Isleños - Knowledge (XXG)

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establishment of the First Republic. The Canarians, much like other groups in Venezuelan society, were opportunists when choosing when and to whom to show their support. They were looking for a fairer economy without the monopolistic presence of the Caracas Company, but also hoping that a new republic would be formed under different social circumstances. Creoles had no intentions of relinquishing their social superiority or economic and political power, and Canarians reacted accordingly. Canarian support for the Spanish crown was documented, and they likely believed their support would be rewarded with economic opportunity and social capital by switching to the royalist cause. Upon the success of the counterrevolution of 1812, Canarians were rewarded for their loyalty with positions of power. Canarians who ascended to such positions were often underqualified for their posts, and many were ruthless in denouncing and persecuting former employers and other Creoles. Many accounts, both written at the time of the counter-revolution or in later periods by historians, paint Canarians as ignorant, vulgar, and hated by the rest of the population, and blame that ignorance as the rationale behind the decision-making of Isleños during the counter-revolution. Other accounts, however, don’t see the ignorance as a factor in decision-making, instead arguing that Isleños identified and sided with the movement they believed would be most sympathetic to their cause and their goals. Regardless, their support for the counter-revolution would cement their position as royalists in the Second Republic and royalist caudillo movements that would follow in the early 19th century.

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opportunity, most importantly in terms of land for agricultural production. However, Canarians faced social conditions that impeded their ability to develop strong economic footholds in the region. Firstly, the Caracas Company, a trading company established by the Spanish crown to incorporate the economy of Venezuela into that of the greater Spanish empire in the Americas, held a monopoly over trade and dictated the cost of produced and imported goods. Secondly, the landed elites of Venezuela had a firm grip on the economy and agricultural production in the northern areas of the country that included the economic and political center of Caracas as well as the land most productive for cacao production, a staple of the regional economy. Canarians looking for land were forced further inland to the Llanos, where the land was often less productive and demanded more work. Canarian landowners and agricultural producers therefore saw themselves as largely insignificant in the export economy. Those that decided against searching for land took jobs as laborers on cacao estates or became menial workers such as shopkeepers or transporters of goods, while others became involved in the business of contraband. Canarians involved in illicit trade did achieve some success towards the end of the 18th century, especially as the Canarian communities in the Llanos developed economically and looked for trading options for their goods outside of the monopoly of the Caracas Company. However, these contrabandists faced increasing challenges to their operations as the Spanish crown began appointing a greater number of

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movements, and instead had reasons for wanting either of the possible outcomes. These outcomes both served them in some way; independence for Venezuela meant an end to the stranglehold the Caracas Company held over regional trade, and royalist victory meant an opportunity to change the social order which had often been oppressive to anybody not a peninsular Spaniard or Creole elite. However, it was Canarian discontent with the Caracas Company that drove their initial participation in these movements. A Canarian-led protest in 1749 against the Company, which was widely supported among non-Spanish members of the Venezuelan population, ended with brutal repercussions for participants of lower social classes but a relatively lighter punishment for Creole elites, as well as changes to the Caracas Company which gave the Creoles, but not the Canarians, the opportunity to own shares of the company. A rallying cry for Canarians during this protest was “Long live the King and death to the Vizcayans,” referring to the

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slavery in those colonies, and encouraged Canarian immigration. Most Canarian immigrants then immigrated to the two islands in the Caribbean, where their labor was exploited and they were paid very little. There were, however, also thousands of Canarians who immigrated to other countries including Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina. After the annexation of Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States and the prohibition of Canarian immigration to Puerto Rico in 1898, immigration was directed primarily to Cuba, with certain flows to other countries (especially Argentina and Uruguay). After 1936, most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Venezuela until 1948, after which most of the islanders began immigrating to Venezuela. Since the 1970s Canarian emigration has decreased and from the early 1980s, with the improvement of the Canary Islands' economy (and Spain's in general, until the economic crisis of 2008), Canarian emigration has diminished.

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elites, whose social and racial prejudices often led them to include the Canarians in the lowest social strata that included these people of color. Among whites, Canarians were seen as inferior to both the peninsular Spanish and the Creoles due to their status as immigrants and their relative poverty. This classism was omnipresent in Venezuelan life, determining social interactions as well as economic prospects. Laws prohibited intermarriage between Canarians and Spaniards. Occupations in which Canarians were well-represented were usually those that Creoles rejected as ‘unworthy’ of people of their status, and there was little to no opportunity for them to gain social status. Although Canarians could legally hold political, merchant, military and bureaucratic positions, unlike people of color, they were often not as openly accepted or respected under these positions.

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throughout the country). Although the number of Canarians who immigrated to Argentina during the 19th century was not comparable to the number of those who emigrated to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay, in some years there were relatively large numbers of Canarian immigrants; for example, between 1878 and 1888, 3,033 Canarians emigrated. The emigration rate to Argentina was relatively high among the islanders in the 20th century, but did not reach the volume of those who went to Cuba and Venezuela. Even so, in the 1930s, the Canarian government put the number of Canarians and their descendants in that country at about 80,000 people. In 1984 there were 1,038 Canarians in Buenos Aires. They formed several organizations to preserve their ethnic heritage and provide mutual aid. Several Canarian families from Buenos Aires settled in

1476:(Blood Tribute), many of them settled in Yucatán, where by the 18th century they controlled the trade network that distributed goods throughout the peninsula; their descendants are still counted among the most influential families of direct Spanish descent in Mexico. During the 20th century, another group of Canarians settled in Mexico in the early 1930s, and as with Galician and other Spanish immigrants of the time, there were high rates of illiteracy and impoverishment among them, but they adapted relatively quickly. While the Spanish Civil War was still being fought in Spain, the prominent Canarian intellectual Agustin Millares Carlo from Las Palmas became an expatriate in Mexico in 1938. University professor 1027: 966:. Cuban immigration to the Canary Islands has introduced, for example, the dish "moros y cristianos" (or simply "moros"), to the cuisine of the Canary Islands; especially on the island of La Palma. Canary Islanders were the driving force in the cigar industry in Cuba, where they were called "Vegueros." Many of the big cigar factories in Cuba were owned by Canary Islanders. After the Castro revolution, many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary Islands, among them cigar factory owners such as the Garcias. Through them the cigar industry made its way to the Canary Islands from Cuba, and it is now well-established there. The island of 665:(an internationally traded white table wine) after the 1640 emancipation from Spanish rule of Portugal, whose colonies were its preferred market, put thousands of Canarians out of work, causing many of them to immigrate to the Americas with their families. There was discussion in governmental circles of the islands being overpopulated, and the Spanish crown decided to institute the "El Tributo de Sangre (the tribute of blood). For every hundred tons of cargo that a Spanish colony in the Americas sent to Spain, five Canarian families would be sent there. The number of families actually sent, however, usually exceeded ten. 1442:'s population, emigrated to Uruguay, and groups of them continued to come sporadically until about 1900. During the 19th century, more than 10,000 Canarians settled in Uruguay, the majority from the eastern islands; however, only 5700 or so of them remained permanently in Uruguay. A few groups of Canary Islanders continued to arrive through the early 20th century, still coming mainly from the eastern islands, but specific figures are not available. Canarians and Canarian descendants are scattered throughout Uruguay. Uruguay ranks fifth after 1313:

migration to Venezuela in the 18th century was one of two waves of migration from the Canary Islands to the Venezuelan region, the second of which occurred in the mid-early 19th century. Venezuela experienced significant economic and political change between these centuries, and Canarians played key roles during the turbulent period of revolts and independence movements that resulted in these changes, roles largely inspired by the social, economic, and political conditions faced by the first wave of Canarian immigrants to the region.

1234:. The thriving border towns there were abandoned in 1794, when the area become part of Haiti during the Haitian domination (1822–1844). Isleños on the now Haitian side of the border moved to the interior of the island, and some of them, especially of those from Cibao, moved to Cuba, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. The Isleños were, for a time, the fastest-growing ethnic group in the Dominican Republic. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the flow of Canarians immigrating to the country slowed to a trickle. 286: 1148:, and sailed to Hispaniola island. There was also an influx of Canarian settlers, who arrived on the colony of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) in the second half of the 16th century. Santo Domingo, in the mid-17th century, still had a very small population and suffered economic hardship. The Spanish authorities believed that the French, who had occupied the western part of the island (now Haiti), might also try to take the eastern half of the island, now the 523:(continental Spaniard). By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves, and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated. The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants, from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century, when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of 576: 1714: 209: 346: 3586: 228: 171: 1641:. It is known, however, that since the 16th century, the Canary Islands were a transit point for European vessels bound for the Americas (many of them to Brazil), and it is likely that some of them were carrying Canarians to the Portuguese colony. Due to the difficult circumstances of travel, several expeditions that had left Lanzarote for Uruguay were forced to end their passage in other places, such as 3596: 2285: 246: 850: 36: 306: 2365: 3606: 2569: 696:(1868–1878) in Cuba, Cuban separatists made a distinction between Canary Islander immigrants and those from peninsular Spain, leading them to promote Canarian immigration to Cuba. The usual form of administration to manage the emigration from the islands prevailed, with corruption and fraud governing the actions of the Canarian ruling classes. In the 20th century poverty, the 326: 189: 1132:, the Canarian aborigines, especially those from the island of Tenerife. In some areas of the island, this Guanche component appears in over 50% of the sampled population, and in the western part, it appears in over 80%. Even today, there are people in these towns who can relate stories from their Canary Island great-grandparents that they remember when they were children. 266: 3654: 1728: 1649:. By 1812, a small group of Canarians (all of them from Lanzarote) lived on Santa Catarina island, in the south of Brazil. A study by W.F. Piazza notes that parish records from 1814 to 1818 show 20 families from Lanzarote living there. Rixo Alvarez speaks of the expeditions of Polycarp Medinilla, a Portuguese based in Lanzarote, and Agustín González Brito, from 568: 1051:, arrived with 20 Canarian families. This was followed by others in 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. Between 1720 and 1730, some 176 Canarian families, totaling 882 persons, immigrated to Puerto Rico, more than half of them married couples and their children, and the rest eventually found partners in Puerto Rico. 1174:, where they formed a militia made up exclusively of Canarians, and another in Frontera, where the group founded Banica and Hincha in 1691 and 1702, respectively. In the latter two settlements the raising of livestock prospered thanks to the growing trade with Haiti. The lack of financial resources and the 1657:

leaflets were printed to promote the immigration to Brazil of Canarians to work as laborers. How effective they were is unknown. There were other publications distributed in the Canary Islands that opposed the emigration movement, and the Canarian press depicted a very negative view of the quality of

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led to a decrease in Canarian immigration to the area. Afterwards, Canarian immigration increase significantly but came to a standstill again between 1742 and 1749 as a result of the war with England. The Canarians settled mainly on the border with Haiti to prevent French territorial expansion of the

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Of the Latin American countries, Cuba was most affected by the immigration of Canary Islanders, and their presence influenced the development of the Cuban dialect and accent. Many words in traditional Cuban Spanish can be traced to the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. Cuban Spanish is very close

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to populate the region, arriving in two different groups. The first group was established in the city on November 19, 1726, and 25 Canarian families came to Montevideo. They organized quickly to survive in that area. The first civilian authorities in Montevideo were Canarian, and they were the first

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Most of the Isleños arrived on the island married, often with many children, which helped to preserve their customs, traditions, religions, and accent. A group of geneticists from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of mitochondrial DNA, which is passed through the mother, and found that the

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Between 1891 and 1895, Canary immigration to Puerto Rico was officially over 600 immigrants; if unrecorded or concealed immigration were taken into account, the number would be much larger. Canarian immigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century is estimated at 2,733 people, mostly peasants desiring

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expanded in the Canary Islands during the 19th century well into the 1880s, when trade in this product plummeted, which, together with the coffee boom and the war crisis in Cuba, depressed the economy. It also spurred Canarian immigration to the Americas. After 1893, Canarians continued to immigrate

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The cultures of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture, as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay. Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who immigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the

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In the 16th century, many people who emigrated to the Americas from there were, in fact, Spaniards from the mainland of Europe or foreigners, making it difficult to know how many of the immigrants were actually Canarians. There are records also of some Canarians and Canarian families, at least some

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Descendants of Canary Islanders are a small community in Mexico, but their presence is notable especially in the business world and in the tourism industry. A few Canarian families emigrated to Mexico in the 17th century (as in the case of the Azuaje families). In the 18th century, when the Spanish

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Since 1936, most Canarian immigrants have gone either to Cuba or to Venezuela (some of those who emigrated to Venezuela came from Cuba) because they encouraged immigration, especially of Spanish citizens, and since 1948, most have emigrated to Venezuela, a massive immigration that did not end until

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Despite their support for the King, many Canarians initially supported the independence movement of the First Republic in 1810, realizing the potential for change in a new nation. This change did not materialize, and Canarians switched allegiance to the royalist cause in the years that followed the

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stated that for every ton of cargo shipped from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain, five Canarian families were sent to populate the colonies. The number of families sent to the Americas, however, often became ten. The first wave of Canarian emigration seems to have occurred in 1695 when

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was finally abolished in 1764. Despite that, many Canarians continued to migrate to the Americas to escape grinding poverty at home. After the liberation of the Latin American countries from Spanish rule (1811–1825), Spain retained only Cuba and Puerto Rico as colonies in the Americas. It abolished

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Venezuela descended into a period of political and social instability from 1750 to the early 1800s as tensions flared between the Spanish and their subjects in Venezuela and independence movements gained steam. Initially, Canarians held no strong allegiances to either the independence or royalist

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The rigid, caste-like social structure in Venezuela dictated the experience of Canarians in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Although separate from colored people such as mulattos, slaves, and Indians due to their race, Canarians were still seen as inferior by the Venezuelan-born Creole

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The Isleños contributed substantially to the development of agriculture, as well as the provincial rural character of Puerto Rican society, preserving their ancestral customs, traditions, folk arts, dialect and festivals that remain features of Puerto Rican culture. They tended to settle in areas

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For the reasons already mentioned, there were specific problems on some islands that also boosted Canarian emigration. In Lanzarote, from the 16th to the 20th century, the people experienced terrible drought (1626–1632), epidemics, house and tithe taxes, invasions of locusts, and several volcanic

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peninsular Spaniards mostly from the Basque region—to a wide range of official positions, including those that held jurisdiction over the investigation of contrabandists, indicating a crackdown on a key industry for many Canarians. Regardless of their profession, Canarians had little economic or

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was founded with 40 Canarian families, which was followed in 1700 by another 29 in the town of Los Marqueses. Maracaibo received 25 Canarian families between 1732 and 1738, while in 1764 another 14 families arrived, to which were added another 300 families transported to Venezuela. This Canarian

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The Canary Islander immigration to the Americas began as early as 1492, with the first voyage of Columbus, and did not end until the early 1980s. The Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands had only recently occurred (1402–1496), when Columbus made a stopover in the Canary Islands for supplies in

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During colonial times and until the end of the Second World War, most European immigrants in Venezuela were Canary Islanders. Their cultural impact was significant, influencing both the development of Castilian Spanish in the country as well as its cuisine and customs. Venezuela has perhaps the

1076:, a small guitar with origins in the Canary Islands. The Canarian Islands have contributed more to the Puerto Rican population than any other Spanish region except Andalusia, and Canary Islanders, along with Andalusians, were the principal Spanish expatriate community there by the 19th century. 1570:

in 1535 decided to stay, they intermarried with natives and/or other Spanish settlers. Several ships came to Buenos Aires with immigrant Canarians in 1830; a group of them settled in the interior and another group settled in the capital (the descendants of those families have spread gradually

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ended in 1764, but poverty and overpopulation in the Canary Islands still caused many Canarians to immigrate to Puerto Rico and other parts of Latin America. After the Spanish American colonies won their independence (1811–1825), most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the only

1629:, with 88 Canarian families—400 persons—that currently have more than 1,000 descendants. They responded to the government's call to populate this region and signed contracts for the benefit of a private company. Some were arrested while trying to escape their servitude, and the indigenous 1316:

Beginning in the 1680s and continuing into the 18th century, Canarians arrived in Venezuela in large numbers. Facing the reality that the Canary Islands had neither the land nor the economic conditions to support an ever-growing population, these migrants arrived in Venezuela in search of

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eruptions in 1730, affecting over half the population, causing many of them to migrate, pirate attacks (Lanzarote suffered more pirate invasions than the other islands) and harsh weather conditions. Consequently, many people on Lanzarote migrated to other Canary Islands including (

1240:, the first president of the Dominican Republic, rented several Venezuelan ships during the mid-19th century period of border disputes with Haiti to carry Isleños to the Dominican Republic, but most of the 2,000 who emigrated returned to Venezuela in 1862, when 2201:

Balbuena Castellano, José Manuel. La odisea de los canarios en Texas y Luisiana: XIII, Un párentesis: Los canarios en Uruguay (The odyssey of the Canarians in Texas and Louisiana: XIII, a parenthesis: The Canarian in Uruguay). Pages:154-155. First Edition,

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political power and were impacted by the monopolistic practices of the peninsular-operated Caracas Company and the economic and social influences of the landed elite, conditions that would be catalysts for Canarian involvement in revolts and rebellions.

1690:(which includes present-day countries of Colombia and Venezuela), Canarian settlers from nearby Venezuela lived on the islands; children from affluent Canarian Venezuelan families were educated on the islands. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as 771:

and founded the four communities of Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. Of those settlements, Valenzuela and San Bernardo were the most successful as the other two were plagued with both disease and flooding. The large migration of

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In 1884, over 8,000 Canarians emigrated to a small town in Costa Rica when the country invited Canarian immigration to populate the uninhabited town (some Canarians had already settled in Costa Rica, beginning in the 16th century). A Canarian from

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people took pity on the plight of these Canarians who were established on their former lands. The Indians welcomed them and joined their demonstrations in the so-called "revolt of the Canarians", and many Canarians intermarried with Mapuches.

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to dive for pearls in 1514. The men, however, were dispersed when they came ashore. Another expedition was led in 1519 by López de Sosa, who was appointed by the Spanish government to replace Dávila and recruited 200 of his neighbors on

1256:(1936–1939). 300 Canarians arrived in 1955, when Trujillo encouraged Spanish immigration to his country to raise the white population, but most of them left and went to Venezuela because of the harsh conditions. Some of them remained in 1252:), settled in the capital and in rural areas, especially in the east. During the first half of the 20th century, some groups of Canarians immigrated to the Dominican Republic, many of them Republican exiles who came during and after the 1297:, took about 350 persons, and his successor, Jerome of Ortal, about 80 people, from Tenerife, whether they were native Canarians or just people settled in the islands. In 1681, 54 families from Tenerife were transported to the port of 620:, Cuba, and by the Royal Decree of May 6, 1663, 800 Canarian families were sent to settle in Santo Domingo; it is assumed this was to avert the danger that the French might seize it, since they already had occupied what is now Haiti. 595:

In the first half of the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors, some of whom settled permanently in the Americas themselves, organized several groups of people chosen in the Canary Islands to colonize parts of Latin America including

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where they were permanently settled, as well as others who emigrated directly to Brazil from the Canary Islands. A few Canarians on vessels headed to Venezuela were shipwrecked on the Brazilian coast in the 1960s.

1167:(Our Lady of Candelaria). The population increased with the arrival of 39 families in 1700 and another 49 in 1709. Canarian families who arrived that year had to bribe the governor to be permitted to remain there. 1398:

the early 1980s, but there was a significant decrease in the 1970s, with the beginning of Canarian emigration to other European countries. Canarians and their descendants are now scattered throughout Venezuela.

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and both World Wars. The Isleños have been able to preserve some features of their culture except in Florida, where they had made improvements in its agriculture, but most of the Canarian settlers immigrated to

637:, or Spanish-born Spaniards. Consequently, during the late 17th and 18th century, hundreds of Canarian families moved to Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, with others going to places like 2983: 1334:

who held positions of power in government and the Caracas Company. The Canarians were not looking to rid themselves of the Spanish crown, but to shake themselves of the power of the Caracas Company and

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to give Spanish names to roads and geographic features. The second group, with 30 Canarian families, arrived in the city on March 27, 1729. Others places in Uruguay where Canary Islanders settled were

1653:. The settlers from Lanzarote were forced to disembark in Rio de Janeiro. Only an estimated 50 Canary Islanders emigrated to Brazil in this century. During the last years of the 19th century, some 535:

in Africa during the first half of the century. Beginning in the 1970s, they began to immigrate to other European countries, although immigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s.

1590:. This contingent pacified the warring tribes on the coast and penetrated into the interior. On the way, they founded several cities, two which, Las Palmas and Tenerife, still exist. In addition, 2325: 2041: 539:

20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations, there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some of their ancestors' Canarian culture, as in

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Through cross-immigration by Canarians and Cubans, many Canarian customs have become Cuban traditions and vice versa. Cuban music has been integrated into Canarian culture as well, including

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Whole towns and villages in Puerto Rico were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their lasting influence of Canarian culture can still be heard in the Puerto Rican accent and seen in the

1159:, 800 Canarian families were sent to the island. There were 97 Canarian families who arrived in 1684 and founded San Carlos de Tenerife (in 1911, it became a neighborhood of the city of 2089:

Diego Hernández de Serpa, gobernador de la Nueva Andalucía (Venezuela), parte de Sanlúcar en 1569, y concierta con su pariente Adriano Padilla el envío a su costa de doscientos hombres.

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largest population of Canarian immigrants, and it is commonly said in the Canary Islands that "Venezuela is the eighth island of the Canary Islands." In the 16th century, the German

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of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canary Island immigration came to Puerto Rico, and entire villages were formed of relocated islanders.

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remaining Spanish possessions in the Americas, where their labor was exploited to replace that of slaves, who had been liberated with the abolishment of slavery. Following the

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led an expedition of 1,500 people, 400 of whom were Canarians from all the different islands that make up the archipelago), for the conquest of the area around what became

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life for migrants in Brazil. Some ships transporting Canary Islander emigrants to Venezuela during the early 20th century were blown off course and landed in Brazil, the

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exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt. The Cuban dialect of Spanish shows a substantial influence of the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands.

2184: 3772: 1163:). The Spanish authorities there concentrated resources on agriculture and livestock, and incorporated a municipality and a church dedicated to the city's patroness, 3982: 3537: 2188: 1354:

had Canarian ancestors on his mother's side. There were many other notable Venezuelan leaders who were of Canarian descent, such as the precursor of independence

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peoples in those Caribbean countries influenced by earlier waves of settlers from the Canary Islands, who first arrived in the Americas in the late 16th century.

748:. Spain's goal was to colonize certain regions with Spanish settlers, and between 1731 and 1783, several Canarian communities were established in what is now the 3050: 1969: 3093: 1260:

and in El Cibao. Isleños contributed to the development of agriculture in the Dominican Republic with their raising of crops like coffee, cocoa and tobacco.

616:. There followed other groups who settled in Santo Domingo and Cuba in the second half of the 16th century. In 1611, about 10 Canarian families were sent to 3972: 2264:(in Spanish: Among the blush of the Aurora: Juan Perdigón, a Brazilian anarchist from Fuerteventura island). written by Jesús Giráldez Macía. Pages 47–48. 3642: 2227: 1438:

sent an expedition of 200 people from the eastern islands of the Canaries to Montevideo. Between 1835 and 1845 about 8,200 Canarians, more than half of

3684: 3679: 3103: 2353: 3977: 2211: 1702:) regrouped in Curaçao. While many Canarians returned to Venezuela after its independence, many of them remained in Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire. 1822: 2978: 981:; the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeic word imitative of the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah). The term of endearment 3138: 2606: 2053: 1927: 1782: 812:

spoken in the Canary Islands during the 18th century was still spoken by older Isleños until the 1950s in San Antonio but is still spoken in

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25 Canarian families were transported to Guyana in 1717 to found a village, and they then migrated to the Llanos of Venezuela. In 1697,

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has had the most Cuban influence out of the seven islands, and its accent is the closest of the island accents to the Cuban accent.

933: 119: 3620: 2690: 1507:, brought a group of Canary Islanders to the country. These were among the few Canarians who emigrated to Panama in that century. 2012: 1998: 1942: 1526:, as well as the general unhealthiness of the area. They were able to successfully establish themselves near the Honduran port of 3921: 3035: 2082: 3906: 3736: 3549: 3491: 1976:(in Spanish). Teguise, Lanzarote, Canary Islands: Departamento de Cultura y Patrimonio, Ayuntamiento de Teguise. Archived from 781: 1698:

were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland (such as

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came to power. Many of the Canarians who settled in the Dominican Republic (including Jose Trujillo Monagas, originally from

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Many of the typical Cuban variations of standard Spanish vocabulary derive from the Canarian lexicon. For example, the word "

871: 57: 951:, as Canarians have been immigrating to Cuba since the 16th century, especially during the 19th and (early) 20th centuries. 914: 100: 3873: 3782: 2305: 1394:. More than 9,000 Canarians emigrated to Venezuela between 1841 and 1844, and in 1875, more than 5,000 Canarians arrived. 1363: 1257: 1175: 1105: 813: 886: 720:) as well as to the Americas, including Uruguay, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and the southern United States. 72: 3787: 3378: 3363: 3265: 2823: 2746: 2346: 1184: 2331: 3911: 3767: 3561: 3501: 3496: 3481: 3294: 2926: 2871: 2521: 2488: 2421: 808:

in 1763 and still more left when, after being recovered by Spain, Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819. The

2288:(Illegal immigration in sailing from the Canary Islands to Venezuela in the mid-20th century). Javier Gonzalez Antón. 1977: 1274: 1249: 1067:

to farm their own land, who tended to settle in Puerto Rico in families or groups of families related to each other.

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After a century and a half of growth, the economy of the Canary Islands was in crisis. The diminished output of

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or the south of the present United States. These families were sent to populate various parts of Latin America.

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of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana, where they are still called

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to South America and the establishment of economic ties between the Netherlands (the ruler of Curaçao) and

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to Spain, 50 Canarian families would be sent to the Americas to populate regions having low populations of

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During the 18th century, the Spanish crown sent several groups of Canary Islanders to their colonies in

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by the French made the Spanish Crown consider want to avoid the occupation of part of Venezuela and the

3195: 1767: 1611: 1518:. The plan for populating the area failed, however, because of the hostility they encountered from the 1379: 627:(Blood Tribute); this was a Spanish law stipulating that for every thousand tons of cargo shipped from 3721: 3409: 3235: 3155: 3150: 2946: 2916: 2819: 2741: 2736: 2592: 2247:(in Spanish: Canarians in Chile). Posted Luis León Barreto. Retrieved December 21, 2011, to 23:52 pm. 1719: 1416: 1387: 1355: 1141: 1085: 585: 548: 1301:, but this area was so unsafe that a few of them settled in villages already founded or went to the 3860: 3792: 3762: 3716: 3338: 3133: 3060: 2961: 2731: 2700: 1607: 1595: 1530:, where they could farm the surrounding lands, and in the highlands where they founded the town of 1488: 1072: 829: 792: 605: 24: 2553: 1351: 3916: 3896: 3891: 3842: 3827: 3817: 3777: 3436: 3321: 3311: 3277: 2990: 2951: 2921: 2792: 2426: 2385: 2322:(CANARY+ISLANDER+US) is the cultural project about the Descendants of Canary Islanders in the US. 2178: 1741: 1527: 1455: 1424: 1420: 1270: 1149: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1081: 833: 796: 729: 617: 453: 291: 1204: 780:

led to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo (

1480:, who did important work in the subject of geography, went into exile in Mexico after the war. 1350:

in the first half of the 19th century were Canarians or descendants of Canarians. For example,

1120:. Many settled in small villages where they intermarried with other Puerto Ricans and with the 575: 3837: 3812: 3757: 3731: 3353: 3348: 3260: 3190: 3143: 2995: 2936: 2861: 2839: 2787: 2662: 2657: 2411: 2166: 2156: 1923: 1777: 1772: 1253: 739: 697: 693: 532: 489: 408: 2276:. (in Spanish: Canarians Soldier and settlers in the Americas). Isidoro Santana Gil's teacher 2068: 824:

Louisiana's Isleños have shared some aspects of Canarian culture for over 200 years with the

3822: 3700: 3658: 3383: 3358: 3306: 3289: 2900: 2710: 2672: 2262:

Google Books: Entre el rubor de las auroras: Juan Perdigón, un majorero anarquista en Brasil

1751: 1591: 1563: 1428: 1412: 1375: 1208: 948: 809: 795:. After the incorporation of Louisiana and Texas into the United States, they fought in the 681: 512: 477: 469: 424: 396: 367: 1080:

where other Isleños were already living, preferring certain rural districts and towns like

496:. Another name for Canary Islander in English is "Canarian." In Spanish, an alternative is 3901: 3599: 3486: 3476: 3451: 3255: 3211: 3185: 3121: 2751: 2685: 2652: 2627: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2016: 1865: 1829: 1746: 1667: 1659: 1294: 1128:

present population of Puerto Rico has in its genome a substantial component of genes from

1035: 907: 777: 761: 701: 628: 613: 516: 433: 93: 2044:(The Island Roots of Mayagüez) by Federico Cedó Alzamora, Official Historian of Mayagüez. 1359: 985:

is from the Canary Islands. An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb

3471: 3441: 3388: 3272: 3240: 2756: 2478: 2442: 2009: 1756: 1642: 1614:, in the second half of the 16th century. Others emigrated in 1678 by the terms of the 1523: 1511: 1391: 1290: 528: 404: 384: 784:) was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century. 16:

Inhabitants of the Canary Islands and their descendants who immigrated to the Americas

3961: 3807: 3589: 3461: 3395: 3373: 3328: 3301: 3250: 2416: 2395: 1699: 1695: 1237: 1160: 757: 717: 685: 556: 515:, at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations, to distinguish a 214: 2232:(in Spanish) "Colombia is Conquered by a Small Contingent of 400 Canary Islanders"). 2548: 1733: 1567: 1497: 1282: 1245: 1170:

In the first decades of the 18th century, another group of Canarians immigrated to

1152:. They asked the Spanish crown to send Canarian families to stop French expansion. 1002: 713: 633: 601: 488:). Formerly used for the general category of people, it now refers to the specific 2286:

Emigración clandestina en veleros de Canarias a Venezuela a mediados del siglo XX

3426: 3245: 2968: 2573: 2516: 1691: 1558:

before the 19th century was very low, although three companies of soldiers from

1451: 1000:

Many names for food items come from the Canary Islands as well. The Cuban sauce

849: 753: 677: 544: 481: 441: 351: 35: 2027: 1879:

Morales Padrón, Francisco. Canarias - América. Colección "Guagua", 1982. p. 49.

3368: 3160: 2771: 2761: 2377: 1709: 1675: 1654: 1543: 1407: 1192: 1188: 673: 1305:. The next year, another group of 31 families arrived from Tenerife as well. 3230: 2170: 1622: 1603: 1555: 1539: 1531: 1443: 1439: 1309: 1145: 745: 642: 597: 540: 473: 457: 437: 371: 232: 227: 175: 170: 3946: 3466: 2498: 1298: 1286: 1224: 567: 2104:

La aventura fundacional de los isleños: Panaquire y Juan Francisco de León

2526: 2390: 2150: 1650: 1579: 1572: 1559: 1542:

island, Jose Martinez, was among the first Spanish settlers to arrive in

1515: 1129: 967: 709: 461: 400: 2328:. Publicado por Federico Cedó Alzamora, Historiador Oficial de Mayagüez. 588:

left the Canary Islands with a group of people heading to the island of

3446: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2102: 1683: 1630: 1285:

to Venezuela, where some of these Canarians were among the founders of

1212: 773: 669: 638: 429: 251: 2229:

Colombia se conquistó gracias a un pequeño contingente de 400 canarios

1273:

in the Canary Islands recruited 200 men to colonize Venezuela, as did

3421: 2369: 1787: 1663: 1638: 1492: 1484: 1302: 1144:

left the Canary Islands with a group of Canarians, some of them from

825: 311: 271: 1968:

Francisco Hernández Delgado; María Dolores Rodríguez Armas (2010).

3653: 2310: 2054:

La emigración y su trascendencia en la historia del pueblo canario

1679: 1626: 1519: 1458:

in the number of people of Canarian descent among its population.

1231: 1216: 1025: 1018:

is another Canarian food known to Cubans, along with many others.

574: 566: 445: 1472:

crown encouraged Canarian emigration to the Americas through the

2615: 2584: 2364: 1550:

Canary Islanders in other Caribbean and South American countries

1447: 801: 524: 449: 331: 194: 3624: 2588: 2335: 2319: 1974:

Archivo Histórico Municipal de Teguise (www.archivoteguise.es)

1010:

of the Canary Islands, where the sauce was invented. Canarian

843: 29: 1155:

By the royal decree of May 6, 1663, under the policy of the

1406:

The first Canarians to emigrate to Uruguay were settled in

1211:(1760). The Canarians also founded San Carlos de Tenerife, 767:

Between 1778 and 1783 another 2,100 Canarians arrived in

2152:

Latin America between colony and nation: selected essays

1199:

with the arrival of 46 families between 1735 and 1736,

480:

to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as "

2223: 2221: 2219: 1230:

After 1764, the Canarians were sent primarily to the

1014:

was introduced to Cuba through Canarian immigration.

1922:. Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. p. 24. 1281:, who sent another 200 soldiers and 400 slaves from 3934: 3884: 3853: 3745: 3709: 3693: 3672: 3665: 3515: 3408: 3223: 3210: 3120: 3086: 3070: 3028: 2899: 2838: 2780: 2719: 2635: 2626: 2509: 2466: 2435: 2404: 2376: 1500:to participate in the conquest of Central America. 874:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 760:. Between 1757 and 1759, 154 families were sent to 390: 378: 361: 341: 321: 301: 281: 261: 241: 224: 204: 184: 167: 162: 148: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1487:were led by Canarians. The first was organized by 989:(to fight). In standard Spanish the verb would be 579:"Spanish" trapper and sons, Delacroix Island, 1941 2240: 2238: 2155:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave. 704:also drove Canarian immigration to the Americas. 689:to Venezuela to escape Spanish military service. 623:In 1678, the Spanish crown enacted the so-called 2302:Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society Museum 1554:The number of Canary islanders who emigrated to 1462:Canary Islanders in other places in the Americas 2107:. Academia Nacional de la Historia. p. 22. 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1637:Little is known about any Canary emigration to 2311:Canary Islanders Heritage Society of Louisiana 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 3636: 2600: 2347: 2064: 2062: 2037: 2035: 1916:Manuel Hernández González (January 1, 2005). 1575:, where they founded the town of Candelaria. 1503:In 1534, Bartolomé García Muxica, founder of 1195:) as well as ports in strategic locations in 8: 3094:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 2257: 2255: 2253: 2183:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1042:Between 1678 and 1764 the Spanish policy of 137: 2326:Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 1807: 1805: 1803: 752:. In 1731, 16 Canarian families arrived in 3669: 3643: 3629: 3621: 3414: 3220: 3216: 3126: 2909: 2905: 2844: 2632: 2607: 2593: 2585: 2354: 2340: 2332: 2212:La geografía escolar en México (1821-2000) 2187:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1248:and the grandfather of the later dictator 977:" (bus) differs from the standard Spanish 672:by the English and of the western half of 136: 1970:"La emigración de Lanzarote y sus causas" 1491:, who recruited fifty good swimmers from 1047:Juan Fernández Franco de Medina, the new 934:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3104:Military Counterintelligence Directorate 2245:Archipiélago noticias. Canarios en Chile 1875: 1873: 1799: 1594:led 100 men from the Canary Islands to 1467:Canarians in Mexico and Central America 1339:who threatened the contraband economy. 436:settlers and immigrants to present-day 317:unknown (by ancestry), 1,600 (by birth) 3983:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent 2176: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 1812:How many Canarians in other countries. 1510:In 1787, 306 Canarians arrived on the 2274:Soldados y colonos canarios e América 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1850: 1848: 1783:Spanish language in the United States 423: 7: 1841:Canarian ancestry in 2000 U.S census 872:adding citations to reliable sources 584:1501. Also in 1501 (possibly 1502), 163:Regions with significant populations 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3078:National Revolutionary Police Force 3036:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR) 2979:National Assembly of People's Power 3973:American people of Spanish descent 2727:United States embargo against Cuba 14: 3099:Dirección General de Inteligencia 2069:Origen de la población dominicana 2028:The Spanish of the Canary Islands 1866:Spanish Mexican#Immigration waves 3652: 3604: 3594: 3585: 3584: 2567: 2363: 1726: 1712: 1346:Many of those who fought in the 848: 344: 324: 304: 284: 264: 244: 226: 207: 187: 169: 34: 3595: 2101:Lucas G. Castillo Lara (1983). 1919:La Emigración Canaria a América 1855:EMIGRANTES CANARIOS EN EL MUNDO 1434:In 1808, the Canarian merchant 1165:Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria 859:needs additional citations for 571:Isleño settlements in Louisiana 45:needs additional citations for 3978:Ethnic groups in Latin America 3942:Conquest of the Canary Islands 2042:Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez 1348:Venezuelan War of Independence 19:For Isleños in Louisiana, see 1: 2306:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana 1176:War of the Spanish Succession 2747:Cuban intervention in Angola 1621:In 1903, a fleet arrived in 1092:. They concentrated also in 559:) in the Dominican Republic 464:. In these places, the name 2149:Lynch, John, 1927- (2001). 2081:Jesús Silva Herzog (2008). 1483:Two Spanish expeditions to 787:Many Isleños fought in the 3999: 3968:People of Canarian descent 3056:Territorial Troops Militia 1688:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1172:Santiago de los Caballeros 804:when Florida was ceded to 789:American Revolutionary War 737: 727: 23:. For Island Chumash, see 18: 3580: 3417: 3219: 3129: 2912: 2908: 2847: 2767:Fidel's transfer of power 2668:Cuban War of Independence 2562: 1999:Emigration to Puerto Rico 1602:of them known to be from 460:, and other parts of the 395: 383: 366: 153: 2010:www.canaryislandsusa.com 1478:Jorge Hernández Millares 1436:Francisco Aguilar y Leal 1275:Diego Hernández de Serpa 1250:Rafael Leónidas Trujillo 1185:San Miguel de la Atalaya 1584:Pedro Fernández de Lugo 1364:José Gregorio Hernández 1181:San Rafael de Angostura 1049:Governor of Puerto Rico 555:(now a neighborhood of 3176:International rankings 3013:Prime Minister of Cuba 3008:Vice President of Cuba 2315:Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1823:Canarians in Venezuela 1762:History of San Antonio 1505:Nombre de Dios, Panama 1279:New Andalusia Province 1221:San Juan de la Maguana 1039: 750:Southern United States 657:Reasons for emigration 580: 572: 553:San Carlos de Tenerife 485: 476:') was applied to the 370:, English, French (in 1943:La emigracion canaria 1647:Santa Catarina island 1546:in the 16th century. 1384:Antonio Guzmán Blanco 1197:Monte Cristi Province 1029: 700:, and the actions of 578: 570: 391:Related ethnic groups 3870:US areas of Oceania 3379:Association Football 3364:Scouting and Guiding 3156:Dual economy of Cuba 2927:Council of Ministers 2887:World Heritage Sites 2742:Cuban Missile Crisis 2737:Bay of Pigs Invasion 2681:Spanish–American War 2084:Cuadernos americanos 1720:United States portal 1674:Due to proximity of 1356:Francisco de Miranda 1061:Spanish–American War 868:improve this article 549:Hatillo, Puerto Rico 54:improve this article 3808:Trinidad and Tobago 2732:Escambray rebellion 1608:Cartagena de Indias 1596:Cartagena de Indias 793:Battle of the Alamo 734:Isleños (Louisiana) 145: 21:Isleños (Louisiana) 3773:Dominican Republic 3181:Telecommunications 3046:Revolutionary Navy 3041:Revolutionary Army 2922:Corruption in Cuba 2648:Colonial governors 2554:Indigenous peoples 2015:2012-02-24 at the 1828:2011-07-13 at the 1768:Isleño (Louisiana) 1742:Canarian Americans 1612:Cáceres, Antioquia 1456:Dominican Republic 1380:José Tadeo Monagas 1362:and the physician 1358:, the philosopher 1271:Jorge de la Espira 1179:country, founding 1150:Dominican Republic 1136:Dominican Republic 1040: 1030:Most Puerto Rican 814:St. Bernard Parish 810:dialect of Spanish 730:Canarian Americans 668:The occupation of 618:Santiago del Prado 581: 573: 454:Dominican Republic 425:[isˈleɲos] 292:Dominican Republic 3955: 3954: 3930: 3929: 3680:Equatorial Guinea 3618: 3617: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3404: 3403: 3206: 3205: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3111: 2996:President of Cuba 2974:Political parties 2957:Human trafficking 2942:Foreign relations 2895: 2894: 2834: 2833: 2788:History of Havana 2582: 2581: 1929:978-84-7926-488-8 1616:Tributo de Sangre 1606:, who settled in 1474:Tributo de sangre 1388:Rómulo Betancourt 1372:José María Vargas 1368:José Antonio Páez 1254:Spanish Civil War 1242:José Antonio Páez 1157:tributo de sangre 1142:Nicolás de Ovando 1056:tributo de sangre 1044:tributo de sangre 944: 943: 936: 918: 820:Hispanic Antilles 769:Spanish Louisiana 698:Spanish Civil War 650:Tributo de Sangre 625:Tributo de Sangre 586:Nicolás de Ovando 533:Equatorial Guinea 511:is still used in 490:cultural identity 414: 413: 155:Canarian diaspora 130: 129: 122: 104: 3990: 3670: 3659:Spanish diaspora 3657: 3656: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3622: 3608: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3538:Baseball players 3415: 3221: 3217: 3169:Convertible peso 3164: 3127: 2932:Council of State 2910: 2906: 2845: 2824:Santiago de Cuba 2633: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2333: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2225: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2174: 2146: 2109: 2108: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1980:on July 27, 2016 1965: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1913: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1752:Canarian Spanish 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1618:to Santa Marta. 1592:Pedro de Heredia 1566:when he founded 1564:Pedro de Mendoza 1489:Pedrarias Dávila 1376:Carlos Soublette 1209:Sabana de la Mar 1006:is based on the 949:Canarian Spanish 939: 932: 928: 925: 919: 917: 876: 852: 844: 682:Greater Antilles 513:Hispanic America 478:Canary Islanders 427: 422: 397:Canary Islanders 354: 350: 348: 347: 334: 330: 328: 327: 314: 310: 308: 307: 294: 290: 288: 287: 274: 270: 268: 267: 254: 250: 248: 247: 231: 230: 217: 213: 211: 210: 197: 193: 191: 190: 174: 173: 149:Total population 146: 144: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 25:Cruzeño language 3998: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3926: 3880: 3849: 3741: 3705: 3689: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3619: 3614: 3605: 3568: 3511: 3400: 3344:Public holidays 3334:Musical theater 3202: 3162: 3139:Agrarian reform 3108: 3082: 3071:Law enforcement 3066: 3024: 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2031: 2020: 2002: 1991: 1947: 1935: 1928: 1881: 1869: 1858: 1844: 1833: 1815: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778:Isleños Fiesta 1775: 1773:Isleño Spanish 1770: 1765: 1759: 1757:Criollo people 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1723: 1707: 1704: 1643:Rio de Janeiro 1562:who were with 1551: 1548: 1512:Mosquito Coast 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1403: 1400: 1392:Rafael Caldera 1293:, governor of 1291:Diego de Ordaz 1277:, governor of 1265: 1262: 1137: 1134: 1023: 1020: 942: 941: 856: 854: 847: 841: 838: 821: 818: 740:Isleño Spanish 725: 722: 694:Ten Years' War 684:. Commerce in 658: 655: 564: 561: 529:Western Sahara 502:isleño canario 412: 411: 393: 392: 388: 387: 385:Roman Catholic 381: 380: 376: 375: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 339: 338: 335: 319: 318: 315: 299: 298: 295: 279: 278: 275: 259: 258: 255: 239: 238: 235: 222: 221: 218: 202: 201: 200:30,400-900,000 198: 182: 181: 180:42,671-600,000 178: 165: 164: 160: 159: 151: 150: 133: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3995: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885:South America 3883: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3813:United States 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746:North America 3744: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3611: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516:By occupation 3514: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3061:National Army 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799:Other cities 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2396:Ganga-Longoba 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2162:0-333-78678-5 2158: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1700:Simon Bolivar 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366:, as well as 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Simón Bolívar 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1319:peninsulares— 1314: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Pedro Santana 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:Santo Domingo 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:San Sebastián 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 938: 935: 927: 916: 913: 909: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 885: – 884: 880: 879:Find sources: 873: 869: 863: 862: 857:This article 855: 851: 846: 845: 839: 837: 835: 831: 827: 819: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:Great Britain 803: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 782:Saint Bernard 779: 775: 770: 765: 763: 759: 758:Spanish Texas 755: 751: 747: 741: 735: 731: 724:United States 723: 721: 719: 718:Fuerteventura 715: 711: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 687: 686:cochineal dye 683: 679: 675: 674:Santo Domingo 671: 666: 664: 656: 654: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 591: 587: 577: 569: 562: 560: 558: 557:Santo Domingo 554: 550: 546: 542: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 418: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 386: 382: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 353: 340: 336: 333: 320: 316: 313: 300: 296: 293: 280: 276: 273: 260: 256: 253: 240: 236: 234: 229: 223: 219: 216: 215:United States 203: 199: 196: 183: 179: 177: 172: 166: 161: 156: 152: 147: 143: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:February 2011 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 26: 22: 3832:in Louisiana 3685:South Africa 3437:Cape Verdean 3410:Demographics 3266:Universities 3236:Architecture 3151:Central bank 3144:Cooperatives 3087:Intelligence 2947:Human rights 2917:Constitution 2706:World War II 2674: 2549:Guanahatabey 2386:Cape Verdean 2281: 2269: 2228: 2207: 2197: 2151: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2049: 2023: 2005: 1994: 1982:. Retrieved 1978:the original 1973: 1938: 1918: 1861: 1836: 1818: 1734:Spain portal 1673: 1636: 1620: 1615: 1600: 1577: 1568:Buenos Aires 1553: 1536: 1509: 1502: 1498:Gran Canaria 1482: 1473: 1470: 1433: 1405: 1396: 1360:Andrés Bello 1345: 1341: 1337:peninsulares 1336: 1332:peninsulares 1331: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1283:Gran Canaria 1267: 1246:Gran Canaria 1236: 1229: 1201:Puerto Plata 1169: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1139: 1126: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 972: 964:punto Cubano 963: 959: 955: 953: 945: 930: 924:January 2010 921: 911: 904: 897: 890: 878: 866:Please help 861:verification 858: 830:Puerto Rican 823: 786: 776:refugees to 766: 743: 714:Gran Canaria 706: 691: 667: 662: 660: 649: 647: 634:Peninsulares 632: 624: 622: 602:Buenos Aires 594: 582: 537: 520: 508: 506: 501: 497: 493: 486:peninsulares 484:" (Spanish: 465: 416: 415: 154: 141: 134:Ethnic group 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 3866:New Zealand 3803:Puerto Rico 3727:Netherlands 3701:Philippines 3134:Agriculture 2872:Earthquakes 2802:Timelines: 2696:World War I 2320:CISLANDERUS 1692:Manuel Piar 1588:Santa Marta 1582:, in 1536, 1452:Puerto Rico 1207:(1756) and 1090:Barceloneta 1022:Puerto Rico 754:San Antonio 692:During the 678:the Guianas 610:New Granada 545:San Antonio 482:peninsulars 442:Puerto Rico 430:descendants 352:Puerto Rico 3962:Categories 3763:Costa Rica 3666:By country 3523:Architects 3427:Afro-Cuban 3369:Sociolismo 3317:Newspapers 3307:Literature 3295:Censorship 3278:Healthcare 3163:(currency) 2991:Propaganda 2952:Censorship 2877:Hurricanes 2812:Guantánamo 2808:Cienfuegos 2772:Cuban thaw 2762:Maleconazo 2711:Revolution 2663:Little War 1794:References 1696:Luis Brión 1655:propaganda 1544:Costa Rica 1408:Montevideo 1189:Las Caobas 1124:peasants. 1012:ropa vieja 894:newspapers 738:See also: 641:, Mexico, 614:La Florida 590:Hispaniola 547:in Texas, 521:peninsular 428:) are the 409:Portuguese 80:newspapers 3922:Venezuela 3892:Argentina 3861:Australia 3798:Nicaragua 3778:Guatemala 3354:Rationing 3339:Festivals 3283:Hospitals 3261:Education 3191:Transport 3063:(defunct) 3051:Air Force 2984:President 2937:Elections 2862:Provinces 2840:Geography 2494:Galicians 2427:Uruguayan 2179:cite book 1623:Budi Lake 1604:Lanzarote 1556:Argentina 1540:Lanzarote 1534:in 1788. 1532:Macuelizo 1444:Venezuela 1440:Lanzarote 1425:Canelones 1421:Maldonado 1310:Maracaibo 1264:Venezuela 1258:Constanza 1146:Lanzarote 1140:In 1501, 883:"Isleños" 834:Dominican 797:Civil War 746:New Spain 643:Argentina 541:Louisiana 507:The term 458:Venezuela 438:Louisiana 372:Louisiana 362:Languages 233:Argentina 176:Venezuela 142:Islanders 69:"Isleños" 3935:See also 3907:Colombia 3843:Galician 3828:Canarian 3818:Asturian 3783:Honduras 3590:Category 3550:abstract 3545:Painters 3533:Athletes 3492:Lebanese 3477:Japanese 3452:Filipino 3432:American 3384:Baseball 3359:Religion 3302:Language 3290:Internet 3029:Military 2901:Politics 2820:Matanzas 2804:Camagüey 2793:Timeline 2691:Republic 2643:Timeline 2620:articles 2453:Japanese 2448:Filipino 2412:American 2405:Americas 2171:45439931 2013:Archived 1984:July 27, 1826:Archived 1706:See also 1651:Arrecife 1580:Colombia 1573:Paraguay 1560:Tenerife 1528:Trujillo 1522:and the 1516:Honduras 1454:and the 1417:San José 1203:(1736), 1130:Guanches 1114:Mayagüez 1094:San Juan 1036:Canarian 1034:were of 993:, while 991:pelearse 968:La Palma 791:and the 710:Tenerife 474:islander 462:Americas 434:Canarian 421:Spanish: 401:Guanches 379:Religion 3917:Uruguay 3854:Oceania 3838:Catalan 3788:Jamaica 3722:Germany 3600:Outline 3557:Writers 3528:Artists 3502:Spanish 3497:Mexican 3472:Italian 3467:Isleños 3462:Haitian 3447:Ciboney 3442:Chinese 3251:Cuisine 3224:Society 3212:Culture 3196:airline 3186:Tourism 3122:Economy 2867:Islands 2816:Holguín 2653:Slavery 2628:History 2544:Mulatto 2539:Mestizo 2532:Ciboney 2489:Spanish 2484:Russian 2479:Italian 2443:Chinese 2422:Mexican 2417:Haitian 1764:, Texas 1684:Bonaire 1676:Curaçao 1664:Guayana 1631:Mapuche 1413:Colonia 1402:Uruguay 1193:Dajabón 1086:Hatillo 1032:Jíbaros 987:fajarse 979:autobús 908:scholar 774:Acadian 670:Jamaica 639:Uruguay 519:from a 498:canario 494:isleños 470:Spanish 417:Isleños 405:Spanish 368:Spanish 357:unknown 337:unknown 297:unknown 252:Uruguay 158:unknown 138:Isleños 94:scholar 3947:Isleño 3897:Brazil 3874:Hawaii 3823:Basque 3793:Mexico 3758:Canada 3753:Belize 3732:Sweden 3717:France 3710:Europe 3673:Africa 3487:Korean 3482:Jewish 3457:French 3422:Cubans 3389:Boxing 3273:Health 3246:Cigars 3241:Cinema 2882:Rivers 2852:Cities 2781:Cities 2618: 2522:Jewish 2510:Others 2499:Isleño 2474:French 2467:Europe 2458:Korean 2378:Africa 2370:Cubans 2169: 2159: 1926: 1788:Tejano 1682:, and 1639:Brazil 1520:Zambos 1493:Gomera 1485:Panama 1303:Llanos 1299:Cumaná 1287:Cumaná 1225:Jánico 1205:Samana 1187:, the 1122:Jíbaro 1118:Manatí 1073:cuatro 1038:stock. 975:guagua 962:, and 910: 903: 896: 889: 881: 598:Mexico 551:, and 509:isleño 466:isleño 452:, the 349: 329: 312:Mexico 309: 289: 272:Brazil 269: 249: 220:37,008 212: 192: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 3902:Chile 3610:Index 3562:women 3507:White 3396:Women 3374:Sport 3349:Radio 3329:Music 3312:Media 3256:Dance 3161:Peso 2675:Maine 2527:Taíno 2391:Arará 2202:2007. 1680:Aruba 1627:Chile 1429:Soria 1295:Paria 1232:Cibao 1217:Neiba 1110:Lajas 1102:Lares 1098:Ponce 1082:Camuy 1016:Gofio 1008:mojos 995:fajar 983:socio 956:mambo 915:JSTOR 901:books 826:Cuban 472:for ' 446:Texas 237:2,390 101:JSTOR 87:books 3912:Peru 3768:Cuba 3694:Asia 3018:list 3001:list 2962:LGBT 2616:Cuba 2517:Arab 2436:Asia 2189:link 2185:link 2167:OCLC 2157:ISBN 1986:2016 1924:ISBN 1694:and 1645:and 1610:and 1448:Cuba 1427:and 1390:and 1223:and 1213:Baní 1191:and 1116:and 1088:and 1054:The 1003:mojo 887:news 840:Cuba 832:and 802:Cuba 732:and 716:and 676:and 648:The 612:and 606:Peru 531:and 525:Ifni 450:Cuba 332:Peru 195:Cuba 73:news 3231:Art 2969:Law 2313:in 2304:in 1666:or 1578:In 1514:of 960:son 947:to 870:by 500:or 432:of 277:620 257:628 56:by 3964:: 3322:TV 2822:, 2818:, 2814:, 2810:, 2806:, 2252:^ 2237:^ 2218:^ 2181:}} 2177:{{ 2165:. 2113:^ 2061:^ 2034:^ 1972:. 1950:^ 1884:^ 1872:^ 1847:^ 1802:^ 1678:, 1662:, 1625:, 1598:. 1450:, 1446:, 1431:. 1423:, 1419:, 1415:, 1386:, 1382:, 1378:, 1374:, 1370:, 1289:. 1227:. 1219:, 1215:, 1183:, 1112:, 1108:, 1104:, 1100:, 1096:, 1084:, 958:, 828:, 816:. 764:. 756:, 712:, 608:, 604:, 600:, 592:. 543:, 527:, 504:. 456:, 448:, 444:, 440:, 407:, 403:, 399:, 3834:) 3830:( 3644:e 3637:t 3630:v 2608:e 2601:t 2594:v 2355:e 2348:t 2341:v 2191:) 2173:. 2071:. 2056:. 1988:. 1945:. 1932:. 937:) 931:( 926:) 922:( 912:· 905:· 898:· 891:· 864:. 468:( 419:( 374:) 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 27:.

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