20:
106:. Due to these activities, a warrant was issued against Bouyali on December 10, 1982. In January 1983, Bouyali's brother was mistakenly killed in the crossfire of a shootout leaving his house. The death of his brother served as an important catalyst for his later increasing violent actions. In early 1983, possibly February or March, Bouyali met with Hadi Khadiri, the police chief and Minister of the Interior, although the meeting was a failure and did not stop Bouyali's campaign. Sometime in the early stages of the group, Bouyali sent the authorities a memorandum in thirteen parts and created a ninety-nine part guide with the aim of creating an Islamic republic in Algeria.
1337:
201:, a former Algerian propaganda officer and Azzedin Baa, re-established the MIA with ex-Bouyalists and other affiliated group members. There is disagreement about the identity of the founders though; some sources say Makhloufi founded the Islamic State Movement (MEI) in 1993 while others say the MEI was founded by Meliani in early 92' while others still refer to Chebouti's group as the Islamic State Movement. Other sources even say that Chebouti died in 1992, under 'suspicious circumstances'. This group created the foundation for resistance leading to the
1338:"CAMILLE AL-TAWIL, Al-Haraka Al-Islamiyya Al-Musalaha fi Al-Jazair: Min "Al-Inqadth" ila "Al-Jamaעa" (The Armed Islamic Movement in Algeria: From the FIS to the GIA) (Beirut: Dar al-Nihar, 1998). Pp. 337. KHALED HROUB, Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000). Pp. 343. $ 29.95 cloth. QUINTAN WIKTOROWICZ, The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001). Pp. 216. 18.95 paper"
71:. Bouyali originally was a preacher at the El-Achour Mosque in Algiers where he had gained a following. In 1979 or '81 he formed the Group for Defense Against the Illicit, pressuring the government to implement Islamic law and to adopt policies that reflected "real" Muslim values. This group attacked bars and individuals, but had no real power, so Bouyali decided to turn to armed struggle. He was relentlessly harassed by security services though, due to his speaking out against the regime and his support for an
226:, after the GIA. While 'General' Chebouti was the supreme leader of the AIS in name, but Makhloufi effectively ran the group due to Chebouti's chronic illness. The relationship between the AIS and GIA fluctuated but most stayed peaceful as the two groups operated in parallel until March 1994 when the GIA 'liquidated' 70 MIA fighters who it suspected had ties to the regime. In August the AIS retaliated and killed a local GIA emir and members of his family in the
169:
driver flashed on his lights and shots rang out from both sides of the road. Bouyali's final act was to shoot the driver in the head seconds before he was killed by a bullet to the forehead. All six including the driver were killed in the final clashes as well as a policeman who was the head of the elite security forces. Other sources also say that he was killed while in a confrontation with the gendarme in an
Algiers suburb.
185:, a few hundred meters from Bouyali's unmarked grave. After the death of Bouyali, the MIA effectively fell apart and most members were arrested. On June 15, or 20, 1987, the largest trial of Algerian Islamists started, with 202 defendants and four in absentia represented by a 49 man defense council. On July 10, four were sentenced to death, seven to twelve years, 166 to between one and 15 years and 15 were acquitted.
206:
the true number as high as 10 or 15 thousand. A report on the Middle East in July 1993 reported the MIA to have around 1000 fighters who targeted security forces personnel and low level civil servants. In May 1992, five army battalions were mobilized against a MIA-affiliated group in a remote region near
205:
as veterans of the MIA were the ones that launched the armed rebellion in 1992. The membership of the group varied, government forces said in April 1993 that there were 175 guerilla fighters (most of them MIA) with about 925 supporters although this number is thought to be a gross understatement with
168:
members from
Afghanistan. The group of several hundred militants lasted for five years, until Bouyali was killed on January or February 3, 1987, (most likely January 3) when police received information from Bouyali's driver. Bouyali and five others were driving in the mountains near Larbaa when the
78:
In July 1982, the MIA made its first bomb, however the group's activities were noticed by authorities when they experiment with it. On
October 3, Bouyali escaped a kidnapping attempt by agents of the military's security. This caused him to go into hiding; in January 1983, he hid with
144:. In the wake of this demonstration, the trial of a large group of Islamists scheduled for May 13 was called off and instead, a group of 92 political prisoners were released. Although many of his companions were acquitted, Bouyali was charged
180:
were sentenced to death and subsequently jailed, but released in 1989 and pardoned in 1990 due to political reforms. Meliani would later be arrested in July 1992 and executed in 1993 after he and
Chebouti were captured after a battle in
210:. The group had planned to use its base to attack security forces and other targets in the region. Abdelkader Chebouti was also reported to have established a camp to shelter Islamist army deserters. The MIA later became the
44:
129:, Algiers and stole the workers' salaries. In 1983, the MIA also recruited many new members due to the release of a hundred Islamist prisoners in May 1983. On April 12, 1984,
1412:
Entelis, John P. Professor of
Political Science and Co-Director of the Middle East Studies Program at Fordham University, Bronx, New York. 27 March 1995. Telephone interview
19:
694:
978:
140:
died in his home during house arrest. The next day without any government mention of his death, a large
Islamic gathering of 25,000 appeared at his funeral in
109:
The group often attracted unemployed young men because "its rhetoric evoked 'memories of the bandits of honor in the mountains, paralleling the life of the
1514:
164:, killing an officer and seizing 340 weapons, and more than 18,000 pieces of ammunition. In 1986, Bouyali organized clandestine cells, composed of veteran
148:
at that same trial and sentenced to death. On the night of August 21, 1985, Bouyali and his militants robbed a DNC (state-owned enterprise) factory in
601:"Who Controls the Past Controls the Future: How Algeria Manipulated History and Legitimated Power Using its Constitutional Charters and Legislation"
39:
in the 1980s and 90s. The group was the largest and most broadly-based
Algerian Islamic extremist organization of the 80s. The group was founded by
453:
85:
778:
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94:. On November 12, 1982, Bouyali and four others fired for the first time at security forces at a police roadblock in Oued Romane, near
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98:. Then they attacked a depot of a state company and stole 160 kilos of TNT. Bouyali and others then tested a new bomb on an
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The most likely time for this attack was the night of the 26th Other sources report it was on the 25th or the 29th
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695:"Islamist Bouali's brother: Mustapha Bouali chose to run away because he did not trust regime"
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1256:"The Islamists, the Democratic Opposition and the Search for a Political Solution in Algeria"
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region, was a loose association of small groups of which
Bouyali proclaimed himself the
713:
157:
153:
141:
64:
1081:
779:"Islamist Party Mobilization: Tunisia's Ennahda and Algeria's HMS Compared, 1989-2014"
1493:
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632:
72:
995:
Islamist Party
Mobilization: Tunisia's Ennahda and Algeria's HMS Compared, 1989–2014
114:
1464:
1449:"Fratricidal Rebels: Ideological Extremity and Warring Factionalism in Civil Wars"
67:
as it provided the ideal terrain for extremist groups, specifically targeting the
1448:
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222:
issued a fatwa from his prison cell granting the MIA the number two spot in the
219:
118:
836:
Trauma, war, and violence : public mental health in socio-cultural context
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648:
Democratic development & political terrorism : the global perspective
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839:. Joop T. V. M. de Jong. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2002.
820:
666:
549:
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182:
95:
1384:. The Institute for Strategic Research at the Military School. p. 23.
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911:
The battlefield : Algeria 1988-2002 : studies in a broken polity
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110:
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http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/world/moss_algeria_kohlman.pdf
156:
and on August 26–27, 1985, MIA insurgents headed by
Bouyali, attacked a
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227:
99:
68:
36:
1157:
The great war for civilisation : the conquest of the Middle East
47:. The group, which carried out attacks against the government in the
651:. William J. Crotty. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2005.
18:
1378:
The Sociology of Organisations Applied ton Non-State Armed Groups
214:
in 1994 when it renamed to seem more brutal in comparison to the
52:
482:. Farzana Shaikh. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Longman Group UK. 1992.
313:"What Algeria 1992 can, and cannot, teach us about Egypt 2013"
43:
in 1981 or April 1982 or July 1982 after a confrontation with
1131:"Algeria: Bloody Past and Fractious Factions | Wilson Center"
427:"Algeria: Bloody Past and Fractious Factions | Wilson Center"
1217:"Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria"
1191:"الجماعات المسلحة في الجزائر من "بويعلي" إلى "جند الخلافة"!"
1056:"الجماعات المسلحة في الجزائر من "بويعلي" إلى "جند الخلافة"!"
1022:
The Islamist challenge in Algeria : a political history
1106:
Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge in Europe
479:
Islam and Islamic groups : a worldwide reference guide
125:. In 1983, the Bouyali group attacked a production unit in
121:, the man who would go onto be the vice-president of the
55:. The group engaged in guerrilla warfare similar to the
1160:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
1025:. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press.
283:
16:
Algerian Islamic guerrilla group (1982–87 and 92-94)
1424:"Refworld | Islamism, the State and Armed Conflict"
403:"Refworld | Islamism, the State and Armed Conflict"
23:
Mustafa Bouyali, the leader of the MIA from 1982-87
1422:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
748:. Impr. SEPC). La Tour-d'Aigues: Éd. de l'Aube.
575:"WOMEN BATTLE FOR THEIR RIGHTS IN ALGERIAN CITY"
401:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
805:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
534:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
338:"Algeria Between Eradicators and Conciliators"
1086:Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business
946:Routledge library editions. Iran. Mini-set D.
8:
1342:International Journal of Middle East Studies
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59:, and was based in the rural areas of the
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35:and terrorist organization in northern
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7:
1336:Hafez, Mohammed M. (February 2003).
1082:"Terrorism: An Algerian Perspective"
605:Journal of Asian and African Studies
336:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1994-07-15).
172:Other important MIA members such as
117:'". One of Bouyali's supporters was
1260:Review of African Political Economy
599:Tamburini, Francesco (March 2022).
273:
193:In March and April 1992, after the
1515:Factions of the Algerian Civil War
285:Harakat El Islamiyyat El Musallaha
197:, Abdelkader Chebouti, along with
14:
1447:Hafez, Mohammed M. (2020-04-02).
799:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006).
714:"Chapter 2: Terrorism in Algeria"
1453:Terrorism and Political Violence
1375:Le Moign, Alix (November 2016).
884:"Eavesdropping on Radical Islam"
802:Historical dictionary of Algeria
777:Zhang, Chuchu (September 2018).
745:Algérie : le grand dérapage
102:beach and stole explosives near
248:Algerian Islamic Armed Movement
1080:Jazairy, Idriss (2004-01-01).
882:Sivan, Emmanuel (1995-03-01).
1:
1465:10.1080/09546553.2017.1389726
90:near Bouguerra Mountain near
992:Zhang, Chuchu (2019-07-19).
454:"30. Algeria (1962-present)"
1215:Hafez, Mohammed M. (2000).
1109:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1019:Willis, Michael J. (1997).
284:
152:of £110,000 or one million
1531:
1505:Jihadist groups in Algeria
372:. London: Hurst & Co.
115:original war of liberation
1354:10.1017/S0020743803390075
1272:10.1080/03056249508704124
617:10.1177/00219096211013416
949:(1st ed.). London.
274:الحركة الإسلامية المسلحة
265:Mouvement Islamique Armé
1510:Rebel groups in Algeria
1301:Martínez, Luis (1998).
786:University of Cambridge
1254:Roberts, Hugh (1995).
908:Roberts, Hugh (2017).
867:: CS1 maint: others (
679:: CS1 maint: others (
528:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
510:: CS1 maint: others (
366:Stone, Martin (1997).
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252:Armed Islamic Movement
29:Islamic Armed Movement
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1103:Coolsaet, R. (2008).
888:Middle East Quarterly
742:Charef, Abed (1994).
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1189:admin (2014-10-11).
1135:www.wilsoncenter.org
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701:. December 16, 2012.
431:www.wilsoncenter.org
369:The agony of Algeria
1307:. Paris: Karthala.
1221:Middle East Journal
218:. In January 1993,
174:Abdelkader Chebouti
113:and drawing on the
203:Algerian Civil War
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