214:
80:
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Internal U.S. government reports indicated that in the early 1980s total
Israeli arms sale to Iran approached $ 2 billion each year. Most of it was paid for by Iranian oil delivered to Israel. According to Ahmad Haidari, an arms dealer who worked for the Iranian government, "roughly 80 percent of the weaponry bought by Tehran immediately after the onset of the war originated in Israel." The fact "that the Iranian air force could function at all", according to Mark Phythian, after Iraq's initial attack and "was able to undertake a number of sorties over
33:
622:, Israel supplied instructors and non-armament help to Iran. Israeli military and civilian advisers arrived in Iran three days after the beginning of the war to assist Iran's military command. Many Israeli military advisers and technicians went on bilateral agreements to Iran. There were never less than around one hundred Israeli advisers and technicians in Iran at any time throughout the war, living in a carefully guarded and secluded camp just north of Tehran, where they remained even after the ceasefire.
183:"When reached Tehran I guided him with a helicopter to Lavisan garrison. After five days in Tehran he met most of the high ranking officials of the Islamic Republic even while the American diplomats were still hostage in Tehran. Three days after mission returned to Tel Aviv one airline cargo flew to Larnaca and brought Phantom or F-14 parts, 'Tom Cat', and since then the relations developed so that besides arms, medicine, chicken, eggs, and foodstuffs were also exported to Iran."
193:
armaments acquired during the shah's rule. Iran continued with its outreach to Israel. The first mission from Israel in early 1980 was later followed by a second mission in
October 1980. The second mission resulted in a new set of arms deals. On 24 October 1980, Scorpion tank parts and 250 tires for F-4 jets were flown to Iran. Around the same time, other Israeli-owned military supplies were being clandestinely shipped from European storage locations to the Iranian ports of
290:
615:; Israel kept Iranian planes flying in spite of a lack of spares, and Israeli instructors taught Iranian commanders how to handle troops. Gerard Beau, a journalist for Luxembourg RTL, who was at the front line when the war broke out between Iran and Iraq, wrote that in 1980 around 350 Israeli technicians were working at Iranian airbases to help in the operation of F-4, F-5, and F-14 jets as well as train local specialists.
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did not even take a step along this road in opposing Israel. This man Saddam who resorted to play-acting and, as reported, forced Israel to bomb his center in order to save himself from the disgrace he himself created by attacking
Islamic Iran—his aim in doing this was to camouflage this crime and give the impression that Israel opposes Saddam, ... That is childish nonsense.
528:
205:. The military supplies included spare parts for American built F-4 jets, helicopters, and missile systems. The Carter administration found out about the military equipment sales and, subsequently, pressured the Israeli government to halt future sales, while the United States negotiated with Iran for the release of the American embassy employees held hostage.
731:, which in general had suffered no persecution and had been able to continue their affairs undisturbed. The fundamentalism of Khomeini put all that at risk. Clandestine support of Iran ensured the safety of the Jewish community and allowed thousands to emigrate; it also contributed substantially to Iran's successful defense of its borders.
573:, but was nixed after "heavy economic pressure" was exerted on the French from the oil-rich Iraqis to instead include 75 kilograms of 93% pure enriched uranium, the likes of which is theoretically sufficient for the production of "five or six" nuclear bombs, and would have put the Iraqis much closer to the production of such a weapon. The
272:
Israel's sales to Iran, continued to replenish Israel's weapons stockpile of
American-made weapons, although it was evident that the weapons were eventually ending up in Iran. The willful ignoring of Israel's arms sales to Iran occurred despite the fact that the Reagan administration began in 1983 an aggressive public campaign, known as
408:, Israel's defense minister, was the first to publicly disclose Israeli sale of military equipment to Iran during his visit to United States in May 1982. In a news conference in Paris on 28 September 1983, Sharon said that Israel was selling arms to Iran with the consent of United States. Israeli ambassador to the United States
759:
They are accusing us of importing arms from Israel. This is being said against a country which rose to oppose this condemned
Zionist claim from the very beginning ... For over twenty years, in speeches and statements, we have spoken of Israel and its oppression, whereas a great many Islamic countries
715:
in Iran, up until the collapse of the Soviet Union and destruction of the Iraqi military by the U.S. in the
Persian Gulf War, both in 1991. Though he claims that Iran long used Israel as a means to create unified pan-Islamic, anti-Israel sentiment through which all the Muslim countries in the region
597:
and a chunk of Iran, and the region might have suffered nuclear devastation." The United States would have preferred that Iraq, controlled by what they viewed as a less volatile regime than Iran, would replace Iran as a major "stabilizing force" in the region, and therefore refrained from objecting
266:
By 1982 it became evident to the U.S. State
Department that the Israeli government was routinely selling American-made military material without Washington's case-by-case consent, which was part of the original agreement between Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Secretary of State Alexander Haig. In
141:
chose not to become involved in Iran's internal affairs. By the fall of 1979, Prime
Minister Bazargan's moderate faction began to lose the internal struggle to the rising extremist faction in the revolutionary government. On 4 November 1979, elements of the extremist faction seized the United States
710:
that despite the anti-Israeli rhetoric publicly displayed by Iran, in actuality, the two nations secretly depended upon the support of one another to face the formidable opposition of both Iraq and the Soviet Union. He cites as evidence the fact that this relationship endured despite the ramped-up
444:
and Turkey. Similarly in 1984, one of Israel's many
European arms dealers, who was based in Sweden, shipped hundreds of tons of explosives and dynamite worth over 500 million Swedish kronor by way of Argentina to Iran. By 1985, Danish cargo ships chartered by the Israeli government and private arms
113:
populations to continue the
Islamic revolution. Iran actively sought to destabilize its neighboring countries seeking regional hegemony, even though neighboring countries like Iraq sought a conciliatory position. Iran's hostility led to an escalation of rhetoric between Ayatollah Khomeini and Iraqi
297:
Israeli arms sales to Iran totaled an estimated $ 500 million from 1981 to 1983 according to the Jaffe Institute for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University. Other arms experts estimated the total sales at more than $ 500 million per year including aircraft spare parts, artillery, and ammunition.
262:
about Israel's covert weapon sales to Iran. Fearing the company's operations might have been compromised, the covert Israeli weapons purchasing operation was moved to London in 1983. The London operation managed a worldwide network of private arm dealers, shell companies, and shippers who over the
192:
On 22 September 1980 Iraq attacked Iran. With the start of the war, Iran was under substantial pressure to gain access to military equipment to defend itself. Iran specifically required American-made and British-made military equipment, since its arsenal was based on American armaments and British
158:
Unable to get military equipment from the Carter administration, the Iranians reached out through back channels to the Israeli government and negotiated a preliminary covert arms deal between the two countries. In early 1980, the first military equipment sale by Israel to the Iranian government of
271:
was violating the agreement, the Reagan administration rescinded its consent for the sale of any American related military equipment by Israel to Iran. The U.S. government, however, continued to watch after this time Israel make military equipment sales to Iran. The Reagan administration, despite
654:
sent one of his executives to Iran one week after the revolution, becoming the most important trader of Iranian oil for 15 years. Rich sold Iranian oil to Israel through a secret pipeline. Rich was also allegedly instrumental in the sale of arms to Iran, but none of the charges in Rich's 1983
253:
Israel started selling unsophisticated American military equipment to Iran at this time; however, at the same time Israel breached the agreement and also sold sophisticated American military equipment to Iran. In order to implement these non-allowed sales, Israeli intelligence set up a covert
412:
said in October 1982 that Israeli arms sale to Iran was taking place with the consent of highest levels of US government. A report in March 1982 stated that Israeli officials admitted that arms had been sold to Tehran and Khomeini himself had approved of the arms deal with Israel.
233:
in beginning of 1981 at the time of the release of the American embassy hostages gave covert consent to Israel to sell unsophisticated American-made military equipment to Iran; even though officially, the Reagan administration staunchly opposed any weapon sales to Iran.
416:
In 1983 Israel sold more than $ 100 million worth of arms to Tehran. The volume or arms sale was so great that a special office was instituted in Cyprus to facilitate the arms transfer. The best known of the middle men facilitating the arms deal was Saudi billionaire
306:
In the first year of large scale arms sales in 1981, Israel sold Iran $ 75 million worth of arms from stocks of Israel Military Industries, Israel Aircraft Industries and Israel Defense Forces stockpiles, in their Operation Seashell. Materiel included 150
476:
The Iran–Contra Affair began in late 1984 when representatives of Israel and Iran met to discuss ways of opening an arms channel with the United States for sophisticated American-made weapons. The discussion was held in Israel between Iranian arms dealer
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could be unified under Iranian leadership, Israel and Iran, he argues, only truly began to see each other as strategic rivals after the threat of Soviet Union fell away, and after Iraq no longer could serve as a power check in the region.
649:
Israel assisted Iran in the sale of its oil. The Iranian government after the revolution faced significant difficulties selling oil to international markets as most European companies left Iran. International Israeli financier and trader
610:
and Harvey Morris, the Israelis devised and manufactured the huge, lightweight polystyrene blocks which the Iranian assault forces carried with them to build instant makeshift causeways across the shallow Iraqi water defenses in front of
504:
In 1986, five men with ties to Israel were also arrested attempting to sell $ 2.6 billion worth of arms to Iran in Bermuda. Others were arrested in New York on the same charges. At the center of the trial was retired Israeli general
62:; to re-establish influence in Iran which Israel lost with the overthrow of the shah in 1979, and to create business for the Israeli weapons industry. The Israeli arms sales to Iran also facilitated the unhindered immigration of the
641:
reported that after an Iranian defector landed his F-4 Phantom jet in Saudi Arabia in 1984, intelligence experts determined that many of its parts had originally been sold to Israel, and had then been re-exported to Tehran in
4401:
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337:, who was Israel's military attaché in Tehran from 1955 to 1979, similarly in July 1981 signed an arms deal with Iran's Ministry of National Defense. Nimrodi agreed to sell to Iran $ 136 million worth of arms, including
51:. Israel was one of the main suppliers of military equipment to Iran during the war. Israel also provided military instructors during the war, and in turn received Iranian intelligence that helped it carry out
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and strike at strategic installations" was "at least partly due to the decision of the Reagan administration to allow Israel to channel arms of US origin to Iran to prevent an easy and early Iraqi victory."
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his observation of the first contacts between Israel and Khomeini's government. The head of the Israeli mission to Iran at the time was Colonel Uri, a high-ranking army officer. Aminizadeh described how:
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Iranian officer, Mohammad-Reza Aminizadeh, chief of the first battalion of air ground forces who sought political asylum in England in 1985, described in an interview with London-based magazine
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Israel secretly sold Iran 250 spare tires for American-built F-4 fighters in October to help Iran in its war with Iraq, Carter Administration officials and diplomatic sources said today.
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According to the memoirs of Zbigniew Brzezinski, the National Security Adviser to President Carter ...This happened in late June 1980 and involved one planeload of non-lethal materials.
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cited documents indicating that Israel had supplied half or more of all arms reaching Tehran in the previous 18 months, amounting to at least $ 100 million in sales. The Milan weekly
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743:, leader of Iran during the war, angrily denied that Israeli arms were sent to Iran. In a speech on August 24, 1981, he maintained that Iran's enemies were trying to undermine the
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706:, a leading expert on Iran, "Throughout the 1980s, no one in Israel said anything about an Iranian threat – the word wasn't even uttered." Parsi explained in an interview with
66:
from Iran to Israel and the United States. Israel's support for Iran during the war was done clandestinely, and Iran publicly denied any cooperation between the two countries.
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109:, froze relations with Israel and was openly hostile towards it. Relations between Iran and Iraq also deteriorated after the revolution. Khomeini preached to Iran's bordering
79:
671:, Israel's goals were to: reestablish some influence in Iran which was lost when the Shah was defeated in 1979; prevent Iraq from conquering Iran as they feared a victorious
497:. Ghorbanifar said there were Iranian officials who sought a more pro-Western orientation and sales of sophisticated American-made weapons would help gain sway for them with
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which had Iran's southern oilfields and an Arab majority. By early 1980, it became evident to both countries that preparation for possible war would be a necessary measure.
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accelerated Saddam's interest in atomic bombs and he ordered his scientists directly, in December 1979, to build them. Political scientist Dan Reiter has argued that if
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complained to the US government about Israeli arms sales worth $ 500 million to Iran. Later in July 1984, Yaakov Nimrodi met in Zurich with Iranian officials and
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He also confirmed the trip of an Israeli mission early 1980 to Tehran and October 1980, one month after the war broke out, another went to Tehran via Istanbul.
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That culminated in a large shipment of tires for F-4 Phantom jets in early 1980, shortly after the hostages were seized at the United States Embassy in Tehran.
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Following the start of the war, Israel sought permission from the United States to sell to Iran necessary American-made military equipment. The newly elected
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1589:"Letter dated 16 September 1981 from the Charge d'Affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
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which it believed was at risk. At the time of the revolution in Iran, there were 80,000 Jews in the country. They were a recognized minority along with
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believed it was important to "leave a small window open" to the possibility of good relations with Iran in the future. According to David Menashri of
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It was at this juncture that we learned, much to our dismay, that the Israelis had been secretly supplying American spare parts to the Iranians...
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was used to transfer the arms from Israel to Tehran. The material was transported originally by air using chartered planes from Argentine airline
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Somehow the Carter administration found out about the sale right away. On April 27, President Carter called Menachem Begin and chewed his ear off.
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Trita Parsi writes that Israel supplied Iran with arms and ammunition because it viewed Iraq as a danger to the peace process in the Middle East.
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During and after the war, Iranian officials denied they had received help from Israel which they denounced as an "illegitimate state". Ayatollah
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was the first actual step in the production of an Arab atomic weapon. The deal with the French reportedly initially included the shipment of 7%
4371:
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It is true, apparently, that Israel supplied Iran with $ 50 million worth of spare parts for U.S.-built F-4 Phantom jets in the spring of 1980.
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reported that Israel's support was "crucial" to keeping Iran's air force flying against Iraq. Israeli sales included spare parts for U.S.-made
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pardoned him in his last day in office. Former Mossad heads Avner Azular and Shabbtai Shevit both personally wrote to Clinton for his pardon.
258:
area. The office was used to direct the covert purchases of American military equipment to resell to Iran. In March 1982, there was a leak to
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United States Congressional Serial Set, No. 14778, House Report No. 454, Justice Undone, Clemency Decisions in Clinton White House, V. 1-2
593:, had it not been for the later Israeli attack, "Iraq would have gained nuclear weapons in the 1980s, it might now have a province called
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Two Iranian soldiers with a BGM-71 TOW (a weapon type sold by Israel to Iran) mounted on a Toyota Landcruiser during the Iran–Iraq War
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The first sales included spare parts for U.S.-made F-4 Phantom jets; a later deal in October 1980 included parts for U.S.-made tanks.
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and 24,000 shells, spare parts for tank and aircraft engines, 106 mm, 130 mm, 203 mm and 175 mm shells and
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349:. A French newspaper confirmed the sale with photocopies of the contract for the $ 136 million arms deal. In March 1982,
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against Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor was a central component of Iraq's nuclear weapons program.
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indictment related to arms trading. For tax evasion, Rich was put on FBI's most wanted list for many years until
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1973:"The Iran Pipeline: A Hidden Chapter/A special report.; U.S. Said to Have Allowed Israel to Sell Arms to Iran"
32:
3350:
2567:"THE CLINTON PARDONS: THE DEMOCRATS; This Time, Clintons Find Their Support Buckling From Weight of New Woes"
2048:
The secret war with Iran: the 30-year clandestine struggle against the world's most dangerous terrorist power
1791:"The Iran Pipeline: A Hidden Chapter/A special report; U.S. Said to Have Allowed Israel to Sell Arms to Iran"
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operation in New York City. Israeli intelligence ran a front company of 50 employees on John Street in the
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Another source argues that Israel saw the Persian Gulf War as an opportunity to ensure the safety of the
137:. He reached out to the U.S. government for military arms to help consolidate his position; however, the
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course of the war sold covertly for Israel several billion dollars worth of American-made arms to Iran.
147:
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440:. The meeting resulted in an agreement to ship 40 truckloads of weapons a day from Israel to Iran, via
36:
Israel (orange) was an important clandestine weapons supplier to Iran (green) during the Iran–Iraq War.
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was an ally and major buyer of Israeli weapons. However, after the revolution, the new government of
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126:. With the turmoil in Iran, because of the revolution, Saddam Hussein saw an opening to take Iran's
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2243:"Contra Arms Plan Is Laid to Israelis : Reagan Officials Say Peres Started Sales to Iran Also"
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Israel facilitated from 1985 to 1986 arms shipments from the United States to Iran as part of the
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489:, a founder of Israel's aircraft industry who was close to then Prime Minister Shimon Peres; and
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in September 1980, but the attack only damaged secondary buildings. The reactor was part of
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by spreading false rumors of Israeli-Iranian cooperation. He alleged that while Israel had
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was actually an ally of Israel who "forced" Israel to destroy his own nuclear facilities:
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dealers had made over 600 trips carrying American-made arms between the Israeli harbor of
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Ayatollah Khomeini occurred, when Israel sold to Iran a large number of tires for the
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VIEWPOINT: PREVENTIVE ATTACKS AGAINST NUCLEAR PROGRAMS AND THE ‘‘SUCCESS’’ AT OSIRAQ
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Israel's quest for recognition and acceptance in Asia: Garrison state and diplomacy
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2011:
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The Iranian triangle: the untold story of Israel's role in the Iran-Contra affair
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1954:
The Iran–Contra connection: secret teams and covert operations in the Reagan era
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The Iran–Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era
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Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States
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and Saddam would have taken over a large chunk of Iranian territory, as well as
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2469:"Marc Rich: controversial commodities trader and former fugitive dies aged 78"
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Power and principle : memoirs of the national security adviser, 1977-1981
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Seale, Patrick (2 November 1980). "Israel sends spares for US arms to Iran".
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1901:"East–West rivalry for influence in Iran: U.S. has weak hand; News Analysis"
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the spring of 1982, after it was determined that Israeli Defense Minister
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2013:
Arming Iraq: How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam's War Machine
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Scheme of Operation Opera which disabled Iraq's nuclear weapons program.
242:, coordinated the Israeli–U.S. agreement between Israeli Prime Minister
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The first prime minister appointed by the revolutionary government was
1951:
Marshall, Jonathan; Scott, Peter Dale; Haapiseva-Hunter, Jane (1987).
1862:"Iran Said to Get Large-Scale Arms from Israel, Soviet and Europeans"
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and aircraft replacement parts. "A large part of the booty from the
485:, an arms dealer who was a former Israeli defense attaché in Iran;
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2536:"PLOTTING A PARDON; Rich Cashed In a World of Chits to Win Pardon"
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Israel supported Iran during the war so that Iran could provide a
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1397:
Profits of War : Inside the Secret U.S.–Israeli Arms Network
146:. As a result of the hostage taking, the US government placed an
2690:
44:
4038:
3598:
2694:
561:
as had been reported on September 8, 1975, then-Vice President
163:. The net profit from the sale gave rise to an extra-budgetary
3849:
Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)
362:
1339:
Ben-Menashe, Ari (1 October 2015). "Groundwork (Chapter 4)".
1096:
Ben-Menashe, Ari (1 October 2015). "Groundwork (Chapter 4)".
1255:
Marshall, Jonathan; Scott, Peter Dale; Hunter, Jane (1987).
1831:
Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.–Israeli Arms Network
1342:
Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.–Israeli Arms Network
1099:
Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.–Israeli Arms Network
751:
Iraq's Osirak nuclear facilities in 1981, this was because
2326:"Document Friday: When Iran Bombed Iraq's Nuclear Reactor"
2205:"McFarlane Took Cake and Bible to Tehran, Ex-CIA Man Says"
2665:"Trita Parsi: "Treacherous Alliance" (Yale) – Diane Rehm"
221:(left, back) in a meeting with national security adviser
675:, and create business for the Israeli weapons industry.
4110:
Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
1608:"Israeli Says U.S. Is Secretly Supplying Arms to Iraq"
1125:"Obama renews a 35-year Iran emergency for 36th year"
838:"Documents Detail Israeli Missile Deal with the Shah"
276:, to stop world-wide weapon's related sales to Iran.
1395:
Ben-Menashe, Ari. (2015). "Groundwork (Chapter 4)".
1064:
Iran-Iraq: Determining who started the Iran-Iraq War
771:
International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War
694:(left) were the key Israeli leaders during the war.
4580:
4493:
4415:
4322:
4287:
4259:
4140:
4100:
4072:
3960:
3893:
3840:
3767:
3632:
3522:
3458:
3361:
3238:
3126:
3082:
3059:
2981:
2904:
2897:
2728:
2275:
12 Freed of Charges in 'Brokers of Death' Arms Case
2178:
The Gulf War: its origins, history and consequences
2052:. Internet Archive. New York: Free Press. pp.
2175:
2045:
1256:
1178:
2511:. Government Printing Office. pp. 110, 252.
1688:. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. p. 504.
581:had not been destroyed, Iraq would have become a
93:(right) were key leaders in Iran during the war.
2129:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and why
1741:The longest war: the Iran-Iraq military conflict
1587:Permanent Mission of Iraq (16 September 1981).
1307:(2nd ed.). : C.C.(Press). pp. 61–62.
181:
4545:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive
4480:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria
3443:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
2441:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
565:declared publicly that the acquisition of the
428:In the spring of 1984, West German Chancellor
171:, which grew substantial over the next years.
27:Overview of Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq War
4050:
3610:
2706:
2016:. Northeastern University Press. p. 20.
1070:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
618:Despite Iranian leaders denouncing Israel at
513:. The Israeli government denied involvement.
8:
2635:""King of oil" discloses his "secret lives""
1957:. Internet Archive. Boston: South End Press.
1719:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1529:"Israel Is Said to Have Sold Iran F-4 Tires"
980:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4503:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
2597:"Carter Calls Pardon of Rich 'Disgraceful'"
2407:(2nd ed.). : C.C.(Press). p. 61.
1498:(2nd ed.). : C.C.(Press). p. 60.
1432:(2nd ed.). : C.C.(Press). p. 62.
807:. New York: The Free Press. pp. ix–x.
144:held the American embassy employees hostage
4716:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War
4057:
4043:
4035:
3617:
3603:
3595:
2901:
2713:
2699:
2691:
2356:"Iraqi–French nuclear deal worries Israel"
1723:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1463:The Iran–Iraq War : chaos in a vacuum
952:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 1–2.
385:Iranian offensive to stalemate (1982–1984)
361:reported that Israel had sold Iran 45,000
4588:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
4165:1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing
2349:
2347:
2289:Kristof, Nicholas D. (15 November 2002).
1684:Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 1928–2017. (1983).
4234:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
3723:America can't do a damn thing against us
3083:Liberation of Iranian territories (1982)
1647:"Isreael Aide Traces U.S.–Iran Dealings"
1645:Friedman, Thomas L. (22 November 1986).
1215:"Isreael Aide Traces U.S.–Iran Dealings"
1213:Friedman, Thomas L. (22 November 1986).
892:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
4630:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
4402:Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents
4199:2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange
3677:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
792:
711:rhetoric that was brought about by the
421:. The best known Iranian middleman was
2565:Berke, Richard L. (23 February 2001).
2223:from the original on 28 September 2019
2203:Gwertzman, Bernard (11 January 1987).
2174:Bulloch, John; Morris, Harvey (1989).
2121:
2119:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1712:
1582:
1580:
1172:
1170:
1032:. Oxford: Osprey Pub. pp. 13–14.
973:
919:. Oxford: Osprey Pub. pp. 12–13.
285:Iraqi invasion to reversal (1980–1982)
4645:Views on military action against Iran
2534:Cowan, Alison Leigh (11 April 2001).
2515:from the original on 31 December 2017
2462:
2460:
2398:
2396:
2284:
2282:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1971:Hersh, Seymour M. (8 December 1991).
1966:
1964:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1789:Hersh, Seymour M. (8 December 1991).
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1606:Shipler, David K. (29 October 1981).
1527:Gwertzman, Bernard (22 August 1981).
1465:. New York: Praeger. pp. 34–35.
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
7:
4662:Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
4433:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
4372:September 2018 Syria missile strikes
4342:December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
4160:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
3717:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory
2645:from the original on 20 October 2012
2615:from the original on 3 December 2013
2577:from the original on 3 February 2017
2546:from the original on 3 February 2017
1919:from the original on 23 October 2019
1880:from the original on 25 October 2019
1665:from the original on 23 October 2019
1547:from the original on 23 October 2019
1381:from the original on 13 March 2015.
1233:from the original on 23 October 2019
997:The Iran-Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
856:from the original on 8 December 2019
798:
796:
598:to the country's nuclear ambitions.
542:fighter aircraft, with an escort of
4696:Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
4460:Yarmouk munitions factory explosion
4382:November 2019 Syria missile strikes
4362:February 2018 Israel–Syria incident
4005:Imam Khomeini International Airport
2146:from the original on 7 January 2017
1828:Ben-Menashe, Ari (1 October 2015).
1281:from the original on 3 January 2014
948:Razoux, Pierre; Elliott, Nicholas.
509:. The case came to be known as the
4650:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
4347:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident
4332:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike
4214:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
4010:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order
2332:from the original on 28 April 2012
1399:. Chicago: Trine Day. p. 66.
1135:from the original on 15 April 2016
25:
4438:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
4377:August 2019 Syria missile strikes
3870:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini
3692:Council of the Islamic Revolution
2487:from the original on 14 July 2019
2467:Rankin, Jennifer (26 June 2013).
2366:from the original on 3 April 2015
2305:from the original on 29 July 2017
1991:from the original on 28 July 2018
1809:from the original on 28 July 2018
1263:. Black Rose Books Ltd. pp.
999:. New York: Praeger. p. 32.
836:Sciolino, Elaine (1 April 1986).
546:, bombed and heavily damaged the
240:Counselor of the State Department
4691:
4690:
4600:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
4357:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident
4187:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
4182:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid
4122:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries
4021:
4020:
3758:
3581:
3580:
2675:from the original on 2 July 2018
2443:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2354:Dowell, William (31 July 1980).
2126:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988).
1899:Gelb, Leslie H. (9 March 1982).
1860:Gelb, Leslie H. (8 March 1982).
1744:. New York: Routledge. pp.
1626:from the original on 24 May 2015
1369:Barry, John (10 November 1991).
436:the brother of Syrian President
4465:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
4337:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
4312:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
4251:Projectile attacks from Lebanon
4177:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
2088:Abadi, Jacob (1 January 2004).
1461:Pelletiere, Stephen C. (1992).
995:Pelletiere, Stephen C. (1992).
4721:Iran–Israel military relations
4640:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
3748:The Satanic Verses controversy
2403:Souresrafil, Behrouz. (1989).
1494:Souresrafil, Behrouz. (1989).
1428:Souresrafil, Behrouz. (1989).
1303:Souresrafil, Behrouz. (1989).
535:On 7 June 1981, a squadron of
493:, the general director of the
465:Iran–Contra period (1985–1986)
329:1981 Armenia mid-air collision
1:
4625:Warsaw Middle East conference
4485:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen
4392:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes
4387:January 2021 Syria airstrikes
4244:2024 Lebanon pager explosions
4229:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings
2934:1974–75 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2360:The Christian Science Monitor
517:Destruction of Osirak reactor
481:and Israeli representatives:
397:with future Defense Minister
101:in 1979, Iran under the Shah
4352:April 2015 Qalamoun incident
4261:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
4204:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt
3832:Khomeini's 8-article command
3712:Engagement with Jimmy Carter
3239:Iranian offensives (1985–87)
3127:Iranian offensives (1982–84)
2324:Jones, Nate (9 March 2012).
1030:The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988
917:The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988
889:Jane Hunter, November 1986,
325:Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense
246:and U.S. Secretary of State
231:Ronald Reagan administration
4092:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews
3697:Islamic Revolutionary Court
3640:1963 demonstrations in Iran
499:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
18:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War
4747:
4470:2022 Erbil missile attacks
4450:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
4239:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike
4066:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3921:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini
2182:. London: Methuen London.
2132:. I.B.Tauris. p. 13.
1834:. Trine Day. p. 106.
897:Israeli Arms Sales to Iran
589:. According to journalist
553:in Iraq. Iran originally
520:
511:Brokers of Death arms case
453:and the Iranian harbor of
122:who advocated for secular
4687:
4655:Iranian support for Hamas
4475:2022 Istanbul terror plot
4423:Operation Outside the Box
4279:Operation Full Disclosure
4219:Operation Northern Shield
4150:Israeli–Lebanese conflict
4142:Hezbollah–Israel conflict
4127:Iranian strikes in Israel
4102:2024 Iran–Israel conflict
4018:
3951:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi
3756:
3578:
1345:. Trine Day. p. 66.
1185:. Yale University Press.
1102:. Trine Day. p. 59.
555:bombed the Osirak reactor
4367:Operation House of Cards
3915:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini
3545:Iranian aerial victories
721:Persian Jewish community
682:Israeli prime ministers
495:Israeli foreign ministry
167:/intelligence community
64:Persian Jewish community
4572:2023 Iran drone attacks
4495:Nuclear program of Iran
4455:2012 Burgas bus bombing
4416:International incidents
4397:2023 Damascus airstrike
4224:2019 Beirut drone crash
4132:Israeli strikes on Iran
3978:Death and state funeral
2844:non-state participants
2044:Bergman, Ronen (2008).
2010:Phythian, Mark (1997).
1061:Unnamed Person (1987).
1028:Karsh, Efraim. (2002).
915:Karsh, Efraim. (2002).
161:F-4 Phantom fighter jet
4593:Russia–Hamas relations
4155:South Lebanon conflict
3731:Supreme Leader of Iran
3550:Iraqi aerial victories
3535:Iraqi chemical weapons
803:Segev, Samuel (1988).
762:
695:
532:
402:
294:
226:
209:Israeli–U.S. agreement
185:
94:
37:
4726:Iraq–Israel relations
4615:Arab–Israeli alliance
4528:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan
4513:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi
4443:2012 Bangkok bombings
4428:2009 Sudan airstrikes
4407:Hezbollah involvement
2100:10.4324/9780203504147
1738:Hiro, Dilip. (1991).
1177:Parsi, Trita (2007).
781:Iraq–Israel relations
776:Iran–Israel relations
757:
681:
644:violation of U.S. law
559:Iraq's weapon program
530:
521:Further information:
392:
381:wound up in Tehran".
379:1982 Lebanon campaign
369:launchers, missiles,
292:
216:
139:Carter administration
103:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
84:Speaker of Parliament
82:
60:counterweight to Iraq
35:
4567:2021 Natanz incident
4562:2020 Iran explosions
4508:Ardeshir Hosseinpour
4297:Gaza War (2008–2009)
4289:Gaza–Israel conflict
3999:Homafaran Allegiance
3877:Islam and Revolution
3655:1978 Tabriz protests
2603:. 21 February 2001.
1593:UN Document A/36/518
1573:. London. p. 9.
749:bombed and destroyed
729:Zoroastrians in Iran
479:Manucher Ghorbanifar
423:Manucher Ghorbanifar
327:and then, after the
124:pan-Arab nationalism
4552:Bid Kaneh explosion
3827:Letter to Gorbachev
3682:Cultural Revolution
3660:Neauphle-le-Château
3510:Iran Air Flight 655
3411:Tawakalna ala Allah
3362:Final stages (1988)
2912:Iran–Iraq relations
2840:UN Security Council
2405:Khomeini and Israel
2291:"Nicholas Kristof,
2267:William C. Rempel,
1496:Khomeini and Israel
1430:Khomeini and Israel
1305:Khomeini and Israel
704:Tel Aviv University
4610:Axis of Resistance
4605:Ahmad Reza Djalali
4533:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
4082:Iranian Revolution
3983:Alef-Laam Khomeini
3968:Jamaran Hussainiya
3884:The Greatest Jihad
3787:Shiite clericalism
3702:Interim Government
3672:Iranian Revolution
3570:Invasion of Kuwait
3540:Iranian commanders
3387:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 7
3380:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
2968:Iranian Revolution
2922:Treaty of Saadabad
2571:The New York Times
2540:The New York Times
2299:The New York Times
2273:, 5 January 1989,
2209:The New York Times
2094:. pp. 38–39.
1977:The New York Times
1905:The New York Times
1866:The New York Times
1795:The New York Times
1651:The New York Times
1612:The New York Times
1533:The New York Times
1371:"Making of a Myth"
1219:The New York Times
1077:on 23 January 2017
902:2013-12-12 at the
842:The New York Times
745:Islamic Revolution
713:Islamic Revolution
696:
575:Iranian Revolution
533:
471:Iran–Contra Affair
403:
352:The New York Times
309:M-40 antitank guns
295:
260:The New York Times
227:
128:Khuzestan province
107:Ayatollah Khomeini
99:Iranian Revolution
95:
91:Ayatollah Khomeini
75:Iranian Revolution
38:
4731:Ruhollah Khomeini
4703:
4702:
4032:
4031:
3856:Tahrir al-Wasilah
3817:Islamic democracy
3626:Ruhollah Khomeini
3592:
3591:
3518:
3517:
3393:Al-Anfal Campaign
3369:War of the Cities
3211:Kurdish rebellion
2828:Operation Staunch
2601:Los Angeles Times
2450:978-0-312-57074-3
2293:The Osirak Option
2270:Los Angeles Times
2249:. 11 January 1987
2247:Los Angeles Times
2023:978-1-55553-285-7
1406:978-1-63424-050-5
950:The Iran-Iraq War
741:Ruhollah Khomeini
690:(not shown), and
537:Israeli Air Force
367:anti-tank missile
365:submachine guns,
343:Copperhead shells
274:Operation Staunch
16:(Redirected from
4738:
4694:
4693:
4523:Fereydoon Abbasi
4324:Syrian civil war
4307:Israel–Hamas war
4194:2006 Lebanon War
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4024:
4023:
3933:Hussein Khomeini
3909:Mostafa Khomeini
3792:Death to America
3762:
3650:1978 Qom protest
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3117:2nd Khorramshahr
3112:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
3060:Stalemate (1981)
3004:1st Khorramshahr
2902:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2639:SWI swissinfo.ch
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2531:
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2524:
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2503:
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2455:
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2400:
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2376:
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2351:
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2321:
2315:
2314:
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2286:
2277:
2265:
2259:
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2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
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2230:
2228:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2068:
2067:
2051:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1786:
1771:
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1735:
1729:
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1718:
1710:
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1642:
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1633:
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1603:
1597:
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1584:
1575:
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1524:
1518:
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1491:
1485:
1484:
1458:
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1425:
1419:
1418:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1359:
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1330:
1329:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1262:
1252:
1246:
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1240:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1174:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1123:Korte, Gregory.
1120:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1025:
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992:
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979:
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939:
938:
912:
906:
887:
866:
865:
863:
861:
833:
827:
826:
800:
625:In August 1982,
591:Nicholas Kristof
571:enriched uranium
236:Robert McFarlane
223:Robert McFarlane
154:Covert arms deal
87:Akbar Rafsanjani
21:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4683:
4620:Abraham Accords
4576:
4518:Majid Shahriari
4489:
4411:
4318:
4283:
4274:Victoria Affair
4269:Karine A affair
4255:
4136:
4096:
4068:
4063:
4033:
4028:
4014:
3956:
3947:(granddaughter)
3939:Hassan Khomeini
3903:Khadijeh Saqafi
3889:
3836:
3807:Sex segregation
3763:
3754:
3741:Israeli support
3707:1979 Referendum
3687:Supreme Council
3628:
3623:
3593:
3588:
3574:
3530:Order of battle
3514:
3459:US intervention
3454:
3357:
3234:
3162:Before the Dawn
3148:Muslim ibn Aqil
3122:
3091:Samen-ol-A'emeh
3078:
3055:
3023:Siege of Abadan
2992:Iraqi airstrike
2977:
2973:Anti-Iranianism
2917:Treaty of Zuhab
2893:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2328:. NSA Archive.
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2301:. p. A31.
2288:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2064:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1898:
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1176:
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1078:
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1027:
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1022:
1007:
994:
993:
989:
972:
960:
947:
946:
942:
927:
914:
913:
909:
904:Wayback Machine
888:
869:
859:
857:
835:
834:
830:
815:
802:
801:
794:
789:
767:
737:
665:
628:Aerospace Daily
604:
567:French reactors
551:nuclear reactor
525:
523:Operation Opera
519:
467:
434:Rifaat al-Assad
419:Adnan Khashoggi
393:Prime Minister
387:
321:Larnaca airport
287:
282:
211:
190:
156:
148:embargo on Iran
77:
72:
53:Operation Opera
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4708:
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4409:
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4299:
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4265:
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4254:
4253:
4248:
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4246:
4241:
4231:
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4216:
4211:
4209:Francop Affair
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4174:
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4172:
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4162:
4157:
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4119:
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4084:
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4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3945:Zahra Eshraghi
3942:
3936:
3930:
3927:Ahmad Khomeini
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3863:Kashf al-Asrar
3859:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:American Islam
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3667:Return to Iran
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:
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3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:Praying Mantis
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
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3407:
3400:
3390:
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3250:
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3227:
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3213:
3208:
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3120:
3108:
3101:
3094:
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3077:
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3071:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2983:Iraqi invasion
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2939:Algiers Accord
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
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2877:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:United States
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
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2748:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2656:
2626:
2588:
2557:
2526:
2498:
2456:
2449:
2437:Ammann, Daniel
2428:
2413:
2392:
2377:
2343:
2316:
2278:
2260:
2234:
2195:
2188:
2157:
2138:
2115:
2108:
2069:
2062:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1960:
1930:
1891:
1847:
1840:
1820:
1772:
1754:
1730:
1694:
1676:
1637:
1598:
1576:
1561:
1519:
1504:
1486:
1471:
1453:
1438:
1420:
1405:
1387:
1361:
1351:
1331:
1313:
1295:
1273:
1247:
1205:
1192:978-0300120578
1191:
1146:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1053:
1038:
1020:
1005:
987:
958:
940:
925:
907:
867:
828:
813:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
766:
763:
753:Saddam Hussein
736:
735:Iranian denial
733:
688:Yitzhak Shamir
673:Saddam Hussein
664:
661:
620:Friday prayers
603:
600:
563:Saddam Hussein
518:
515:
507:Avraham Bar-Am
483:Yaakov Nimrodi
466:
463:
438:Hafez al-Assad
395:Menachem Begin
386:
383:
339:Lance missiles
335:Yaakov Nimrodi
319:reported that
286:
283:
281:
278:
248:Alexander Haig
244:Menachem Begin
225:(right, back).
210:
207:
189:
186:
155:
152:
135:Mehdi Bazargan
116:Saddam Hussein
76:
73:
71:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4743:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
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4714:
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4711:
4698:
4697:
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4680:
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4675:
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4668:
4665:
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4660:
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4648:
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4641:
4638:
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4621:
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4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
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4408:
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4400:
4398:
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4388:
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4380:
4378:
4375:
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4370:
4368:
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4360:
4358:
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4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:2014 Gaza War
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
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4264:
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4258:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
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4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
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4200:
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4188:
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4183:
4180:
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4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Iran–Iraq war
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4027:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:(grandfather)
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:Iran–Iraq War
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:Life in exile
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Order of Fath
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:Nimble Archer
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:Eager Glacier
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:Eternal Light
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3352:Mountain Mast
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:Fath-ol-Mobin
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:Tariq-ol-Qods
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Sipay Rizgari
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2722:Iran–Iraq War
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2414:1-872302-01-7
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
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697:
692:Shimon Peres
666:
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608:John Bulloch
605:
534:
503:
491:David Kimche
487:Al Schwimmer
475:
468:
459:Persian Gulf
455:Bandar Abbas
427:
415:
406:Ariel Sharon
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399:Ariel Sharon
357:
350:
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316:
313:TOW missiles
305:
296:
280:Weapon sales
269:Ariel Sharon
265:
259:
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228:
199:Bandar Abbas
191:
188:Start of war
182:
175:
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142:embassy and
132:
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4672:Prisoner X2
3988:Fajr decade
3822:Imam's Line
3797:Great Satan
3430:Forty Stars
3423:Shining Sun
3304:(3rd Basra)
3199:(2nd Basra)
3142:(1st Basra)
2833:Iran–Contra
2783:North Korea
2309:19 February
1813:9 September
1139:25 November
633:F-4 Phantom
430:Helmut Kohl
410:Moshe Arens
377:during the
331:, by ship.
256:Wall Street
165:Likud party
97:Before the
89:(left) and
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4710:Categories
4074:Background
3941:(grandson)
3935:(grandson)
3923:(daughter)
3917:(daughter)
3416:2nd al-Faw
3374:Tanker War
3338:Karbala 10
3259:1st al-Faw
2733:supporters
2669:Diane Rehm
2389:Dan Reiter
2253:10 January
2189:0413613704
1923:23 October
1884:25 October
1755:0415904064
1695:0374236631
1669:23 October
1551:23 October
1285:25 October
1237:25 October
1081:20 October
1039:1841763713
926:1841763713
787:References
725:Christians
708:Diane Rehm
238:, who was
217:President
169:slush fund
114:President
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3324:Karbala 8
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3302:Karbala 5
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3288:Karbala 3
3281:Karbala 2
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2609:0458-3035
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1659:0362-4331
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1227:0362-4331
1129:USA Today
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976:cite book
968:934433836
860:6 January
850:0362-4331
686:(right),
652:Marc Rich
602:Other aid
371:howitzers
176:Al-Dastur
4667:Quds Day
4026:Category
3633:Politics
3586:Category
3555:In media
3470:incident
3275:(Mehran)
3155:Muharram
3043:Morvarid
2998:Kaman 99
2956:Politics
2898:Timeline
2823:for Iraq
2813:for Iraq
2808:for Iran
2788:Pakistan
2673:Archived
2643:Archived
2613:Archived
2575:Archived
2544:Archived
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2485:Archived
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2364:Archived
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2221:Archived
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1989:Archived
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1878:Archived
1807:Archived
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1379:Archived
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1279:Archived
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854:Archived
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765:See also
638:Newsweek
358:Panorama
195:Chabahar
4581:Related
4557:Stuxnet
3961:Related
3560:UNIIMOG
3523:Related
3404:Zafar 7
3397:Halabja
3230:Marshes
3205:Kheibar
3140:Ramadan
2951:History
2905:Prelude
2741:Britain
2370:25 June
1704:9280982
457:in the
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449:on the
300:Baghdad
203:Bushehr
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3169:Dawn 1
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1075:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
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