60:
472:
988:
82:
1322:, whose original ethnic group was Tibetan, and due to their longstanding close economic dealings with the Hui around them, have been influenced by the Hui in their daily lives, which has led to their cultural integration of Hui religious beliefs and their conversion to Islam, and have been recognized as "Tibetan Muslims" and "Tibetan Muslims" by the surrounding ethnic groups. The Tibetan Hui in
1162:
132:
977:
105:
1349:. They are called "Tibetan Muslims" and "Tibetan Hui" because they have lived and grown up in Tibetan areas for more than a century and have been strongly influenced by Tibetan culture, and their daily life is similar to that of the Tibetans. According to a 2008 research, in recent years there has been a tendency among Tibetans in
1386:
The
Chinese government attempted to coerce the Barkor Khache into accepting Chinese citizenship and giving up their claims to Indian citizenship. They were initially prevented by China from emigrating to India. The Chinese authorities harassed them, beat them, subjected them to arbitrarily high taxes
1381:
It is vitally important for us to let you know that the
Chinese Government, after the recent trouble in Lhasa, has threateningly asked us about our ancestry. In reply we declared ourselves with cogent evidence as Kashmiris and subjects of India. The Chinese Government is trying its best to subjugate
1317:
Among the many Hui subgroups, the geographical distribution of the "Tibetan Hui/Tibetan
Muslims" is limited to the Tibetan area, and there are two main distribution areas in China – the "Tibetan Hui" in the Karigang area of the present-day Hualong Hui Autonomous County in
1275:(1617–1682), a permanent Muslim community settled down in Tibet. They were permitted to elect their own council of representatives, settle their group's legal disputes with Islamic law, and some land was donated to them for the construction of a mosque close to
1313:
conquest of Tibet in 1841. Many
Kashmiri, Balti and Ladakhi Muslim troops (who were taken as prisoners when fighting against the Dogra army) stayed behind to settle in Tibet. A few Hindu Dogras also settled in Tibet and subsequently converted to Islam.
2803:
1194:. In it, the work mentions the environment, fantastical origin of the Tibetans (through the Himyarites), the divinity of the king, major resources (like musk) and a description of the trade routes to and from Tibet. Another source,
1215:(799–815), there was a protracted war against Arab powers to the West. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Arab troops and pressed them into service on the eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far west as
2281:
Islam in Tibet: Preface by His
Holiness The Dalai Lama; Including 'Islam in the Tibetan Cultural Sphere'; 'Buddhist and Islamic Viewpoints of Ultimate Reality'; and The Illustrated Narrative 'Tibetan Caravans'- Fons Vitae
1749:
Beckwith, Christopher I. The
Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, 1987, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1387:
and told them to attend "indoctrination meetings". On 2 September 1960, Chinese leaders announced that the Barkor Khache would be allowed to leave. The Barkor Khache began leaving later that month to India, via the
1489:
1204:, contains mainly geography, politics and brief descriptions of Tibetan regions, cities, towns and other localities. This source has the first direct mention of the presence of Muslims in Tibet by stating that
1255:
also brought
Muslims to Tibet especially after the adoption or growing presence of Islam in these regions starting from the fourteenth century. The ongoing growth of Muslims continued as an effect of the
2768:
2763:
3418:
2793:
2578:
1341:. Their forefathers were Hui, and because they have lived in the Tibetan area for a long time, they have borrowed the way of life of the Tibetans, as in the case of the Hui groups in
1326:(unlike other Tibetan Muslims living elsewhere) consider themselves to be very different from the Chinese Muslims and sometimes marry with other Tibetans (including Buddhists).
2306:
3118:
3024:
1184:. Despite the vague knowledge the Islamic world had about Tibet, there were a few early Islamic works that mention Tibet. One such source is from a work authored by
592:
2735:
1286:
An influx of
Kashmiri Muslims in Nepal (originally having trade contacts with their kin in Tibet) fled to Tibet starting from 1769 due to the invasion of the
3123:
3151:
2715:
1808:
2999:
2583:
2700:
2291:
2441:
2384:
1016:
1373:
concluded that the Barkor Khache were Indian citizens. The first letter written by the Barkor Khache community in Lhasa was to
Tibetan Muslims in
3381:
2492:
2338:
2296:
1176:
The first contacts between Tibet and the
Islamic world began around the mid-eighth century when it grew out of a combination of trade via the
2220:
2188:
2161:
2104:
2070:
1949:
1924:
1779:
1727:
1700:
1666:
1620:
3530:
3063:
1342:
2573:
3545:
2678:
2633:
584:
2705:
2136:
1897:
1842:
1755:
2215:
Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. (2016). Islam and Tibet: interactions along the musk routes. Routledge, 2016.
1542:
2618:
1257:
852:
2658:
3550:
3535:
3495:
3376:
3210:
2351:
3053:
3019:
2828:
2431:
2301:
2247:
1306:). They intermarried with the local Tibetans and continued to have extensive trade contacts with other Muslims inside China.
1100:
877:
786:
560:
552:
3068:
2869:
1323:
1276:
1205:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
2725:
1419:
sect, also use a dialect of Tibetan (locally known as Balti) that is a mixture of other languages, but is written in the
3469:
3073:
2915:
2554:
1009:
814:
761:
2876:
2668:
2628:
2374:
2286:
455:
59:
2280:
3540:
3156:
3085:
3078:
3036:
2818:
2603:
2331:
3161:
3095:
1584:
2948:
2939:
2823:
2813:
2613:
2436:
2389:
481:
2504:
2474:
2446:
2275:
3285:
2798:
781:
471:
3525:
3452:
3113:
3011:
2864:
2859:
2379:
1080:
who arrived in Tibet in the 14th to 17th centuries. There are approximately 5,000 Tibetan Muslims living in
1002:
766:
711:
91:
2783:
2742:
1260:
in which the Tibetan government allowed trade missions from Ladakh to enter Lhasa every three years. Many
1137:, literally "Kashmiris" in Tibetan, because many are descendants of pre-modern emigrants from Kashmir. In
801:
2693:
2653:
2561:
3446:
3302:
3297:
3274:
3041:
2720:
2608:
2541:
2484:
2324:
2226:
Atwill, David G. "Boundaries of Belonging: Sino-Indian Relations and the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident."
597:
234:
2307:
Exploring Ethnicities: A Sociological Profile Of Tibetan Muslim Community In Kashmir Valley – Analysis
3046:
2778:
2683:
2456:
1291:
1185:
1637:
1190:
3257:
3090:
2788:
2730:
2499:
1096:
568:
1513:
3433:
3398:
3215:
3185:
3031:
2900:
2843:
2643:
2638:
2623:
1870:
1165:
897:
842:
492:
721:
3408:
3195:
3190:
2773:
2758:
2663:
2648:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2157:
2132:
2100:
2094:
2066:
1945:
1920:
1893:
1838:
1775:
1751:
1723:
1696:
1662:
1656:
1616:
1461:
1408:
1388:
1350:
1338:
1196:
646:
544:
160:
2060:
1717:
3488:
3388:
3339:
3322:
3205:
3139:
2979:
2808:
2710:
2688:
2359:
2231:
1769:
1690:
1428:
1370:
1354:
1319:
1287:
912:
867:
671:
420:
386:
356:
322:
292:
257:
213:
156:
114:
1103:
the Tibetan Muslims as a distinct ethnic group; they are grouped with Tibetan adherents of
3403:
3393:
2929:
2924:
2910:
2673:
2536:
2524:
2418:
2405:
1420:
1346:
962:
922:
539:
3504:
3459:
3439:
3365:
3307:
2423:
1444:
1392:
1272:
1181:
1061:
1037:
947:
937:
857:
806:
770:
736:
726:
462:
184:
2244:
Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960
1966:
3519:
3413:
2881:
1560:
1432:
1280:
791:
152:
3371:
3327:
3317:
3269:
3264:
3247:
2895:
2566:
1589:
1449:
992:
981:
932:
927:
427:
363:
299:
188:
1771:
Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives
1279:. The community soon adopted aspects of Tibetan culture like dress, diet, and the
2096:
Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 2: Tibetan Borderlands
1914:
3352:
3347:
1201:
1116:
636:
1161:
3464:
3252:
3058:
2974:
2549:
2413:
2235:
1299:
1112:
917:
902:
731:
716:
686:
676:
666:
651:
641:
621:
340:
17:
1774:. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 4.
3220:
2934:
2514:
1412:
1374:
1358:
1261:
1252:
1216:
1212:
1177:
1069:
776:
681:
661:
656:
626:
2311:
1329:
Outside of the Lhasa area, smaller Muslim communities and mosques exist in
1302:(Chinese Muslims) began to settle in the eastern regions of Tibet (like in
2183:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia. Brill. p. 850.
2890:
2469:
1330:
1265:
1200:(The Regions of the World) written by an unknown author in 982 or 983 in
1104:
1073:
872:
741:
696:
631:
1892:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 33, 34, 36.
1874:
1361:, witchcraft, and primitive beliefs, and a more devout belief in Islam.
1353:
to return to Islam, with the disappearance of spiritual beliefs such as
1223:. Arab forces began to gain the upper hand, and the Tibetan governor of
3358:
3312:
3227:
2519:
1455:
1334:
1295:
1244:
1150:
1077:
907:
862:
847:
796:
701:
691:
1145:, who have Kashmiri ancestry and therefore hold Indian passports; and
3237:
2886:
2769:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2764:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2529:
1424:
1416:
1310:
1248:
1232:
942:
706:
118:
3423:
3242:
3232:
3105:
2794:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
2347:
2312:
A minority within a minority: Nepal's Tibetan Muslims mark Ramadan
1404:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1160:
1138:
1128:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1065:
952:
172:
137:
110:
87:
2316:
2969:
2964:
2464:
2287:
Islam in Tibet 'The Ornaments of Llasa' Video – Fons Vitae books
1303:
403:
65:
2320:
3200:
1452:, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Baltistan, Pakistan
1132:
1108:
239:
48:
42:
2302:
Islam and Tibet: cultural interactions, 8th to 17th centuries
1982:
1980:
1890:
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic
1689:
Schaeffer, Kurtis; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray (2013).
1309:
Another recent wave of new Muslim settlers began after the
1268:
Muslims joined these missions with some settling in Tibet.
1403:
The Tibetan Muslims, like Muslims elsewhere in China, are
1458:, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Ladakh, India
2099:. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Brill. p. 204.
1695:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 24–29.
1435:, and the Balti people also use both Persian and Urdu.
2819:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2804:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1658:
After Empire: The Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia
1561:"The Tibetan Muslims who have made Kashmir their home"
432:
368:
304:
3338:
3174:
3138:
3104:
2998:
2957:
2842:
2751:
2594:
2398:
2367:
2358:
1407:and, like other Tibetans, speak a local dialect of
426:
419:
414:
399:
385:
380:
362:
355:
350:
335:
321:
316:
298:
291:
286:
270:
256:
251:
233:
228:
212:
207:
198:
178:
166:
146:
128:
101:
78:
73:
40:
1180:and the military presence of Muslim forces in the
1837:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 128.
2292:Gallery of Tibet (Includes picture of a Minaret)
2264:. Vol. XVI, No. 4. Winter, 1991, pp. 71–85.
2260:Siddiqui, Ataullah. (1991). "Muslims of Tibet."
2257:. Vol. XVI, No. 4. Winter, 1991, pp. 86–89.
2253:Sheikh, Abdul Ghani. (1991). "Tibetan Muslims."
1861:Sheikh, Abdul Ghani (1991). "Tibetan Muslims".
1379:
1208:had one mosque and a small Muslim population.
1153:ancestry and therefore hold Nepali passports.
2736:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2332:
1919:. China Intercontinental Press. p. 159.
1010:
391:
327:
262:
8:
1097:government of the People's Republic of China
35:
2062:Islamic Ecumene: Comparing Muslim Societies
1719:The Truth of Tibet: A Nation the World Lost
1484:
1482:
1045:
3178:
3144:
3004:
2852:
2848:
2364:
2339:
2325:
2317:
1017:
1003:
487:
449:
411:
347:
283:
225:
58:
34:
1661:. DIANE Publishing Company. p. 140.
2065:. Cornell University Press. p. 86.
1536:
1534:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1583:Cabezon, Jose Ignacio (February 1998).
1478:
1294:. As early as the seventeenth century,
576:
531:
490:
452:
2493:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2059:Powers, D.S.; Tagliacozzo, E. (2023).
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
195:
2574:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1856:
1854:
1802:
1800:
1798:
7:
2701:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
2180:Languages of the Himalayas: Volume 2
1578:
1576:
1574:
1343:Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
1111:. In contrast, the Chinese-speaking
74:Regions with significant populations
2230:75, no. 03 (August 2016): 595–620,
1271:During the reign of the Dalai Lama
2679:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2634:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1141:, they are split into two groups:
25:
2716:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2706:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1809:"History of the Muslims of Tibet"
1638:"There are Muslims in Tibet, too"
1494:United States Department of State
1382:us and make us Chinese Nationals.
2824:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2814:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1636:Sherpa, Duksangh (23 May 2018).
1585:"Islam on the Roof of the World"
1514:"The Tibetan Muslims of Kashmir"
986:
975:
470:
130:
103:
80:
2799:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1944:. 知识产权出版社: 北京. pp. 25–26.
1512:Zargar, Safwat (31 July 2019).
1131:, Tibetan Muslims are known as
381:Second alternative Chinese name
3054:Patron and priest relationship
3020:Central Tibetan Administration
2829:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2248:University of California Press
2152:（巴基斯坦）穆罕默德·尤素夫·侯赛因阿巴迪 (2011).
1543:"A minority within a minority"
1541:Hennig, Clare (11 July 2014).
1258:Tibetan-Ladakhi treaty of 1684
433:
392:
369:
328:
305:
263:
240:
1:
3419:Historical and cultural sites
2784:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1239:Fourteenth century to present
2759:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2228:The Journal of Asian Studies
2156:. 北京: 中国藏学出版社. p. 258.
2131:. 拉萨: 西藏人民出版社. p. 978.
1722:. Notion Press. p. 98.
1692:Sources of Tibetan Tradition
1395:decided to stay in Hebalin.
815:Islamic Association of China
3531:Muslim communities of China
2779:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2669:British expedition to Tibet
2659:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2629:Battle of the Salween River
1423:, with many loanwords from
1133:
1115:are distinguished from the
49:
43:
3567:
3546:Indian diaspora by country
3152:Postage and postal history
2604:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1068:. Many are descendants of
3482:
3181:
3147:
3007:
2855:
2851:
2614:Mongol invasions of Tibet
2242:Atwill, David G. (2018),
2236:10.1017/S0021911816000553
1041:
444:
410:
346:
282:
224:
218:
203:
183:
171:
151:
64:Tibetan Muslim family in
57:
3012:Tibet Autonomous Region
2774:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2726:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1833:Schaik van, Sam (2011).
1369:In 1959, Prime Minister
593:Second Sino-Japanese War
317:Alternative Chinese name
3119:TAR People's Government
3079:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2619:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
1365:Question of citizenship
1298:and other northwestern
3551:Ethnic groups in Tibet
3536:Ethnic groups in China
2789:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2743:Special Frontier Force
2177:van Driem, G. (2022).
2093:Klieger, P.C. (2006).
1716:Nagra, B.J.S. (2021).
1411:. The Balti people of
1384:
1273:Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso
1168:
532:Rebellions and revolts
3162:Qinghai–Tibet railway
3157:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
3124:TAR People's Congress
3096:India–Tibet relations
3069:Independence movement
2721:1959 Tibetan uprising
2609:Battle of Dafei River
2457:Era of Fragmentation
1888:Gladney, Dru (1996).
1655:Snyder, J.C. (1997).
1243:Extensive trade with
1164:
561:Second Dungan Revolt
179:Related ethnic groups
3470:Traditional medicine
2684:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2505:Relations with Ming
2475:Relations with Song
2447:Relations with Tang
2385:European exploration
1913:Ga, Zangjia (2003).
1768:Warikoo, K. (2009).
1415:, who belong to the
1292:Prithvi Narayan Shah
1211:During the reign of
1088:, and 300 to 400 in
1032:, also known as the
553:First Dungan Revolt
68:, early 20th century
27:Ethnoreligious group
3114:Regional Government
3091:CIA Tibetan program
3074:Serfdom controversy
2958:Traditional regions
2809:Simla Accord (1914)
2731:2008 Tibetan unrest
2555:List of Qing ambans
2500:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2127:（日）山口瑞凤等著； (1989).
1967:"关于云南"藏回"社会文化变迁的思考"
1807:Berzin, Alexander.
577:Post-dynastic China
569:Afaqi Khoja revolts
37:
3428:(ceremonial scarf)
3399:Dzong architecture
3216:Imperial Preceptor
3086:Sovereignty debate
3032:Etymology of Tibet
2644:Lhasa riot of 1750
2639:Jinchuan campaigns
2624:Battle of Dartsedo
2542:Qing dynasty rule
2485:Yuan dynasty rule
2459:(9th–13th century)
1989:, p. 103-104.
1567:. 1 December 2017.
1235:about 812 or 815.
1169:
1166:Lhasa Great Mosque
545:Panthay Rebellion
135:
3541:Religion in Tibet
3513:
3512:
3478:
3477:
3170:
3169:
3134:
3133:
3037:Foreign relations
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2838:
2837:
2694:Qinghai–Tibet War
2664:Sikkim expedition
2654:Dogra–Tibetan War
2649:Sino-Nepalese War
2584:political leaders
2562:Post-Qing to 1950
2515:Rinpungpa dynasty
2426:(7th–9th century)
2262:The Tibet Journal
2255:The Tibet Journal
2221:978-1-138-24704-8
2190:978-90-04-51492-8
2163:978-7-80253-336-3
2106:978-90-474-1145-1
2072:978-1-5017-7240-5
1951:978-7-5130-1197-6
1926:978-7-5085-0232-8
1916:Tibetan Religions
1863:The Tibet Journal
1813:studybuddhism.com
1781:978-1-134-03294-5
1729:978-1-64983-961-9
1702:978-0-231-13599-3
1668:978-0-7881-4666-4
1622:978-7-222-09611-0
1462:Religion in Tibet
1389:Kingdom of Sikkim
1351:Shangri-La County
1227:submitted to the
1186:Abu Sa'id Gardezi
1027:
1026:
605:
604:
448:
447:
440:
439:
421:Standard Mandarin
376:
375:
357:Standard Mandarin
312:
311:
293:Standard Mandarin
247:
246:
194:
193:
185:Tibetan Buddhists
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3498:
3491:
3429:
3206:Tibetan Buddhism
3179:
3145:
3015:
3005:
2853:
2849:
2711:Battle of Chamdo
2689:Sino-Tibetan War
2545:
2508:
2488:
2478:
2460:
2450:
2437:List of emperors
2427:
2409:
2390:Historical money
2365:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2250:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2154:巴尔蒂斯坦（小西藏）的历史与文化
2149:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1940:张实，李红春编 (2012).
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1835:Tibet: A History
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1765:
1759:
1758:, p. 14, 48, 50.
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
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1613:迪庆州民族文化保护传承与开发研究
1611:郭家骥，边明社 (2012).
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1355:Tibetan Buddhism
1320:Qinghai Province
1288:Kathmandu Valley
1281:Tibetan language
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2015:
2013:, p. 112.
2003:
2001:, p. 109.
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1942:云南省香格里拉县藏回族群研究
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1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:and became a
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:Early history
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
994:
983:
973:
972:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
888:
887:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
832:
829:
828:
824:
823:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
803:
802:Uyghur Arabic
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
752:
751:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
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673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:Major figures
612:
611:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
583:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
567:
565:
559:
557:
551:
549:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
498:
497:
494:
489:
483:
478:
477:
473:
469:
468:
464:
457:
451:
443:
431:
429:
425:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
390:
388:
384:
379:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
320:
315:
303:
301:
297:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
255:
250:
238:
236:
232:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
139:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
100:
96:
93:
89:
77:
72:
67:
61:
56:
51:
45:
39:
30:
19:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3372:sand mandala
3364:
3357:
3298:Sinicization
3290:
3270:Panchen Lama
3265:Lhamo La-tso
3248:Ganden Tripa
3042:Human rights
2916:Grand Canyon
2896:Namcha Barwa
2889: /
2567:Tibetan Army
2465:Guge kingdom
2261:
2254:
2243:
2227:
2194:. Retrieved
2179:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2095:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2061:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1970:
1965:李红春 (2008).
1960:
1941:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1889:
1883:
1869:(4): 86–89.
1866:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1785:. Retrieved
1770:
1763:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1718:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:
1642:Nepali Times
1641:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:Aramco World
1588:
1564:
1555:
1547:Nepali Times
1546:
1521:. Retrieved
1518:The Diplomat
1517:
1493:
1450:Balti people
1402:
1385:
1380:
1368:
1328:
1316:
1308:
1285:
1270:
1242:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1175:
1146:
1142:
1126:
1094:
1033:
1029:
1028:
957:
762:Architecture
712:Shams al-Din
598:Islamophobia
428:Hanyu Pinyin
364:Hanyu Pinyin
300:Hanyu Pinyin
275:
252:Chinese name
208:Tibetan name
32:Ethnic group
29:
3382:wall murals
3286:Catholicism
2870:Environment
2544:(1720–1912)
2507:(1368–1644)
2487:(1270–1350)
2408:(Neolithic)
2406:Prehistory
2047:Atwill 2018
2035:Atwill 2018
2023:Atwill 2018
2011:Atwill 2018
1999:Atwill 2018
1987:Atwill 2018
1973:(2): 41–48.
1202:Afghanistan
1149:, who have
1117:Han Chinese
1113:Hui Muslims
807:Xiao'erjing
797:Sufi orders
792:Sini script
637:Hu Songshan
563:(1895–1896)
555:(1862–1877)
547:(1856–1873)
3520:Categories
3465:Tibetology
3434:Literature
3253:Dalai Lama
3106:Government
3064:Tibet Area
3059:Golden Urn
3025:Parliament
2550:Lifan Yuan
2477:(960–1279)
2414:Zhangzhung
2399:Chronology
1818:22 October
1523:1 December
1468:References
1119:majority.
918:Dongxiangs
732:Wang Daiyu
717:Su fei-erh
687:Ma Mingxin
677:Ma Hualong
667:Ma Fuxiang
652:Ma Anliang
642:Kasim Tuet
622:Afaq Khoja
454:Part of a
3447:Chronicle
3409:Festivals
3221:Dpon-chen
3191:Languages
3186:Education
2935:Changtang
2877:Mountains
2844:Geography
2752:Documents
2597:conflicts
2449:(618–907)
2368:Overviews
1596:8 January
1473:Citations
1413:Baltistan
1377:in 1959:
1375:Kalimpong
1359:Dongbaism
1339:Chengguan
1253:Baltistan
1217:Samarkand
1213:Sadnalegs
1178:Silk Road
1123:Etymology
1101:recognize
1099:does not
1070:Kashmiris
1055:Kashmiris
963:Ili Turks
843:Hong Kong
777:Han Kitab
682:Ma Laichi
662:Ma Buqing
657:Ma Bufang
627:Du Wenxiu
147:Languages
3505:Category
3389:Calendar
3323:Diaspora
3196:Religion
3000:Politics
2901:Tanggula
2891:Changtse
2595:Wars and
2470:Tsongkha
2432:Timeline
2375:Timeline
2352:articles
2196:11 March
2112:11 March
1875:43300418
1787:11 March
1735:11 March
1565:BBC News
1439:See also
1399:Language
1331:Shigatse
1262:Kashmiri
1105:Buddhism
1074:Ladakhis
1062:Tibetans
984:•
958:Tibetans
873:Xinjiang
742:Zheng He
697:Ma Wanfu
632:Hu Dahai
434:Gǔgé rén
370:Zàng Huí
339:Tibetan
276:phonetic
274:Khache (
167:Religion
161:Kashmiri
157:Mandarin
92:Tibet AR
3489:Outline
3453:writers
3394:Cuisine
3359:thangka
3340:Culture
3313:Changpa
3228:Nyingma
3175:Society
3140:Economy
2975:Ü-Tsang
2949:Valleys
2907:Rivers
2882:Kailash
2442:Lönchen
2424:Empire
2360:History
2209:Sources
1490:"Tibet"
1456:Purigpa
1429:Persian
1409:Tibetan
1335:Tsetang
1296:Ningxia
1266:Ladakhi
1245:Kashmir
1188:titled
1157:History
1078:Nepalis
1060:), are
1049:
1038:Tibetan
913:Kazakhs
908:Uyghurs
898:Ahmadis
868:Sichuan
863:Ningxia
848:Kashgar
833:Regions
787:Shrines
782:Mosques
767:Cuisine
755:Culture
702:Ma Yize
692:Ma Qixi
647:Liu Zhi
587:present
493:dynasty
482:History
387:Chinese
323:Chinese
258:Chinese
241:kha-che
214:Tibetan
153:Tibetan
142:300–400
115:Kashmir
3440:Annals
3404:Emblem
3366:tsakli
3238:Jonang
2887:Lhotse
2831:(2008)
2530:Kashag
2350:
2219:
2187:
2160:
2135:
2103:
2078:13 May
2069:
1948:
1923:
1896:
1873:
1841:
1778:
1754:
1726:
1699:
1674:13 May
1665:
1619:
1431:, and
1425:Arabic
1417:Shiite
1337:, and
1251:, and
1249:Ladakh
1233:Muslim
1151:Nepali
1147:Khazar
1143:Khache
1134:Khache
1076:, and
1034:Khache
948:Tatars
943:Uzbeks
938:Tajiks
933:Bonans
923:Kyrgyz
891:Groups
878:Xunhua
853:Linxia
830:Cities
771:Uyghur
707:Ma Zhu
672:Ma Gui
456:series
406:people
189:Baltis
124:1,500+
119:Ladakh
108:
85:
50:Khazar
44:Khache
3496:Index
3460:Music
3425:Khata
3328:Names
3318:Yolmo
3291:Islam
3243:Gelug
3233:Kagyu
3211:Sakya
3014:(TAR)
2980:Ngari
2865:Fauna
2860:Flora
2348:Tibet
2282:books
1871:JSTOR
1405:Sunni
1324:Lhasa
1311:Dogra
1277:Lhasa
1229:Arabs
1225:Kabul
1221:Kabul
1206:Lhasa
1139:Nepal
1129:Tibet
1090:Nepal
1086:India
1082:China
1066:Islam
1042:ཁ་ཆེ་
953:Utsul
928:Salar
858:Macau
585:1912–
235:Wylie
219:ཁ་ཆེ་
173:Islam
138:Nepal
111:India
97:5,000
88:China
3414:Flag
3353:rugs
3275:list
3258:list
3047:LGBT
2970:Kham
2965:Amdo
2217:ISBN
2198:2024
2185:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2114:2024
2101:ISBN
2080:2024
2067:ISBN
1971:中国藏学
1946:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1820:2019
1789:2024
1776:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1737:2024
1724:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1676:2024
1663:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1598:2022
1525:2023
1433:Urdu
1304:Amdo
1264:and
1219:and
1107:and
1095:The
1046:lit.
523:Qing
518:Ming
513:Yuan
508:Song
503:Tang
404:Guge
306:Kǎqì
66:Amdo
3348:Art
3201:Bon
2232:doi
1345:in
1300:Hui
1290:by
1127:In
1109:Bön
903:Hui
491:By
393:古格人
341:Hui
3522::
1979:^
1969:.
1867:16
1865:.
1853:^
1811:.
1797:^
1640:.
1587:.
1573:^
1563:.
1545:.
1533:^
1516:.
1502:^
1492:.
1481:^
1427:,
1357:,
1333:,
1283:.
1247:,
1092:.
1072:,
1044:,
1040::
458:on
329:藏回
264:卡契
187:,
159:,
155:,
117:,
47:,
2340:e
2333:t
2326:v
2238:.
2234::
2223:.
2200:.
2166:.
2141:.
2116:.
2082:.
1954:.
1929:.
1902:.
1877:.
1847:.
1822:.
1791:.
1739:.
1705:.
1678:.
1644:.
1625:.
1600:.
1549:.
1527:.
1496:.
1058:'
1052:'
1036:(
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
773:)
769:(
278:)
121:)
113:(
94:)
90:(
20:)
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