397:. Although these are scientific manuscripts, many of them include poetic structure. One example of these scientific manuscripts is Manuscript no. 2262, a work that discusses ideas about astronomy. This manuscript discusses the intersection between solar and lunar calendars. More specifically, this manuscript instructs the reader on how to determine January first of the Islamic Lunar Year 1023. Additionally, the manuscript discusses the process of determining whether or not it is leap year. Another example is Manuscript no. 1045, entitled by scholars as "The Treatment of Illnesses, Internal and External." In this manuscript, the author discusses medical ideas such as: the use of plants for treating illnesses, the use of minerals and their medicinal powers, and the use of animal organs in certain healing processes. Timbuktu Manuscripts are unique due to the sheer volume of manuscripts discovered and their wide range of concepts including concepts of philosophy that contradicted common ideas about Islamic framework.
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53:
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155:) to be able to be read over the course of 30 days. The Chinese practice of writing on paper, presented to the Islamic world around the 8th century CE, enabled the writing of the Qur'an on paper. The decrease in production costs of Qur'an manuscripts due to the transition from parchment to paper enabled Qur'ans to be utilized more frequently for personal use or worship, rather than just ceremonial settings.
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236:
box's width and height. After the structure of the text box was determined, calligraphers followed an interline system to write out the script. Early Qur'anic manuscripts did not have a direct textual structure. To amplify oration and make recitation easier, illuminators created a decorative vocabulary. At first, the illuminators differentiated each
316:(1400–1700) were influenced by Timurid illumination and followed their gold and blue floral style. Ottoman illuminators also incorporated rose, hyacinth, and tulip motifs into their illuminations. The Ottomans also built a manufacturing studio in Istanbul where illuminated Qur'ans were produced into the beginning of the twentieth century.
303:
dynasty (1370–1507) introduced a style of illumination that included fine gilded leaves and stems, red florets, and diamond shaped medallions on a dark-blue background. An example of this style of illumination is seen in this single-volume Qur'an that was made between 1480 and 1500. Manuscripts from
280:
was presented to the audience in order to display the beautiful illumination. These illuminations usually use geometry, and nature as inspiration and don't display any sort of iconography due to the values of Islam. Early illuminators had to create the perfect sense of symbolism and ornamentation to
298:
dynasties (1250–1517), paper became more accessible and allowed for the production of larger scale Qur'ans. This influenced illuminators to add more complex designs and new motifs. Qur'anic manuscripts produced by
Mamluks were noted for gilded foliate scrollwork as well as star-shaped and hexagonal
340:
dynasty in
Baghdad in approximately the mid-8th century. The development of new scientific work starting to translation of old Greek scientific and learned works, and the make pure original scholarship in science, medicine, and philosophy in Arabic. An example of an Arabic scientific manuscript is
335:
Many early illustrated Arabic manuscripts are affiliated with scientific subjects. Scientific manuscripts discuss a variety of topics including but not limited to astronomy, astrology, anatomy, botany, and zoology. The development of early illustrated scientific manuscripts began under the
Islamic
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of the Qur'an usually contained illumination as well as the borders of the first few folios, the last folios, and the titles of each chapter in the text. The use of illuminated medallions also became popular after the tenth century to indicate each fifth and tenth verse within the text. Around the
235:
In the making of Qur'anic manuscripts, early calligraphers used a strict set of geometric rules. For example, each page had a space reserved for writing which was divided into perfectly equal and parallel lines depending on thickness of the pen. A set of key ratios was also used to determine the
2013:
96:) script, which was closely associated with their identity. The specific form of this script was exclusively used by Nizari Ismailis, who were known as Khwajahs or Khojas. Recording religious literature in this script had the added benefit of preserving it from potentially hostile eyes.
38:. Manuscript creators eventually transitioned to using paper in later centuries with the diffusion of paper making in the Islamic empire. When Muslims encountered paper in Central Asia, its use and production spread to Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa during the 8th century.
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in
Jerusalem. When paper-making set its course towards central Asia, paper became the preferred material setting for Qur'anic manuscripts. The use of paper amplified the development of new writing styles and motivated calligraphers to heighten the manuscripts' aesthetic appeal.
72:
was the common form of recording texts. Calligraphy is the practice or art of decorative handwriting. The demand for calligraphy in the early stages of the
Islamic empire (circa 7–8th century CE) can be attributed to a need to produce Qur'an manuscripts. During the
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1744:
162:. These are commonly in the form of devotional hymns recited by members of the community. The script also preserves other types of religious literature, such as songs of devotions in praise of Prophet Muhammed and legends about the Prophets.
1988:
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to transcribe the Qu'ran. Before the fourteenth century, calligraphers were responsible for both the text and illumination of Qur'anic manuscripts until the artwork became more complex and required its own specialist.
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by pairing it with a unique geometric band. Subsequently, a more complex system was put in place in order to organize the Qur'an's contents and help individuals read and recite the text. This system included motifs
1819:
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eleventh century, only the first and last folios out of the entire text were illuminated. The illuminations were typically applied in gold and incorporated geometric and vegetal designs. During the reign of the
1958:
1866:
1248:
1992:
1941:
1043:
Hoffman, Eva R. 2000. The
Beginnings of the Illustrated Arabic Book: An Intersection between Art and Scholarship. In Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, XVII, pg. 47.
1034:
Hoffman, Eva R. 2000. The
Beginnings of the Illustrated Arabic Book: An Intersection between Art and Scholarship. In Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, XVII, pg. 44.
1870:
209:(685–705), Qur'anic script was standardized and inserted onto other surfaces such as marble as a way to promote Arabic in the region. One example of marble inscription is seen inside the
158:
Within the Nizari
Ismaili community, manuscripts were recorded in the Khwajah Sindhi (Khojki) script, as mentioned above. A common type of literature recorded in this script is known as
2000:
139:
can vary in form and function. Certain manuscripts were larger in size for ceremonial purposes, others being smaller and more transportable. An example of a Qur'an manuscript is the
1510:
Les
Manuscrits arabes de l'Escurial. Tome III, Théologie. Géographie. Histoire / décrits d'après les notes de Hartwig Derenbourg ; revues et mises à jour par E. Lévi-Provençal
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2020:
365:(Almagest), which was translated from Greek to Arabic during the 9th century. Al-Sufi's included his own observations of Ptolemy's material into this manuscript as well.
1929:
1874:
1996:
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dynasty (1500–1700) is known for their fine golden and floral scroll illuminations with lapis backgrounds. Additionally, the
Safavid dynasty is also known for the
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891:
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script had been used as the main style of scripture until about 1200 CE. After the turn of the 13th century, calligraphers began to prefer writing styles such as
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motifs. The Ilkhanid dynasty was responsible for adapting their geometric vocabulary to different sized manuscripts and sense of lavishness in design. The
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script disregarded the use of short vowels and was created to serve as a memory aid to reciters. Manuscripts with Hijazi script also utilized the rules of
1832:
1357:
174:
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1953:
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collection started with the donation of the Quran by William Bedwell. Since then it has grown to over 5,000 works. It includes collections of
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represent each section of text while keeping the text as the main focal point. In the eighth century, when the Qur'an was first produced as a
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2008:
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1103:
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1219:. Christopher Wise, J.-M. G. Le Clézio, Souleymane Bachir Diagne (First AWP English ed.). Trenton: Africa World Press. pp. 70–97.
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recitation to Scientific notation. These manuscripts were produced in many different ways depending on their use and time period.
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351:. This manuscript is a catalog of stars and their constellations, commissioned by the patron the Buyid prince Adud al-Dawla. The
253:) that are seen between each thirty sections and organize the singular text into different parts. The Qur'an now contains 114
648:
609:
430:, hand-transcribed by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali in Ekdala, eastern Bengal. The manuscript was a gift to the
265:
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1965:
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1662:
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127:, which is the sacred book of Islam. The Qur'an is believed by Muslims to be a divine revelation (the word of god) to
1486:
1018:
Hoffman, Eva R. 2000. The Beginnings of the Illustrated Arabic Book: An Intersection between Art and Scholarship. In
377:. The creation of these manuscripts range from the 13th to the 20th century, with most of them being made during the
1127:
946:
1407:
1278:
1947:
136:
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518:
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was only one of the scripts used for recording religious manuscripts. In the Indian subcontinent, for example,
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1903:
862:. Massumeh Farhad, Simon Rettig, François Déroche, Zeren Tanındı, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Washington, DC.
1814:
1739:
526:
438:
343:
324:
206:
557:
52:
1936:
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script, on parchment dyed blue with indigo. Many Qur'an manuscripts are divided into 30 equal sections (
1882:
1788:
423:
170:
2027:
1751:
1098:. Shamil Jeppie, Souleymane Bachir Diagne. Cape Town: HSRC Press in association with CODESRIA. 2008.
569:
454:
434:
374:
104:
Islamic manuscripts include variety of topics such as religion, medicine, astrology, and literature.
89:
381:(1230–1672). Within these manuscripts, there is discussion of several scientific concepts including
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period (661–750CE). Over the course of this period, copies of Qur'anic manuscripts were produced in
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522:
419:
328:
1182:
2105:
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1518:
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1069:
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1007:
986:
936:
885:
712:
Asani, Ali (2002). "Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia".
541:
69:
47:
1917:
1387:
Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi. "2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ" [2.2 Knowledge of Hadith in Bengal].
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1983:
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286:
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182:
74:
2110:
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1154:
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682:
677:
George, Alain (2017-06-20), "The Qurʾan, Calligraphy, and the Early Civilization of Islam",
431:
427:
291:
210:
1006:
Hussain, Tajammul. “Roads to Paradise: The Art of the Illumination of the Qur’an.” (2016).
967:"The Geometry of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts / التسليم الهندسي للمخطوطات القرآنية المبكرة"
1910:
537:
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to convey information to a written form. Traditionally speaking in the Islamic empire,
65:
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One of the most significant examples of scientific Islamic manuscripts comes from the
64:
The development of scripts in the Islamic empire, demonstrates the transition from an
2137:
1073:
437:. It is also the only library in the world to have the original manuscripts from the
190:
144:
93:
787:
727:
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manuscripts which were large in size and elaborate in design. Illuminators from the
1538:
1408:"The founder of the world-famous Oriental Public Library. (Paragraph 2 Line 5 - 6)"
545:
1508:
859:
The art of the Qurʼan : treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
189:
and were named the "Damascus papers." Some parts of the Damascus Papers contained
205:
and displayed no decoration or ornamentation. Under the reign of Umayyad caliph,
2121:
498:
415:
382:
378:
35:
23:
1143:"Timbuktu's Scientific Manuscript Heritage: The Reopening of an Ancient Vista?"
1234:
928:
764:
686:
636:
Paper before print : the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world
597:
Paper before print : the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world
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619:
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27:
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913:. Mustafa Akram Ali Shah, M. A. Abdel Haleem (1st ed.). Oxford. 2020.
908:
57:
1093:
1065:
857:
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hold a collection of almost 15,000 works in 14,000 volumes. In 1982, the
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In the 1630s Cambridge University founded a Professorship in Arabic. The
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361:
186:
128:
990:
966:
356:
152:
132:
1732:
1714:
1623:
1483:"The Mamma Haidara Memorial Library – Tombouctou Manuscripts Project"
462:
309:
159:
85:
31:
1613:
1022:: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, XVII, pg.38.
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282:
264:
237:
216:
169:
148:
124:
111:
78:
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Manuscripts of the Qu'ran have been created and copied since the
1627:
441:. It presently has the best collection of Islamic manuscripts.
285:, ornamentation was already included in the design. The entire
1008:
https://www.themathesontrust.org/papers/art/Tajammul-Roads.pdf
195:
script which was unique to each calligrapher's writing style.
1458:"'Badass Librarians' Foil al Qaeda, Save Ancient Manuscripts"
751:
Bloom, Jonathan M. (2015-01-01). "The Blue Koran Revisited".
556:
One of the largest collections in North America is at the
560:
which holds 1,800 texts contained in over 1,100 volumes.
414:
has a collection of 25,000 Islamic Manuscripts including
1507:
Derenbourg, Hartwig (1844-1908) Auteur du texte (1928).
489:) is a collection of manuscripts belonging to Sultan
123:
A common religious manuscript would be a copy of the
2021:
The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation
2098:
2071:
2046:
1975:
1841:
1768:
1724:
1706:
1693:
1670:
1661:
276:During the recitation of Qur'anic manuscripts, the
143:. The Blue Qur'an is ceremonial in nature, which a
81:scripts were typically seen in Qur'an manuscripts.
56:Kufic script, 8th or 9th century (Surah 48: 27–28)
1054:"Timbuktu Manuscripts Apparently Escaped Burning"
681:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 109–129,
548:Library were transferred to the British library.
1435:"Khuda Bakhsh library's importance to the world"
1395:] (in Bengali). Emdadia Library. p. 24.
272:15th century manuscript from the Timurid Dynasty
166:Evolution of Qur'anic Calligraphy and Technique
1308:"Khuda Bakhsh Library: Patna's Treasure House"
1639:
8:
1195:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00001605
165:
1523:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
679:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
231:Structure and Order of Qur'anic Manuscripts
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1646:
1632:
1624:
1301:
1299:
941:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
890:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1158:
788:"Early Qur'ans (8th–Early 13th Century)"
728:"Early Qur'ans (8th–Early 13th Century)"
51:
22:had a variety of functions ranging from
1189:, Oxford University Press, 2011-10-31,
910:The Oxford handbook of Qur'anic studies
586:
177:from an 8th-century Qur'anic manuscript
1954:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1516:
1119:
965:George, Alain; جورج, آلان (2007).
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883:
856:Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi (2016).
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369:The Scientific Manuscripts of Timbuktu
2080:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2009:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
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1450:
1249:"Khuda Baksh oriental Public Library"
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575:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
257:with a range of three to 268 verses.
7:
1827:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
707:
705:
406:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library
331:, 12th century scientific manuscript
1364:. November 19, 2018. Archived from
486:
451:Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
445:Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
1614:The Islamic Manuscript Association
639:. Yale University Press. pp.
600:. Yale University Press. pp.
14:
1414:from the original on 14 July 2014
1393:Information and history of Hadith
1147:Journal for the Study of Religion
714:The Institute of Ismaili Studies
453:is a collection of thousands of
1358:"Treasure Trove of Manuscripts"
1619:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
1306:Chavan, Akshay (May 2, 2019).
1279:"Khuda Baksh Oriental Library"
753:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
230:
34:) was a common way to produce
1:
1930:Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib
1187:Benezit Dictionary of Artists
412:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
355:based most of its content on
92:utilized the Khwajah Sindhi (
1485:. 2011-04-15. Archived from
511:Cambridge University Library
505:Cambridge University Library
420:Tareek ke khandan e timuriya
1698:Earliest known illuminated
1216:The manuscripts of Timbuktu
1213:Djian, Jean-Michel (2012).
971:Journal of Qur'anic Studies
465:for safekeeping due to the
147:would utilize. It has gold
119:, 9–10th century manuscript
2160:
1759:The Speech of Wild Animals
249:), and primary divisions (
45:
1183:"Ahmad Ibn Umar al Dhaki"
765:10.1163/1878464x-00602005
687:10.1002/9781119069218.ch4
633:Bloom, Jonathan. (2001).
594:Bloom, Jonathan. (2001).
261:Evolution of Illumination
1388:
1333:"Historical Perspective"
1095:The meanings of Timbuktu
1815:The Book of Fixed Stars
1740:The Book of Fixed Stars
1389:হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস
1160:10.4314/jsr.v22i1.47785
1141:Alli, AF (2009-11-12).
481:or Zaydani Collection (
426:, Safinatul Auliya and
353:Book of the Fixed Stars
344:Book of the Fixed Stars
329:Book of the Fixed Stars
1126:: CS1 maint: others (
1058:AAAS Articles DO Group
558:University of Michigan
552:University of Michigan
473:The Zaydani Collection
332:
320:Scientific Manuscripts
273:
178:
120:
61:
16:Islamic writing system
1937:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
1890:Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
1587:"Islamic Manuscripts"
1539:"Islamic Manuscripts"
1066:10.1126/article.26472
945:) CS1 maint: others (
461:. They were moved to
349:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
327:
268:
173:
131:, revealed to him by
115:
108:Religious Manuscripts
55:
1966:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
1752:Timbuktu Manuscripts
1563:"Arabic manuscripts"
570:Timbuktu Manuscripts
439:Caliphate of Cordoba
435:Alauddin Husain Shah
375:Timbuktu Manuscripts
362:Mathēmatikē Syntaxis
270:Single-volume Qur'an
137:Qur'anic manuscripts
2144:Islamic manuscripts
1684:Letters by Muhammad
1567:The British Library
538:The British Library
533:The British Library
497:that is located at
455:Islamic manuscripts
20:Islamic manuscripts
2106:Arabic calligraphy
2062:Galland Manuscript
2055:Bijapur Collection
1655:Arabic manuscripts
1543:cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk
1406:Majid, DR. Abdul.
333:
274:
179:
121:
70:Arabic calligraphy
62:
48:Arabic calligraphy
2131:
2130:
2094:
2093:
2028:Jami' al-tawarikh
1984:Maqamat al-Hariri
1897:De materia medica
1850:Maqamat al-Hariri
1833:MS Huntington 264
1801:De materia medica
1777:Maqamat al-Hariri
1591:www.lib.umich.edu
1368:on April 11, 2021
1259:on April 11, 2021
1226:978-1-56902-638-0
1105:978-0-7969-2204-5
920:978-0-19-182208-7
869:978-1-58834-578-3
792:www.metmuseum.org
786:Ekhtiar, Maryam.
732:www.metmuseum.org
487:الخزانة الزيدانية
133:Archangel Gabriel
2151:
2111:Arabic miniature
1959:Esad Efendi 3636
1904:Kitāb al-bayṭara
1867:Esad Efendi 2961
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1255:. Archived from
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759:(2–3): 196–218.
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432:Sultan of Bengal
428:Sahih al-Bukhari
211:Dome of the Rock
202:scripto continua
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2004:
1971:
1918:Kalīla wa-Dimna
1911:Kitab al-Aghani
1883:Kitāb al-Diryāq
1878:
1837:
1789:Kitāb al-Diryāq
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1443:. pp. 1–2.
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1487:the original
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1464:. 2016-06-12
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1366:the original
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1336:
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1311:
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66:oral culture
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1694:9th century
1671:7th century
1663:Manuscripts
1372:January 15,
1342:January 15,
1317:January 13,
1312:Peepul Tree
1288:January 13,
1263:January 13,
542:collections
527:E.G. Browne
499:El Escorial
416:Padshahnama
401:Collections
383:mathematics
379:Mali Empire
141:Blue Qur'an
117:Blue Qu'ran
36:manuscripts
2085:Arabe 1489
1923:Arabe 3465
1863:Arabe 5847
1859:Arabe 6094
1855:Arabe 3929
1794:Arabe 2964
1782:Arabe 3924
1596:2021-08-10
1572:2021-08-10
1548:2021-08-09
1493:2022-10-20
1468:2022-10-20
1440:Al Jazeera
1418:29 January
1337:KB Library
1235:1086487795
1200:2022-11-22
1079:2022-11-22
929:1158924611
797:2019-11-04
737:2019-11-04
650:0300089554
611:0300089554
581:References
523:E.H.Palmer
501:in Spain.
2014:Or Ms 161
2001:Marsh 458
1745:Marsh 144
1519:cite book
1169:1011-7601
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391:astrology
387:astronomy
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2099:Concepts
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1993:Or. 7293
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1678:PERF 558
1412:Archived
1020:Muqarnas
991:25728237
564:See also
467:Mali War
459:Timbuktu
395:medicine
296:Ilkhanid
187:Damascus
129:Muhammad
77:period,
24:Qur'anic
1997:ÖNB AF9
1948:MS 5229
1700:Qur'ans
1462:History
544:of the
493:of the
357:Ptolemy
338:Abbasid
306:Safavid
301:Timurid
183:Umayyad
75:Umayyad
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