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20:
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objects like lusterware and coins. Kufic script is composed of geometrical forms like straight lines and angles along with verticals and horizontals. Originally, Kufic did not have what is known as a differentiated consonant, which means, for example, that the letters "t", "b", and "th" were not distinguished by diacritical marks and looked the same. However, it is still used in
Islamic countries. In later Kufic Qurans of the ninth and early tenth century, "the sura headings were more often designed with the sura title as the main feature, often written in gold, with a palmette extending into the margin", comments Marcus Fraser. Its use in transcribing manuscripts has been important in the development of Kufic Script. Earlier kufic was written on
3223:
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3159:
3203:
2991:
2857:
3147:
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2778:(1756–1834)". Furthermore, the Kufic script plays an important role in the development of Islamic calligraphy. In fact, "it is the first style of Islamic period writings in which the manifestation of art, delicacy and beauty are explicitly evident", says Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq Al-Amin. The rule set for this writing was about the angular, linear shapes of the characters. In fact, "the rules that were defined at the outset of the Kufic tradition essentially remained the same throughout its lifespan", says Alain George.
3275:
3385:
3175:
2820:, features gold Kufic script on parchment dyed with indigo. It is commonly attributed to the early Fatimid or Abbasid court. The main text of this Quran is written in gold ink, thus the effect on looking at the manuscript is of gold on blue. According to Marcus Fraser, "the political and artistic sophistication and financial expense of the production of the Blue Quran could only have been contemplated and achieved by a ruler of considerable power and wealth".
52:
3003:
3333:
2787:
it was the most important of several variants of Arabic scripts with its austere and fairly low vertical profile and a horizontal emphasis. Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy the Quran. Professional copyists employed a particular form of Kufic for reproducing the earliest surviving copies of the Quran, which were written on parchment and date from the 8th to 10th centuries. It is distinguished from
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6490:
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2815:
with precision which contributed to its development. For instance, "the precision achieved in practice is all more remarkable because Kufic manuscripts were not ruled", says Alain George. Moreover, he explains that Kufic manuscripts were laid out with a stable number of lines per page, and these were
2810:
The main characteristic of the Kufic script "appears to be the transformation of the ancient cuneiform script into the Arabic letters", according to Enis Timuçin Tan. Moreover, it was characterized by figural letters that were shaped in a way to be nicely written on parchment, building and decorative
2876:
Those inscriptions include the name of God or the ruler. As an example, the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock is written in Kufic. Throughout the text, we can notice the calligraphic line created by the reed pen which is usually a steady stroke with various thicknesses based on the changes in
2828:
Ornamental Kufic became an important element in
Islamic art as early as the eighth century for Quranic headings, numismatic inscriptions and major commemorative writings. The Kufic script is inscribed on textiles, coins, lusterware, building and so on. Coins were very important in the development of
2786:
The Quran was first written in a plain, slanted, and uniform script but, when its content was formalized, a script that denoted authority emerged. This coalesced into what is now known as
Primary Kufic script. Kufic was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to 10th centuries. Around the 8th century,
3047:
In recent years, this calligraphy form has been receiving more popularity for use in ornaments (such as in decorated clocks, frames, stickers), logos (that usually implies
Islamic enterprises in government and private sectors), and even in freestyle Arabic calligraphy competitions. There has been a
3222:
2877:
direction of the movement that has created it. Square or geometric Kufic is a very simplified rectangular style widely used for tiling. In Iran sometimes entire buildings are covered with tiles spelling sacred names like those of God, Muhammad and Ali in square Kufic, a technique known as
3064:
The normal writing format using pixelated Arabic font. The overall shape is not limited by any shape or boundary. Although this configuration is straight forward, it is not used for most Square Kufic-related work, due to its less aesthetic appearance relative to the other configurations.
2868:(1980) has the takbir written in white square kufic script a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands. Kufic inscriptions were important in the emergence of textiles too, often functioning as decoration in the form of tiraz bands. According to Maryam Ekhtiar, "
3048:
disciplined approach of creating Square Kufic calligraphy. This controlled method of creation preserved basic and accurate features of Arabic letters with few compromises, if any. A finished work can then be qualitatively judged rather than only appreciated as an abstract piece.
2990:
4091:"Islamic Calligraphy. By Yasin Hamid Safadi. Boulder: Shambhala, 1979. 142 pp.; 163 black and white plates. $ 8.95 paper. - Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. 216 pp.; 12 color plates, 98 black and white. $ 25.00 cloth"
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Calligraphers in the early
Islamic period used a variety of methods to transcribe Quran manuscripts. Arabic calligraphy became one of the most important branches of Islamic Art. Calligraphers came out with the new style of writing called Kufic.
3190:
2895:: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".
2770:, a city in southern Iraq which was considered as an intellectual center within the early Islamic period. Kufic is defined as a highly angular form of the Arabic alphabet originally used in early copies of the Quran.
3384:
3114:
Spiral allows letters to integrate at each corner of adjacent datums and across lines, and is only bounded by their outermost perimeter; linear letters maintain their original height even if they are warped into a
2829:
the Kufic script. In fact, "the letter strokes on coins, had become perfectly straight, with curves tending toward geometrical circularity by 86", observes Alain George. As an example, Kufic is commonly seen on
3368:
3320:
19:
3202:
3305:
3174:
2996:
Another example of geometric or square Kufic script, showing four instances of the name
Muhammad (in black) and four times Ali (in white); often used as a tilework pattern in Islamic architecture
3158:
2923:, "masonry" script), is a bare Arabic writing form that developed in the 12th century. Invented in Iraq, it was prominently used in Iranian architecture with bricks and tiles functioning as
3693:
3146:
3289:
3021:
135:
2732:, from which its name is derived. Kufic is characterized by angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation. There are many different versions of Kufic, such as
3042:("Allah") in red centred on the white band and the takbir written 11 times each in the Square Kufic script in white, at the bottom of the green and the top of the red band.
3002:
2736:, floriated Kufic, knotted Kufic, and others. The artistic styling of Kufic led to its use in a non-Arabic context in Europe, as decoration on architecture, known as
3103:
or rectangular shape. The 1 pixel space applies between the letters here as well. The major differences between a linear and a spiral Square Kufic calligraphy are
4047:
3127:
Square Kufic calligraphy is by no means limited to the above configurations. There are many forms that are creative iterations or independent from these formats.
3274:
3056:
While there are no restrictions to formats that Square Kufic should be written in, Square Kufic can be categorized into three most commonly used configurations.
2791:
in its use of decorative elements whereas the latter was designed to avoid decorative motifs. In place of the decorations in Kufic scripts, Thuluth used vowels.
6336:
2724:
transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts. It developed from the
2934:
described its development as an "exceptional step towards simplification in Kufic styles that evolved towards more complexity in the preceding centuries".
1938:
4705:
3083:
Linear is preferred to write long scriptures such as
Quranic verses along the interior perimeter or broken into lines elegantly against mosque walls.
250:
4327:
Studying the
Development of Kufic Writings on Stones in Egypt in the First Five Hijri Centuries: A Comparison in Different Places of the Muslim World
2526:
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1913:
6636:
4620:
4245:
4211:
4161:
4073:
3860:
3783:
3739:
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1302:
3938:"A Study of Kufic Script in Islamic Calligraphy and Its relevance to Turkish Graphic Art Using Latin Fonts in the late twentieth century"
2837:
coins. Its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the
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1918:
1680:
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1923:
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2838:
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3911:
Jazayeri, S. M. V. Mousavi; Ringgenberg, Patrick; Michelli, Perette E.; Chaharmahali, Ali M.; Jazayeri, S. M. H. Mousavi (2015).
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This configuration is used as a design centerpiece in buildings for shorter scriptures, name design commissions, and logos.
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5238:
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Just like free flow, the writing goes from right to left but within a justified height that conforms into a continuous
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3492:يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.
5882:
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4647:
3705:
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2872:
inscriptions were written in Kufic or floriated Kufic script, and later, in naskhi or throughout the islamic world"
1970:
1851:
918:
175:
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5625:
5602:
1903:
1898:
1365:
1272:
511:
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The leaves from this Qur'an written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format (9th century).
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5693:
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1769:
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636:
2405:
2165:
4613:
Islamische
Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch
2887:", also "Kufesque", which refers to imitations of the Kufic script, made in a non-Arabic context, during the
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1836:
580:
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2018:
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82:
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strictly parallel and equidistant. One impressive example of an early Quran manuscript, known as the
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in Kufic script, 9th century. The original is in the
Islamic Museum in Cairo (Inventar-Nr. 7853).
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1993:
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Free flow is mainly used as baseline before developed into more sophisticated configurations.
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1625:
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588:
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3836:
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3804:
A Handbook of Early Arabic Kufic Script: Reading, Writing, Calligraphy, Typography, Monograms
3080:. The letters including their respective dots must only leave 1 pixel apart from each other.
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2003:
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287:
230:
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3326:
11th-century gold Fatimid armlet, inscribed with good wishes in the Kufic script (Syria)
6403:
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1998:
1524:
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1180:
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489:
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410:
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1050:
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839:
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573:
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302:
43:
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1390:
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729:
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420:
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270:
5015:
4961:
4090:
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5265:
5174:
4413:
4106:
3643:
3619:"The Blue Koran. A Contribution to the Debate on its Possible Origin and Date"
3618:
3499:
2879:
2817:
2812:
2442:
2370:
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2345:
1943:
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24:
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739:
687:
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362:
165:
130:
4583:
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3802:
Jazayeri, S. M. V. Mousavi; Michelli, Perette E.; Abulhab, Saad D. (2017).
3209:
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1454:
1395:
978:
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5086:
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3184:
of the Qur'an; Kufic script on gazelle skin, 9th century (Surah 19: 83–86)
6610:
6393:
6155:
6145:
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3542:
3013:
2487:
2400:
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2133:
1529:
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983:
764:
719:
672:
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546:
265:
260:
255:
245:
215:
2559:
6539:
6514:
6408:
6190:
4854:
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3391:
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2961:
2788:
2774:
suggests that "the name Kufic was introduced to Western scholarship by
2492:
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2417:
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2195:
2150:
2108:
1988:
1590:
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1287:
968:
928:
896:
714:
682:
322:
6314:
6559:
6519:
6426:
6105:
6033:
5085:
4729:
4714:
4673:
4129:"The Arabic & Islamic Inscriptions: Examples Of Arabic Epigraphy"
3630:
3100:
3096:
2850:
2842:
2472:
2457:
2447:
2300:
2255:
2098:
2093:
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2013:
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6185:
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3605:
Les manuscrits du Coran. Aux origines de la calligraphie coranique
3568:
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2497:
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2008:
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3152:
Page from a Qur'an in Kufic style, 8th century (Surah 15: 67–74)
3030:
on a minaret – a repetitive pattern of square Kufic inscriptions
2767:
2729:
2375:
2295:
2048:
1881:
1871:
1385:
1336:
933:
824:
240:
185:
160:
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4687:
5094:
4905:
3883:"The Spirit of Islam: Experiencing Islam through Calligraphy"
3913:
Kufic Inscriptions of the Historic Grand Mosque of Shoushtar
2960:), read clockwise, starting at bottom left (begins with the
4628:
Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600
4340:
2720:
that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for
4179:"Tiraz: Inscribed Textiles from the Early Islamic Period"
2860:
Hafsids with ornamental Kufic, Bougie, Algeria, 1249–1276
4668:
3012:
in square Kufic script, shown as buildings topped with
4237:
The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture
3694:"The Development and Spread of Calligraphic Scripts"
2803:
Kufic script, 8th or 9th century (Surah 48: 27–28),
2709:
6655:
6629:
6594:
6573:
6497:
6468:
6445:
6417:
6359:
6352:
6264:
6199:
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5377:
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5228:
5219:
5198:
5152:
5143:
4880:
4765:
4722:
4240:. Oxford University Press. pp. 101, 131, 246.
3242:), commissioned by a patron named Fatima under the
3212:in Kufic style, ink, color and gold, 11th century,
3828:
3607:(Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1983), pp. 41–45.
2927:. Legibility is not a priority of this script.
4006:Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology
3915:. New York: Blautopf Publishing. p. 120.
3761:Magazine of Historical Studies and Archaeology
2849:(2008) also includes a kufic rendition of the
6330:
4699:
4650:alphabet (stylized), examples, square designs
3261:Quran, Persia, late 11th / early 12th century
2520:
8:
3885:. UBC Museum of Anthropology. Archived from
3831:Islamic Designs for Artists and Craftspeople
3806:. New York: Blautopf Publishing. p. 8.
3311:Bowl with Kufic calligraphy, 10th century –
3237:
2918:
4341:"Islamic art from museums around the world"
4302:"Creative Arabic Calligraphy: Square Kufic"
3280:Bowl with Kufic Inscription, 9th century –
3107:Spiral has a minimum of two and up to four
6356:
6337:
6323:
6315:
5598:
5522:
5234:
5225:
5149:
4706:
4692:
4684:
4046:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3617:D'Ottone Rambach, Arianna (January 2017).
2558:
2538:
2527:
2513:
1939:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
30:
3835:. New York: Dover Publications. pp.
3667:"Kūfic script | calligraphy | Britannica"
3642:
4630:, University of California Press, 2001,
4000:Al-Amin, Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq (2016).
3974:"Early Qur'ans (8th–Early 13th Century)"
3755:Al-Amin, Salwa Ibraheem Tawfeeq (2016).
2798:
18:
3585:
3270:
3142:
2936:
2550:
42:
4306:Design & Illustration Envato Tuts+
4284:Principles of Square Kufic Calligraphy
4059:
4057:
4039:
3995:
3993:
3954:
3943:
3099:form, they are usually presented in a
2766:. The name of the script derives from
1914:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
6637:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
4296:
4294:
4292:
4275:
4273:
4017:
4015:
3906:
3904:
3487:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3111:; linear only has a single datum, and
2956:or "The Surah of Monotheism", of the
7:
4584:"Fonts included with macOS Monterey"
3797:
3795:
3688:
3686:
3238:
2919:
2908:
2701:
1919:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1574:National literatures of Arab States
6291:Languages between parentheses are
4659:On the Origins of the Kufic Script
3555:(Chinese analogue to square kufic)
3168:, 8th-9th century (Surah 7: 86–87)
1924:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
23:The classical Kufic script of the
14:
6647:Society of Iranian Calligraphists
6642:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
4615:. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014,
3313:Khalili Collection of Islamic Art
2833:coins and monuments and on early
2733:
6488:
6299:
6298:
4366:"Google Fonts: Noto Kufi Arabic"
4024:Ink and Gold Islamic Calligraphy
4002:"The Origin of the Kufic Script"
3757:"The Origin of the Kufic Script"
3502:
3399:
3383:
3374:Inscription in Kufic (743). The
3367:
3349:
3331:
3319:
3304:
3299:, 10th century – Brooklyn Museum
3288:
3273:
3251:
3221:
3201:
3189:
3173:
3157:
3145:
3035:
3020:
3001:
2989:
2969:
2939:
50:
4206:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4204:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
4156:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4154:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
4068:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
4066:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
3778:. pp. 55, 56, 57, 65, 72.
3776:The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy
3597:Catalogue des manuscrits arabes
2980:; the text reads: بركة محمد or
2795:Characteristics of Kufic script
6530:Islamic illuminated manuscript
6295:of the language on their left.
3623:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
3361:Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque
2824:Ornamental use of Kufic script
1:
6586:List of Persian calligraphers
6581:List of Ottoman calligraphers
4177:Ekhtiar, Maryam (July 2015).
3390:Drawing of an inscription of
2984:, i.e. "Muhammad's blessing".
4790:Ancient South Arabian script
4757:Influence on other languages
3523:Ancient South Arabian script
3518:Ancient North Arabian script
2776:Jacob George Christian Adler
6047:
5132:
5123:
5114:
5105:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5032:
5024:
5014:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4960:
4952:
4942:
4934:
4925:
4915:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4830:
4562:Microsoft Docs – Typography
4286:. Hroof Arabiyya. 4. 4-12.
4026:. London. pp. 28, 46.
2978:Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)
2911:), also sometimes known as
2710:
2089:One Thousand and One Nights
6715:
3936:Tan, Enis Timuçin (1999).
3706:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3166:an early Qur'an manuscript
3091:While the name suggests a
2749:Origin of the Kufic script
1852:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
919:Andalusian classical music
845:Arabic musical instruments
176:Islamic geometric patterns
6671:
6486:
6278:
6271:Islam and Arabic language
4654:Kufic manuscript alphabet
4414:"Google Fonts: Reem Kufi"
4133:www.islamic-awareness.org
4107:10.1017/s0021086200006484
3972:Cohen, Julia (May 2014).
3644:10.1163/1878464X-00801004
3246:in the early 11th century
2976:Geometric Kufic from the
1899:The Theology of Aristotle
1366:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1263:Love in Arabic literature
512:Arabic geometric patterns
475:Islamic hardstone carving
406:Ancient South Arabian art
6212:Arabic script in Unicode
5947:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5307:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2946:Geometric Kufic sample (
2930:The Syrian calligrapher
1268:Arabic erotic literature
465:Palestinian wood carving
5474:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4486:"Google Fonts: Almarai"
4329:. Dar al-Fikr al-Araby.
4022:Fraser, Marcus (2006).
1775:Islamic Aristotelianism
1770:Early Arabic Philosophy
4679:Square Kufic explained
4648:Square Kufic lectures:
4558:"Windows 10 font list"
4438:"Google Fonts: Qahiri"
4390:"Google Fonts: Changa"
4325:Ibrahim Gomaa (1969).
4202:George, Alain (2010).
4152:George, Alain (2010).
4089:Rosen, Miriam (1983).
4064:George, Alain (2010).
3953:Cite journal requires
3774:George, Alain (2010).
3267:Kufic script elsewhere
2883:. Moreover, there is "
2861:
2807:
2412:South Arabian deities
1934:Theologus Autodidactus
815:Rhythm in Arabic music
28:
16:Style of Arabic script
6078:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4785:Ancient North Arabian
4534:"Google Fonts: Kufam"
4462:"Google Fonts: Cairo"
3553:Nine-fold seal script
3485:Sample text from the
3338:Kufic alphabet, from
2909:ٱلْكُوفِيّ ٱلمُرَبَّع
2859:
2802:
2782:Usage of Kufic script
2241:North Arabian deities
2145:Fictional Arab people
1984:Atlantis of the Sands
1909:The Book of the Apple
490:Islamic ivory carving
22:
6545:Ottoman illumination
6505:Arabic calligraffiti
6029:Sun and moon letters
5189:Pre-classical Arabic
4510:"Google Fonts: Mada"
3827:Wilson, Eva (1988).
3601:manuscrits musulmans
2845:. Also, the current
2762:form of the various
1371:Modern Arabic poetry
1046:Gnawa (North Africa)
887:Classical Arab music
6565:Islamic zoomorphism
6346:Islamic calligraphy
5883:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5362:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4669:Square Kufic Script
3732:Islamic Calligraphy
3599:. Deuxième partie:
3559:Persian calligraphy
3008:Arabic text of the
2044:Iram of the Pillars
1303:Mirrors for princes
850:Great Book of Music
583:(Arabian Peninsula)
171:Islamic calligraphy
6694:Arabic calligraphy
6256:MacArabic encoding
4626:Mack, Rosamond E.
4611:Kosack, Wolfgang:
4606:General references
3889:on 8 November 2002
3671:www.britannica.com
3376:Walters Art Museum
3341:Fry's Pantographia
3180:Manuscript of the
3164:Kufic script from
2862:
2808:
2166:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
1994:Beast of the Earth
1949:Sicilian Questions
1780:Islamic Platonism
1733:Arabic mathematics
1283:Arabic short story
1278:Literary_criticism
470:Islamic embroidery
440:Arabic calligraphy
29:
6681:
6680:
6555:Persian miniature
6550:Ottoman miniature
6484:
6483:
6312:
6311:
6287:extinct languages
6226:MS-DOS codepages
5991:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5670:
5669:
5588:
5587:
5486:
5485:
5182:Old Hijazi Arabic
4621:978-3-906206-10-3
4247:978-0-19-530991-1
4228:Jonathan M. Bloom
4213:978-0-86356-673-8
4183:www.metmuseum.org
4163:978-0-86356-673-8
4075:978-0-86356-673-8
3978:www.metmuseum.org
3785:978-0-86356-673-8
3741:978-0-7486-1212-3
3593:Déroche, François
2839:Republican period
2712:‘Al-khat ‘al-Kūfī
2707:
2690:
2689:
2537:
2536:
1837:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1748:Arabic technology
1743:Arabic psychology
1728:Arabic Golden Age
495:Islamic Metalwork
251:Stucco decoration
6706:
6535:Mughal miniature
6510:Arabic miniature
6492:
6357:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6316:
6302:
6301:
6050:
5599:
5523:
5459:Western Algerian
5406:Eastern Algerian
5402:Algerian Saharan
5332:(Lesser Kabylia)
5235:
5226:
5168:Nabataean Arabic
5150:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5037:
5027:
5019:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4965:
4955:
4947:
4937:
4928:
4920:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4872:Maltese alphabet
4835:
4815:Algerian Braille
4805:Eastern numerals
4775:Nabataean script
4708:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4298:
4287:
4277:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4019:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3863:. British Museum
3861:"Arabic scripts"
3857:
3851:
3850:
3834:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3728:Blair, Sheila S.
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3635:Brill Publishers
3614:
3608:
3590:
3512:
3510:Languages portal
3507:
3506:
3425:Noto Kufi Arabic
3403:
3387:
3371:
3353:
3335:
3323:
3308:
3295:Bowl with Kufic
3292:
3277:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3225:
3205:
3193:
3177:
3161:
3149:
3136:Kufic script in
3039:
3024:
3005:
2993:
2982:barakat muḥammad
2973:
2943:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2716:) is a style of
2715:
2705:
2703:
2562:
2539:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2206:Princess Jasmine
2191:Layla and Majnun
2176:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2124:She-Camel of God
2119:Shams al-Ma'arif
1929:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1795:Sufi metaphysics
1723:Arabic geography
1718:Arabic astronomy
1713:Arabic astrology
1708:Arabic chemistry
1273:Arabic grimoires
1253:
1026:Chaabi (Morocco)
1021:Chaabi (Algeria)
805:Arab tone system
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
455:Arabic miniature
181:Islamic ornament
54:
31:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6667:
6651:
6625:
6604:
6590:
6569:
6493:
6480:
6464:
6441:
6413:
6348:
6343:
6313:
6308:
6274:
6260:
6207:Arabic keyboard
6195:
6090:
6082:
6067:Mater lectionis
6061:Triliteral root
6012:
5983:
5924:
5916:
5834:
5816:
5777:
5666:
5630:
5584:
5561:
5512:
5482:
5373:
5353:Judeo-Maghrebi
5221:
5215:
5211:Modern Standard
5194:
5139:
4876:
4820:Maltese Braille
4800:Arabic numerals
4761:
4718:
4712:
4644:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4593:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4095:Iranian Studies
4088:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4038:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4013:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3952:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3734:. p. 104.
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3533:Maghrebi script
3508:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3357:Almoravid Kufic
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3282:Brooklyn Museum
3278:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3247:
3226:
3217:
3216:(Surah 92: 1–5)
3206:
3197:
3194:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3150:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3089:
3074:
3062:
3054:
3043:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3006:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2965:
2944:
2901:
2864:Similarly, the
2826:
2797:
2784:
2772:Sheila S. Blair
2751:
2746:
2728:in the city of
2726:Arabic alphabet
2702:الْخط الْكوُفِي
2686:
2685:
2570:
2533:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2406:Isāf and Nā'ila
2237:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2139:Zarqa al Yamama
2004:Book of Wonders
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1894:Liber de Causis
1800:Sufi philosophy
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1738:Arabic medicine
1702:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1251:
1245:Epic literature
1207:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1036:Fann at-Tanbura
855:Kitab al-Aghani
791:
781:
780:
779:
639:
629:
628:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
576:
566:
565:
564:
562:
445:Arabic graffiti
397:
387:
386:
385:
383:
288:Albarrana tower
231:Reflecting pool
221:Nagash painting
113:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6712:
6710:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6289:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6217:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6151:Naskh (script)
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5931:
5929:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:Judeo-Tunisian
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5870:Judeo-Moroccan
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5853:Judeo-Egyptian
5850:
5848:Judeo-Algerian
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5830:Bedouin Arabic
5826:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5743:
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5733:
5728:
5723:
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5716:
5711:
5701:
5696:
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5680:
5678:
5672:
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5623:
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5607:
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5596:
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5505:
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5488:
5487:
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5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5442:Moroccan koiné
5439:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:Tunisian koiné
5411:Eastern Hilal
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5395:Judeo-Algerian
5390:Algerian koiné
5386:Central Hilal
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5367:Judeo-Tunisian
5364:
5359:
5357:Judeo-Moroccan
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5322:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5297:
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5288:
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5268:
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5232:
5223:
5217:
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5208:
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5185:
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5119:
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5083:
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5011:
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4993:
4984:
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4921:
4912:
4903:
4894:
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4878:
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4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4810:Arabic Braille
4807:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
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4703:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4642:External links
4640:
4639:
4638:
4624:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4590:. 14 June 2022
4575:
4549:
4525:
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4453:
4429:
4405:
4381:
4357:
4332:
4317:
4288:
4280:Sakkal, Mamoun
4269:
4260:
4246:
4219:
4212:
4194:
4169:
4162:
4144:
4120:
4101:(1–2): 85–90.
4081:
4074:
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4011:
3989:
3964:
3955:|journal=
3928:
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3420:Google Fonts:
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3257:
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3230:Surat Al-An'am
3227:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3200:
3198:
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3188:
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3179:
3172:
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3052:Configurations
3050:
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3026:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2995:
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2966:
2945:
2938:
2903:Square Kufic (
2900:
2897:
2825:
2822:
2796:
2793:
2789:Thuluth script
2783:
2780:
2764:Arabic scripts
2758:is the oldest
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2678:
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2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Kara Ben Nemsi
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Abdul Alhazred
2153:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
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2106:
2101:
2096:
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2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
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1954:Fusus al-Hikam
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
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1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
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1896:
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1827:Al-aql al-faal
1818:
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1527:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1500:Arabic prosody
1496:
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1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
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1300:
1295:
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1265:
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1255:
1252:(ryhmed prose)
1247:
1236:
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1230:
1225:
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1199:
1198:
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1023:
1018:
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1008:
997:
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991:
986:
981:
976:
974:Qudud Halabiya
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
924:Andalusi nubah
921:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
872:Arabic hip hop
869:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Algerian scale
807:
802:
793:
792:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:Robe of honour
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
696:
695:
690:
688:Tarboush (fez)
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
641:
640:
635:
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631:
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623:(North Africa)
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572:
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568:
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549:
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522:Damascus steel
519:
514:
509:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:Islamic garden
477:
472:
467:
462:
460:Arabic pottery
457:
452:
447:
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431:
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423:
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408:
399:
398:
393:
392:
389:
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365:
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343:Medina quarter
340:
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315:
310:
305:
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290:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
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211:Multifoil arch
208:
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183:
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168:
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158:
156:Horseshoe arch
153:
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133:
128:
123:
111:
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105:
100:
95:
90:
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66:
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56:
55:
47:
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44:Arabic culture
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6711:
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6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:Organizations
6628:
6622:
6619:
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6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:Calligraphers
6572:
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6435:
6433:
6432:Tawqi (Tevki)
6430:
6428:
6425:
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6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
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6402:
6400:
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6205:
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6202:
6198:
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6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Sini (script)
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:Ruqʿah script
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Hijazi script
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6074:
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5910:
5907:
5904:
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5899:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
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5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
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5828:
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5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5789:Central Asian
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
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5707:
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5697:
5695:
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5687:
5685:
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5642:
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5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
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5568:
5564:
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5546:
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5541:
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5533:
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5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5345:
5342:
5340:Traras-Msirda
5339:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Arabic script
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:0-520-22131-1
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4589:
4588:Apple Support
4585:
4579:
4576:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3922:9781511537995
3918:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3813:9780998172743
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:Metmuseum.org
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:, Tome I, 1.
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Hijazi script
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:, article 1:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3359:adorning the
3358:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3244:Zirid Dynasty
3235:
3234:Nurse’s Quran
3231:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:Mamoun Sakkal
2928:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:Arabic script
2714:
2713:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:Talia al Ghul
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Book of Idols
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Islamic Logic
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Egyptian folk
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
790:
785:
784:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
638:
633:
632:
625:
621:Arab Maghreb
619:
617:
611:
609:
603:
601:
599:(Mesopotamia)
595:
593:
589:Arab Mashriq
587:
585:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
563:
558:
555:
553:
552:Pseudo-Arabic
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:Islamic glass
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
412:
411:Nabataean art
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
396:
391:
390:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
63:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
26:
21:
6675:Islamic arts
6663:Pseudo-Kufic
6621:Word heaping
6383:
6374:Jeli Thuluth
6282:
6222:Windows-1256
6181:Taliq script
6130:
6121:Jeli Thuluth
6101:Ajami script
6065:
5969:Pidgin madam
5956:
5934:
5898:Judeo-Yemeni
5840:Judeo-Arabic
5822:Sociological
5809:
5771:Judeo-Yemeni
5594:Mesopotamian
5469:Libyan koiné
5253:
5246:
5239:Pre-Hilalian
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5161:Proto-Arabic
5159:
4794:Zabūr script
4747:Romanization
4674:Square Kufic
4664:Kufic Script
4627:
4612:
4592:. Retrieved
4587:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
4541:. Retrieved
4538:Google Fonts
4537:
4528:
4517:. Retrieved
4514:Google Fonts
4513:
4504:
4493:. Retrieved
4490:Google Fonts
4489:
4480:
4469:. Retrieved
4466:Google Fonts
4465:
4456:
4445:. Retrieved
4442:Google Fonts
4441:
4432:
4421:. Retrieved
4418:Google Fonts
4417:
4408:
4397:. Retrieved
4394:Google Fonts
4393:
4384:
4373:. Retrieved
4370:Google Fonts
4369:
4360:
4349:. Retrieved
4347:. 2020-05-18
4344:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4309:. Retrieved
4305:
4263:
4251:. Retrieved
4236:
4232:Sheila Blair
4222:
4203:
4197:
4186:. Retrieved
4182:
4172:
4153:
4147:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:
4123:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4065:
4023:
4005:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:
3967:
3946:cite journal
3931:
3912:
3891:. Retrieved
3887:the original
3877:
3865:. Retrieved
3855:
3830:
3822:
3803:
3775:
3769:
3760:
3750:
3731:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3697:
3674:. Retrieved
3670:
3661:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3538:Mashq script
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3408:flag of Iraq
3339:
3239:مصحف الحاضنة
3182:Surat Maryam
3126:
3118:
3090:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3027:
2981:
2951:
2929:
2912:
2902:
2899:Square Kufic
2885:Pseudo-Kufic
2878:
2873:
2869:
2866:flag of Iran
2863:
2847:flag of Iraq
2827:
2809:
2785:
2760:calligraphic
2755:
2752:
2738:pseudo-Kufic
2734:square Kufic
2711:
2694:Kufic script
2693:
2691:
2468:Dhul Khalasa
2411:
2410:
2240:
2235:Spirituality
2211:Ra's al Ghul
2186:King Marsile
2144:
2143:
2069:Magic carpet
1958:
1887:
1886:
1820:
1819:
1656:Saudi Arabia
1572:
1571:
1498:
1497:
1423:
1422:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1346:
1308:
1307:
1238:
1237:
1210:
1085:
1011:Algerian Raï
999:
998:
912:
911:
860:
859:
840:Quarter tone
800:Arabic maqam
794:
698:
697:
642:
561:
537:Hedwig glass
500:
499:
433:
432:
400:
382:
303:Caravanserai
281:
280:
114:
112:
67:
62:Architecture
6116:Jawi script
6088:Calligraphy
6017:Linguistics
5942:Gulf Pidgin
5858:Judeo-Iraqi
5799:Kashkadarya
5655:Judeo-Iraqi
5580:Palestinian
5491:Nile Valley
5153:Pre-Islamic
4865:Dagger alif
4564:. Microsoft
4008:(53): 3, 6.
3763:(53): 3, 6.
3637:: 127–143.
3297:calligraphy
3228:Bifolio of
3208:Folio of a
2893:Renaissance
2889:Middle Ages
2813:manuscripts
2552:Calligraphy
2171:Battal Gazi
1356:Anthologies
1156:Raqs Sharqi
1111:Belly dance
954:Iraqi maqam
882:Arabic jazz
877:Arabic rock
730:Fouta towel
532:Girih tiles
450:Arab carpet
421:Fatimid art
416:Islamic art
271:Windcatcher
136:Arabic dome
6699:Arabic art
6688:Categories
6656:Influences
6601:Techniques
6003:Literature
5676:Peninsular
5616:Khuzestani
5346:(Mountain)
5266:Australian
5175:Old Arabic
4825:Diacritics
4752:Numerology
4594:2022-08-30
4543:2022-08-30
4519:2022-08-30
4495:2022-08-30
4471:2022-08-30
4447:2022-08-30
4423:2022-08-30
4399:2022-08-30
4375:2022-08-30
4351:2020-05-18
4311:2020-05-21
4282:. (2004).
4267:Mack, p.51
4188:2019-11-04
4138:2021-02-08
4033:0954901487
3983:2019-11-04
3846:048625819X
3676:2022-04-21
3480:Diwan Kufi
2818:Blue Quran
2662:Vietnamese
2443:Dhat-Badan
2371:Theandrios
2351:Baalshamin
2346:Atarsamain
2201:Palamedes
1944:Muqaddimah
1904:Al-isharat
1810:Avicennism
1762:Philosophy
1631:Mauritania
1440:Muwashshah
1405:Khamriyyah
1205:Literature
1151:Ouled Nail
964:Muwashshah
867:Arabic pop
426:Mamluk art
373:Well house
308:Bimaristan
196:Mashrabiya
25:Blue Quran
6455:Nasta'liq
6379:Kairouani
6293:varieties
6285:indicate
6200:Technical
6171:Shahmukhi
6126:Kairouani
6024:Phonology
5803:Khorasani
5793:Bakhtiari
5645:Anatolian
5575:Jordanian
5555:Damascene
5518:Levantine
5430:Hassaniya
5271:Cottenera
5206:Classical
5145:Varieties
4723:Overviews
4345:Arab News
4253:4 January
4115:0021-0862
4042:cite book
3712:20 August
3653:192957200
3580:Citations
3465:Windows:
3435:Reem Kufi
3416:Typefaces
3078:rectangle
3060:Free Flow
2953:al-Ikhlas
2948:Surah 112
2920:بَنَائِيّ
2706:Romanized
2681:Mongolian
2569:By script
2286:Al-Kutbay
2114:Shadhavar
2079:Mount Qaf
2054:Karkadann
1971:Mythology
1857:Asabiyyah
1815:Averroism
1646:Palestine
1568:Mutadārik
1565:Mutaqārib
1556:Mujtathth
1408:Tardiyyah
1228:Classical
1171:Schikhatt
1136:Khaleegy
913:Art music
740:Jellabiya
653:Battoulah
507:Arabesque
501:Features
363:Shadirvan
166:Hypostyle
131:Arabesque
115:Features
83:Nabataean
6673:Part of
6611:Kasheeda
6394:Muhaqqaq
6389:Maghrebi
6304:Category
6156:Nastaliq
6146:Muhaqqaq
6136:Maghrebi
5996:Academic
5936:Bimbashi
5892:Tunisene
5863:Baghdadi
5811:Shirvani
5751:Hadhrami
5709:Bahraini
5660:Baghdadi
5611:Baghdadi
5550:Aleppine
5540:Lebanese
5535:Cilician
5508:Sudanese
5498:Egyptian
5379:Hilalian
5337:Western
5315:Eastern
5312:Village
5291:Żurrieqi
5255:Sicilian
5248:Andalusi
5230:Maghrebi
5199:Literary
4851:(tanwin)
4849:Nunation
4735:Alphabet
4730:Language
4717:language
4568:30 March
4234:(2009).
3893:13 March
3867:13 March
3730:(2006).
3702:New York
3543:Muhaqqaq
3496:See also
3232:in the "
3097:circular
3014:minarets
2657:Japanese
2636:Georgian
2619:Cyrillic
2544:a series
2542:Part of
2401:Yarhibol
2381:Malakbel
2251:Al-‘Uzzá
2161:Ali Baba
2134:Zulfiqar
1821:Concepts
1805:Farabism
1596:Djibouti
1553:Muqtaḍab
1547:Munsariħ
1490:Ghinnawa
1465:Riddles
1450:Mathnawi
1212:Language
1166:Shamadan
1131:Hagallah
984:Tahmilah
765:Takchita
725:Durra'ah
720:Djellaba
699:Clothing
673:Madhalla
663:Keffiyeh
643:Headwear
597:Mashriq
591:(Levant)
547:Muqarnas
266:Voussoir
261:Vaulting
256:Tadelakt
246:Socarrat
216:Muqarnas
36:a series
34:Part of
6540:Muraqqa
6515:Basmala
6498:Objects
6447:Persian
6419:Ottoman
6409:Thuluth
6283:Italics
6191:Thuluth
6056:Grammar
5927:pidgins
5922:Creoles
5911:Sanʽani
5796:Bukhara
5756:Sanʽani
5719:Kuwaiti
5714:Emirati
5699:Dhofari
5684:Bahrani
5650:Cypriot
5638:(Qeltu)
5465:Sulaym
5452:Western
5447:Eastern
5325:Sfaxian
5321:(Sahel)
5276:Gozitan
5261:Maltese
4881:Letters
4855:Shaddah
4844:Harakat
4839:Tashkil
4767:Scripts
4740:History
3574:Thuluth
3470:Andalus
3450:Almarai
3392:Basmala
3259:Abbasid
3131:Gallery
3115:spiral.
3028:Banna'i
3010:Shahada
2962:Basmala
2914:banna'i
2891:or the
2880:banna'i
2835:Ottoman
2744:History
2674:Western
2647:Chinese
2643:-based
2624:Serbian
2612:Tibetan
2602:Brahmic
2595:Persian
2590:Turkish
2585:Islamic
2493:Yaghūth
2463:Basamum
2418:Almaqah
2386:Orotalt
2341:Al-Qaum
2336:Aglibol
2271:Chaabou
2266:Dushara
2216:Sindbad
2196:Othello
2151:Aladdin
2109:Shaddad
1989:Bahamut
1700:Science
1676:Tunisia
1661:Somalia
1636:Morocco
1621:Lebanon
1591:Comoros
1586:Bahrain
1581:Algeria
1559:Muḍāriʿ
1494:Humayni
1418:Hamasah
1310:Islamic
1293:Tezkire
1288:Tabaqat
1181:Tanoura
1121:Deheyeh
1016:Bedouin
969:Qasidah
929:Bashraf
902:Khaliji
897:Al Jeel
750:Macawis
715:Burnous
683:Tantour
678:Taqiyah
615:(Sudan)
613:Mawset
607:(Egypt)
605:Mawset
581:Khalij
574:Cuisine
517:Banna'i
323:Madrasa
293:Alcázar
146:Gardens
141:Banna'i
103:Moorish
98:Fatimid
93:Abbasid
88:Umayyad
73:Islamic
6560:Tughra
6520:Firman
6469:Others
6460:Taʿlīq
6437:Ruq'ah
6427:Diwani
6369:Hijazi
6361:Arabic
6353:Styles
6106:Diwani
6093:Script
6051:(case)
6048:ʾIʿrāb
6034:Tajwid
5979:Bongor
5958:Maridi
5908:Habban
5782:Others
5766:Tihami
5746:Yemeni
5741:Shihhi
5726:Hejazi
5694:Bedawi
5689:Bareqi
5545:Syrian
5503:Saʽidi
5435:Nemadi
5421:Maqil
5319:Sahili
5286:Żejtun
5222:spoken
5220:Modern
4715:Arabic
4634:
4619:
4244:
4210:
4160:
4113:
4072:
4030:
3919:
3843:
3810:
3782:
3738:
3708:. 2020
3651:
3631:Leiden
3564:Rayhan
3440:Qahiri
3430:Changa
3410:(2008)
3344:(1799)
3210:Qur'an
3138:Qurans
3109:datums
3101:square
3093:radial
3087:Spiral
3072:Linear
2925:pixels
2905:Arabic
2851:takbir
2843:Turkey
2831:Seljuk
2698:Arabic
2652:Korean
2607:Indian
2580:Arabic
2575:Arabic
2473:Haukim
2458:Qaynan
2453:Ta'lab
2448:Haubas
2438:Salman
2433:Athtar
2301:Azizos
2256:Al-Lat
2129:Wāḳwāḳ
2099:Qutrub
2094:Qareen
2084:Nasnas
2064:Luqman
2059:Kujata
2014:Dandan
1979:Ababil
1681:U.A.E.
1616:Kuwait
1611:Jordan
1550:Khafīf
1540:Rajaz
1485:Nabati
1480:Mawwal
1470:Kharja
1460:Nasīb
1455:Ruba'i
1445:Urjūza
1435:Qasida
1430:Diwan
1411:Khawal
1401:Ghazal
1391:Rithā'
1377:Genres
1349:Poetry
1342:Aqidah
1327:Hadith
1322:Tafsir
1258:Maqama
1233:Modern
1186:Yowlah
1176:Tahtib
1146:Mizmar
1126:Guedra
1076:Shaabi
1061:Mezwed
1056:Mawwal
1041:Fijiri
1006:Ataaba
994:Waslah
989:Taqsim
979:Sama'i
959:Mawwal
949:Malhun
944:Layali
861:Genres
835:Teslim
820:Taqsim
795:Theory
760:Sirwal
745:Kaftan
693:Turban
668:Litham
557:Zellij
542:Kiswah
527:Damask
401:Styles
378:Zawiya
368:Tekyeh
338:Mosque
318:Kasbah
313:Hammam
298:Bazaar
276:Zellij
206:Mosaic
108:Mamluk
78:Yemeni
68:Styles
6616:Qalam
6598:Tools
6525:Hilya
6404:Naskh
6399:Mashq
6384:Kufic
6265:Other
6186:Tawqi
6141:Mashq
6131:Kufic
6039:Imāla
6008:Names
5974:Turku
5902:Adeni
5736:Omani
5731:Najdi
5636:North
5626:South
5621:Shawi
5603:Gilit
5567:South
5527:North
5425:Fessi
5344:Jebli
5330:Jijel
5305:Tunis
5300:Urban
5281:Qormi
4890:ʾAlif
4860:Hamza
4832:i‘jām
3940:: 42.
3649:S2CID
3629:(2).
3569:Tawqi
3548:Naskh
3475:iOS:
3460:Kufam
3445:Cairo
3123:Other
2958:Quran
2870:tiraz
2805:Quran
2756:Kufic
2722:Quran
2669:Latin
2641:Hanzi
2498:Yatha
2488:Ya'uq
2428:Anbay
2366:Suwa'
2361:Hubal
2331:Abgal
2321:Manāt
2316:Manāt
2311:Quzah
2306:Bajir
2291:Asira
2276:Manaf
2261:Manāt
2246:Allah
2074:Marid
2039:Ifrit
2034:Houri
2024:Ghoul
2019:Falak
2009:Buraq
1888:Texts
1877:Qadar
1867:Irfan
1847:Peace
1842:Dhati
1790:Kalam
1686:Yemen
1671:Syria
1666:Sudan
1651:Qatar
1626:Libya
1601:Egypt
1562:Sarīʿ
1544:Ramal
1535:Hazaj
1530:Wāfir
1525:Kamil
1520:Basīṭ
1516:Madīd
1512:Ṭawīl
1475:Zajal
1424:Forms
1414:Fakhr
1382:Madih
1361:Poets
1317:Quran
1298:Rihla
1239:Prose
1223:Paleo
1161:Samri
1116:Dabke
1106:Ardah
1098:Dance
1081:Zajal
1066:Samri
939:Dulab
892:Opera
830:Lazma
789:Music
775:Tiraz
770:Thawb
735:Izaar
710:Bisht
705:Abaya
637:Dress
434:Types
358:Sabil
353:Ribat
348:Qalat
333:Mazar
328:Maqam
282:Types
236:Riwaq
226:Qadad
191:Liwan
151:Girih
126:Alfiz
121:Ablaq
6476:Sini
6161:Rasm
5964:Nubi
5952:Juba
5925:and
5905:Beda
5877:Wqal
5874:Kjal
5704:Gulf
5052:Ġayn
5043:ʿAyn
4632:ISBN
4617:ISBN
4570:2021
4255:2012
4242:ISBN
4208:ISBN
4158:ISBN
4111:ISSN
4070:ISBN
4048:link
4028:ISBN
3959:help
3917:ISBN
3895:2013
3869:2013
3841:ISBN
3808:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3714:2020
3455:Mada
3406:The
3214:Iran
2768:Kufa
2730:Kufa
2692:The
2629:Vyaz
2478:Nasr
2396:Sa'd
2391:Ruda
2376:Wadd
2326:A'ra
2296:Awal
2281:Nuha
2104:Roc
2049:Jinn
2029:Hinn
1882:Qalb
1872:Nafs
1641:Oman
1606:Iraq
1507:Bayt
1396:Waṣf
1386:Hija
1337:Fiqh
1332:Sīra
1250:Saj
1218:Old
1141:Liwa
1071:Sawt
1051:Liwa
1000:Folk
934:Dawr
825:Jins
658:Haik
648:Agal
241:Sahn
201:Riad
186:Iwan
161:Howz
6249:864
6244:720
6240:711
6237:710
6234:709
6230:708
6073:IPA
5133:Yāʾ
5124:Wāw
5115:Hāʾ
5106:Nūn
5097:Mīm
5088:Lām
5079:Kāf
5070:Qāf
5061:Fāʾ
5034:Ẓāʾ
5025:Ṭāʾ
5016:Ḍād
5007:Ṣād
4998:Šīn
4989:Sīn
4980:Zāy
4971:Rāʾ
4962:Ḏāl
4953:Dāl
4944:Ḫāʾ
4935:Ḥāʾ
4926:Ǧīm
4917:Ṯāʾ
4908:Tāʾ
4899:Bāʾ
4103:doi
3639:doi
3236:" (
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2841:in
2483:Sīn
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