1354:
establishment of the First
Republic. The Canarians, much like other groups in Venezuelan society, were opportunists when choosing when and to whom to show their support. They were looking for a fairer economy without the monopolistic presence of the Caracas Company, but also hoping that a new republic would be formed under different social circumstances. Creoles had no intentions of relinquishing their social superiority or economic and political power, and Canarians reacted accordingly. Canarian support for the Spanish crown was documented, and they likely believed their support would be rewarded with economic opportunity and social capital by switching to the royalist cause. Upon the success of the counterrevolution of 1812, Canarians were rewarded for their loyalty with positions of power. Canarians who ascended to such positions were often underqualified for their posts, and many were ruthless in denouncing and persecuting former employers and other Creoles. Many accounts, both written at the time of the counter-revolution or in later periods by historians, paint Canarians as ignorant, vulgar, and hated by the rest of the population, and blame that ignorance as the rationale behind the decision-making of Isleños during the counter-revolution. Other accounts, however, don’t see the ignorance as a factor in decision-making, instead arguing that Isleños identified and sided with the movement they believed would be most sympathetic to their cause and their goals. Regardless, their support for the counter-revolution would cement their position as royalists in the Second Republic and royalist caudillo movements that would follow in the early 19th century.
1328:
opportunity, most importantly in terms of land for agricultural production. However, Canarians faced social conditions that impeded their ability to develop strong economic footholds in the region. Firstly, the
Caracas Company, a trading company established by the Spanish crown to incorporate the economy of Venezuela into that of the greater Spanish empire in the Americas, held a monopoly over trade and dictated the cost of produced and imported goods. Secondly, the landed elites of Venezuela had a firm grip on the economy and agricultural production in the northern areas of the country that included the economic and political center of Caracas as well as the land most productive for cacao production, a staple of the regional economy. Canarians looking for land were forced further inland to the Llanos, where the land was often less productive and demanded more work. Canarian landowners and agricultural producers therefore saw themselves as largely insignificant in the export economy. Those that decided against searching for land took jobs as laborers on cacao estates or became menial workers such as shopkeepers or transporters of goods, while others became involved in the business of contraband. Canarians involved in illicit trade did achieve some success towards the end of the 18th century, especially as the Canarian communities in the Llanos developed economically and looked for trading options for their goods outside of the monopoly of the Caracas Company. However, these contrabandists faced increasing challenges to their operations as the Spanish crown began appointing a greater number of
1341:
movements, and instead had reasons for wanting either of the possible outcomes. These outcomes both served them in some way; independence for
Venezuela meant an end to the stranglehold the Caracas Company held over regional trade, and royalist victory meant an opportunity to change the social order which had often been oppressive to anybody not a peninsular Spaniard or Creole elite. However, it was Canarian discontent with the Caracas Company that drove their initial participation in these movements. A Canarian-led protest in 1749 against the Company, which was widely supported among non-Spanish members of the Venezuelan population, ended with brutal repercussions for participants of lower social classes but a relatively lighter punishment for Creole elites, as well as changes to the Caracas Company which gave the Creoles, but not the Canarians, the opportunity to own shares of the company. A rallying cry for Canarians during this protest was “Long live the King and death to the Vizcayans,” referring to the
664:
slavery in those colonies, and encouraged
Canarian immigration. Most Canarian immigrants then immigrated to the two islands in the Caribbean, where their labor was exploited and they were paid very little. There were, however, also thousands of Canarians who immigrated to other countries including Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina. After the annexation of Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States and the prohibition of Canarian immigration to Puerto Rico in 1898, immigration was directed primarily to Cuba, with certain flows to other countries (especially Argentina and Uruguay). After 1936, most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Venezuela until 1948, after which most of the islanders began immigrating to Venezuela. Since the 1970s Canarian emigration has decreased and from the early 1980s, with the improvement of the Canary Islands' economy (and Spain's in general, until the economic crisis of 2008), Canarian emigration has diminished.
1337:
elites, whose social and racial prejudices often led them to include the
Canarians in the lowest social strata that included these people of color. Among whites, Canarians were seen as inferior to both the peninsular Spanish and the Creoles due to their status as immigrants and their relative poverty. This classism was omnipresent in Venezuelan life, determining social interactions as well as economic prospects. Laws prohibited intermarriage between Canarians and Spaniards. Occupations in which Canarians were well-represented were usually those that Creoles rejected as ‘unworthy’ of people of their status, and there was little to no opportunity for them to gain social status. Although Canarians could legally hold political, merchant, military and bureaucratic positions, unlike people of color, they were often not as openly accepted or respected under these positions.
1582:
throughout the country). Although the number of
Canarians who immigrated to Argentina during the 19th century was not comparable to the number of those who emigrated to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay, in some years there were relatively large numbers of Canarian immigrants; for example, between 1878 and 1888, 3,033 Canarians emigrated. The emigration rate to Argentina was relatively high among the islanders in the 20th century, but did not reach the volume of those who went to Cuba and Venezuela. Even so, in the 1930s, the Canarian government put the number of Canarians and their descendants in that country at about 80,000 people. In 1984 there were 1,038 Canarians in Buenos Aires. They formed several organizations to preserve their ethnic heritage and provide mutual aid. Several Canarian families from Buenos Aires settled in
1487:(Blood Tribute), many of them settled in Yucatán, where by the 18th century they controlled the trade network that distributed goods throughout the peninsula; their descendants are still counted among the most influential families of direct Spanish descent in Mexico. During the 20th century, another group of Canarians settled in Mexico in the early 1930s, and as with Galician and other Spanish immigrants of the time, there were high rates of illiteracy and impoverishment among them, but they adapted relatively quickly. While the Spanish Civil War was still being fought in Spain, the prominent Canarian intellectual Agustin Millares Carlo from Las Palmas became an expatriate in Mexico in 1938. University professor
1038:
977:. Cuban immigration to the Canary Islands has introduced, for example, the dish "moros y cristianos" (or simply "moros"), to the cuisine of the Canary Islands; especially on the island of La Palma. Canary Islanders were the driving force in the cigar industry in Cuba, where they were called "Vegueros." Many of the big cigar factories in Cuba were owned by Canary Islanders. After the Castro revolution, many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary Islands, among them cigar factory owners such as the Garcias. Through them the cigar industry made its way to the Canary Islands from Cuba, and it is now well-established there. The island of
676:(an internationally traded white table wine) after the 1640 emancipation from Spanish rule of Portugal, whose colonies were its preferred market, put thousands of Canarians out of work, causing many of them to immigrate to the Americas with their families. There was discussion in governmental circles of the islands being overpopulated, and the Spanish crown decided to institute the "El Tributo de Sangre (the tribute of blood). For every hundred tons of cargo that a Spanish colony in the Americas sent to Spain, five Canarian families would be sent there. The number of families actually sent, however, usually exceeded ten.
1453:'s population, emigrated to Uruguay, and groups of them continued to come sporadically until about 1900. During the 19th century, more than 10,000 Canarians settled in Uruguay, the majority from the eastern islands; however, only 5700 or so of them remained permanently in Uruguay. A few groups of Canary Islanders continued to arrive through the early 20th century, still coming mainly from the eastern islands, but specific figures are not available. Canarians and Canarian descendants are scattered throughout Uruguay. Uruguay ranks fifth after
1324:
migration to
Venezuela in the 18th century was one of two waves of migration from the Canary Islands to the Venezuelan region, the second of which occurred in the mid-early 19th century. Venezuela experienced significant economic and political change between these centuries, and Canarians played key roles during the turbulent period of revolts and independence movements that resulted in these changes, roles largely inspired by the social, economic, and political conditions faced by the first wave of Canarian immigrants to the region.
1245:. The thriving border towns there were abandoned in 1794, when the area become part of Haiti during the Haitian domination (1822–1844). Isleños on the now Haitian side of the border moved to the interior of the island, and some of them, especially of those from Cibao, moved to Cuba, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. The Isleños were, for a time, the fastest-growing ethnic group in the Dominican Republic. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the flow of Canarians immigrating to the country slowed to a trickle.
297:
1159:, and sailed to Hispaniola island. There was also an influx of Canarian settlers, who arrived on the colony of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) in the second half of the 16th century. Santo Domingo, in the mid-17th century, still had a very small population and suffered economic hardship. The Spanish authorities believed that the French, who had occupied the western part of the island (now Haiti), might also try to take the eastern half of the island, now the
534:(continental Spaniard). By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves, and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated. The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants, from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century, when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of
587:
1725:
220:
357:
3597:
239:
182:
1652:. It is known, however, that since the 16th century, the Canary Islands were a transit point for European vessels bound for the Americas (many of them to Brazil), and it is likely that some of them were carrying Canarians to the Portuguese colony. Due to the difficult circumstances of travel, several expeditions that had left Lanzarote for Uruguay were forced to end their passage in other places, such as
3607:
2296:
257:
861:
47:
317:
2376:
3617:
2580:
707:(1868–1878) in Cuba, Cuban separatists made a distinction between Canary Islander immigrants and those from peninsular Spain, leading them to promote Canarian immigration to Cuba. The usual form of administration to manage the emigration from the islands prevailed, with corruption and fraud governing the actions of the Canarian ruling classes. In the 20th century poverty, the
337:
200:
1143:, the Canarian aborigines, especially those from the island of Tenerife. In some areas of the island, this Guanche component appears in over 50% of the sampled population, and in the western part, it appears in over 80%. Even today, there are people in these towns who can relate stories from their Canary Island great-grandparents that they remember when they were children.
277:
3665:
1739:
1660:. By 1812, a small group of Canarians (all of them from Lanzarote) lived on Santa Catarina island, in the south of Brazil. A study by W.F. Piazza notes that parish records from 1814 to 1818 show 20 families from Lanzarote living there. Rixo Alvarez speaks of the expeditions of Polycarp Medinilla, a Portuguese based in Lanzarote, and Agustín González Brito, from
579:
1062:, arrived with 20 Canarian families. This was followed by others in 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. Between 1720 and 1730, some 176 Canarian families, totaling 882 persons, immigrated to Puerto Rico, more than half of them married couples and their children, and the rest eventually found partners in Puerto Rico.
1185:, where they formed a militia made up exclusively of Canarians, and another in Frontera, where the group founded Banica and Hincha in 1691 and 1702, respectively. In the latter two settlements the raising of livestock prospered thanks to the growing trade with Haiti. The lack of financial resources and the
1668:
leaflets were printed to promote the immigration to Brazil of
Canarians to work as laborers. How effective they were is unknown. There were other publications distributed in the Canary Islands that opposed the emigration movement, and the Canarian press depicted a very negative view of the quality of
1189:
led to a decrease in
Canarian immigration to the area. Afterwards, Canarian immigration increase significantly but came to a standstill again between 1742 and 1749 as a result of the war with England. The Canarians settled mainly on the border with Haiti to prevent French territorial expansion of the
957:
Of the Latin
American countries, Cuba was most affected by the immigration of Canary Islanders, and their presence influenced the development of the Cuban dialect and accent. Many words in traditional Cuban Spanish can be traced to the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. Cuban Spanish is very close
1421:
to populate the region, arriving in two different groups. The first group was established in the city on November 19, 1726, and 25 Canarian families came to Montevideo. They organized quickly to survive in that area. The first civilian authorities in Montevideo were Canarian, and they were the first
1138:
Most of the Isleños arrived on the island married, often with many children, which helped to preserve their customs, traditions, religions, and accent. A group of geneticists from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of mitochondrial DNA, which is passed through the mother, and found that the
1077:
Between 1891 and 1895, Canary immigration to Puerto Rico was officially over 600 immigrants; if unrecorded or concealed immigration were taken into account, the number would be much larger. Canarian immigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century is estimated at 2,733 people, mostly peasants desiring
699:
expanded in the Canary Islands during the 19th century well into the 1880s, when trade in this product plummeted, which, together with the coffee boom and the war crisis in Cuba, depressed the economy. It also spurred Canarian immigration to the Americas. After 1893, Canarians continued to immigrate
549:
The cultures of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture, as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay. Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who immigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the
1612:
In the 16th century, many people who emigrated to the Americas from there were, in fact, Spaniards from the mainland of Europe or foreigners, making it difficult to know how many of the immigrants were actually Canarians. There are records also of some Canarians and Canarian families, at least some
1482:
Descendants of Canary Islanders are a small community in Mexico, but their presence is notable especially in the business world and in the tourism industry. A few Canarian families emigrated to Mexico in the 17th century (as in the case of the Azuaje families). In the 18th century, when the Spanish
1408:
Since 1936, most Canarian immigrants have gone either to Cuba or to Venezuela (some of those who emigrated to Venezuela came from Cuba) because they encouraged immigration, especially of Spanish citizens, and since 1948, most have emigrated to Venezuela, a massive immigration that did not end until
1353:
Despite their support for the King, many Canarians initially supported the independence movement of the First Republic in 1810, realizing the potential for change in a new nation. This change did not materialize, and Canarians switched allegiance to the royalist cause in the years that followed the
1057:
stated that for every ton of cargo shipped from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to Spain, five Canarian families were sent to populate the colonies. The number of families sent to the Americas, however, often became ten. The first wave of Canarian emigration seems to have occurred in 1695 when
663:
was finally abolished in 1764. Despite that, many Canarians continued to migrate to the Americas to escape grinding poverty at home. After the liberation of the Latin American countries from Spanish rule (1811–1825), Spain retained only Cuba and Puerto Rico as colonies in the Americas. It abolished
1340:
Venezuela descended into a period of political and social instability from 1750 to the early 1800s as tensions flared between the Spanish and their subjects in Venezuela and independence movements gained steam. Initially, Canarians held no strong allegiances to either the independence or royalist
1336:
The rigid, caste-like social structure in Venezuela dictated the experience of Canarians in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Although separate from colored people such as mulattos, slaves, and Indians due to their race, Canarians were still seen as inferior by the Venezuelan-born Creole
1090:
The Isleños contributed substantially to the development of agriculture, as well as the provincial rural character of Puerto Rican society, preserving their ancestral customs, traditions, folk arts, dialect and festivals that remain features of Puerto Rican culture. They tended to settle in areas
718:
For the reasons already mentioned, there were specific problems on some islands that also boosted Canarian emigration. In Lanzarote, from the 16th to the 20th century, the people experienced terrible drought (1626–1632), epidemics, house and tithe taxes, invasions of locusts, and several volcanic
1332:
peninsular Spaniards mostly from the Basque region—to a wide range of official positions, including those that held jurisdiction over the investigation of contrabandists, indicating a crackdown on a key industry for many Canarians. Regardless of their profession, Canarians had little economic or
1323:
was founded with 40 Canarian families, which was followed in 1700 by another 29 in the town of Los Marqueses. Maracaibo received 25 Canarian families between 1732 and 1738, while in 1764 another 14 families arrived, to which were added another 300 families transported to Venezuela. This Canarian
594:
The Canary Islander immigration to the Americas began as early as 1492, with the first voyage of Columbus, and did not end until the early 1980s. The Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands had only recently occurred (1402–1496), when Columbus made a stopover in the Canary Islands for supplies in
1279:
During colonial times and until the end of the Second World War, most European immigrants in Venezuela were Canary Islanders. Their cultural impact was significant, influencing both the development of Castilian Spanish in the country as well as its cuisine and customs. Venezuela has perhaps the
1087:, a small guitar with origins in the Canary Islands. The Canarian Islands have contributed more to the Puerto Rican population than any other Spanish region except Andalusia, and Canary Islanders, along with Andalusians, were the principal Spanish expatriate community there by the 19th century.
1581:
in 1535 decided to stay, they intermarried with natives and/or other Spanish settlers. Several ships came to Buenos Aires with immigrant Canarians in 1830; a group of them settled in the interior and another group settled in the capital (the descendants of those families have spread gradually
1069:
ended in 1764, but poverty and overpopulation in the Canary Islands still caused many Canarians to immigrate to Puerto Rico and other parts of Latin America. After the Spanish American colonies won their independence (1811–1825), most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the only
1640:, with 88 Canarian families—400 persons—that currently have more than 1,000 descendants. They responded to the government's call to populate this region and signed contracts for the benefit of a private company. Some were arrested while trying to escape their servitude, and the indigenous
1327:
Beginning in the 1680s and continuing into the 18th century, Canarians arrived in Venezuela in large numbers. Facing the reality that the Canary Islands had neither the land nor the economic conditions to support an ever-growing population, these migrants arrived in Venezuela in search of
719:
eruptions in 1730, affecting over half the population, causing many of them to migrate, pirate attacks (Lanzarote suffered more pirate invasions than the other islands) and harsh weather conditions. Consequently, many people on Lanzarote migrated to other Canary Islands including (
1251:, the first president of the Dominican Republic, rented several Venezuelan ships during the mid-19th century period of border disputes with Haiti to carry Isleños to the Dominican Republic, but most of the 2,000 who emigrated returned to Venezuela in 1862, when
2212:
Balbuena Castellano, José Manuel. La odisea de los canarios en Texas y Luisiana: XIII, Un párentesis: Los canarios en Uruguay (The odyssey of the Canarians in Texas and Louisiana: XIII, a parenthesis: The Canarian in Uruguay). Pages:154-155. First Edition,
1333:
political power and were impacted by the monopolistic practices of the peninsular-operated Caracas Company and the economic and social influences of the landed elite, conditions that would be catalysts for Canarian involvement in revolts and rebellions.
1701:(which includes present-day countries of Colombia and Venezuela), Canarian settlers from nearby Venezuela lived on the islands; children from affluent Canarian Venezuelan families were educated on the islands. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as
782:
and founded the four communities of Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. Of those settlements, Valenzuela and San Bernardo were the most successful as the other two were plagued with both disease and flooding. The large migration of
1548:
In 1884, over 8,000 Canarians emigrated to a small town in Costa Rica when the country invited Canarian immigration to populate the uninhabited town (some Canarians had already settled in Costa Rica, beginning in the 16th century). A Canarian from
1644:
people took pity on the plight of these Canarians who were established on their former lands. The Indians welcomed them and joined their demonstrations in the so-called "revolt of the Canarians", and many Canarians intermarried with Mapuches.
1506:
to dive for pearls in 1514. The men, however, were dispersed when they came ashore. Another expedition was led in 1519 by López de Sosa, who was appointed by the Spanish government to replace Dávila and recruited 200 of his neighbors on
1267:(1936–1939). 300 Canarians arrived in 1955, when Trujillo encouraged Spanish immigration to his country to raise the white population, but most of them left and went to Venezuela because of the harsh conditions. Some of them remained in
1263:), settled in the capital and in rural areas, especially in the east. During the first half of the 20th century, some groups of Canarians immigrated to the Dominican Republic, many of them Republican exiles who came during and after the
1308:, took about 350 persons, and his successor, Jerome of Ortal, about 80 people, from Tenerife, whether they were native Canarians or just people settled in the islands. In 1681, 54 families from Tenerife were transported to the port of
631:, Cuba, and by the Royal Decree of May 6, 1663, 800 Canarian families were sent to settle in Santo Domingo; it is assumed this was to avert the danger that the French might seize it, since they already had occupied what is now Haiti.
606:
In the first half of the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors, some of whom settled permanently in the Americas themselves, organized several groups of people chosen in the Canary Islands to colonize parts of Latin America including
1822:
1681:
where they were permanently settled, as well as others who emigrated directly to Brazil from the Canary Islands. A few Canarians on vessels headed to Venezuela were shipwrecked on the Brazilian coast in the 1960s.
1178:(Our Lady of Candelaria). The population increased with the arrival of 39 families in 1700 and another 49 in 1709. Canarian families who arrived that year had to bribe the governor to be permitted to remain there.
1409:
the early 1980s, but there was a significant decrease in the 1970s, with the beginning of Canarian emigration to other European countries. Canarians and their descendants are now scattered throughout Venezuela.
810:
and both World Wars. The Isleños have been able to preserve some features of their culture except in Florida, where they had made improvements in its agriculture, but most of the Canarian settlers immigrated to
648:, or Spanish-born Spaniards. Consequently, during the late 17th and 18th century, hundreds of Canarian families moved to Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, with others going to places like
2994:
1345:
who held positions of power in government and the Caracas Company. The Canarians were not looking to rid themselves of the Spanish crown, but to shake themselves of the power of the Caracas Company and
1422:
to give Spanish names to roads and geographic features. The second group, with 30 Canarian families, arrived in the city on March 27, 1729. Others places in Uruguay where Canary Islanders settled were
1664:. The settlers from Lanzarote were forced to disembark in Rio de Janeiro. Only an estimated 50 Canary Islanders emigrated to Brazil in this century. During the last years of the 19th century, some
546:
in Africa during the first half of the century. Beginning in the 1970s, they began to immigrate to other European countries, although immigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s.
1601:. This contingent pacified the warring tribes on the coast and penetrated into the interior. On the way, they founded several cities, two which, Las Palmas and Tenerife, still exist. In addition,
2336:
2052:
550:
20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations, there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some of their ancestors' Canarian culture, as in
965:
Through cross-immigration by Canarians and Cubans, many Canarian customs have become Cuban traditions and vice versa. Cuban music has been integrated into Canarian culture as well, including
2255:
1836:
1081:
Whole towns and villages in Puerto Rico were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their lasting influence of Canarian culture can still be heard in the Puerto Rican accent and seen in the
1170:, 800 Canarian families were sent to the island. There were 97 Canarian families who arrived in 1684 and founded San Carlos de Tenerife (in 1911, it became a neighborhood of the city of
2100:
Diego Hernández de Serpa, gobernador de la Nueva Andalucía (Venezuela), parte de Sanlúcar en 1569, y concierta con su pariente Adriano Padilla el envío a su costa de doscientos hombres.
1280:
largest population of Canarian immigrants, and it is commonly said in the Canary Islands that "Venezuela is the eighth island of the Canary Islands." In the 16th century, the German
1074:
of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canary Island immigration came to Puerto Rico, and entire villages were formed of relocated islanders.
1070:
remaining Spanish possessions in the Americas, where their labor was exploited to replace that of slaves, who had been liberated with the abolishment of slavery. Following the
2777:
1597:
led an expedition of 1,500 people, 400 of whom were Canarians from all the different islands that make up the archipelago), for the conquest of the area around what became
1669:
life for migrants in Brazil. Some ships transporting Canary Islander emigrants to Venezuela during the early 20th century were blown off course and landed in Brazil, the
1008:
exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt. The Cuban dialect of Spanish shows a substantial influence of the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands.
2195:
3783:
1174:). The Spanish authorities there concentrated resources on agriculture and livestock, and incorporated a municipality and a church dedicated to the city's patroness,
3993:
3548:
2199:
1365:
had Canarian ancestors on his mother's side. There were many other notable Venezuelan leaders who were of Canarian descent, such as the precursor of independence
847:
peoples in those Caribbean countries influenced by earlier waves of settlers from the Canary Islands, who first arrived in the Americas in the late 16th century.
759:. Spain's goal was to colonize certain regions with Spanish settlers, and between 1731 and 1783, several Canarian communities were established in what is now the
3061:
1980:
3104:
1271:
and in El Cibao. Isleños contributed to the development of agriculture in the Dominican Republic with their raising of crops like coffee, cocoa and tobacco.
627:. There followed other groups who settled in Santo Domingo and Cuba in the second half of the 16th century. In 1611, about 10 Canarian families were sent to
3983:
2275:(in Spanish: Among the blush of the Aurora: Juan Perdigón, a Brazilian anarchist from Fuerteventura island). written by Jesús Giráldez Macía. Pages 47–48.
3653:
2238:
1449:
sent an expedition of 200 people from the eastern islands of the Canaries to Montevideo. Between 1835 and 1845 about 8,200 Canarians, more than half of
3695:
3690:
3114:
2364:
3988:
2222:
1713:) regrouped in Curaçao. While many Canarians returned to Venezuela after its independence, many of them remained in Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire.
1833:
2989:
992:; the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeic word imitative of the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah). The term of endearment
3149:
2617:
2064:
1938:
1793:
823:
spoken in the Canary Islands during the 18th century was still spoken by older Isleños until the 1950s in San Antonio but is still spoken in
1037:
3763:
2897:
3109:
3978:
3088:
3028:
1319:
25 Canarian families were transported to Guyana in 1717 to found a village, and they then migrated to the Llanos of Venezuela. In 1697,
3813:
2737:
2658:
2272:
600:
3808:
2984:
2171:
981:
has had the most Cuban influence out of the seven islands, and its accent is the closest of the island accents to the Cuban accent.
944:
130:
3631:
2701:
1865:
1518:, brought a group of Canary Islanders to the country. These were among the few Canarians who emigrated to Panama in that century.
2023:
2009:
1953:
1537:, as well as the general unhealthiness of the area. They were able to successfully establish themselves near the Honduran port of
3932:
3046:
2093:
3917:
3747:
3560:
3502:
1987:(in Spanish). Teguise, Lanzarote, Canary Islands: Departamento de Cultura y Patrimonio, Ayuntamiento de Teguise. Archived from
792:
1709:
were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland (such as
3952:
3646:
3620:
3186:
3011:
2630:
1358:
1255:
came to power. Many of the Canarians who settled in the Dominican Republic (including Jose Trujillo Monagas, originally from
984:
Many of the typical Cuban variations of standard Spanish vocabulary derive from the Canarian lexicon. For example, the word "
882:
68:
962:, as Canarians have been immigrating to Cuba since the 16th century, especially during the 19th and (early) 20th centuries.
925:
111:
3884:
3793:
2316:
1405:. More than 9,000 Canarians emigrated to Venezuela between 1841 and 1844, and in 1875, more than 5,000 Canarians arrived.
1374:
1268:
1186:
1116:
824:
897:
731:) as well as to the Americas, including Uruguay, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and the southern United States.
83:
3798:
3389:
3374:
3276:
2834:
2757:
2357:
1195:
2342:
3922:
3778:
3572:
3512:
3507:
3492:
3305:
2937:
2882:
2532:
2499:
2432:
819:
in 1763 and still more left when, after being recovered by Spain, Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819. The
2299:(Illegal immigration in sailing from the Canary Islands to Venezuela in the mid-20th century). Javier Gonzalez Antón.
1988:
1285:
1260:
1078:
to farm their own land, who tended to settle in Puerto Rico in families or groups of families related to each other.
878:
64:
2504:
904:
90:
3467:
3327:
3191:
3066:
2484:
1928:
1698:
1594:
1182:
799:
3639:
3293:
2967:
2952:
2822:
2678:
2653:
2610:
2284:
2691:
1851:
1071:
672:
After a century and a half of growth, the economy of the Canary Islands was in crisis. The diminished output of
656:
or the south of the present United States. These families were sent to populate various parts of Latin America.
503:
of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana, where they are still called
3533:
3056:
3051:
2716:
1446:
1100:
816:
2494:
1488:
1394:
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57:
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to South America and the establishment of economic ties between the Netherlands (the ruler of Curaçao) and
642:
to Spain, 50 Canarian families would be sent to the Americas to populate regions having low populations of
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3543:
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3023:
3018:
2892:
2867:
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2826:
2818:
2325:
1772:
1515:
1289:
1231:
1128:
760:
744:
620:
563:
31:
3737:
893:
79:
3567:
3538:
3517:
3344:
2312:
1657:
1598:
1211:
1207:
1104:
779:
755:
During the 18th century, the Spanish crown sent several groups of Canary Islanders to their colonies in
691:
by the French made the Spanish Crown consider want to avoid the occupation of part of Venezuela and the
3206:
1778:
1622:
1529:. The plan for populating the area failed, however, because of the hostility they encountered from the
1390:
638:(Blood Tribute); this was a Spanish law stipulating that for every thousand tons of cargo shipped from
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3420:
3246:
3166:
3161:
2957:
2927:
2830:
2752:
2747:
2603:
2258:(in Spanish: Canarians in Chile). Posted Luis León Barreto. Retrieved December 21, 2011, to 23:52 pm.
1730:
1427:
1398:
1366:
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1312:, but this area was so unsafe that a few of them settled in villages already founded or went to the
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2711:
1618:
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1541:, where they could farm the surrounding lands, and in the highlands where they founded the town of
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1083:
840:
803:
616:
35:
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1362:
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3907:
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3001:
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2333:(CANARY+ISLANDER+US) is the cultural project about the Descendants of Canary Islanders in the US.
2189:
1752:
1538:
1466:
1435:
1431:
1281:
1160:
1120:
1112:
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302:
1215:
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led to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo (
1491:, who did important work in the subject of geography, went into exile in Mexico after the war.
1361:
in the first half of the 19th century were Canarians or descendants of Canarians. For example,
1131:. Many settled in small villages where they intermarried with other Puerto Ricans and with the
586:
3848:
3823:
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2177:
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1934:
1788:
1783:
1264:
750:
708:
704:
543:
500:
419:
2287:. (in Spanish: Canarians Soldier and settlers in the Americas). Isidoro Santana Gil's teacher
2079:
835:
Louisiana's Isleños have shared some aspects of Canarian culture for over 200 years with the
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Google Books: Entre el rubor de las auroras: Juan Perdigón, un majorero anarquista en Brasil
1762:
1602:
1574:
1439:
1423:
1386:
1219:
959:
820:
806:. After the incorporation of Louisiana and Texas into the United States, they fought in the
692:
523:
488:
480:
435:
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where other Isleños were already living, preferring certain rural districts and towns like
507:. Another name for Canary Islander in English is "Canarian." In Spanish, an alternative is
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1876:
1840:
1757:
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1305:
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present population of Puerto Rico has in its genome a substantial component of genes from
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639:
624:
527:
444:
104:
2055:(The Island Roots of Mayagüez) by Federico Cedó Alzamora, Official Historian of Mayagüez.
1370:
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is from the Canary Islands. An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb
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2020:
1767:
1653:
1625:, in the second half of the 16th century. Others emigrated in 1678 by the terms of the
1534:
1522:
1402:
1301:
539:
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395:
795:) was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century.
27:
Inhabitants of the Canary Islands and their descendants who immigrated to the Americas
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728:
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526:, at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations, to distinguish a
225:
2243:(in Spanish) "Colombia is Conquered by a Small Contingent of 400 Canary Islanders").
2559:
1744:
1578:
1508:
1293:
1256:
1181:
In the first decades of the 18th century, another group of Canarians immigrated to
1163:. They asked the Spanish crown to send Canarian families to stop French expansion.
1013:
724:
644:
612:
499:). Formerly used for the general category of people, it now refers to the specific
2297:
Emigración clandestina en veleros de Canarias a Venezuela a mediados del siglo XX
3437:
3256:
2979:
2584:
2527:
1702:
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before the 19th century was very low, although three companies of soldiers from
1462:
1011:
Many names for food items come from the Canary Islands as well. The Cuban sauce
860:
764:
688:
555:
492:
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362:
46:
2038:
1890:
Morales Padrón, Francisco. Canarias - América. Colección "Guagua", 1982. p. 49.
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3171:
2782:
2772:
2388:
1720:
1686:
1665:
1554:
1418:
1203:
1199:
684:
1316:. The next year, another group of 31 families arrived from Tenerife as well.
3241:
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La aventura fundacional de los isleños: Panaquire y Juan Francisco de León
2537:
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1590:
1583:
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island, Jose Martinez, was among the first Spanish settlers to arrive in
1526:
1140:
978:
720:
472:
411:
2339:. Publicado por Federico Cedó Alzamora, Historiador Oficial de Mayagüez.
599:
left the Canary Islands with a group of people heading to the island of
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2554:
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1641:
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to Venezuela, where some of these Canarians were among the founders of
1223:
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262:
17:
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Colombia se conquistó gracias a un pequeño contingente de 400 canarios
1284:
in the Canary Islands recruited 200 men to colonize Venezuela, as did
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1798:
1674:
1649:
1503:
1495:
1313:
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left the Canary Islands with a group of Canarians, some of them from
836:
322:
282:
1979:
Francisco Hernández Delgado; María Dolores Rodríguez Armas (2010).
3664:
2321:
2065:
La emigración y su trascendencia en la historia del pueblo canario
1690:
1637:
1530:
1469:
in the number of people of Canarian descent among its population.
1242:
1227:
1036:
1029:
is another Canarian food known to Cubans, along with many others.
585:
577:
456:
1483:
crown encouraged Canarian emigration to the Americas through the
2626:
2595:
2375:
1561:
Canary Islanders in other Caribbean and South American countries
1458:
812:
535:
460:
342:
205:
3635:
2599:
2346:
2330:
1985:
Archivo Histórico Municipal de Teguise (www.archivoteguise.es)
1021:
of the Canary Islands, where the sauce was invented. Canarian
854:
40:
1166:
By the royal decree of May 6, 1663, under the policy of the
1417:
The first Canarians to emigrate to Uruguay were settled in
1222:(1760). The Canarians also founded San Carlos de Tenerife,
778:
Between 1778 and 1783 another 2,100 Canarians arrived in
2163:
Latin America between colony and nation: selected essays
1210:
with the arrival of 46 families between 1735 and 1736,
491:
to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as "
2234:
2232:
2230:
1241:
After 1764, the Canarians were sent primarily to the
1025:
was introduced to Cuba through Canarian immigration.
1933:. Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. p. 24.
1292:, who sent another 200 soldiers and 400 slaves from
3945:
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3756:
3720:
3704:
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1511:to participate in the conquest of Central America.
885:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
771:. Between 1757 and 1759, 154 families were sent to
401:
389:
372:
352:
332:
312:
292:
272:
252:
235:
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195:
178:
173:
159:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1498:were led by Canarians. The first was organized by
1000:(to fight). In standard Spanish the verb would be
590:"Spanish" trapper and sons, Delacroix Island, 1941
2251:
2249:
2166:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave.
715:also drove Canarian immigration to the Americas.
700:to Venezuela to escape Spanish military service.
634:In 1678, the Spanish crown enacted the so-called
2313:Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society Museum
1565:The number of Canary islanders who emigrated to
1473:Canary Islanders in other places in the Americas
2118:. Academia Nacional de la Historia. p. 22.
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1648:Little is known about any Canary emigration to
2322:Canary Islanders Heritage Society of Louisiana
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
3647:
2611:
2358:
2075:
2073:
2048:
2046:
1927:Manuel Hernández González (January 1, 2005).
1586:, where they founded the town of Candelaria.
1514:In 1534, Bartolomé García Muxica, founder of
1206:) as well as ports in strategic locations in
8:
3105:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
2268:
2266:
2264:
2194:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1053:Between 1678 and 1764 the Spanish policy of
148:
2337:Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
1818:
1816:
1814:
763:. In 1731, 16 Canarian families arrived in
3680:
3654:
3640:
3632:
3425:
3231:
3227:
3137:
2920:
2916:
2855:
2643:
2618:
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2365:
2351:
2343:
2223:La geografía escolar en México (1821-2000)
2198:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1259:and the grandfather of the later dictator
988:" (bus) differs from the standard Spanish
683:by the English and of the western half of
147:
1981:"La emigración de Lanzarote y sus causas"
1502:, who recruited fifty good swimmers from
1058:Juan Fernández Franco de Medina, the new
945:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3115:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
2256:Archipiélago noticias. Canarios en Chile
1886:
1884:
1810:
1605:led 100 men from the Canary Islands to
1478:Canarians in Mexico and Central America
1350:who threatened the contraband economy.
447:settlers and immigrants to present-day
328:unknown (by ancestry), 1,600 (by birth)
3994:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
2187:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1823:How many Canarians in other countries.
1521:In 1787, 306 Canarians arrived on the
2285:Soldados y colonos canarios e América
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1861:
1859:
1794:Spanish language in the United States
434:
7:
1852:Canarian ancestry in 2000 U.S census
883:adding citations to reliable sources
595:1501. Also in 1501 (possibly 1502),
174:Regions with significant populations
69:adding citations to reliable sources
3089:National Revolutionary Police Force
3047:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
2990:National Assembly of People's Power
3984:American people of Spanish descent
2738:United States embargo against Cuba
25:
3110:Dirección General de Inteligencia
2080:Origen de la población dominicana
2039:The Spanish of the Canary Islands
1877:Spanish Mexican#Immigration waves
3663:
3615:
3605:
3596:
3595:
2578:
2374:
1737:
1723:
1357:Many of those who fought in the
859:
355:
335:
315:
295:
275:
255:
237:
218:
198:
180:
45:
3606:
2112:Lucas G. Castillo Lara (1983).
1930:La Emigración Canaria a América
1866:EMIGRANTES CANARIOS EN EL MUNDO
1445:In 1808, the Canarian merchant
1176:Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria
870:needs additional citations for
582:Isleño settlements in Louisiana
56:needs additional citations for
3989:Ethnic groups in Latin America
3953:Conquest of the Canary Islands
2053:Las raíces isleñas de Mayagüez
1359:Venezuelan War of Independence
30:For Isleños in Louisiana, see
1:
2317:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
1187:War of the Spanish Succession
2758:Cuban intervention in Angola
1632:In 1903, a fleet arrived in
1103:. They concentrated also in
570:) in the Dominican Republic
475:. In these places, the name
2160:Lynch, John, 1927- (2001).
2092:Jesús Silva Herzog (2008).
1494:Two Spanish expeditions to
798:Many Isleños fought in the
4010:
3979:People of Canarian descent
3067:Territorial Troops Militia
1699:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1183:Santiago de los Caballeros
815:when Florida was ceded to
800:American Revolutionary War
748:
738:
34:. For Island Chumash, see
29:
3591:
3428:
3230:
3140:
2923:
2919:
2858:
2778:Fidel's transfer of power
2679:Cuban War of Independence
2573:
2010:Emigration to Puerto Rico
1613:of them known to be from
471:, and other parts of the
406:
394:
377:
164:
2021:www.canaryislandsusa.com
1489:Jorge Hernández Millares
1447:Francisco Aguilar y Leal
1286:Diego Hernández de Serpa
1261:Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
1196:San Miguel de la Atalaya
1595:Pedro Fernández de Lugo
1375:José Gregorio Hernández
1192:San Rafael de Angostura
1060:Governor of Puerto Rico
566:(now a neighborhood of
3187:International rankings
3024:Prime Minister of Cuba
3019:Vice President of Cuba
2326:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1834:Canarians in Venezuela
1773:History of San Antonio
1516:Nombre de Dios, Panama
1290:New Andalusia Province
1232:San Juan de la Maguana
1050:
761:Southern United States
668:Reasons for emigration
591:
583:
564:San Carlos de Tenerife
496:
487:') was applied to the
381:, English, French (in
1954:La emigracion canaria
1658:Santa Catarina island
1557:in the 16th century.
1395:Antonio Guzmán Blanco
1208:Monte Cristi Province
1040:
711:, and the actions of
589:
581:
402:Related ethnic groups
3881:US areas of Oceania
3390:Association Football
3375:Scouting and Guiding
3167:Dual economy of Cuba
2938:Council of Ministers
2898:World Heritage Sites
2753:Cuban Missile Crisis
2748:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2692:Spanish–American War
2095:Cuadernos americanos
1731:United States portal
1685:Due to proximity of
1367:Francisco de Miranda
1072:Spanish–American War
879:improve this article
560:Hatillo, Puerto Rico
65:improve this article
3819:Trinidad and Tobago
2743:Escambray rebellion
1619:Cartagena de Indias
1607:Cartagena de Indias
804:Battle of the Alamo
745:Isleños (Louisiana)
156:
32:Isleños (Louisiana)
3784:Dominican Republic
3192:Telecommunications
3057:Revolutionary Navy
3052:Revolutionary Army
2933:Corruption in Cuba
2659:Colonial governors
2565:Indigenous peoples
2026:2012-02-24 at the
1839:2011-07-13 at the
1779:Isleño (Louisiana)
1753:Canarian Americans
1623:Cáceres, Antioquia
1467:Dominican Republic
1391:José Tadeo Monagas
1373:and the physician
1369:, the philosopher
1282:Jorge de la Espira
1190:country, founding
1161:Dominican Republic
1147:Dominican Republic
1051:
1041:Most Puerto Rican
825:St. Bernard Parish
821:dialect of Spanish
741:Canarian Americans
679:The occupation of
629:Santiago del Prado
592:
584:
465:Dominican Republic
436:[isˈleɲos]
303:Dominican Republic
3966:
3965:
3941:
3940:
3691:Equatorial Guinea
3629:
3628:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3415:
3414:
3217:
3216:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3007:President of Cuba
2985:Political parties
2968:Human trafficking
2953:Foreign relations
2906:
2905:
2845:
2844:
2799:History of Havana
2593:
2592:
1940:978-84-7926-488-8
1627:Tributo de Sangre
1617:, who settled in
1485:Tributo de sangre
1399:Rómulo Betancourt
1383:José María Vargas
1379:José Antonio Páez
1265:Spanish Civil War
1253:José Antonio Páez
1168:tributo de sangre
1153:Nicolás de Ovando
1067:tributo de sangre
1055:tributo de sangre
955:
954:
947:
929:
831:Hispanic Antilles
780:Spanish Louisiana
709:Spanish Civil War
661:Tributo de Sangre
636:Tributo de Sangre
597:Nicolás de Ovando
544:Equatorial Guinea
522:is still used in
501:cultural identity
425:
424:
166:Canarian diaspora
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4001:
3681:
3670:Spanish diaspora
3668:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3549:Baseball players
3426:
3232:
3228:
3180:Convertible peso
3175:
3138:
2943:Council of State
2921:
2917:
2856:
2835:Santiago de Cuba
2644:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2236:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2185:
2157:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:on July 27, 2016
1976:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1763:Canarian Spanish
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1629:to Santa Marta.
1603:Pedro de Heredia
1577:when he founded
1575:Pedro de Mendoza
1500:Pedrarias Dávila
1387:Carlos Soublette
1220:Sabana de la Mar
1017:is based on the
960:Canarian Spanish
950:
943:
939:
936:
930:
928:
887:
863:
855:
693:Greater Antilles
524:Hispanic America
489:Canary Islanders
438:
433:
408:Canary Islanders
365:
361:
359:
358:
345:
341:
339:
338:
325:
321:
319:
318:
305:
301:
299:
298:
285:
281:
279:
278:
265:
261:
259:
258:
242:
241:
228:
224:
222:
221:
208:
204:
202:
201:
185:
184:
160:Total population
157:
155:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
36:Cruzeño language
21:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3937:
3891:
3860:
3752:
3716:
3700:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3616:
3579:
3522:
3411:
3355:Public holidays
3345:Musical theater
3213:
3173:
3150:Agrarian reform
3119:
3093:
3082:Law enforcement
3077:
3035:
2902:
2841:
2787:
2763:Mariel boatlift
2731:Post-Revolution
2726:
2697:Platt Amendment
2684:Sinking of USS
2633:
2624:
2594:
2589:
2585:Cuba portal
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1573:who were with
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513:isleño canario
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1363:Simón Bolívar
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895:
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890:Find sources:
884:
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868:This article
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817:Great Britain
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790:
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769:Spanish Texas
766:
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735:United States
734:
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729:Fuerteventura
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121:February 2011
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70:
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60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3843:in Louisiana
3696:South Africa
3448:Cape Verdean
3421:Demographics
3277:Universities
3247:Architecture
3162:Central bank
3155:Cooperatives
3098:Intelligence
2958:Human rights
2928:Constitution
2717:World War II
2685:
2560:Guanahatabey
2397:Cape Verdean
2292:
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2114:
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2016:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1984:
1949:
1929:
1872:
1847:
1829:
1745:Spain portal
1684:
1647:
1631:
1626:
1611:
1588:
1579:Buenos Aires
1564:
1547:
1520:
1513:
1509:Gran Canaria
1493:
1484:
1481:
1444:
1416:
1407:
1371:Andrés Bello
1356:
1352:
1348:peninsulares
1347:
1343:peninsulares
1342:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1294:Gran Canaria
1278:
1257:Gran Canaria
1247:
1240:
1212:Puerto Plata
1180:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1137:
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985:
983:
975:punto Cubano
974:
970:
966:
964:
956:
941:
935:January 2010
932:
922:
915:
908:
901:
889:
877:Please help
872:verification
869:
841:Puerto Rican
834:
797:
787:refugees to
777:
754:
725:Gran Canaria
717:
702:
678:
673:
671:
660:
658:
645:Peninsulares
643:
635:
633:
613:Buenos Aires
605:
593:
548:
531:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
497:peninsulares
495:" (Spanish:
476:
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165:
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145:Ethnic group
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3877:New Zealand
3814:Puerto Rico
3738:Netherlands
3712:Philippines
3145:Agriculture
2883:Earthquakes
2813:Timelines:
2707:World War I
2331:CISLANDERUS
1703:Manuel Piar
1599:Santa Marta
1593:, in 1536,
1463:Puerto Rico
1218:(1756) and
1101:Barceloneta
1033:Puerto Rico
765:San Antonio
703:During the
689:the Guianas
621:New Granada
556:San Antonio
493:peninsulars
453:Puerto Rico
441:descendants
363:Puerto Rico
3973:Categories
3774:Costa Rica
3677:By country
3534:Architects
3438:Afro-Cuban
3380:Sociolismo
3328:Newspapers
3318:Literature
3306:Censorship
3289:Healthcare
3174:(currency)
3002:Propaganda
2963:Censorship
2888:Hurricanes
2823:Guantánamo
2819:Cienfuegos
2783:Cuban thaw
2773:Maleconazo
2722:Revolution
2674:Little War
1805:References
1707:Luis Brión
1666:propaganda
1555:Costa Rica
1419:Montevideo
1200:Las Caobas
1135:peasants.
1023:ropa vieja
905:newspapers
749:See also:
652:, Mexico,
625:La Florida
601:Hispaniola
558:in Texas,
532:peninsular
439:) are the
420:Portuguese
91:newspapers
3933:Venezuela
3903:Argentina
3872:Australia
3809:Nicaragua
3789:Guatemala
3365:Rationing
3350:Festivals
3294:Hospitals
3272:Education
3202:Transport
3074:(defunct)
3062:Air Force
2995:President
2948:Elections
2873:Provinces
2851:Geography
2505:Galicians
2438:Uruguayan
2190:cite book
1634:Budi Lake
1615:Lanzarote
1567:Argentina
1551:Lanzarote
1545:in 1788.
1543:Macuelizo
1455:Venezuela
1451:Lanzarote
1436:Canelones
1432:Maldonado
1321:Maracaibo
1275:Venezuela
1269:Constanza
1157:Lanzarote
1151:In 1501,
894:"Isleños"
845:Dominican
808:Civil War
757:New Spain
654:Argentina
552:Louisiana
518:The term
469:Venezuela
449:Louisiana
383:Louisiana
373:Languages
244:Argentina
187:Venezuela
153:Islanders
80:"Isleños"
3946:See also
3918:Colombia
3854:Galician
3839:Canarian
3829:Asturian
3794:Honduras
3601:Category
3561:abstract
3556:Painters
3544:Athletes
3503:Lebanese
3488:Japanese
3463:Filipino
3443:American
3395:Baseball
3370:Religion
3313:Language
3301:Internet
3040:Military
2912:Politics
2831:Matanzas
2815:Camagüey
2804:Timeline
2702:Republic
2654:Timeline
2631:articles
2464:Japanese
2459:Filipino
2423:American
2416:Americas
2182:45439931
2024:Archived
1995:July 27,
1837:Archived
1717:See also
1662:Arrecife
1591:Colombia
1584:Paraguay
1571:Tenerife
1539:Trujillo
1533:and the
1527:Honduras
1465:and the
1428:San José
1214:(1736),
1141:Guanches
1125:Mayagüez
1105:San Juan
1047:Canarian
1045:were of
1004:, while
1002:pelearse
979:La Palma
802:and the
721:Tenerife
485:islander
473:Americas
445:Canarian
432:Spanish:
412:Guanches
390:Religion
3928:Uruguay
3865:Oceania
3849:Catalan
3799:Jamaica
3733:Germany
3611:Outline
3568:Writers
3539:Artists
3513:Spanish
3508:Mexican
3483:Italian
3478:Isleños
3473:Haitian
3458:Ciboney
3453:Chinese
3262:Cuisine
3235:Society
3223:Culture
3207:airline
3197:Tourism
3133:Economy
2878:Islands
2827:Holguín
2664:Slavery
2639:History
2555:Mulatto
2550:Mestizo
2543:Ciboney
2500:Spanish
2495:Russian
2490:Italian
2454:Chinese
2433:Mexican
2428:Haitian
1775:, Texas
1695:Bonaire
1687:Curaçao
1675:Guayana
1642:Mapuche
1424:Colonia
1413:Uruguay
1204:Dajabón
1097:Hatillo
1043:Jíbaros
998:fajarse
990:autobús
919:scholar
785:Acadian
681:Jamaica
650:Uruguay
530:from a
509:canario
505:isleños
481:Spanish
428:Isleños
416:Spanish
379:Spanish
368:unknown
348:unknown
308:unknown
263:Uruguay
169:unknown
149:Isleños
105:scholar
18:Islenos
3958:Isleño
3908:Brazil
3885:Hawaii
3834:Basque
3804:Mexico
3769:Canada
3764:Belize
3743:Sweden
3728:France
3721:Europe
3684:Africa
3498:Korean
3493:Jewish
3468:French
3433:Cubans
3400:Boxing
3284:Health
3257:Cigars
3252:Cinema
2893:Rivers
2863:Cities
2792:Cities
2629:
2533:Jewish
2521:Others
2510:Isleño
2485:French
2478:Europe
2469:Korean
2389:Africa
2381:Cubans
2180:
2170:
1937:
1799:Tejano
1693:, and
1650:Brazil
1531:Zambos
1504:Gomera
1496:Panama
1314:Llanos
1310:Cumaná
1298:Cumaná
1236:Jánico
1216:Samana
1198:, the
1133:Jíbaro
1129:Manatí
1084:cuatro
1049:stock.
986:guagua
973:, and
921:
914:
907:
900:
892:
609:Mexico
562:, and
520:isleño
477:isleño
463:, the
360:
340:
323:Mexico
320:
300:
283:Brazil
280:
260:
231:37,008
223:
203:
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3913:Chile
3621:Index
3573:women
3518:White
3407:Women
3385:Sport
3360:Radio
3340:Music
3323:Media
3267:Dance
3172:Peso
2686:Maine
2538:Taíno
2402:Arará
2213:2007.
1691:Aruba
1638:Chile
1440:Soria
1306:Paria
1243:Cibao
1228:Neiba
1121:Lajas
1113:Lares
1109:Ponce
1093:Camuy
1027:Gofio
1019:mojos
1006:fajar
994:socio
967:mambo
926:JSTOR
912:books
837:Cuban
483:for '
457:Texas
248:2,390
112:JSTOR
98:books
3923:Peru
3779:Cuba
3705:Asia
3029:list
3012:list
2973:LGBT
2627:Cuba
2528:Arab
2447:Asia
2200:link
2196:link
2178:OCLC
2168:ISBN
1997:2016
1935:ISBN
1705:and
1656:and
1621:and
1459:Cuba
1438:and
1401:and
1234:and
1224:Baní
1202:and
1127:and
1099:and
1065:The
1014:mojo
898:news
851:Cuba
843:and
813:Cuba
743:and
727:and
687:and
659:The
623:and
617:Peru
542:and
536:Ifni
461:Cuba
343:Peru
206:Cuba
84:news
3242:Art
2980:Law
2324:in
2315:in
1677:or
1589:In
1525:of
971:son
958:to
881:by
511:or
443:of
288:620
268:628
67:by
3975::
3333:TV
2833:,
2829:,
2825:,
2821:,
2817:,
2263:^
2248:^
2229:^
2192:}}
2188:{{
2176:.
2124:^
2072:^
2045:^
1983:.
1961:^
1895:^
1883:^
1858:^
1813:^
1689:,
1673:,
1636:,
1609:.
1461:,
1457:,
1442:.
1434:,
1430:,
1426:,
1397:,
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1381:,
1300:.
1238:.
1230:,
1226:,
1194:,
1123:,
1119:,
1115:,
1111:,
1107:,
1095:,
969:,
839:,
827:.
775:.
767:,
723:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
603:.
554:,
538:,
515:.
467:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
3845:)
3841:(
3655:e
3648:t
3641:v
2619:e
2612:t
2605:v
2366:e
2359:t
2352:v
2202:)
2184:.
2082:.
2067:.
1999:.
1956:.
1943:.
948:)
942:(
937:)
933:(
923:·
916:·
909:·
902:·
875:.
479:(
430:(
385:)
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
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61:.
38:.
20:)
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