159:China Brief
1758:. State.gov
1338:Bai Chongxi
1318:Hu Songshan
840:During the
812:Bai Chongxi
764:Middle East
740:Sun Yat-sen
626:Sun Yat-sen
394:Xiao'erjing
384:Sufi orders
379:Sini script
224:Hu Songshan
150:(1895–1896)
142:(1862–1877)
134:(1856–1873)
3464:2010-07-30
3389:2010-06-28
3200:1 December
3086:1 December
2936:1 December
2902:1 December
2645:2024-04-12
2581:2023-08-28
2554:2017-11-17
2525:2017-11-17
2514:Sina Weibo
2494:2017-11-17
2465:2017-11-17
2436:2017-11-17
2361:14 January
2331:14 January
2302:2018-04-02
2109:2016-09-21
2052:2010-06-28
1974:2007-05-28
1881:2016-04-18
1856:2010-11-28
1787:2009-07-14
1762:2009-06-15
1741:2009-06-15
1654:0295980400
1627:0295980400
1568:2020-03-16
1475:2019-11-16
1437:2019-09-24
1398:References
1380:Ma Fuxiang
1346:Ma Hongkui
1342:Tang Kesan
1329:Kuomintang
1310:Ma Hongkui
1306:Ma Fuxiang
1302:Hui Muslim
1290:April 2024
1135:Since the
1111:Ma Xingrui
1100:Sina Weibo
1023:Kyrgyzstan
1019:Tajikistan
1015:Kazakhstan
955:Red Guards
928:Red Guards
894:after the
889:Kuomintang
750:(Muslim),
724:Ma Anliang
640:(Muslim),
505:Dongxiangs
319:Wang Daiyu
304:Su fei-erh
274:Ma Mingxin
264:Ma Hualong
254:Ma Fuxiang
239:Ma Anliang
229:Kasim Tuet
209:Afaq Khoja
41:Part of a
4253:cite book
4185:cite book
3987:cite news
3951:cite book
3847:144070358
3839:0963-7494
3623:, p. 373.
3604:, p. 368.
3170:14 August
3139:23 August
3108:20 August
2818:158312566
2788:Singapore
2640:0013-0613
2385:, p. 129.
2075:, p. 232.
1737:. Cia.gov
1465:0362-4331
1427:0362-4331
1370:Ma Bufang
1314:Ma Bufang
1064:In 2007,
967:Four Olds
924:Four Olds
898:. In the
864:Ma clique
860:Ma Bufang
702:, c. 1939
550:Ili Turks
430:Hong Kong
364:Han Kitab
269:Ma Laichi
249:Ma Buqing
244:Ma Bufang
214:Du Wenxiu
4270:Category
4243:24 April
4225:24 April
4207:24 April
4175:24 April
4153:cite web
4086:Archived
4076:24 April
4047:24 April
4019:24 April
3977:24 April
3971:CCTV.com
3941:24 April
3889:24 April
3871:24 April
3756:cite web
3737:, p. 97.
3731:Archived
3718:, p. 96.
3712:Archived
3699:, p. 21.
3693:Archived
3680:, p. 21.
3674:Archived
3661:, p. 21.
3655:Archived
3642:, p. 21.
3636:Archived
3617:Archived
3598:Archived
3585:, p. 14.
3579:Archived
3566:, p. 13.
3560:Archived
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3528:, p. 14.
3522:Archived
3503:Archived
3500:Mao 2011
3383:Archived
3363:, p. 14.
3357:Archived
3305:24 April
3299:Archived
3260:Archived
3239:24 April
3233:Archived
3194:Archived
3164:Archived
3133:Archived
3080:Archived
3049:Archived
3018:Archived
2987:Archived
2930:Archived
2896:Archived
2892:BBC News
2837:(2021).
2756:Archived
2716:Archived
2677:Archived
2675:. 2022.
2548:Archived
2519:Archived
2488:Archived
2459:Archived
2430:Archived
2379:Archived
2355:Archived
2325:Archived
2296:Archived
2103:Archived
2069:Archived
2046:Archived
2018:, p. 13.
2012:Archived
1968:Archived
1875:Archived
1824:Archived
1718:Archived
1562:Archived
1469:Archived
1431:Archived
1386:See also
1378:General
1322:Ma Linyi
1236:and the
1160:Xinjiang
1059:Xinjiang
788:Shanghai
786:(1912),
677:Xinjiang
571:•
545:Tibetans
460:Xinjiang
329:Zheng He
284:Ma Wanfu
219:Hu Dahai
4083:Alt URL
3336:26 June
3266:25 June
3076:Reuters
2962:26 July
2926:Reuters
2762:28 June
2722:28 June
2683:28 June
2608:7 March
2602:Reuters
1830:19 June
1327:Muslim
1280:updated
1164:Kazakhs
1156:Uyghurs
1146:of the
1115:Ramadan
872:Ma Biao
862:of the
831:Shaanxi
784:Beijing
780:Nanjing
762:of the
671:in the
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495:Uyghurs
485:Ahmadis
455:Sichuan
450:Ningxia
435:Kashgar
420:Regions
374:Shrines
369:Mosques
354:Cuisine
342:Culture
289:Ma Yize
279:Ma Qixi
234:Liu Zhi
174:present
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4203:. 1941
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1075:Xinhua
1053:policy
1011:Russia
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835:Yunnan
800:Linxia
729:slaves
535:Tatars
530:Uzbeks
525:Tajiks
520:Bonans
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465:Xunhua
440:Linxia
417:Cities
358:Uyghur
294:Ma Zhu
259:Ma Gui
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3141:2018
3110:2018
3088:2018
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3026:2018
2995:2018
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