Islam in Saudi Arabia - Knowledge (XXG)

2261:, this power is only over certain sectors of governance. The founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, established a division of power (according to Baer) with the Wahhabi religious establishment in 1932. In "return for allowing it control of the mosques, culture, and education", the ulema or religious establishment "would never go near core political issues, such as royal succession, foreign policy, and the armed forces." This agreement has "been more or less respected" since 1932. Historians note that in his alliance with the House of Saud, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab called for the state to have an "imam" (religious leader, himself) and an "emir" (military leader, Ibn Saud). However, the third head of the House of Saud used the title "Imam", and Saudi kings have served in this role since. 50: 5851:... the modern Saudi state had treated the members of its Shia community as second-class citizens. Out on the oil rigs, Shia made up the drilling gangs, but usually worked to the orders of a Sunni foreman. There were at that time no Shia diplomats in the Saudi foreign service, no Shia pilots in the national airline—and certainly none in the air force. They could not become head teachers or even deputy heads in local schools, where, if they did teach, they were expected to follow a syllabus that scornfully denigrated Shia history and beliefs. Local zoning rules even banned them from building dens or basement areas beneath their homes, for fear they might use them as secret husayniyas for subversive worship and for their alleged sexual congresses. 19: 2924:

and English language newspapers. Similar questions of legitimacy will arise in coming months, with the kingdom's religious, political and perhaps military leaderships becoming the focal points for increasingly intense criticism. That Al Al-Sheikh answered the question about government influence over fatwas so openly is a clear indicator that the public has growing concerns about the legitimacy of religious leaders. Also, that the statements were reprinted in the press signals that the Saudi government—which wields enormous influence over the local press—is moving to respond to the charges of undue influence and corruption and illegitimacy.

2829:, Dhul Hajj. The Hajj represents the culmination of the Muslim's spiritual life. For many, it is a lifelong ambition. From the time of embarking on the journey to make the Hajj, pilgrims often experience a spirit of exaltation and excitement; the meeting of so many Muslims of all races, cultures, and stations in life in harmony and equality moves many people deeply. Certain rites of pilgrimage may be performed any time, and although meritorious, these constitute a lesser pilgrimage, known as 6388: 2876:, when 1,426 pilgrims suffocated or were crushed to death in one of the new air-conditioned pedestrian tunnels built to shield pilgrims from the heat. The incident resulted from the panic that erupted in the overcrowded and inadequately ventilated tunnel, and further fueled Iranian claims that the Saudis did not deserve to be in sole charge of the holy places. In 1992, however, 114,000 Iranian pilgrims, close to the usual level, participated in the Hajj. 2951: 2919:, has defended the religious establishment's legitimacy in a public forum, while responding to mounting criticism of the religious leadership's close political alliance with the ruling House of Saud. During a question-and-answer session with members of the public and the media, Al Al-Sheikh denied that the government influenced fatwas (religious rulings) and said accusations to the contrary within the media were false: 7458: 2837: 2268:, appointed and paid by the government advises the king on religious matters. The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, have a significant role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema, but so are all new laws (royal decrees). 7468: 2899:, which influences almost every aspect of social life, is deeply involved in politics. It has long been fractured into at least two distinct groups, with the senior ulema closely tied to the political agenda of the House of Saud. A younger generation of ulema, who are less firmly established and more radical in tone, have openly criticized the senior ulema and the government in the past. 2937: 2014: 1220: 1596: 2166:". The ulema's powers and financial support were strengthened in particular, they were given greater control over the education system and allowed to enforce stricter observance of Wahhabi rules of moral and social behaviour. These policies did not succeed in dampening the growth and strength of religious conservatives dissatisfied with the royal family. 3003: 2453:

tangible in the physical conformity in dress, in public deportment, and in public prayer. Most significantly, the Wahhabi legacy was manifest in the social ethos that presumed government responsibility for the collective moral ordering of society, from the behavior of individuals, to institutions, to businesses, to the government itself.

2210: 2063:, Iraq and Kuwait, to expand of the Wahhabist realm, and they opposed his policies of allowing some modernization and some non-Muslim foreigners in the country. The Ikhwan were defeated and their leaders executed in 1930 after a two-year struggle. In 1932 the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the 2523:, (Arabic:ولي الأمر) the ruler." While the ruling kings (and Crown Princes) of Saudi Arabia "have historically stayed away from religion", and "outsourced" issues of theology and religious law to "the big beards", (traditionally conservative and orthodox religious scholars), MbS has "a law degree from 2631:

Many conservative clerics strongly appear to have taken heed, succumbing to "good old-fashioned intimidation", reversing their religious positions and supporting the government line on issues such as "the opening of cinemas and mass layoffs of Wahhabi imams". But it also "isn't clear how quickly" the

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Both the criticism and the public response to it indicate a deepening level of dissent, not only within the kingdom's religious establishment, but also among the public. It is significant that the question was asked and answered in a public forum, and then reprinted in the media—including the Arabic

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or police chiefs. Shia are kept out of "critical jobs" in the armed forces and the security services, and not one of the three hundred Shia girls schools in the Eastern Province has a Shia principal. In the Eastern provinces of Saudi Arabia there are Shia courts who deal with cases such as marriage,

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Shias. The hijaz region has long had a more pluralistic tradition. The southwest region of Asir is known for its followers of a local leader, Idris, revered by many as a Sufi saint, a concept which Wahhbism opposes. Two critics of Wahhabism (Ali Al-Ahmed and Stephen Schwartz), also give a relatively

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are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale. Public observance of non-Islamic religious holidays is prohibited, with the exception of 23 September, which commemorates the unification of the kingdom. Conformity of behavior is highly valued as part of religion, apparent in sameness

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Most people of Asir are deeply pious and know by heart a particular Hadith … to the effect that the final triumph of Islam will be brought about by the people of southern Arabia. However, historically even the stricter preachers among them have not been Wahhabis. The fact that many in Asir followed

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When King Abdullah's father Ibn Saud founded Saudi Arabia in 1932, he came to a non-negotiable agreement with the Wahhabi religious establishment that, in return for allowing it control of the mosques, culture, and education, they would never go near core political issues, such as royal succession,

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Today, the 'alliance' between the regime and official clergy is much contested by dissidents because the parties no longer serve as 'checks' on each other. The official clergy are said to be dependent upon the al-Saud for their existence. They regularly issue fatwas ... that justify the policies of

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Fractures between the government and this younger generation deepened in May 2003, when Riyadh fired or suspended thousands of them. Many were to be "re-educated," while others were simply ousted from the religious establishment. The move did little to endear the government to an already frustrated

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An elaborate guild of specialists assists the Hajjis. Guides (mutawwifs) who speak the pilgrim's language make the necessary arrangements in Mecca and instruct the pilgrim in the proper performance of rituals; assistants (wakils) provide subsidiary services. Separate groups of specialists take care

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Wood estimates that this will mean "about 95 percent" of traditional Islamic law is "chuck into the sandpit of Saudi history", and leave MbS free to use his discretion "to determine what is in the interest of the Muslim community." According to Haykel this short-circuits centuries of Islamic legal

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Shia in the southern regions. According to a number of sources, only a minority of Saudis consider themselves Wahhabis, although according to other sources, the Wahhabi affiliation is up to 40%, making it a very dominant minority, at the very least using a native population of 17 million based on

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For women, a long black head covering (concealing all but the eyes) flows over a loose-fitting black outer garment that covers the entire body. This ensemble is usually accompanied by black gloves and sunglasses, covering any remaining skin. For men, a red-and-white checkered headdress (sometimes

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One striking example of Wahhabism's outward influence on Saudi society is the widespread uniformity of men and women's apparel. In other parts of the Middle East, you will find a mix of traditional and modern clothing styles. You will also discover great variety among those who sport time-honored

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One part of the fallout is in legal code. Unlike most countries, Saudi "does not have any penal and civil code" and "judges rule on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence with a high level of discretion in some contexts". But as of early 2021, MbS has "ordered a codification of Saudi laws" that would

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In the 1990s, Saudi leadership did not emphasize its identity as inheritor of the Wahhabi legacy as such, nor did the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, the Al ash Shaykh, continue to hold the highest posts in the religious bureaucracy. Wahhabi influence in Saudi Arabia, however, remained

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a greater role in government. At first, photographs of women in newspapers were banned, then women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. School curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects like non-Islamic history. Gender

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in 1932. The Saudi government has spent tens of billions of dollars of its petroleum export revenue throughout the Islamic world and elsewhere on building mosques, publishing books, giving scholarships and fellowships, hosting international Islamic organisations, and promoting its form of Islam,

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This is, after all, the birthplace of Muhammad and of the Arabic language, the locus of Muslim holy cities, the root of tribal Arab trees, and also, historically, a last redoubt against foreign incursions into Arab and Muslim lands. The kingdom is in many ways a unique experiment. It is the only

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The first two Saudi rulers were referred to as Amir, meaning commander, prince. After them, the term imam came into use for the ruler, and it is applied retrospectively to the first two rulers. Use of the title imam, implying as it does that the holder of the office is legitimate under the fiqh

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An apparently impregnable, westernizing autocrat, smiled on by America, with a huge army, an efficient secret police, and burgeoning oil revenues, had been brought down without a serious shot being fired—all the Shah's modernization had proved helpless against the supposedly outmoded power of

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Greater emphasis was put on religion in the media (increased religious programming on television and radio, and an increase in articles about religion in newspapers), in individual behavior, in government policies, and in mosque sermons. In 1986 King Fahd replaced his title "His Majesty" with

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The region had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries and consequently its religious culture was pluralistic, with the four Sunni legal schools, various Sufi orders and a tiny Shia community around Medina.... Hijazis naturally regarded the reintroduction of Saudi rule with much

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The Ministry of Pilgrimage Affairs and Religious Trusts handles the immense logistical and administrative problems generated by such a huge international gathering. The government issues special pilgrimage visas that permit the pilgrim to visit Mecca and to make the customary excursion to

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Wahhabis desire to see unity in issues of faith and conformity in areas of practice. In their view, outward appearances and expressions are directly connected to one's inward state. In other words, clothing styles, mannerisms, and specific actions prove whether or not one is a "true"

2196:) has also taken steps to rein back the powers of the ulema, for instance transferring their control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education. Some have complained that the king's dominance over the ulema has weakened the traditional Islamic legitimacy of Saudi throne. 2386:.) This interpretation is often described as 'puritanical', 'intolerant' or 'ultra-conservative', however proponents believe its teachings seek to purify the practise of Islam of any innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of the Islamic prophet 2566:, gathered in many tens of thousands of fragments from the Prophet's life and sayings. Certain rules—not many—come from the unambiguous legislative content of the Quran, he said, and he cannot do anything about them even if he wants to. But those sayings of the Prophet (called 2282:

Daily life in Saudi Arabia is dominated by Islamic observance. Five times each day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques scattered throughout the country. Because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims, the weekend begins on Thursday. In accordance with

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Saudi Arabia is a glaring example of religious apartheid. The religious institutions from government clerics to judges, to religious curriculum, and all religious instructions in media are restricted to the Wahhabi understanding of Islam, adhered to by less than 40% of the

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modernization of MbS "is catching on", and that in some instances ordinary police "have stood up" to take the place of religious police, while in at least the very conservative parts of the country, genders still spontaneously segregate themselves in large gatherings.

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movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today. The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around

2592:(stories whose core is identical across different versions but that vary in their details and formulation), whose authenticity is doubtful and which therefore cannot be invoked as sources of law, even if they can be useful for personal edification. 2465:(MbS), (who became Crown Prince in June 2017 and is the de facto ruler of the Kingdom), dramatic changes have been made whereby activities once allowed are now forbidden and others forbidden in the name of religion (i.e. Wahhabism) are allowed. 2059:, and Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia was no more. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25. Following this victory however the Ikhwan clashed with Ibn Saud. He opposed their raiding the British protectorates of 6588: 2474: 2272: 1402: 2863:

Since the late 1980s, the Saudis have been particularly energetic in catering to the needs of pilgrims. In 1988, a US$ 15 billion traffic improvement scheme for the holy sites was launched. The improvement initiative resulted partly from

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gifts, are now banned "from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime". The punishments of flogging and the death penalty for crimes committed by minors are no longer allowed.

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During the 1960s and '70s, religious authorities allowed some practices that had previously been forbidden (haram). At the urging of the government and after vigorous debate, religious authorities allowed the use of paper money in 1951,

2330:. It is unique not only compared to Western systems, but also compared to other Muslim countries, as (according to its supporters) the Saudi model is closest to the form of law originally developed when Islam became established in the 2742:

Shia, human rights groups and other observers have complained of "systematic discrimination" of Shia in Saudi Arabia "in religion, education, justice, and employment". Unlike other countries with sizable Shia populations (such as

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and created a single Islamic religious polity under his rule. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia and conquered many parts of Asia, Africa and Europe

1384:"2008–09 estimates". In addition, the next largest affiliation is with Salafism, which encompasses all of the central principles of Islam, with a number of minor additional accepted principles differentiating the two. 4602: 2584:," i.e., a saying of the Prophet of Islam, transmitted over the centuries through an uninterrupted and numerically significant chain of transmitters. As the prince explains, these hadīths are binding, unlike 2511:(August 2019), cinemas, musical performances—including public concerts by female singers, admission of women to sports stadiums, employment of women in many parts of the workforce, and international tourism. 2672:—its "heartland"—for two hundred years, but in most other parts of the country it has dominated only since 1913–1925. The eastern region has many Twelver Shias, the southern regions of Saudi Arabia has many 2373:

Many of the strict and unique practices in Saudi Arabia mentioned above come from Wahhabism, (formerly) the official and dominant form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia, named after the preacher and scholar

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Wahhabi doctrines have governed much of the legal and cultural life of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia since its founding in 1932, even though followers of Wahhabism may be a minority within the country.

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However, in the 1980s and 1990s, this trend was reversed. In 1979, the modernizing monarch of Iran, despite his oil revenues and apparently formidable security apparatus, was overthrown by an

2616:, MbS has sidelined Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi scholars and preachers "who still command millions of followers in the country and beyond", and this presents a "particularly risky" move. Journalist 6706: 2546:(legal rulings on points of Islamic law), he says "should be based on the time, place and mindset in which they are issued", rather than regarded as immutable. In interviews with Wood, MbS 5542: 5693:

the local leader, Idris, and revered him as a saint, should in and of itself guard against any characterization, since of course, Wahhabism does not recognize such concepts of sainthood.

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By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and government modernization policies, economic and social development progressed at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and

4304: 2628:), reconcile—"May God harmonize between their hearts, for the good of their people." al-Ouda remains in prison facing execution despite the fact that MbS and Al Thani did reconcile. 6054: 3201: 2150:. The takeover and siege of the mosque lasted for nearly two weeks, during which the mosque was severely damaged and several hundred militants, soldiers, and hostages were killed. 5042: 5580: 5341: 5265: 4529: 4345: 2964: 2760:

divorce and inheritance. Shia demonstrations in Qatif have sometimes led to conflict with Sunni Saudi religious authorities who disapprove of Shia commemorations marking the

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Islam plays a central role in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the

4838: 5614: 2624:, "a preacher with a massive following", appears to have originally been imprisoned for expressing the relatively benign hope that MbS and the ruler of Qatar (Emir Sheikh 5932: 5442: 6848: 5410: 4486: 4422: 3788: 6833: 3375: 2613: 2146:. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government, proclaimed the return of the 5379: 4586: 2527:". He is "probably the only leader in the Arab world who knows anything about Islamic epistemology and jurisprudence", according to (secular) scholar of Islamic law, 3344: 3098:

modern Muslim state to have been created by jihad, the only one to claim the Koran as its constitution, and Muslim countries to have escaped European imperialism.

1542:. In 1824, a much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824, but by 1891 its Al Saud rulers were driven into exile in Kuwait. 3254:... although no more than 40 percent of Saudi subjects, at the most, consider themselves Wahhabis, the Wahhabi clergy has controlled education in the kingdom ... 1375:—it has dominated only since 1913–1925. Most of the 15 to 20 million Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims, while the eastern regions are populated mostly by Twelver 6303: 128: 49: 5118: 2249:

Unlike most Muslim countries, Saudi Arabia gives the ulema direct involvement in government, and fields a specifically "religious" police force, called the

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Each year, the religious police mobilise ahead of 14 February and descend on gift and flower shops, confiscating all red items, including flowers.

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are the cradle of Islam, and the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the Islamic world. One of the King's titles is

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prayer by Muslims during prayer times, investigating reports of witchcraft, and other behavior it believes to be commanded or forbidden by Islam.

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The Saudi courts impose a number of severe physical punishments. The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences including murder,

1534:, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of 290: 5874: 3202:"Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Women, Congressional Human Rights Caucus, Testimony of Ali Al-Ahmed, Director of the Saudi Institute" 6017: 3619: 3084: 6488: 6040: 2916: 2508: 2042: 1171: 113: 4296: 1347:", this interpretation of Islam became the state religion and interpretation of Islam espoused by Muhammad bin Saud and his successors (the 7433: 7097: 6483: 6428: 5068:, US Congressional Research Service Report, 2008, by Christopher M. Blanchard available from the Federation of American Scientists website. 5039: 4790: 4616:

theory of the imamate, was proper given Wahhabi endorsement of Ibn Taymiyya's lenient position as to religious suitability for that office.

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in the world. For the king, oil revenues became a crucial source of wealth since he no longer had to rely on receipts from pilgrimages to

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The Islamic legitimacy of the modern Saudi state has been questioned by many radical Islamist groups and individuals including Al-Qaeda.

2539:) "in language never before used by a Saudi monarch", saying, "there are no fixed schools of thought and there is no infallible person." 2135:—co-religionists of Iran who also often worked in the oil industry—lived. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region in 2131:. The new revolutionary Islamic Republic was across the Persian Gulf from Saudi oil fields and across from where most of Saudi Arabia's 6640: 6556: 6423: 6123: 2647: 2237:

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic State. Its religion is Islam. Its constitution is Almighty God's Book, The Holy

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In response, the royal family enforced much stricter observances of traditional religious and social norms in the country and gave the

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to visit the Prophet's tomb. Care is taken to assure that pilgrims do not remain in the kingdom after the Hajj to search for work.

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Ibn Saud defeated a rival ruling family and took the title Sultan of Nejd in 1921. By this time the Ottomans had been defeated in

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Thielmann, Jörn (2017). "Ḥisba (modern times)". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.).

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Although Wahabism is a strand of Sunni Islam, the promotion of non-Salafi-Sunnism is somewhat restricted but not by the law.

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Public worship and proselytising by non-Muslims, including the distribution of non-Muslim religious materials (such as the

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MBS specified that in the Kingdom "a punishment must be applied only in the presence of a clear Qur'anic stipulation or a

2531:. In an interview televised in Saudi Arabia on April 25, 2021, MbS criticized the devotion of Saudi religious leaders to 1146: 5061: 4862:

exchanged for an all-white head covering) is neatly creased at the front and held in place by two black camel-hair rings.

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livestock in the Kingdom shifted much of their business to new emerging online e-commerce platforms, in preparation for

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At the beginning of the 20th century, a third attempt was made to conquer this territory by another Al-Saud, Abdulaziz

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From the 9th century, a number of Shia sects developed particularly in the eastern part of Arabia. These included the

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As a result of mass shutdowns on in-person business triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, merchants and buyers of

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By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world. The power of the ulema was in decline.

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Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present

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Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present

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The policies of MbS have been called a "sidelining of Islamic law" that will "drastically" change the Kingdom.

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foreign policy, and the armed forces. It's a deal that's been more or less respected for the last 80 years.

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without speculative philosophy so as to not transgress beyond the limits of the early Muslims known as the

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numbers 3,500-4,000. Members patrol the streets enforcing dress codes, strict separation of men and women,

1405:, the lifting of bans on amusement parks, cinemas, concert venues, and driving of motor vehicles by women. 7014: 6920: 6711: 6387: 6214: 4941: 2060: 1942: 1627: 1444: 1289: 1161: 952: 732: 188: 31: 5806: 3012: 7342: 7262: 7059: 6969: 6947: 6935: 6925: 6826: 6816: 6630: 6270: 6254: 6234: 5493: 4629: 1660: 1539: 1464: 1409: 645: 612: 315: 305: 93: 5952: 3319: 3286: 1561:, which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912. With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured 7232: 7227: 7122: 7019: 6571: 6503: 5871: 3615: 2860:

of pilgrims in Medina and Jiddah. Water drawers (zamzamis) provide water drawn from the sacred well.

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segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop". The religious police became more assertive.

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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

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This incident for nearly two weeks, severely damaging the mosque ... claimed at least 1000 lives.

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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

2956: 2869: 2814:, the two mosques being Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, which contains Islam's most sacred place (the 2580: 2462: 2136: 1977: 1637: 1398: 1313: 1029: 982: 962: 702: 622: 597: 502: 475: 425: 395: 385: 300: 280: 260: 233: 218: 173: 108: 7467: 5016: 7438: 7317: 7312: 7192: 6748: 6620: 6478: 6357: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6154: 4786: 4144: 3294: 2192:, which prompted the government to take much more stringent action against terrorism. The king ( 2128: 1622: 1401:, dramatic changes have been made in religious policy, including the elimination of the power of 1309: 1111: 1022: 957: 827: 772: 742: 657: 582: 577: 557: 445: 435: 238: 5980: 5910: 3894: 3704: 3698: 2542:

But MbS has gone beyond criticism of Wahhabism to question the basis of orthodox Islamic law.

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robes, headdresses, and veils. But in Wahhabist Saudi Arabia, nearly everyone dresses the same.

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An estimated 5–10% of citizens in Saudi Arabia are Shia Muslims, most of whom are adherents to

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Commercial quantities of oil were discovered in the Persian Gulf region of Saudi Arabia in 1938

7382: 7332: 7287: 7267: 7257: 7157: 6910: 6352: 6347: 5895: 5840: 5736: 5681: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5437: 5371: 5333: 5163: 5020: 4920: 4887: 4763: 4730: 4701: 4668: 4592: 4558: 4519: 4457: 4402: 4377: 4335: 4276: 4236: 4232: 4203: 4173: 4148: 4058: 4025: 4021: 3965: 3932: 3898: 3865: 3840: 3815: 3733: 3708: 3677: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3549: 3518: 3493: 3447: 3427: 3048: 3044: 2761: 2442: 2331: 1919: 1897: 1757: 1518: 1427: 1336: 1324: 1270: 1156: 1141: 1084: 1044: 1039: 1007: 877: 807: 782: 757: 712: 697: 667: 602: 552: 532: 527: 522: 410: 355: 330: 163: 158: 138: 103: 88: 5677: 4759: 3423: 3417: 7357: 7272: 7252: 7137: 7127: 6625: 6367: 5188: 5155: 5008: 4908: 4875: 4722: 4224: 4013: 3953: 2969: 2826: 1892: 1558: 1554: 1476: 1439: 1206: 1104: 1074: 1064: 1012: 972: 932: 927: 922: 912: 902: 897: 892: 882: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 822: 762: 737: 722: 677: 627: 537: 512: 390: 380: 340: 310: 295: 275: 265: 248: 243: 208: 203: 153: 98: 73: 41: 5159: 4974: 7402: 7337: 7302: 7237: 7217: 7207: 7167: 7152: 7147: 6362: 6164: 5987: 5936: 5917: 5878: 5813: 5778: 5759: 5506: 5065: 5046: 4820: 3987: 3595: 3575: 3326: 3238: 2482: 1983: 1902: 1632: 1447:. Although Arabia soon became a politically peripheral region as the focus shifted to the 1265:. The kingdom is called the "home of Islam"; it was the birthplace of the Islamic prophet 1201: 1054: 1034: 1017: 1002: 997: 977: 947: 942: 917: 907: 840: 777: 767: 747: 687: 682: 672: 607: 592: 497: 470: 460: 420: 405: 400: 350: 345: 285: 223: 183: 78: 66: 5009: 3059:'home of Islam' as the 1930s geopolitical construct of Saudi Arabia is ... referred to " 7443: 7362: 7322: 7297: 7277: 7212: 7187: 7177: 7162: 6593: 5829: 5078: 4723: 4360:

the al-Saud in Islamic volcabulary, even when such policies are deplored by the people.

4137: 4047: 3887: 2765: 2621: 2528: 2441:. Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab attacked a "perceived moral decline and political weakness" in the 1834: 1762: 1566: 1491: 1196: 1186: 1176: 1089: 1049: 967: 937: 752: 692: 632: 587: 567: 542: 517: 480: 465: 440: 415: 325: 270: 213: 198: 178: 168: 143: 83: 7486: 7461: 7282: 7247: 7202: 7197: 7106: 6018:

The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution

5670: 5299: 5218: 5149: 5145: 4909: 4876: 4690: 4225: 4105: 4082: 4014: 3954: 3037: 3007: 2896: 2716: 2304: 1844: 1777: 1752: 1747: 1562: 1502: 1480: 1348: 1136: 1131: 787: 707: 547: 507: 455: 450: 368: 335: 228: 118: 5192: 4827:, 2 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Turkey has a weekend on Saturday and Sunday 4752: 3463: 2836: 2257:

gives the ulema much more influence and also has a religious police.) According to

6312: 6149: 2942: 2752: 2418: 2309: 2075: 2018: 1998: 1912: 1456: 1297: 1224: 2868:

charges that the Saudi government was incompetent to guard the holy sites after a

2481:(which in Saudi Arabia meant covering all of the body except the hands and eyes), 1826: 1296:

pilgrims annually, and thousands of clerics and students who come from across the

5706: 4357:

al-Saud historically based their right to rule largely on Isolamic legitimacy....

1363:

The mission to call to Islam the way the Salaf practiced it has been dominant in

7471: 6743: 5862:"Saudi Arabia, Precarious Justice": Volume 20, p. 133, Human Rights Watch – 2008 2728: 2657: 2295: 2289: 2258: 2087: 2056: 1993: 1595: 1586: 1357: 1328: 6032: 5403:"Saudi Arabia brings back movie theaters – and 'staggering' demand is expected" 6022: 3761: 3588: 3568: 2932: 2872:

between demonstrating Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police left 400 people dead.

2491: 2422: 1830: 1487: 5375: 5337: 5642: 5637: 3446:

Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.), pp. 145–147

2989: 2825:, occurs annually between the first and tenth days of the last month of the 2772:. There also Shias living in Southern Saudi Arabia, who are mostly from the 2724: 2532: 2362: 2079: 1959: 1907: 1494: 1448: 1344: 5058: 3837:

Human Resources Development in Saudi Arabia: Multinationals and Saudization

2430: 2245:(Traditions) of the Prophet (PBUH). Arabic is the language of the Kingdom. 2238: 2214: 1784: 1460: 5205: 3862:

Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration

3399:

Being Young, Male and Saudi: Identity and Politics in a Globalized Kingdom

2519:

MbS has stated, "in Islamic law, the head of the Islamic establishment is

1521:, founder of the Al Saud dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader 6508: 6027: 5752: 4168:

Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl; Chalk, Peter; and Fair; Christine (2005).

2984: 2563: 2446: 2426: 2387: 2379: 2316:

cloak covering all but their eyes and hands, almost all men wear a white

2170: 1840: 1707: 1700: 1546: 1431: 1367:

for two hundred years, but in most other parts of the country—Hejaz, the

1340: 1285: 1266: 6281: 3072: 2485:, and daily prayer attendance; to preventing the sale of dogs and cats, 2417:

school of thought. Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, was influenced by the writings of

2078:, and the kingdom's oil wells eventually revealed the largest source of 7024: 6758: 6159: 5709:. Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies: University of Bergen. 5638:"Saudi dealers make livestock purchase easier through e-sales and apps" 2769: 2748: 2704: 2700: 2668:

The Wahhabi mission has been dominant in most of the central region of

2394:), "no more than" 40% of Saudi nationals consider themselves Wahhabis. 2350: 1736: 1667: 1526: 1408:

In a 2014 survey, conducted for the Boston Consultancy Group report on

55: 2677:

high estimate of the non-Wahhabi population of Saudi Arabia—over 60%.

6930: 5647: 5251:

CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Saudi Arabia

2853: 2803: 2789: 2756: 2732: 2720: 2567: 2559: 2551: 2486: 2434: 2421:

and questioned the philosophical interpretations of Islam within the

2414: 2368: 2323: 2300: 2284: 2242: 2184:

Islamist terrorist activity increased dramatically in 2003, with the

1954: 1929: 1863: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1717: 1612: 1550: 1531: 1452: 1372: 1278: 2818:) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina which contains Muhammad's tomb. 2229:, the religious establishment, is all-pervasive. Article one of the 5607:"Saudi Vision 2030 and Mutawātir Hadīth: an Unexpected Combination" 4399:

The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization

3988:

On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future

2507:(June 2018), (some) activities by women without the permission of 2477:, who busied themselves enforcing strict rules on everything from 1463:

requires every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it, as one of the

7009: 5795:

The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future

4332:

Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization

2912: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2799: 2785: 2773: 2736: 2712: 2673: 2555: 2543: 2478: 2438: 2383: 2317: 2313: 2276: 2226: 2208: 2154: 2147: 2083: 1949: 1871: 1854: 1677: 1672: 1535: 1472: 1435: 1388: 1380: 1274: 27: 23: 5573:"Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment" 3006:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2378:. (Proponents consider the name derogatory, preferring the term 7075: 6738: 5406: 5364:"Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for crimes committed by minors" 3513:

Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Shepherd, John (1992).

2865: 2793: 2744: 2669: 2405:(the call to unity), and those who follow the call are known as 2273:

Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice

2254: 2209: 2178: 1867: 1740: 1712: 1687: 1682: 1514: 1468: 1376: 1364: 1332: 1293: 7079: 6285: 6036: 5433:"Saudi Arabia to allow women to enter stadiums to watch soccer" 4079:"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz" 2570:), he explained, do not all have equal value as sources of law, 2287:

doctrine, only two religious holidays are publicly recognized,

2449:, the popular cult of saints, and shrine and tomb visitation. 2413:(unitarians). The school puts an emphasis on following of the 1722: 1438:

in about 570. From the early 7th century, Muhammad united the

5981:

http://www.stratfor.com/dissident_saudi_clerics_weaken_riyadh

5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 4260:. United States Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6. 2620:

who traveled in Saudi Arabia and interviewed MbS, noted that

3956:

Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia

2397:

The message of the school was the essential oneness of God (

4227:

Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979

4016:

Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979

2144:

seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Islamist extremists

4479:"Why Saudi Arabia is Helping Crush the Muslim Brotherhood" 2703:

Shia Islam. Twelvers are predominantly represented by the

2390:

and his companions. According to one anti-Wahhabi source (

5105: 5103: 5930:

Saudi Embassy (US) website – Guardian of the Holy Places

2895:

The religious establishment in Saudi Arabia, led by the

2719:. In addition there is a small Twelver Shia minority in 2401:). The movement is therefore known by its adherents as 2181:

attacks in New York being the most prominent example).

6013:

Islam in Saudi Arabia in Oxford Islamic Studies Online

5672:

Saudi Arabia Exposed : Inside a Kingdom in Crisis

5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5466:"Who or What Is the Wali al Amr: the Unposed Question" 5326:"Saudi Arabia to end flogging as a form of punishment" 4515:

Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad

3929:

Saudi Arabia: government, society, and the Gulf crisis

3039:

Saudi Arabia Exposed : Inside a Kingdom in Crisis

2535:(i.e. to the doctrines based on 18th century preacher 1455:

remained the spiritually most important places in the

5999:

Video: As-Sahab media, "Knowledge is for acting upon"

5266:"Saudi religious police see red over Valentine's Day" 4588:

Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia

3644:

Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World

3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 2299:. Celebration of other Islamic holidays, such as the 1319:

In the 18th century, a pact between Islamic preacher

1316:

in Medina—which are considered the holiest in Islam.

5890:

Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur; Lawrence Davidson (2005).

4273:

Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region

3187:

Saudi Arabia and the New Strategic Landscape – p. 30

1525:. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was the founder of the 7411: 7371: 7113: 6995: 6901: 6793: 6678: 6611: 6532: 6461: 6395: 6323: 6263: 6175: 6142: 6070: 5733:

Religion in Schools: Controversies Around the World

5059:'The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya' 2965:

International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism

5828: 5789: 5787: 5669: 5600: 5598: 4751: 4689: 4136: 4046: 3886: 3036: 2349:and can be carried out by beheading with a sword, 4969: 4967: 4750:Goldstein, Natalie; Brown-Foster; Walton (2010). 4423:"About Saudi Arabia. The Basic Law of Governance" 4334:. Princeton University Press. pp. 190, 193. 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 1553:, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by 5947: 5945: 5254:(3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 180. 5206:"Cats and dogs banned by Saudi religious police" 5140: 5138: 5136: 5011:Punishment: a comparative historical perspective 4397:Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal (2010). 4814:Bahrain changes the weekend in efficiency drive 3195: 3193: 2177:by Saudis inside and out of Saudi Arabia, (the 5953:"Saudi Arabia: Grand Mufti Defends Legitimacy" 4787:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia" 3341:"The Paradox of Saudi Arabia's Social Reforms" 2312:. Almost all women wear a loose-fitting black 2169:Saudi Islamism gained momentum following 1991 7091: 6297: 6048: 5300:"Rise and fall of the Saudi religious police" 5002: 5000: 4781: 4779: 4630:"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders" 4554:The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change 4374:Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 2 3130: 3128: 2036: 1242: 8: 4725:World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula 3239:"Q&A with Stephen Schwartz on Wahhabism" 2597:tradition, but is done "in an Islamic way." 6707:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 4665:Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation 4258:Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations 3922: 3920: 3918: 3697:Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). 7098: 7084: 7076: 6799: 6684: 6471: 6467: 6401: 6304: 6290: 6282: 6055: 6041: 6033: 5797:, W.W. Norton & Company; 2006, p. 236 4193: 4191: 4189: 3233: 3231: 2353:or firing squad, followed by crucifixion. 2320:with a red and white checkered headdress. 2043: 2029: 1571: 1292:. The kingdom attracts millions of Muslim 1249: 1235: 37: 5762:| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009 4429:. Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Archived from 4328:"Empowering Civility Through Nationalism" 2904:and religiously radical cadre of clerics. 5154:. Oxford University Press. p. 333. 3419:Daily life in the medieval Islamic world 3272:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 729. 3183: 3181: 3179: 2142:Also alarming to the government was the 17: 5781:| Author: Lionel Beehner| June 16, 2006 5298:Bashraheel, Aseel (22 September 2019). 5229:from the original on September 29, 2022 5117:. Library of Congress Country Studies. 3598:". Library of Congress Country Studies. 3578:by D. Gold, 6 April 2003, NYpost (JCPA) 3027: 2382:, after the early Muslims known as the 1574: 40: 6028:Datarabia: Islamic Community Directory 5713:from the original on 15 September 2014 5707:"The Idrisi state in 'Asir, 1906–1934" 5502: 5491: 5079:"Stephen Schwartz Discusses Wahhabism" 4557:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 115. 4116:from the original on December 18, 2008 3541:The Future of Islam in the Middle East 3264: 3262: 2326:, or Islamic law, is the basis of the 1483:at least once in his or her lifetime. 1273:. It is the location of the cities of 5445:from the original on 10 February 2018 5007:Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong (2004). 4489:from the original on 27 February 2014 3791:from the original on October 16, 2015 3515:Contemporary Religions: A World Guide 3378:from the original on 28 February 2021 3347:from the original on 19 February 2021 2917:Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh 2711:, with the largest concentrations in 2554:is based on two textual sources: the 7: 5892:A Concise History of the Middle East 5753:Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights 5306:from the original on 3 December 2020 5248:Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2009). 5160:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001 5121:from the original on 7 November 2004 4605:from the original on 18 January 2023 4532:from the original on 18 January 2023 4139:Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century 3339:Boghani, Priyanka (1 October 2019). 3137:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia 3087:from the original on January 6, 2019 2341:, armed robbery, repeated drug use, 2231:1992 Saudi "Basic Law of Governance" 1445:conquering huge swathes of territory 1351:family), who eventually created the 1300:to study. The official title of the 5605:Pellegrino, Chiara (14 June 2021). 4952:from the original on 27 August 2013 4591:. Leiben: Brill. pp. 207–208. 3301:from the original on 6 January 2019 3111:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam 3071:Rodenbeck, Max (October 21, 2004). 2874:A further disaster occurred in 1990 2840:Pilgrims in the annual Hajj at the 2648:Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj 2445:and condemned what he perceived as 5911:Saudi Embassy (US) website – Islam 5545:from the original on 3 August 2022 5382:from the original on 29 April 2020 5344:from the original on 29 April 2020 5272:. 12 February 2010. Archived from 4793:from the original on 29 April 2011 4644:from the original on 6 August 2011 4452:Federal Research Division (2004). 4198:Federal Research Division (2004). 3775:Max Rodenbeck (October 21, 2004). 3618:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3113:. trans. Anthony F. Roberts, p. 72 2612:According to David Ottaway of the 2601:take this power away from judges. 14: 6494:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 5617:from the original on 5 March 2022 5480:from the original on 5 March 2022 5464:Brown, Nathan J. (5 March 2019). 5413:from the original on 12 June 2018 4985:from the original on 1 April 2009 4940:Whitaker, Brian (9 August 2003). 4628:Nawaf E. Obaid (September 1999). 4307:from the original on 27 July 2013 3589:The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam 3368:"MBS: The Rise of a Saudi Prince" 3287:"World Report 2015: Saudi Arabia" 3073:"Unloved in Arabia (Book Review)" 2812:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 2642:COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia 2429:schools, claiming to rely on the 2221:to be Saudi Arabia's constitution 2175:an increase in Islamist terrorism 2164:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 1513:In 1744, in the desert region of 1306:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 7466: 7457: 7456: 6386: 5807:Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally 5735:Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 5111:"Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Theology" 4477:Baer, Robert (August 26, 2013). 4297:"Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia" 3754:"80 Days That Changed The World" 3001: 2949: 2935: 2574:According to Chiara Pellegrino, 2562:, or the example of the Prophet 2012: 1594: 1339:. Referred to by supporters as " 1288:lived and died, and are now the 1218: 803:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 129:Democratic Republic of the Congo 48: 6661:General Intelligence Presidency 5963:from the original on 2020-02-14 5636:Fareed, Saleh (July 20, 2021). 5583:from the original on 7 May 2021 5577:Wilson Center, Viewpoint Series 5401:Ellyat, Holly (18 April 2018). 5193:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30485 5089:from the original on 2022-09-29 4348:from the original on 2023-01-18 4256:Blanchard, Christopher (2009). 3700:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia 3622:from the original on 3 May 2015 3470:from the original on 2010-08-17 3320:World Report 2018: Saudi Arabia 3270:Islam and the Muslim World v. 2 3245:from the original on 2017-08-28 2975:List of mosques in Saudi Arabia 2798:Saudi Arabia, and specifically 2755:has no Shia cabinet ministers, 1549:. He gained the support of the 1440:various tribes of the peninsula 1391:), is illegal in Saudi Arabia. 7424:British Indian Ocean Territory 5151:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4512:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). 4271:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2009). 4135:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). 4106:"Life and legacy of King Fahd" 3366:Hubbard, Ben (21 March 2020). 3159:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 1449:more developed conquered lands 1353:modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1: 6651:Chairman of the General Staff 5571:Ottaway, David (6 May 2021). 5533:Wood, Graeme (3 March 2022). 5208:, NBC News, 18 December 2006. 4975:"Saudi executioner tells all" 4330:. In Robert W. Hefner (ed.). 4104:Wood, Paul (August 1, 2005). 3985:House, Karen Elliott (2012). 3674:A History of the Arab Peoples 3329:. Retrieved February 3, 2018. 3200:Al-Ahmed, Ali (4 June 2002). 2715:, and half the population in 2503:Among the bans lifted are on 2205:Role in the state and society 2090:political relations forever. 2086:. This discovery would alter 1509:Al Saud and ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1394:Starting in late 2017, under 6064:Demographics of Saudi Arabia 5772:Council on Foreign Relations 4841:. net places. Archived from 4721:Cavendish, Marshall (2007). 4688:Hassner, Ron Eduard (2009). 4454:Saudi Arabia A Country Study 4200:Saudi Arabia A Country Study 3641:Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1994). 3077:The New York Review of Books 2505:women driving motor vehicles 2328:legal system in Saudi Arabia 2217:, declared by the country's 6893:Water supply and sanitation 6722:History of the oil industry 6589:Mutaween (religious police) 5872:Arabia: the Cradle of Islam 4551:Lindholm, Charles (2002) . 4518:. I.B. Tauris. p. 35. 4223:Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). 4170:The Muslim world after 9/11 4012:Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). 3810:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). 3490:The history of Saudi Arabia 2821:The Hajj, or pilgrimage to 2636:Impact of COVID-19 pandemic 1467:, to make a pilgrimage, or 1290:two holiest cities of Islam 1269:, who united and ruled the 32:holiest site of Sunni Islam 7514: 5049:Lamine Chikhi. 27 11 2010. 4907:Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). 4874:Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). 3952:Jones, Toby Craig (2010). 3835:Viola, Joy Winkie (1986). 3416:Lindsay, James E. (2005). 3403:Cambridge University Press 3241:. National Review Online. 3139:. I.B.Tauris. p. 77. 2886:Political aspects of Islam 2883: 2783: 2695:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 2692: 2645: 2639: 2537:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2457:New MbS era (2017–present) 2376:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2366: 2360: 2266:Council of Senior Scholars 1523:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1419: 1356:sometimes referred to as " 1321:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 7452: 7037: 6802: 6687: 6514:National Security Council 6474: 6470: 6404: 6384: 5939:Retrieved 20 January 2011 5920:Retrieved 20 January 2011 5668:Bradley, John R. (2005). 4372:Robbers, Gerhard (2007). 3812:A History of Saudi Arabia 3538:Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997). 3035:Bradley, John R. (2005). 3019:Federal Research Division 2731:communities also live in 2409:(the people of unity) or 1820:Sunni schools of theology 1503:attacked and sacked Mecca 7173:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6759:Tadawul (stock exchange) 6754:Supreme Economic Council 6702:Capital Market Authority 6656:General Staff Presidency 6509:Mabahith (secret police) 4942:"Saudi system condemned" 4585:Vogel, Frank E. (2000). 4326:Okruhlik, Gwenn (2009). 3927:Abir, Mordechai (1993). 3860:Abir, Mordechai (1987). 3781:New York Review of Books 3672:Hourani, Albert (2005). 3488:Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). 3155:"Saudi Arabia, Islam in" 2980:Religion in Saudi Arabia 2707:community living in the 2654:Islamic animal sacrifice 2626:Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 2483:segregation of the sexes 2271:The religious police or 2186:Riyadh compound bombings 1263:religion of Saudi Arabia 1172:Northern Mariana Islands 114:Central African Republic 7434:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6641:Strategic Missile Force 6023:Saudi Rehab in Practice 5187:(3rd ed.). Brill. 3397:Thompson, Mark (2019). 3135:Commins, David (2009). 3122:Kepel (2002), pp. 69–75 2098:in 1962, permitted the 2065:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1618:Prophets and Messengers 1422:History of Saudi Arabia 1335:region and then to the 1122:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5827:Lacey, Robert (2009). 5501:Cite journal requires 5225:. September 29, 2022. 5185:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4803:no mention of holidays 4754:Religion and the State 4045:Lacey, Robert (2009). 3885:Lacey, Robert (2009). 3728:Lacey, Robert (2009). 3374:. The New York Times. 3109:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 2926: 2906: 2848: 2735:along the border with 2594: 2572: 2473:The formerly powerful 2469:Secular policy changes 2347:witchcraft and sorcery 2247: 2222: 1886:Contemporary movements 1701:Rightly-Guided Caliphs 1628:Succession to Muhammad 873:Bosnia and Herzegovina 35: 7493:Islam in Saudi Arabia 6489:Consultative Assembly 5731:Robert Murray Thomas 4692:War on sacred grounds 4663:Farsy, Fouad (1992). 4634:Middle East Quarterly 3991:. Knopf. p. 20. 2921: 2911:Saudi Arabia's grand 2901: 2839: 2640:Further information: 2576: 2548: 2235: 2212: 1465:five pillars of Islam 1323:and a regional emir, 793:Saint Kitts and Nevis 291:São Tomé and Príncipe 134:Republic of the Congo 21: 7348:United Arab Emirates 5881:, 1900, S.M. Zwemmer 5816:|hrw.org| 2009/09/02 5676:. Palgrave. p. 5441:. January 12, 2018. 5270:Syney Morning Herald 4456:. pp. 232–233. 4427:Decreed 1 March 1992 4303:. 29 November 2010. 3814:. pp. 136–137. 3676:. pp. 315–319. 3043:. Palgrave. p. 2525:King Saud University 2334:in the 7th century. 2100:education of females 1668:Declaration of Faith 1499:Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī 1403:the religious police 1343:" and by others as " 1302:King of Saudi Arabia 618:United Arab Emirates 54:World percentage of 7375:limited recognition 6749:Saudi Central Bank 6557:Freedom of religion 6338:Early Islamic State 5083:sullivan-county.com 4839:"What's a Wahhabi?" 4085:on January 20, 2011 4053:. Viking. pp. 3777:"Unloved in Arabia" 3616:"History of Arabia" 3569:"Reining in Riyadh" 3297:. 29 January 2015. 2957:Saudi Arabia portal 2463:Muhammad bin Salman 2113:of the country; in 1399:Mohammed bin Salman 1314:Al-Masjid al-Nabawi 1261:Islam is the state 813:Trinidad and Tobago 653:Antigua and Barbuda 6764:Telecommunications 6547:Capital punishment 6479:Allegiance Council 6358:Emirate of Diriyah 6343:Rashidun Caliphate 6333:Pre-Islamic Arabia 5986:2023-01-18 at the 5935:2015-03-22 at the 5916:2015-03-06 at the 5877:2016-03-04 at the 5835:. Viking. p. 5812:2015-04-05 at the 5777:2010-04-11 at the 5758:2010-04-07 at the 5276:on 25 January 2014 5064:2015-09-24 at the 5045:2010-11-27 at the 4819:2011-06-12 at the 4789:. Britannica.com. 4301:The New York Times 4275:. pp. 50–52. 3893:. Viking. p. 3732:. pp. 15–16. 3730:Inside the Kingdom 3594:2017-03-16 at the 3574:2019-02-10 at the 3492:. pp. 69–70. 3466:. Infoplease.com. 3372:The New York Times 3325:2018-11-16 at the 3295:Human Rights Watch 2891:Islamic legitimacy 2880:Islam and politics 2849: 2780:Islamic pilgrimage 2461:Under the rule of 2403:ad dawa lil tawhid 2301:Prophet's birthday 2223: 2129:Islamic revolution 2111:educational system 2071:Era of oil exports 1925:Neo-traditionalism 1540:Mohammed Ali Pasha 1310:Al-Masjid al-Haram 718:Dominican Republic 36: 7480: 7479: 7417:other territories 7073: 7072: 7033: 7032: 6861:Human trafficking 6789: 6788: 6674: 6673: 6607: 6606: 6499:Foreign relations 6457: 6456: 6353:Abbasid Caliphate 6348:Umayyad Caliphate 6279: 6278: 6177:Foreign nationals 6112:Eastern Orthodoxy 5894:(8th ed.), p. 48 5438:The New York Post 5370:. 27 April 2020. 5332:. 25 April 2020. 4837:Sharp, Arthur G. 4812:Sulaiman, Tosin. 3764:on April 5, 2003. 3343:. PBS Frontline. 3142:apprehension, ... 2688: 2443:Arabian Peninsula 2332:Arabian peninsula 2104:use of television 2096:abolished slavery 2053: 2052: 1898:Deobandi movement 1519:Muhammad bin Saud 1337:Arabian Peninsula 1325:Muhammad bin Saud 1271:Arabian Peninsula 1259: 1258: 149:Equatorial Guinea 7505: 7498:Islam by country 7470: 7460: 7459: 7429:Christmas Island 7115:Sovereign states 7100: 7093: 7086: 7077: 7053: 7046: 6886:response to ISIL 6800: 6744:Riyal (currency) 6685: 6472: 6468: 6414:Cities and towns 6402: 6390: 6368:Kingdom of Hejaz 6306: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6034: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5949: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5908: 5902: 5888: 5882: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5769: 5763: 5750: 5744: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5675: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5530: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5142: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5075: 5069: 5056: 5050: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5014: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4914: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4850: 4845:on 21 March 2014 4834: 4828: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4728: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4695: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4433:on 23 March 2014 4419: 4413: 4412: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4353: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4230: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4142: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4081:. Archived from 4075: 4069: 4068: 4052: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4019: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3892: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3760:. Archived from 3750: 3744: 3743: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3612: 3599: 3585: 3579: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3208:. Archived from 3206:Lantos.house.gov 3197: 3188: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3161:. Archived from 3151: 3145: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3042: 3032: 3022: 3005: 3004: 2970:Islam by country 2959: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2709:Eastern Province 2664:Non-Salafi Islam 2581:mutawātir hadīth 2475:religious police 2392:Stephen Schwartz 2133:minority Shiites 2121:were developed. 2119:ties with the US 2045: 2038: 2031: 2019:Islam portal 2017: 2016: 2015: 1893:Barelvi movement 1859: 1858: 1772: 1771: 1598: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1572: 1559:Faisal Al-Dawish 1555:Sultan ibn Bijad 1379:, and there are 1369:Eastern Province 1308:"—the two being 1251: 1244: 1237: 1225:Islam portal 1223: 1222: 1221: 1182:Papua New Guinea 1147:Marshall Islands 1117:Christmas Island 1080:Northern Ireland 52: 42:Islam by country 38: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7448: 7416: 7407: 7388:Northern Cyprus 7374: 7367: 7109: 7104: 7074: 7069: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7029: 6991: 6953:Public holidays 6897: 6785: 6729:Foreign workers 6670: 6603: 6528: 6519:Nuclear program 6453: 6391: 6382: 6363:Emirate of Nejd 6319: 6310: 6280: 6275: 6259: 6171: 6138: 6066: 6061: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5988:Wayback Machine 5979: 5975: 5966: 5964: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5937:Wayback Machine 5928: 5924: 5918:Wayback Machine 5909: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5879:Wayback Machine 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814:Wayback Machine 5805: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5779:Wayback Machine 5770: 5766: 5760:Wayback Machine 5751: 5747: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5688: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5570: 5569: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5535:"Absolute Poer" 5532: 5531: 5514: 5500: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5277: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5092: 5090: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5066:Wayback Machine 5057: 5053: 5047:Wayback Machine 5038: 5034: 5027: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4981:. 5 June 2003. 4973: 4972: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821:Wayback Machine 4811: 4807: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4608: 4606: 4599: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4492: 4490: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401:. p. 358. 4396: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4376:. p. 791. 4371: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4011: 4010: 3999: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3916: 3905: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3596:Wayback Machine 3586: 3582: 3576:Wayback Machine 3567: 3563: 3556: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517:. p. 369. 3512: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3327:Wayback Machine 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3215: 3213: 3212:on 24 July 2005 3199: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3090: 3088: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3014:Country Studies 3011: 3002: 2998: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2796: 2782: 2727:). Sizable and 2697: 2691: 2683: 2666: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2607: 2550:explained that 2517: 2497:Valentine's Day 2471: 2459: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2207: 2202: 2073: 2049: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 1984:Kutub al-Sittah 1973: 1965: 1964: 1945: 1935: 1934: 1888: 1878: 1877: 1852: 1851: 1822: 1812: 1811: 1769: 1768: 1743: 1728: 1727: 1703: 1693: 1692: 1663: 1653: 1652: 1608: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1511: 1428:Islamic prophet 1424: 1418: 1255: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1192:Solomon Islands 1107: 1097: 1096: 993:North Macedonia 843: 833: 832: 648: 638: 637: 371: 361: 360: 69: 59: 12: 11: 5: 7511: 7509: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7107:Islam in Asia 7105: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6836: 6834:Discrimination 6831: 6830: 6829: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6666:Military ranks 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:National Guard 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6524:Prime Minister 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6378:Modern history 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6007:External links 6005: 6002: 6001: 5992: 5973: 5941: 5922: 5903: 5900:978-0813342757 5883: 5864: 5855: 5846:978-0670021185 5845: 5818: 5799: 5783: 5764: 5745: 5741:978-0275990619 5724: 5705:Bang, Anne K. 5697: 5687:978-1403964335 5686: 5660: 5628: 5594: 5556: 5512: 5503:|journal= 5456: 5424: 5393: 5355: 5317: 5290: 5257: 5240: 5210: 5198: 5175: 5168: 5148:, ed. (2003). 5146:Esposito, John 5132: 5099: 5070: 5051: 5040:The Daily Star 5032: 5026:978-0521605168 5025: 4996: 4963: 4932: 4926:978-9087280574 4925: 4899: 4893:978-9087280574 4892: 4866: 4829: 4805: 4775: 4769:978-0816080908 4768: 4742: 4736:978-0761475712 4735: 4729:. p. 78. 4713: 4707:978-0801448065 4706: 4680: 4674:978-1874132035 4673: 4667:. p. 29. 4655: 4620: 4597: 4577: 4564:978-0470695425 4563: 4543: 4525:978-1845113223 4524: 4504: 4469: 4463:978-1419146213 4462: 4444: 4414: 4408:978-9774163609 4407: 4389: 4383:978-0816060788 4382: 4364: 4341:978-1400826391 4340: 4318: 4288: 4282:978-0313380761 4281: 4263: 4248: 4242:978-0521732369 4241: 4215: 4209:978-1419146213 4208: 4185: 4179:978-0833037121 4178: 4172:. p. 42. 4160: 4154:978-0275980917 4153: 4127: 4096: 4070: 4064:978-0670021185 4063: 4037: 4031:978-0521732369 4030: 3997: 3977: 3971:978-0674049857 3970: 3944: 3938:978-0415093255 3937: 3931:. p. 21. 3914: 3904:978-0670021185 3903: 3877: 3871:978-0709951292 3870: 3864:. p. 30. 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Arab News. 5301: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5241: 5233:September 29, 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5116: 5115:December 1992 5112: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4578: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 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2944: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2897:Al ash-Sheikh 2890: 2887: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Wilson Center 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2590:khabar hadīth 2587: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:ahl at tawhid 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2305:Day of Ashura 2302: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190:other attacks 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2137:1979 and 1980 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2102:in 1964, and 2101: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1845:Ahl al-Hadith 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638:Judgement Day 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1481:Dhu al-Hijjah 1478: 1477:Islamic month 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331:first to the 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1312:in Mecca and 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 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Retrieved 5956: 5925: 5906: 5891: 5886: 5867: 5858: 5850: 5830: 5821: 5802: 5794: 5793:Nasr, Vali, 5767: 5748: 5732: 5727: 5717:14 September 5715:. Retrieved 5700: 5691: 5671: 5663: 5651:. Retrieved 5641: 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5610: 5585:. Retrieved 5576: 5547:. Retrieved 5539:The Atlantic 5538: 5494:cite journal 5482:. Retrieved 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5436: 5427: 5415:. Retrieved 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5368:The Guardian 5367: 5358: 5346:. Retrieved 5330:The Guardian 5329: 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5293: 5285: 5278:. Retrieved 5274:the original 5269: 5260: 5250: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5222: 5213: 5201: 5184: 5178: 5150: 5123:. Retrieved 5114: 5091:. Retrieved 5082: 5073: 5054: 5035: 5010: 4987:. Retrieved 4978: 4954:. Retrieved 4946:The Guardian 4945: 4935: 4910: 4902: 4877: 4869: 4854: 4847:. Retrieved 4843:the original 4832: 4824: 4808: 4795:. Retrieved 4753: 4745: 4724: 4716: 4691: 4683: 4664: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4640:(3): 51–58. 4637: 4633: 4623: 4614: 4607:. 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